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BETON
sta su dijafragme
zidovi aksis, brujic armiranje detaljno
DEN HARTOG ABSORBERI
VETAR FLUTTER I VORTEX SHEDING
armiranje kapitela
ono ogi mtorg i to nadji
kostruisanje dijagrama interakciaj
proveriti onih 7,5 kod prslina tbk2, sa vecom arm da smanjuje prsline taj proracun
aksis smanji pp da vidis kako se ponasa kao zglob
otpornost zamor ciklusima
detaljnije priajnjanje
detaljnije tehnologija
teorija tankozidnih stapova
tbk2 sumiraj
smicanje sumiraj po resetka modelu
krosov postupak, elasticno uljestenje, 105
sap postupci odredjivanja m kapa, duktiliteta
i ponasanje duktilno, kao kod pnb kako se uslovljava veca duktilbnost a isti m granicni
sekantni moduo elastticnosti
definicija fotoelasticnosti
aksis ploce slucajevi, i poredjenej sa gredama
stvarni dijagram celika zbog dilatacija
kasetirana ploca
spoj liniskih i povrsinskih mesta singulariteta, problem probijaja
dijagrami
razmisli kako ce dve trougone ploce i jedna kvadratna reagovati ako zanemaris torziju po nekom
preseku
lower i upper bound limit
vinklerov model tla
horizontalna pomeranja i uticaj drugog reda
histerezis vise o tome, 360, tu i jos o zidovima, aksis zidovi
kada sam poceo studije graqdjevine mislio sam da sa inzenjeri na putu od ideje do realizacije
probleme resavaju primenjenom fiziko, fizikom i matematikom koju znaju, da bi sad smatrao da se
bave fizikom koju ne znaju, i da je u tome draz jer je neophodna ozbiljna znalazljivost, inzenjeri se
ne bave primenjenom fizikom vec improvizovanom fizikom
u gradjevini povecanje smicuce krutosti usled povecanja napona pritiska nema smisla jer je fleksija
merodavna za dimenzionisanje a tu kolko se dobije na pritisku tolko se izgubi na zatezanju
sada pitanje je kako se preraspodele te dilatacije, prsline su za to zasluzne, za vece dilatacije po
betonu
energija u struju i cao, kod zemljotresa
stubovi poznat odnos armatura, dve nepoznate u integralnom smislu pa interakcione dijagrame
koristimo
torzija kod gume, izaziva normalne napone, u zoni velikih izduzenja vlakana zatezanje, e sad kod
slobodnog pomeranja to uravnotezuje pritisak zoen malih dilatacija, a kod sprecenih pomeranja
reakcije oslonca
2
UPOTREBLJIVOST, 3 SLUCAJA, KOJA ZAVISE OD NASTANKA PRSLINA, predpostavljamo
geometrija da ostaje iuvodimokorigovanekoeficijente i sa njima radimo, vrati tbk
ZIDOVI, NEMA USLOVA ZA ISPUNJENEJ RAVNOG DEFORMISNJA, UDALJAVANJE OD
LINEARNO ELASTICNE ANALIZE
SEN VENANOV PRINCIP UPLIVAVANJA
konstruktivna arm primi malo zatezanja od skupljanja
na 2 promila napon je priblizno max, zatim cvrstoca tu i tamo opada, a posle 3.5 promila nastupa
lom
mlad beton 0.3 matoriji 0.2 za betone bez prslina, sa prslinama se smanjuje i uzimamo od 0.15-0.2
posaon analiticki iz molekularne teorije
znaci moze i do 0.6 promila da se skupi u izrazito suvim sredinama zitkih betona
tecenje betona, pod naponima, posledica migracije slob vode i stvarnja finih mikroprslina
5
sidrenje, armatura je indirektno opterecena, i preko betona treba da se prenese, vrsi se preko
napona prijanjanja, duzinu sidrenja dobijamo iz uslova ravnoteze a usvajamo da je tp konstantan
za mb30 ra je 1.75 mpa za uslove dobrte adhezije, nagnute i duboke siupke, 2/3 za lose
\glatka
rebrasta, 90
6
SA STUBOVIMA
UZNEGIJE DOSTA
BITNE, ARMATURA
VITKA, I
SPRECAVMO
LOKALNO BOSNO
IZVIJANJE
PODUZNE
ARMATURE
I ONO OBUHVATABHE SVIH PODUZNIH SADA IMA SMISLA, LOK BOC IZVIJANJE
torzija, cisto smicanje, kod tankih sadnducastih su konstantni po zidu pprecnog preseka
kod zatvorenih sanduscastih preeka su smicuci naponi i do 15 puta manji nego kod otvorenih
sanducastih, kod zatvorenih sa prepustima tfazon se prepusi zanemaruju
obezbedjujemo poduznom i vertikalnom arm, glavni naponi se prostiru pod uglom od 45 stepeni,
pa se razlaze na v i h.
