gazomva

gazomva (Measurement): _ garkveuli wesebis mixedviT mecnierul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa
cvladebisTvis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis miniWeba. gazomva. gazomva aris garkveuli wesebis mixedviT
cvladebisTvis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis miniWebis procesi. rogorc wesi, gazomvis Sedegi miekuTvneba oTxidan erT-
erT skalas. es skalebia: _ saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebi.
gazomvis skalebi
saxeldebis skala
saxeldebis skala (Nominal measurement): _ gazomili saxeldebis skala aris gazomili cvladis sxvadasxva
cvladis sxvadasxva kategoriebSi gaerTianeba. kategoriebSi gaerTianeba. magaliTad, iseTi cvladi
rogoricaa individis eTnikuri warmomavloba, saxeldebis skalaze izomeba; am cvladis mixedviT aSS-Si mcxovrebi
adamianebi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT kategoriebSi: _ aborigeni, azieli amerikeli, afroamerikeli, TeTrkaniani an espanuri
warmoSobis amerikeli da Semdeg TiToeul kategorias mivaniWoT pirobiTi nomeri (aqedan momdinareobs dasaxeleba
saxeldebis, romelic niSnavs „saxelis darqmevas“), magaliTad, 1 = aborigeni, 2 = azieli amerikeli, 3 = afroamerikeli, 4
= TeTrkaniani, 5 = espaneli warmoSobis amerikeli. erTsa da imave kategoriaSi gaerTianebul yovel individs
mieniWeba erTi da igive nomeri. cxadia, es nomeri ar aris ricxobrivi mniSvnelobis matarebeli; igive warmatebiT
kategoriebis aRsaniSnad cifrebis nacvlad SesaZlebelia asoebis gamoyeneba. bihevioristuli mecnierebis mravali
warmomadgeneli saxeldebis skalas ar miiCnevs realur sazomad, radgan kategoriebisTvis miniWebuli ricxvebi mxolod
identifikaciis funqcias asruleben; isini ar iZlevian raodenobriv informacias gazomili cvladis Sesaxeb.
rigis skala
rigis skala (Ordinal measurement): _ skalaze cvladis sidide rodesac cvladis sidide mniSvnelobebis mixedviT
dalagebulia mniSvnelobebis mixedviT. aris dalagebuli skalaze, es niSnavs, rom gamoyenebulia
rigis skala. magaliTad, adamianebs SeiZleba vTxovoT multiplikaciuri filmis seriebis dalageba skalaze ufro
sasacilodan naklebad sasacilomde. xSirad ricxviTi mniSvneloba 1 eniWeba stimuls an individs, romelsac gasazomi
maxasiaTebeli yvelaze didi odenobiT aqvs, mniSvneloba 2 _ im stimuls an individs, romelsac aReniSneba mocemuli
maxasiaTeblis Semdegi yvelaze didi odenoba da a.S. magaliTad, Tu SfoTva rigis skalaze izomeba, individs, romelic
yvelaze met SfoTvas avlens, mieniWeba 1; individs, romelic avlens Semdeg yvelaze met SfoTvas, eniWeba 2,
Semdegs _ 3 da a.S. ase dalagdebian individebi ufro mSfoTvaredan naklebad mSfoTvaremde.
rigis skala, faqtobrivad, ranJirebas axdens, sadac viRaca an raRaca, romelsac mieniWa rangi 1 , ufro metad
xasiaTdeba mocemuli cvladiT, vidre is, visac mieniWa rangi 2; Tumca, rigis skala ar iZleva imis gansazRvris
saSualebas, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebulia gazomili cvladi rangebs Soris. gazomili cvladis mixedviT SeiZleba mciredi
gansxvaveba iyos 1 da 2 rangebs Soris, magram es gansxvaveba SeiZleba gacilebiT didi iyos 2 da 3 rangebs Soris.
magaliTad, maraTonSi monawile pirveli sami morbenalis dro SeiZleba iyos 3 sT da 19 wT, 3 sT da 20 wT da 3 sT da
36 sT, Sesabamisad. finiSze am morbenalTa rangebi iqneba 1, 2 da 3; Tumca, droSi gansxvaveba pirvel da meore
morbenals Soris iqneba 1 wT maSin, roca meore da mesame morbenals Soris gansxvaveba 16 wT-s Seadgens.
rigis skala ar aCvenebs gazomili cvladis sidides; is iZleva informacias mxolod am cvladis mixedviT individebis Tu
sagnebis Tanmimdevrobis (rigis) Sesaxeb. ver vityviT, rom rangi 1 aucileblad ukavSirdeba gazomili cvladis met
odenobas; verc imas vityviT, rom umciresi rangis mqone individs an sagans yvelaze naklebad axasiaTebs gazomili
maxasiaTebeli. individma, romelsac moeTxoveboda multiplikaciuri filmis seriebis dalageba ufro sasacilodan naklebad
sasacilomde, SeiZleba verc erTi maTgani ver aRiqvas sasacilod; amasTan, am individis mier multiplikaciuri
filmisTvis miniWebuli rangi 1 imave informaciis matarebelia, romelic gaaCnia rangs 1, romelic mianiWa individma,
romelmac yvela seria Zalze sasacilod aRiqva. miuxedavad damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebisa, rigis skala pirveli
nabijia ufro zusti sazomebis ganviTarebisken. magaliTad, autizmi ganviTarebis darRvevaa, romelic gavlenas axdens
bavSvis metyvelebis ganviTarebaze, azrovnebis procesze da socialur da fizikur gamRizianeblebze reagirebis unarze.
naklebad aris nakvlevi, Tu rogor SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan autizmis diagnozis mqone bavSvebi.
am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji iyo bavSvis mier ganxorcielebeuli autisturi qcevis xarisxis sazomi rigis skala, romelic
dihofma, heznekerma brosviCma, karpenterma da hofmanma (Dihoff, Hetznecker, Brosvic, Carpenter & Hoffman,
1993) Seqmnes. am skalaze izomeba qcevis eqvsi komponenti: _ metyvelebis unari, garemoze reagirebis unari,
socialur gamRizianeblebze reagirebis unari, fizikur gamRizianeblebze reagirebis unari, masalebis gamoyenebisadmi
adaptaciis unari da kognituri funqcionireba. TiToeuli komponentis farglebSi gamoiyo funqcionirebis xuTi done. es
doneebi rigis skalaze gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan da dalagebulia funqcionirebis umdablesi donidan umaRles
donemde. magaliTad, metyvelebis ganviTarebis komponentis farglebSi es doneebia:
 araferi
 Jestebi
 komunikaciis survili
 komunikaciis survili da sityvebi
 sxva mimarTuli komunikacia
Jestebi miuTiTeben ufro metad ganviTarebul metyvelebaze, vidre metyvelebis saerTod ganuviTarebloba,
komunikaciis survili da sityvebi ki _ ufro metad ganviTarebul metyvelebaze, vidre mxolod Jestebi, magram Cven ar
viciT, ramdenad didia gansxvaveba kategoriebs Soris; amitom es rigis skalaa.
 intervalebis skala
intervalebis skala (Interval measurement): _ cvladis Tu dakmayofilebulia rigis skalis moTxovnebi da,
mniSvnelobebi dalagebulia skalaze da miniWebul ricxvebs amasTan miniWebul ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba asaxavs
Soris gansxvaveba asaxavs cvladis mniSnelobebs Soris erTi cvladis mniSnelobebs Soris igive sididis sxvaobas, maSin
da igive sididis sxvaobas. intervalTa skalaze nuli pirobiTadsaqme gvaqvs intervalebis skalasTan, Tumca, intervalTa
sawyisi wertilia. skalas ar aqvs absoluturi nuli, sadac saerTod ar iqneba
mocemuli gasazomi cvladi. intervalTa skalaze nulovani mniSvneloba pirobiTad aris arCeuli sawyis wertilad. is
SeiZleba Canacvldes nebismieri sxva mniSvnelobiT da am mniSvnelobidan daviwyoT aTvla.
intervalebis skalis magaliTebia farenhaitisa da celsiusis temperaturis skalebi. nulovani maCvenebeli arc erTze ar
niSnavs temperaturis saerTod arqonas. arc erT am skalaTagans ar aqvs absoluturi nuli, radgan temperatura SeiZleba
nul gradusze qvemoTac daeces. swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom temperaturis mixedviT iseTive sxvaobaa 20°C-sa da
40°C-s Soris, rogoric 40°C-sa da 60°C-s Soris, magram ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom 40°C orjer ufro maRalia,
vidre _ 20°C. naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ratom ar SegviZlia amis Tqma, rodesac SevadarebT celsiusisa da
farengeitis skalebze gazomil Tanabar temperaturebs:
Tanabari temperaturebi
°C °F
20 68
40 104
60 140

