EDULABS DIDACTIC

ANALOG LAB
TRAINER’S
EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENTS MANUAL
ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Experiments for ANALOG ELECTRONICS by using optional components purchase

separately.

PARTA: The Experiments of Analog Circuits p.1

PART B: The Experiments of Digital Circuits p.63

PART A: The Experiments Of Analog Circuits

CONTENTS

1. The Superposition Theorem

2. Capacitors in Voltage - Divider Networks
3. Operational Amplifier - The Inverting Amplifier
4. Operational Amplifier - The Non inverting Amplifier
5. Operational Amplifier - The Comparator
6. Operational Amplifier - The Summing Amplifier
7. The Common - Base Amplifier Structure
8. The Common - Emitter Amplifier Structure
9. The Common - Collector Amplifier Structure
10. The Op Amp Differentiator
11. The Op Amp Integrator
12. The RC Phase Shift Oscillator
13. The As table Multivibrator - 555 Timer
14. The Schmitt Trigger
15. The As table Multivibrator
16. The D/A Converter
17. The A/D Converter

Experiment 1
The Superposition Theorem

Purpose:

If two or more sources are connected to a network composed of linear circuit elements, the
actual voltage and current flow in any part of the circuit can be found by the superposition
method.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainer ALT-300

2. 100Ω resistor × 3
3. Some Single Core Wires

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Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 1-1

Procedure:

Step 1: To find the voltage drop across R3 of Fig 1-1, we can use the superposition theorem,
that is

Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 1-1 on the breadboard of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.
Supply the powers of 15V and 5V to E1 and E2, respectively. The components layout
diagram is shown in Fig. 1-2.

Fig 1-2

Step 3: Connect DVM of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer between point b and d, and the
voltage drop across R3 is Ebd= ____V. Next, connect DVM between point a and b,
and the voltage drop across R1 is Eab= ____V. Then, connect DVM between point C
and b, and measuring the voltage drop across R2 is Ecb= ____V.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Step 4: Calculate the voltage drop across R3 by the superposition formula mentioned above
and the calculated Ebd= ____V. Compare the measured and calculated values of
voltage drop Ebd.

Result:

The measured voltage values are:

Ebd = 6.59V,
Eab = 8.41 V,
Ecb = -1.59V

and the calculated Ebd is

The error between measured value and calculated value comes from the tolerance of resistor
and DVM.

Application:

Repeat this experiment to find Ebd of Fig. 1-3.

Fig. 1-3

Experiment 2
Capacitors in Voltage - Divider Networks

Purpose:

To verify that capacitors can be used in an a-c voltage-divider network.

Required components and Equipments:

1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. Oscilloscope.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

3. 0.1µF Mylar capacitor × 1, 0.01µF disc capacitor × 1, 0.022µF film capacitor × 2,

0.039µF Mylar capacitor × 1.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 2-1
Procedure:

Step 1: The voltage drop across C1 is E1 that can be calculated using

and the voltage drop across C2 is E2 that can be calculated using

Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 2-1 on the breadboard of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.
The layout diagram is like as Fig 2-2.

Fig 2-2

Step 3: Connect oscilloscope probe between the sine wave output point “~” and ground.
Adjust the amplitude and frequency knobs to obtain the output of amplitude 8Vpp and

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

frequency 60Hz. Then, remove the probe and connect the sine wave output to the
circuit.

Step 4: Use oscilloscope the measure the following voltages E, E1, and E2 and record the
values into Fig 2-2.

Step 5: Using the formula mentioned above to calculate the values of E1, and E2, the value of
E obtained in step 4. Find the sum of E1 + E2, and write down the value into Fig 2-2.

Step 6: To verify that the voltage-divider is doing its job, calculate the %error. The %error
formula shows below:

Record the % error into Fig 2-2.

C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF C1=0.022µF, C2=0.022µF

E
E1
E2
E 1 + E2
% error
Fig 2-2

Step 7: Replace C1 with 0.022µF and C2 with 0.022µF. This circuit will result in an equal
division of the applied voltage.

Step 8: Repeat Step 4.

Step 9: Repeat Step 5.

Step 10: Repeat Step 6.

Result:

C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF C1=0.022µF, C2=0.022µF

E 8V 8V
E1 0.7V 3.8V
E2 7.1V 3.5V
E 1 + E2 7.8V 7.3V
% error 2.5% 8.75%

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Application:

Shut off the laboratory and replace the components of Fig. 2-1 with C1 = 0.01µF and C2 =
0.039µF. Next, repeat Step 4, Step 5, and Step 6.