10
KRATKI ELEMENTI
15 cm min
zbog ugradjivanja betona
11
4 sila cepanja u
temelju
12
13
umanjis sa 10 posto za elemente manje od 12cm jer se tesko ugradjuje beton
0.7 jer pri dugotrajnim dejstvima, pada na 0.85 mb, i to je betonska kocka, nija bas najjednoaksilniji
opit, vise odgovara prizmama
rdc bilinearan, do 10 15 promila uzimamo zato sto pocinje presek da se deformise dpsta bez
dodatnog opterecenja, iako celik nije dostigao max
sigurnost, netacna procena opterecenje, netacnost meh karakterisitka, statickog sistema, rdc rdb,
netacnost procene temp tecenje skupljanja, gradjenje, polozaj arm, zasr sloj
ne pokrivaju staticke uticaje i greske u dimenzionisanju
pritisak, vitkost manja 25 ne uzimamo izvijanje, do 75 umereno vitki, 140 izrazito vitki, preko 140
nije dopusteno, 200 max za u fazi gradjenja
tu su ekscentriciteti od izodjenja, eksentricnost od vremenskih deformacija, efekti drugog reda
eb ae dilatacije 2%
14
INTERAKCIONI DIJAGRAMI
ekscentricno pritisnuti elementi
15
model resetke, zamisli u klasicnim resetkama sta sta prenosi
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mesto
onog
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18
19
20
21
pnb
ims zezelj
scajcarskik
bbrv
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ploca oslonjena na gredu ili zid, smatramo slobodno oslonjenom iako torziona krutost grede to
sprecava, pa se ajvljaju negativni momenti, uzimamo u gornjoj zoni arm min polovnini arm u polju
23
24
25
26
krstasto arm,irane
27
k krutost ploce na savijanje
28
190 krstasto
armirane
realno
retko
ukljestenje
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30
31
krak unutrasnjih sila je priblizno isti pa ga usvajamo za liniuju zatezucih sila duzinom
ploce na stubovima, novijeg datuma, softverska analiza
raspon do 8m, velike ugibe ima, problem sa probijanjem
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33
34
rostilji
oslonci,
40m
greda
moze i do
raspon
tu oko
strane
210
montazne
od korba tm do drugih govana
STEPENISTA
211 NAJDANOVIC, DOBRO
35
STATICKI
NEODREDJENI NISU DOBRI KADA FUNDIRAMO NA LOSEM TLU
DUZINE RAMOVA VECE 60 DO 80 TREBA RADITI DILATACIJE
36
DIMEZIONISANJE RAMOVA,
NORMALENE SILE U GREDAMA
UGLAVNOM NISU MERODAVNE
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glavni
raspon
nosaci,
preko 20m
38
neekonomican
pa tu oslanjamo glavne nosace zglobno na stubove koji su ukljesteni u temelju
pnb, resetkasti
od nagnutih resetki zbog vode
resetke ab 15-30m
pnb veci
stisnjenost resetke l/10-8
autostabilne bolje
39
roznajce,
krovne
oslonjene
nosace,
10m, obicno
preko 10 onb adhezione uglavnom
nose
elemente,
na glavne
raspon do
t presel,
ostavljaju se otvori koroz koje prolaze bolncnovi ispusteni iz glavnog noac, zalivaju se cementnim
malterom
bitno sidrenje zategmure armature, manjak prostora pa se koristi anker plocica
treba posvetiti paznju glavnim naponima zatezanja
znaci kod sistema gde imamo zidove hocemo st neodredjenost, jer tu krutost navlaci uticaje
temeljne fredfe dobnre za deformabiolna tla
den hartog dijagram dinamickih koeficijenata, prvi deo kad bi gledao kako izgleda tangens prvi
deoo pozitivan drugi negativan,
u prvom su sila i kretenje u fazi, a u drugom delu nisu u fazi
govori gde je masa u odnosu na uslove ravnoteze i gde je sila gura
ja bi rekao sa za sdof transfer funkciju pri jako velikim frekvencijama manji od 1 k dinamicnosti,
masa nema vremena da pravi velike amplitude, unutaqr strukture longitualni talasi ne stizu da
prodju pitanje je sta se dogadja na nivou mikrostrukture
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41
1.
Ascomparedwithothermaterials,ithasaverylongservicelife.Underpropercondition
s, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of
their load- carrying abilities. This can be explained by the fact that the strength
of concrete does not decrease with time but actually increases over a very long
period, measured in years, because of the lengthy process of the solidification of
the cement paste.
1.
It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
1.
Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In
addi- tion, falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for
roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until the concrete members gain
sufficient strength to sup- port themselves. Formwork is very expensive. In the
United States, its costs run from one-third to two-thirds of the total cost of a
reinforced concrete structure, with average values of about 50%. It should be
obvious that when efforts are made to improve the economy of reinforced
concrete structures, the major emphasis is on reducing formwork costs.
42
3.
Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will
be relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span
structures.