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 20°C-iT sxvaoba yovelTvis tolia 36°F-iT sxvaobisa, magram vinaidan TiToeuli skala
pirobiTi nulovani wertilidan iwyeba, erT skalaze erTmaneTis gverdigverd mdebare qulebis fardoba ar udris meore
skalis erTmaneTis gverdigverd mdebare qulebis fardobas. magaliTad, Sefardeba 40°C/20°C=2.0, xolo Sesabamisi
temperaturebis fardoba 104°F/68°F=1.5.
bihevioristul mecnierebSi skalebi intervalebis dones zustad iSviaTad Seesabameba, Tumca, Sefasebis skalebi,
romelTac xSirad iyeneben adamianebis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad, rogoricaa pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,
damokidebulebebi, ojaxuri bedniereba, sagnebis SiSi, miRwevis motivacia an lideroba, xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc
intervalebis skala. rogorc wesi, am skalebSi warmodgenilia debuleba da pasuxebis skala ori ukiduresi polusiTa da
maT Soris moTavsebuli ramdenime wertiliT. magaliTad, damokidebulebebis skalaze individs SeiZleba
moeTxovebodes, rom upasuxos debulebas: _ „iaraRis tarebis makontrolebeli Zlieri kanoni amcirebs danaSauls“ da
aRniSnos Tavisi pasuxi aseT skalaze:

sruliad veTanxmebi veTanxmebi ver gadamiwyvetia ar veTanxmebi sruliad ar veTanxmebi

sxva formis Sefasebis skalaze SeiZleba mogeTxovebodeT pirovnebis Sefaseba bipolaruli zedsarTavi saxelebiT:

aragulwrfeli ____________:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______gulwrfeli

mimzidveli _________:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______aramimzidveli

civi _________:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______cxeli

Sefasebis skalebis or ukidures poluss Soris SeiZleba nebismieri raodenobis kategoria moTavsdes; Sesabamisad, am
skalebs ewodebaT 5-quliani, 7-quliani, 9- quliani da a.S. imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdeni kategoriaa masze mocemuli.
xSirad skalis polusebze moTavsebuli zedsarTavi saxelebis prioritetuloba inversiulia debulebaTa naxevrisTvis.
amrigad, prioritetul zedsarTav saxelTa naxevari skalis marcxena nawilSi Tavsdeba, xolo meore naxevari _ marjvena
nawilSi, rac Tavidan gvaridebs pasuxebis gacemisas wamoWril iseT problemebs, rogoricaa mxolod skalis marjvena
mxares moTavsebul debulebaTa gadasinjva.
mas Semdeg, rac pirovneba gascems pasuxebs, skalis TiToeul kategorias eniWeba ricxobrivi mniSvneloba:
aragulwrfeli ____________:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______gulwrfeli
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

mimzidveli _________:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______aramimzidveli
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

civi _________:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______:_______cxeli
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 xSirad mocemulia ramdenime skala da cdis piris saboloo, erTi qulis misaRebad saWiroa calkeul skalebze miRebul
qulaTa dajameba. aseT skalebs jamuri Sefasebis skalebs uwodeben. magaliTad, rotonma da kelim (Rotton & Kelly,
1985) Seqmnes e.w. mTvaris efeqtis rwmenis skala, romliTac fasdeboda qcevaze savse mTvaris gavlenis rwmena.
skala cxra debulebisgan Sedgeba. respondenti irCevs ricxvs 1-dan (sruliad ar veTanxmebi) 9-mde (sruliad
veTanxmebi) da amiT miuTiTebs, Tu ramdenad eTanxmeba TiToeul debulebas. magaliTad, skalis erT-erTi debuleba1
aseTia:
kargi azria savse mTvaris dros saxlSi darCena.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
sruliad ar arc sruliad
veTanxmebi veTanxmebi, veTanxmebi
arc ar
veTanxmebi