Experiment 3
Operational Amplifier - The Inverting Amplifier

Purpose:

1. To construct an inverting amplifier and demonstrate an inverting follower.

2. To verity that its gain depends on the ratio of the two resistors.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. 741 op amp × 1.
3. 10KΩ resistor × 3, 1 KΩ potentiometer × 1.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 3-1
Procedure:

Step 1: From textbook we have learned that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier
of a negative feedback op amplifier is -Rf/Ri, where Rf is the negative feedback
resistor and Ri is the input resistor.

Step 2: Construct the Circuit of Fig. 3-1 on the breadboard of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.
Adjust the output “+V” of DC Power Supply to +1 5V and “-V” output to -15V, by
using your DVM to make certain of these values. Connect point “+V” of DC Power
Supply to pin 7 of 741 op amplifier, and point “-V” to pin 4. The ground of Fig 3-1
connects to point “GND” of DC Power Supply. Point A of Fig 3-1 connects to +5V of
DC Power Supply, and point B to -5V. The layout diagram is like as Fig 3-2.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Fig 3-2

Step 3: Apply 10KΩ resister to Ri and Rf respectively. Connect DVM of ALT-300 Analog
Lab Trainer between point C of circuit and ground. Adjust the 1KΩ pot, R1 until the
voltage at point C is +5V.

Step 4: Remove DVM from point C and connect it between the output, point D, and ground.
Record the output voltage on the corresponding position of Fig 3-3.

Step 5: Continuously set the input voltage of point C to each of the values listed in Fig. 3.3.
Record the corresponding output voltage.

Vi Ri =10KΩ Ri =10KΩ Ri =20KΩ

Rf =10KΩ Rf =20KΩ Rf =10KΩ
+5V
+3V
0
-3V
-5V

Fig 3-3

Step 6: Add a 10KΩ resistor in series with Rf, and now Rf is 20KΩ. Ri is still 10KΩ.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Step 7: Set the input voltage to each of the values given in column 1 of Fig 3-3, and then
record the corresponding output voltage in the second empty column.

Step 8: Remove a 10KΩ resistor from Rf, and Rf is 10KΩ. Add a 10KΩ resistor in series with
Ri, and Ri is 20KΩ.

Step 9: Adjust the input voltage according to Fig 3-3. Record the corresponding output voltage
in the last column.

Result:

Compare the results you obtained from experiment with the results you calculated with the
theoretical values. The results of this experiment we obtained are as Fig 3-4.

Vi Ri =10KΩ Ri =10KΩ Ri =20KΩ

Rf =10KΩ Rf =20KΩ Rf =10KΩ
+5V -5.4 -10 -2.7
+3V -3.1 -5.9 -1.6
0 0 0 0
-3V +3.1 +5.9 +1.6
-5V +5.4 +10 +2.7
Fig 3-4

Application:

It Ri and Rf add the same values at the same time, you will find that the error between
experiment values and theoretical values increases. This is because the resistor has a
tolerance, if resistor ads, the tolerance of it will add also.

Experiment 4
Operational Amplifier - The Noninverting Amplifier

Purpose:

1. To study the properties of a noninverting amplifier.

2. To test the voltage gain of the noniverting amplifier.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. 741 op amp × 1.
3. 1KΩ potentiometer × 1.
4. 10KΩ resistor ×3.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 4-1

Procedure:

Step 1: We have learned from our textbook that the voltage gain of the no inverting amplifier
is given by gain

Where Ri and Rf are located like as Fig 4-1.

Step 2: Construct the components of Fig 4-1 on the breadboard of ALT-300 Analog Lab
Trainer, and link the connections properly.

Step 3: Make sure that the output amplitude of “+V” of DC Power Supply is +15V an “-V”
is -15V. Connect pin 7 of 741 op amp to “+V” position, and pin 4 to “V” position.
Link the point A of Fig. 4-1 to “+5V” position, and point B to “-5V” position. The
layout diagram looks like as Fig 4-2.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Fig 4-2

Step 4: Connect DVM between point C and ground, and then adjust the 1KΩ potentiometer to
the values listed in the first column of Fig 4-3.

Step 5: For each input voltage, measure the corresponding output voltage and record its value
to second column of Fig 4-3.

Step 6: Calculate the gain for each setting of the 1KΩ potentiometer, and write down the
values into the last column.