For buildings of less than 4 stories, reinforced concrete, structural steel, and wall-bearing
construction are competitive. From 4 to about 20 stories, reinforced concrete and structural
steel are economically competitive, with steel having been used in most of the jobs above 20
stories in the past. Today, however, reinforced concrete is becoming increasingly
competitive above 20 stories, and there are a number of reinforced concrete buildings of
greater height around the world. The 74-story, 859-ft-high Water Tower Place in Chicago is
the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world.
Perhaps 9 out of 10 buildings in the United States are 3 stories or fewer in height,
Foundation conditions can often affect the selection of the material to be used for the
structural frame. If foundation conditions are poor, using a lighter structural steel frame may
be desirable.
Making decisions about using concrete or steel for a bridge involves several factors, such as
span, foundation conditions, loads, architectural considerations, and others. In general,
concrete is an excellent compression material and normally will be favored for short-span
bridges and for cases where rigidity is required (as, perhaps, for railway bridges).
43
In recent years, a great deal of interest has been shown in fiber-reinforced concrete, and
today there is much ongoing research on the subject. The fibers used are made from steel,
plastics, glass, and other materials. Various experiments have shown that the addition of
such fibers in convenient quantities (normally up to about 1% or 2% by volume) to
conventional concretes can appreciably improve their characteristics.
The compressive strengths of fiber-reinforced concretes are not significantly greater than
they would be if the same mixes were used without the fibers. The resulting concretes,
however, are substantially tougher and have greater resistance to cracking and higher impact
resistance. The use of fibers has increased the versatility of concrete by reducing its
brittleness. The reader should note that a reinforcing bar provides reinforcing only in the
direction of the bar, while randomly distributed fibers provide additional strength in all
directions.
Steel is the most commonly used material for the fibers. The resulting concretes seem to be
quite durable, at least as long as the fibers are covered and protected by the cement
mortar. Concretes reinforced with steel fibers are most often used in pavements, thin shells,
and precast products as well as in various patches and overlays
The use of fibers does significantly increase costs. It is probably for this reason that fiberreinforced concretes have been used for overlays for highway pavements and airport
runways rather than for whole concrete projects. Actually in the long run, if the increased
service lives of fiber-reinforced concretes are considered, they may very well prove to be
quite cost-effective. For instance, many residential contractors use fiber-reinforced concrete
to construct driveways instead of regular reinforced concrete.
ugradljivost kazu da se smanjuje, ali ako ima puno fibera
44
The first moment of the compression area of the beam cross section about the neutral axis
must equal the first moment of the tensile area about the neutral axis. The resulting
quadratic equation can be solved by completing the squares or by using the quadratic
formula.
After the neutral axis is located, the moment of inertia of the transformed section is
calculated, and the stresses in the concrete and the steel are computed with the flexure
formula.
izracuanas
onda I
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46
47
48
Spirals
very
effectively increase the ductility and toughness of columns, but they are much more
expensive than ties.
Though stresses cannot be predicted in columns in the elastic range with any degree of
accuracy, several decades of testing have shown that the ultimate strength of columns can be
estimated very well. Furthermore, it has been shown that the proportions of live and dead
loads, the length of loading, and other such factors have little effect on the ultimate strength.
It does not even matter whether the concrete or the steel approaches its ultimate strength
first. If one of the two materials is stressed close to its ultimate strength, its large
deformations will cause the stress to increase quicker in the other material.
1.
The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement may not be less than 1% of the gross
cross-sectional area of a column
1.
Themaximumpercentageofsteelmaynotbegreaterthan8%ofthegrosscross-sectional area
of the column (ACI Code 10.9.1). This maximum value is given to prevent too much
crowding of the bars. Practically, it is rather difficult to fit more than 4% or 5% steel
into the forms and still get the concrete down into the forms and around the bars.
When the percentage of steel is high, the chances of having honeycomb in the concrete
is decidedly increased. If this happens, there can be a substantial reduction in the
columns load-carrying capacity. Usually the percentage of reinforcement should not
exceed 4% when the bars are to be lap spliced. It is to be remembered that if the
percentage of steel is very high, the bars may be bundled.
49
50
51
tlo
52
deformabilnost
elasticnost kristalnih resetki granulometriskog skeleta, utice oblik poroznost, vlaznost
neke tacne velicine mozemo odrediti ako je napon smicanja mali i napon zatezsanja mali
i dobiajmo elasticne povratne, neelasticne nepovratne, trenutne i vremenske deformaciej
socivo hladnjace, led smrzne zemlja
deformabilnost edometri
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ispitivanja
velika vodopropustljivost edometri, problem poremecajnog uzorka
radimo probno opterecenje, staticku i dinamicku penetraciju
armirani temelji
jedno je dimenzionisanje imas na 151 oblike opterecenja, a drugo
je kontrola pritiska na tlo kontrola probijanja
e=W/f jezgro preseka
kontrolaa stabilnosti
temelji koji primaju vece horizontalne sile
54
E moduo easticnost
v poason
K moduo kompresije
G moduo klizanja
D moduo deformacija, koji se eks odrredjuje za odredjeni interval napona
55