Sefasebis skalisTvis saWiro saboloo qula miiReba cxrave debulebaze miRebuli qulebis dajamebiT. qulaTa
SesaZlebeli diapazonia 9-dan (Tu yoveli debuleba Sefasebulia 1 quliT) 81 qulamde (Tu yoveli debuleba Sefasebulia 9
quliT). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am skalaze qulaTa mocemuli rigi pirobiTia; Tu TiToeuli debulebis Sesafasebeli
sayrdeni punqtebi (romelTac raodenoba am skalaze aris 9) dalagebuli iqneboda 10-dan 90-mde (da ara 1-dan 9-mde),
maSin jamuri Sefasebis skalis diapazoni iqneboda 90-dan 810 qulamde.
gazomvis romel skalas miekuTvneba mTvaris efeqtis rwmenis skalaze da Sefasebis sxva msgavs skalebze
miRebuli qulebi? cxadia, rom TiToeuli debulebis Sefaseba moTavsebulia, sul mcire, rigis skalaze. qula 4 miuTiTebs
debulebaSi aRwerili konkretuli maxasiaTeblis ufro metad mocemulobaze, vidre _ qula 3, xolo qula 3 _ ufro metad
mocemulobaze, vidre qula 2; Tumca, ver vityviT gadaWriT, rom gansxvaveba 4-sa da 3-s Soris maxasiaTebelSi
imdenive gansxvavebas gamoxatavs, ramdensac gansxvaveba 3-sa da 2-s Soris. Tumca, aseTi Sefasebebi ufro mets
unda iZleodes, vidre mxolod rigis skalis informaciaa. Cven SeiZleba movelodeT, rom respondenti subieqturad dayofs
kategoriebs daaxloebiT tol intervalebad skalis polusebs Soris. Tu davajamebT respondentisgan ramdenime calkeul
skalaze miRebul Sefasebebs, samarTliani iqneba, Tu davuSvebT, rom saboloo qula ufro mets gvaZlevs, vidre mxolod
rigis Sesaxeb informacias. gardneris (Gardner, 1975) mixedviT, jamur skalebze miRebuli qulebi rigisa da intervalebis
skalebs Soris xvdeba. amrigad, ar aris aucilebeli, rom romelime konkertuli skala zustad ergebodes gazomvis oTxi
skalidan erT-erTs; Tumca, rodesac statistikuri analizis saWiroeba dgeba, Sefasebis skalebs mkvlevrebi xSirad
intervalebis skalebad ganixilaven.
Sefardebis skala
Sefardebis skala (Ratio measurement): _ cvladis sidide dalagebulia intervalebis skalis pirobiTi nulovani wertili
skalaze da miniWebul ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba asaxavs cvladis Sefardebis skalaze Canacvlebulia absoluturi
mniSnelobebs Soris igive sididis gansxvavebas. Sefardebis skalaze nuliT, romelic Seesabameba gasazomi cvladis
arsebobs WeSmaritad nulovani wertili, romelic Seesabameba gasazomi srul ararsebobas. Sefardebis skalaze SesaZlebelia
maxasiaTeblis srul ararsebobas. vTqvaT, rom erTi obieqti (magaliTad,
gamRizianebeli, movlena an individi) orjer, naxevarjer an samjer metad xasiaTdeba gasazomi cvladiT, vidre _ meore.
Sefardebis skala maSin gamoiyeneba bihevioristul mecnierebebSi, rodesac izomeba iseTi sidideebi, rogoricaa reaqciis
dro an amocanis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro. am sidideebs aqvT absoluturi nuli, skalis erTeulebi ki Tanabari
intervalebiT arian erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli. magaliTad, Tu vzomavT dros, romelsac individi Tavsatexis amoxsnas
andomebs, 15 wamsa da 20 wams Soris (anu 10 wami) sxvaoba tolia 50 wamsa da 60 wams Soris (isev 10 wami)
sxvaobisa; amasTanave, is, vinc 60 wamSi xsnis Tavsatexs, orjer met dros andomebs amas, vidre is, vinc Tavsatexis
amoxsnas 30 wamSi axerxebs.
perceptuli iluziis sididis gazomva xSirad Sefardebis skalazea SesaZlebeli. iluzia Cndeba maSin, rodesac
gamRizineblis Cveneuli aRqma ar Seesabameba mis fizikur maxasiaTeblebs; Cven arasworad aRviqvamT imas, rac
arsebobs. amis cnobili magaliTia miuler-laieris iluzia, romelic N2.1 suraTzea mocemulia. aq Tqven xedavT (an metad
albaTuria, rom dainaxoT), rom (a) xazi (b) xazze grZelia, Tumca, fizikurad es xazebi tolia. Tqveni aRqma mcdaria.
am iluziis sidide SeiZleba gavzomoT imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba stimulis aRqmuli sigrZe misi
realuri sigrZisgan. milimetrebiT (mm) gazomili perceptuli Secdoma ganekuTvneba Sefardebis skalas. sruliad
SesaZlebelia, rom cdis piris Secdoma iyos 0 mm (anu ar iyos Secdoma), rodesac stimulis aRqmuli sigrZe ar
gansxvavdeba misi realuri sigrZisgan. 5 mm-iT Secdomasa da 8 mm-iT Secdomas Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac 10
mm-iT Secdomasa da 13 mm-iT Secdomas Soris. garda amisa, 10 mm-iT Secdoma gamoxatavs sididis iluzias,
romelic orjer aRemateba 5 mm-iT Secdomas.

1
debuleba ibeWdeba avtorebis _ j. rotonisa da i. u. kelis da gamomcemlis nebarTviT, „A Scale for assessing belief in lunar effects: reliability and concurrent
validity“, Psychological Reports, 1985, 57, 239-245, © Psychological Reports, 1985.