Vi Vo Gain
-5
-3
-1
0
+1
+3
+5
Fig 4-3
Result:

As we have mentioned at step 1, the gain,

, was very nearly 3 from this experiment.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

The gain may vary, because the resistors we used with a 10% tolerance. Compare your results
with our outcomes that is given by

Vi Vo Gain
-5 -14.1 2.82
-3 -8.7 2.9
-1 -2.8 2.8
0 0 -
+1 +2.8 2.8
+3 +8.7 2.9
+5 +14.1 2.82
Fig 4-4

Application:

Construct the circuit of Fig 4-5, and adjust the 1KΩ potentiometer to acquire some input
voltages, and then record the corresponding output voltages. Find if the input voltage is equal
to the output voltage?

Fig 4-5

Experiment 5
Operational Amplifier - The Comparator

Purpose:

We usually need to understand whether a signal's voltage is greater or less than another value.
Such a circuit is known as voltage comparator, and an op amplifier makes a good work for
voltage comparison. This experiment will verify an op amplifier comparator.

Required Components and Equipments:

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1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. Oscilloscope × 1.
3. 741 op amp × 1.
4. IN4148 silicon diode × 2.
5. 10KΩ resistor × 2.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 5-1

Procedure:

Step 1: The Fig 5-1 has no feedback from the output, so the op amplifier is a very-high gain
amplifier with its high gain, only a few mill volts' difference between the input pins is
enough to drive the output completely to the power-supply voltages.

Step 2: Construct the components of Fig 5-1 onto breadboard of ALT-300 Analog Lab
Trainer, and link the connections properly. Remember to connect pin 7 of 741 op amp
to +15Vand pin 4 to-15V. The layout diagram is as Fig 5-2.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Fig 5-2

Step 3: Connect the external triggering input of oscilloscope to the “~” position of Function
Generator of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer. Set the scope's time base to 2ms per
division.

Step 4: Set the ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer frequency range switch to “× 1” position, and
turn the frequency knob fully counter clockwise.

Step 5: Observe the input waveform at point A, using your oscilloscope.

Step 6: Then, connect the probe of scope between point B and ground to view the output
waveform.

Result:

In this experiment we obtained the results shown in Fig 5-3. Note that the output goes positive
the instant the input begins to decrease below the O-V level. Similarly, the output goes
negative whenever the input begins to increase above zero.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Fig 5-3

Application:

The circuit shown in Fig 5-4 is also an op amplifier comparator. Repeat the experiment we
have performed above and observe the output signal.

Fig 5-4

Experiment 6
Operational Amplifier - The Summing Amplifier

Purpose:

1. To demonstrate that the inverting amplifier can be added voltages.

2. To verify that the inputs can be given different weighting.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. 741 op amp × 1.
3. 10KΩ resistor × 4.
4. 1KΩ potentiometer × 3.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 6-1

Procedure:

Step 1: The output voltage of Fig 6-1 can be calculated from summing amplifier theory. That
is

Step 2: Install the components of Fig 6-1 to the breadboard of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer,
and link the connections properly. Supply the corresponding power to Fig 6-1 that
indicates it, and supply +15V power to pin 7 and 15V power to pin 4.

Step 3: Adjust R4 to have a-1V appear at point A versus ground measured using DVM of
ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer, adjust R5 to let a-2V appear at point B versus ground,
and adjust R6, to have a-3V appear at point C versus ground. Then, use DVM to
measure the output voltage, and the magnitude is ____V.

Step 4: Adjust R4, R5, and R6 to acquire a-1V at point A, B, C, respectively. Use DVM to
measure the output voltage, and the value is ____V.

Step 5: Repeat Step 4, and to have a-2V at point A, B, C, respectively. Then, measure the
output voltage and the result is ____V.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Result:

In Step 3, we obtained the output voltage is 6V. In Step 4, we had the output value 3V.
Finally, in Step 5, we've measured the output is 6V.

Application:

To change the value of resistor R1, R2, and R3, repeat the experiment we made above, and
record the results you obtained to observe the action of the summing amplifier.

Experiment 7
The Common-Base Amplifier Structure

Purpose:

1. To investigate the DC-biasing of the CB amplifier at a selected circuit Q point.

2. To study the AC performance of the common-base structure, through measurement the
value of relative point.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. Oscilloscope.
3. 2N2222A (NPN) silicon transistor × 1.
4. 1.2KΩ resistor × 1, 4.7KΩ resistor × 1, 1KΩ resistor × 2.
5. 2µF/25V capacitor × 2.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 7-1

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Procedure:

Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig. 7-1 (a) on the ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer breadboard.
The RE is 1.2KΩ, RC 4.7KΩ, VEE 2V, and VCC 10V. We have selected operational
point at GCB = 1/2 VCC to allow for a maximum signal-voltage swing at the output.
We have also chosen a quiescent collector current of 1mA.

Step 2: Connect point A of Fig. 7-1 (a) to “+”position of DVM of ALT-300 Analog Lab
Trainer, and point B to “–” position. Write down the value of DVM display, and this
value is the voltage across RE signed VRE. VRE divided by RE gives the emitter Current
IE = ____.

Step 3: Connect point D of Fig. 7-1 (a) to “+” position of DVM, and connect point C to
“–” position. Record the value you have measured, and this value is the voltage across
RC Signed VRC. VRC divided by RC equals the collector current IC = ____.

Step 4: Connect “+” position of DVM to collector of transistor of Fig 7-1 (a), and “–” position
of DVM connects to base of transistor. Record the displayed value of DVM, and this is
the voltage across collector-base signed VCB. We can measure VCB =____.

Step 5: Modify Fig 7-1 (a) by adding C1, C2, RS, RL to construct Fig. 7-1 (b) where C1, and C2
are 2µF individual, and RS and RL are 1KΩ individual. Connect “VS” point to sine
wave generator of ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer. Set sine wave frequency to 10 KHz.

Step 6: Connect the input of oscilloscope to the E point of Fig. 7-1 (b), and the ground of
scope must be connected to ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer’s “GND” position. Adjust
amplitude of sine wave in order to have a 1-V peak-to-peak output signal.

Step 7: Use oscilloscope to measure the following signals = VS of input signal, VRS crosses RS,
and VOUT = VRL of output signal.

Step 8: According to the voltage values measured above, find the following parameters:

Result:

Due to differences encountered between transistors, and allowing for the normal tolerances
associated with the resistors and power supplies, an inaccuracy or disagreement in your
measured values of about 10% is acceptable. If disagreement greater than the following, you
should recheck your layout circuit or repeat your measurements. The following shows the
results of the common-base amplifier.

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IE = 1.13mA
IC = 1.12mA
VCB = 4.80V
Ai = 0.83
Av = 20
Ap = 16.6

Application:

Connect oscilloscope to output of Fig 7-1 (b), and adjust the amplitude of sine wave
increasing. Observe the varying situation of output signal, and write down the input value
when output signal is distortion.

Experiment 8
The Common - Emitter Amplifier Structure

Purpose:

1. To acquire how to design and analyze the DC-biasing circuitry of the common-emitter
amplifier.
2. To study the AC performance of the fixed-bias common-emitter amplifier.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer.

2. Oscilloscope.
3. 2N2222A (NPN) silicon transistor X 1.
4. 2MΩ9 potentiometer × 1, 10KΩ resistor × 2, 212KΩ resistor × 1.
5. 2µF/25V capacitor × 2.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 8-1

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Fig 8-2

Procedure:

Step 1: Lay the components of Fig 8-1 on the ALT-300 Analog Lab Trainer breadboard and
connect properly according to Fig 8-1. The resistor RC is 2.2KΩ, and supply 10V to
VCC. We have selected a Q point at VCE equal to 1/2 VCC in order to acquire a
maximum signal-voltage swing by trimming RB. We also selected a collector current
of 2mA.

Step 2: Use the DVM meter of ULT Analog Lab Trainer to measure VRB, the voltage drop
across RB, then VRB divided by RB equals IB = ____.

Step 3: Next, use the DVM meter to measure VRC, the voltage drop across RC, and VRC
divided by RC gives IC = ____.

Step 4: We can acquire the voltage drop across collector-emitter VUE by using the DVM meter
of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300, and VCE = ____.

Step 5: Modify present circuit of Fig. 8-1 by adding R1, RL, C1, and C2 to match the Fig
8-2. There R1, and RL are 10KΩ individual, C1, and C2 are 2µF individual. Select sine wave
10 KHz output signal of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300 to connect to “VS” point, the input of
Fig 8-2.

Step 6: Connect the input of oscilloscope across RL to measure the output signal of circuit Fig
8-1. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to give a 4-V peak-to-peak signal across RL.

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Step 7: Using your oscilloscope, measure VRI the peak-to-peak voltage drop across R1, and
VRL, the peak-to-peak voltage drop across RL. Since RL is equal to R1, the current gain
will be given by

Step 8: Next, connect your probe of oscilloscope between point A and ground to measure VIN.
Final measure the output voltage drop VOUT across RL, and the voltage gain can be
given by

AV = VOUT / VIN = ____.

The power gain, Ap, is the product of the voltage and current gains:

Ap = Ai • AV = ____.

Result:

Because of the variations in hFE from transistor to transistor and the different parameters in
establishing the Q point, the results we obtained for this experiment will be different from
yours. The results we obtained are as follows:

IB = 21.3µA
IC = 2.93mA
VCE = 5.01V
Ai = 17
Av = 93
Ap = 1581

If you find a difference of your result much more than this, it would be a good idea to repeat
that part of experiment, to determine the problem.

Application:

Trimming RB, you will find the different values of IC, IB, and VCE, and acquire the various
circuit Q point. Due to this, you will have many voltage and current gains. Properly adjust RB
to establish the correct circuit Q point.

Experiment 9
The Common - Collector Amplifier Structure

Purpose:

1. To learn how to design and analyze the suitable DC - bias circuitry for the common -
collector amplifier.
2. To study the AC performance of the fixed-bias common-collector amplifier.

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Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. Oscilloscope.
3. Ohmmeter.
4. 2N2222A (NPN) silicon transistor × 1.
5. 2µF/25V capacitor × 2.
6. 2MΩ potentiometer × 1, 2.2KΩ resistor × 1, 1KΩ resistor × 2.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 9-1

Fig 9-2

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Procedure:

Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 9-1 on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.
The resistor RE is 2.2KΩ, and supply power of 10V at VCC. We're selected a Q point at
VCE equal to 5V, and an emitter current about 2mA by adjusting RB, the 2MΩ
potentiometer. Remove RB from breadboard, and measure its resistance with your
ohmmeter. Record this value and return RB to your circuit. You find RB = ____.

Step 2: Use the DVM of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300 to measure the voltage drop, VRB,
across RB resistor. VRB divided by RB, and gives the value IB = ____.

Step 3: Shift DVM probe to measure the voltage drop, VRE, across RE resistor, then VRE
divided by RE equals IE = ____.

Step 4: Measure the voltage drop across collector-emitter, using your DVM, and VCE = ____.

Step 5: Modify the circuit of Fig 9-1 by adding R1, RL, C1, C2 to form the circuit of Fig 9-2
where R1 and RL are 1KΩ individual, C1, and C2 2µF individual. Select sine wave 10
KHz output signal of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300 to connect to point “VS” to drive
Fig. 9-2.

Step 6: Connect oscilloscope probe across RL, and adjust the amplitude of sine wave to have a
2V peak-to-peak signal, or as close to this as your can get without distortion

Step 7: Measure the voltages drop across RL, VRL and R1, VR1, using oscilloscope.
Since R1, is equal to RL, the current gain is

Step 8: Connect your oscilloscope probe between point A and ground, measuring VIN, then
move probe across RL to measure output voltage VRL = VOUT The voltage gain, AV, is given
by

Av = VOUT/VIN = ____.

Then you can have the power gain, AP, by producing the voltage and current gains:

AP = Ai • AV = ____.

Result:

It's likely that the differences of hFE from transistor to transistor and parameters in establishing
the circuit Q point will result in the outcomes obtained by us being different from yours. The
results we obtained from this experiment are as follows:

RB = 168KΩ

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IB = 136.6µA
IE = 2.15mA
VCE = 5V
Ai = 40
Av = 0.93
AP = 37.2

If you have a large different result than this, repeat that part of experiment, and find the
problem.

Application:

Shift in the circuit Q point will result in either saturation or cutoff distortion. Try to adjust RB
to shift the Q point, and use oscilloscope to observe the output if it is distortion.

Experiment 10
The Op Amp Differentiator

Purpose:

To demonstrate an op amplifier can be used to differentiate a signal.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. 741 op amp × 1.
3. 10KΩ resistor × 4, 1KΩ resistor × 1.
4. 220pF capacitor × 1.
5. Oscilloscope × 1.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 10-1

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Fig 10-2

Procedure:

Step 1: Figure 10-1 shows the basic op amp differentiator circuit. Write the voltage expression
for this circuit.

Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 10-2 on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.
Supply ± 15V to 741 op amp.

Step 3: Connect the square wave output of Function Generator to the point S of Fig 10-2.

Step 4: Set the square wave's frequency to 100Hz.

Step 5: Connect the external triggering input of the oscilloscope to point S. Set the scope
sweep on 20µs per division. Then, adjust the triggering control on the scope until you
get a stable trace.

Step 6: Use oscilloscope to view and draw the waveform at the input, point A.

Step 7: Again, use scope to view and draw the waveform at the output, point B.

Result:

Current flows through C only when the input voltage changes. Thus,

The current through R flows only when C is charging or discharging. Thus,

VOUT = -RI

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By substituting for I,

This is the voltage expression for Fig 10-1. Figure 10-3 shows the signals we measured at the
input, point A, and output, point B.

Fig 10-3

Application:

We can apply the output signal of this experiment to drive other oscillators or make a clock of
some circuit.

Experiment 11
The Op Amp Integrator

Purpose:

To demonstrate an op amplifier can be used to integrate a signal.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. Oscilloscope × 1.
3. 741 op amp × 1.
4. 0.1µF capacitor × 1.
5. 100KΩ resistor × 1, 10KΩ resistor × 3, 1KΩ resistor × 1.

Diagram of Circuit:

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Fig 11-1

Fig 11-2

Procedure:

Step 1: Figure 11-1 shows the basic op amp integrator circuit. Write the voltage expression for
this circuit.

Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 11-2 on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.
Supply ±15V power to the 741 op amp.

Step 3: Connect the square wave output of Function Generator to the point S of Fig 11-2.

Step 4: Set the square wave's frequency to 170Hz.

Step 5: Connect the external triggering input of the oscilloscope to point S. Set the scope
sweep to 2ms per division. Adjust the triggering control on the scope until you get a
stable trace.

Step 6: Use oscilloscope to view and draw the waveform at the input, point A.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Step 7: Again, use oscilloscope to view and draw the waveform at the output, point B.

Result:

The input current in the circuit of Fig 11-1 is,

The feedback current is the current that would flow into an uncharged capacitor from a
voltage source. Therefore,

Because,

we can write the equation as:

This is the voltage expression for Fig 11-1. Figure 11-3 shows the signals we measured at the
input, point A, and output, point B.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Fig 11-3
Application:

Exchanging the values of R and C, you can obtain the different output waveform. Try to
exchange R and C and observe the waveform by oscilloscope.

Experiment 12
The RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Purpose:

1. To verify the formula for the frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator.

2. To study how the values of R and C in the feedback network affect the frequency of
the oscillator.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. Oscilloscope.
3. 741 op am × 1.
4. MPSA20 NPN transistor × 1.
5. 4.7KΩ resistor × 4, 10KΩ resistor × 3, 47KΩ resistor × 1, 100KΩ resistor × 3, 100KΩ
potentiometer × 1.
6. 0.005µF disk capacitor x 3, 0.01µF disk capacitor x 4, 100µF/35V electrolytic
capacitor x 1.

Diagram of Circuit:

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Fig 12-1
Procedure:

Step 1: The frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator is given by the formula

where R = R1 = R2 = input impedance of the transistor stage; RC is the collector

resistor RS and C = C1 = C2 = C3.

Step 2: Install the circuit of Fig. 12-1 on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.
Adjust the +V output of DC Power Supply to 10V and the -V output to -10V.
Connect these two powers to the correct position shown in Fig. 12-1. Connect Speaker
of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300 between point A and ground

Step 3: Adjust the 100KΩ potentiometer so that the voltage between the collector and
ground is about +5V measured by DVM. When you have adjusted the bias of the
stage, connect point B to ground. You should be hearing the oscillator output in the
speaker.

Step 4: Connect oscilloscope probe between point Y and ground, and you will see the sine
wave appearing on the screen of the scope. Compute the frequency of sine wave you
observed on the screen, f = ____ Hz. Using the formula mentioned above, calculate the
frequency of the oscillator. f = ____ Hz. Compare these two frequencies acquired from
different ways.

Result:

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

If you find that to adjust the 100KΩ potentiometer to acquire the voltage between the
collector and ground is about +5V impossible, try to change another transistor: Since the
MPSA20 has a 0 range of 40 to 400, some transistors won't work in this circuit. The measured
frequency is 1500Hz, and the calculated frequency is 2142Hz.

Application:

Replace R1 and R2 with 10KΩ resistors. Observe the oscilloscope and compute to frequency.
Compare it with the frequency we obtained above. Was this frequency higher or lower?

Experiment 13
The Astable Multivibrator - 555 Timer

Purpose:

Use a timer 555 to study its operation, and understand the principle of astable multivibrator.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. Oscilloscope.
3. 2.2kΩ resistor ×1, 47kΩ resistor ×1.
4. 0.01µF ceramic-disk capacitor ×1, 100µF/35V electrolytic capacitor × 1.
5. 555 timer IC × 1.

Diagram of circuit:

Fig 13-1

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Procedure:

Step 1: The frequency of this astable multivibrator is determined by two time periods. The
first time period (t1) is 0.693 (RA+RB) C1, and the second time period (t2) is 0.693 (RB)
C1, so the period of the frequency is the sum of the two time delays, that is

The frequency is the reciprocal of the period T:

The duty cycle, D, is t, divided by the period of the waveform (T), that is

Step 2: Construct the multivibrator of Fig 13-1 on the breadboard of' Analog Lab Trainers
ALT-300. Adjust the “+V” output of DC power Supply to 9V, measuring by DVM,
and connect “+V” point to +VCC of Fig. 13-1. Connect the output of Fig 13-1 point
“Y” to 8 Bit LED Display “0”.

Step 3: The LED “0” should be flashing at a rate of about one cycle every 7 sec. Set DVM to
20V range, and connect it across C1. Watch the DVM display; note that it changes
between 1/3 VCC (3V) and 2/3 VCC (6V). C1 is charging when the display is rising, and
discharging when the display is falling.

Step 4: The LED “0” is on when C1 is charging, and off when C1 is discharging.

Step 5: Calculate the duty cycle of the vibrator by using the formula of duty cycle, and
D1 = ____ %.

Step 6: Exchange RA and RB, that is RA with a 47KΩ resistor and RB with a 2.2KΩ resistor.
Observe the LED “0”. The duty cycle is D2 = ____ %.

Result:

If the LED is not flashing, when you power on the laboratory, recheck the circuit on the
breadboard. The results will be

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Application:

Select RA, RB, and C1 so that the frequency can be measured by the oscilloscope. Connect
oscilloscope between point “Y” and ground, and observe its output waveform. Calculate the
duty cycle from the waveform you observed, and compare it with the result you acquired from
the formula for duty cycle.

Experiment 14
The Schmitt Trigger

Purpose:

To verify how a Schmitt trigger operating makes pulses with very fast rise times out of slow
rise time signals

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. Oscilloscope × 1.
3. MPSA20 NPN silicon transistor × 2.
4. 20pF capacitor × 1.
5. 18KΩ resistor × 1, 15KΩ resistor × 1, 2.7KΩ resistor × 2, 560Ω resistor × 1, 5KΩ
potentiometer × 1.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 13-1

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Procedure:

Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 14-1 on the breadboard of the Analog Lab Trainers ALT-
300. Supply +10V power to the circuit. Use oscilloscope to measure the sine wave
output to obtain a 8 VP and 1 KHz sine waveform. Connect the output sine wave to
point A of Fig 14-1. Connect oscilloscope probe between point Y and ground.

Step 2: Draw out the waveform you observed from the screen of oscilloscope. Note the
amplitude range of the output wave of Fig 14-1.

Result:

The input and output waveforms are:

Application:

Replace R4 with 5KΩ potentiometer, and turn it up and down. You may find that the width of
the output pulses is varied, and the trigger point is varied also. This is because the voltage
drop across R4 is changed by adjusting 5KΩ potentiometer.

Experiment 15
The Astable Multivibrator

Purpose:

1. To verify how to design a simple astable multivibrator.

2. To study the operating principles of an astable multivibrator.

Required Components and Equipments:

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. Oscilloscope.
3. 741 op amp × 1.
4. MPSA20 NPN transistor × 2.
5. 100µF/25V electrolytic capacitor × 3, 0.1µF capacitor × 1.
6. 100KΩ/0.5W resistor × 2, 1KΩ/0.5W resistor × 2, 330Ω resistor × 2.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 15-1
Procedure:

Step 1: The as table multivibrator is that it has no stable states. This type of multivibrator will
continue to oscillate at a rate determined by the values of some of its components.

Step 2: In the circuit of Fig 15-1, R1, and R2 are the collector loads for Q1 and Q2,
respectively, while R2, R3, C1, and C2 are the components that set the operating
frequency. The frequency of Fig 15-1 is determined by the charging time of the two
capacitors. C1 charges through R3 and C2 charges through R2. The frequency can be
approximated by the formula:

where, R2 = R3 = R, and C1 = C2 = C.

Step 3: Construct the circuit of Fig 15-1 on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.
Remember connect the proper power supply shown as Fig 15-1. Connect the point Y
to the 8Ω/1W Speaker of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Step 4: When you power on the Laboratory, you should hear a tone coming out of the speaker
that indicates the oscillator working well.

Step 5: Compute the frequency of the multivibrator using the formula above, f = ____Hz.

Step 6: Q1 and Q2 is either on or off. When a transistor is off, its collector current will be
essentially zero, so the collector voltage will be the same as the applied voltage. When
the transistor is on, it will be saturated, so the collector-emitter voltage will be equal to
the saturation voltage - about 0.2 to 0.3V. Connect the DVM between point A and
ground, and measure the output voltage when the Q1 is off, ____V, then, Q1 is on,
____V.

Step 7: Remove DVM from point A, and connect it to point B. Next, measure the output
voltage when Q2 is off, ____V, then, Q2 is on, ____V.

Result:

If you don't hear the speaker sounding, turn the power off at once and recheck the connections
of Fig 15-1 on the breadboard. The testing results are

15V, as Q, is off
0.25V, as Q, is on
15V, as Q2 is off
0.22V, as Q2 is on

and the computed frequency is 0.0714 Hz.

Application:

Select R and C properly so that the frequency can be measured by the oscilloscope. Connect
oscilloscope between point A and ground, then you can see a rectangular waveform. Calculate
the frequency you observed from the scope and compare it with the theoretical values.

Experiment 16
The D/A Converter

Purpose:

1. To construct the concept of D/A conversion.

2. To verify that digital signal converts to analog signal.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. 741 op amp × 1.
3. 1MΩ resistor × 2, 500KΩ resistor × 1, 250KΩ resistor × 1, 125KΩ resistor × 1, 500Ω
potentiometer × 1.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 16-
1
Procedure:

Step 1: The D/A converter of Fig 16-1 is consisted of a summing network. Construct the
circuit on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300. Supply ± 18V to the op
amp.

Step 2: Connect DVM between point A and B, and then turn the 500Ω potentiometer to
acquire 1V output.

Step 3: Supply bn (n = 1 to 4) voltages listed in Fig 16-2. If bn is 1, connect it to point

A, however, if bn is o, connects it to point B. This is the digital signal input. Connect
DVM between point VOUT and ground to measure the output magnitude varied with
the input signals. This is the analog signal output.

Step 4: Record the output magnitude you obtained into Fig. 16-2.

b1 b2 b3 b4 VOUT
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
Fig 16-2
Result:

The ideal results with no resistor tolerance could be like as Fig 16-3. If your results have large
different from Fig 16-3, recheck your circuit on the breadboard and repeat this experiment.

b1 b2 b3 b4 VOUT
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 -1
0 0 1 0 -2
0 0 1 1 -3
0 1 0 0 -4
0 1 0 1 -5
0 1 1 0 -6
0 1 1 1 -7
1 0 0 0 -8
1 0 0 1 -9
1 0 1 0 -10
1 0 1 1 -11
1 1 0 0 -12
1 1 0 1 -13
1 1 1 0 -14
1 1 1 1 -15
Fig 16-3

Application:

Design a six-bit D/A converter using a summing network, and perform the same experiment
as above. Observe the operation of' D/A converter you designed.

Experiment 17
The A/D Converter

Purpose:

In some situations to implement digital signal is more convenient, and we usually want to
convert analog signal to digital signal. This experiment verifies the operation of A/D
converter.

Required Components and Equipments:

1. Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.

2. LM339 × 1.
3. 74148 ×1.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

4. 1KΩ resistor × 4.

Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 17.1
Procedure:

Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 17-1 on the breadboard of Analog Lab Trainers ALT-300.
Adjust the “+V” output of DC power Supply to +12V, and connect it to LM339. The
“+5V” Supplies 74148, and “-5V” connects to R1 end.

Step 2: Connect point A to “–V” position of DC Power Supply, and connect point B to
“GND”. This is the analog input. Next, connect b2 and b1, to 8 Bit LED Display “0”
and “1” respectively. This is the digital output.

Step 3: Turn the “-V” knob to obtain the voltage range shown in Fig 17-2. Next, use 3 State
Logic Probe to test the Logic State of V3, V2, and V1, and record their states in the Fig
17-2. Final, observe LED “0” and “1”. If LED lights, it indicates in logic 1 state, or it
is in logic 0 state. Record LED state in Fig 17-2.

VIN V1 V2 V3 - b1 b2
-3.75V to -5V
-2.5V to –3.75V
-1.25V to -2.5V
0V to -1.25V
Fig 17-2

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

Result:

The results we obtained from this experiment are shown in Fig. 17-3.

VIN V1 V2 V3 - b1 b2
-3.75V to - 5V 0 0 0 0 0
-2.5V to - 3.75V 1 0 0 0 1
-1.25V to - 2.5V 1 1 0 1 0
0V to - 1.25V 1 1 1 1 1
Fig 17-3
Application:

1. Replace “-V” between point A and B with sine wave, and observe the digital output.
2. Design a 4-bit A/D converter, and perform its function experiment.

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ALT-300 Experiments Manual

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