Elabmom g06

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
LABORATORY REPORT
COURSE CODE BFC 21201
COURSE NAME HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIALS

LABORATORY
STUDENT NAME 1. RUVARAJ A/L P.KRISHNAN (CF200054)

2. SHOBANA A/P SUPRAMANIAM (CF200186)
3. SITI HAMIZAH BINTI AHMAD (DF200137)
4. SITI NUR’ AIN BINTI SAMSUDIN (DF200139)
5. KAVILEYSH A/L KANAKAN (DF200029)
SECTION 06
LECTURER NAME Dr. NORHAFIZAH BINTI SALLEH
DATE OF SUBMISSION 28th MAY 2022

TABLE OF CONTENT
NO LAB TITLE PAGES
e-LAB 1 Shear Force And Shear Stress In Beam 1-15
e-LAB 2 Bending Moment And Bending Stress In Beam 16-33
e-LAB 3 Deflection Of Beam 34-43
e-LAB 4 Buckling Of Compression Member 44-59
e-LAB 5 Mechanical Properties Of Tension Member 60-75
Rubrics
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
ENVIROMENT
HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIALS

LABORATORY
LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION
SUBJECT CODE BFC 21201
EXPERIMENT SHEAR FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS IN

TITLE BEAM
SECTION 06
1
STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES
We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our own effort. We also
admit not to receive any help from any third party during the preparation of this
report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report is true.
Hamizah
Student Signature (Group Representative)
Name : SITI HAMIZAH BINTI AHMAD
Matric No. : DF200137
Date : 28 MAY 2022
2
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGES
1. INTRODUCTION 4-5
2. OBJECTIVE 5
3. EQUIPMENT 5-6
4. PROCEDURE 6-7
5. DATA 7-8
6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 8-13
7. DISCUSSION 15
8. CONCLUSION 15
9. REFERENCE 15
3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A beam is a member that is in a slender shape and the load imposed on it will act perpendicular.
Such support also affects the flexibility of the beam. There are several types of support for
beams, namely simply supported beam, cantilevered beam, and overhanging beam. The load
response and the beam support will affect the internal shear force and bending moment, it
differs at each point along the axis of the beam.
1.1 Shear Force
Shear force is defined as the transverse force to a beam on a particular part that tends to cause
it to shear on that part. The force applied perpendicular to the surface on the beam and opposite
to the balancing force acting in the opposite direction. This results in shear stresses. It looks
like one part of the surface is pushed in one direction, while the other part is pushed in the
opposite direction to compensate for it. (Krunal Rajput, 2019). Shear force, V at a section is
the total algebra force taken only at one side of the section. Any section can be taken to be
totaled provided that both sections must have the same values and they follow the marking
direction. So by using the shear force diagram, the shear force acting along the beam can be
seen more clearly.
Figure 1.1 Internal shear forces and bending moments acting on the beam.
1.2 Shear Stress
Transverse loads bend beams by inducing axial tensile and compressive normal strains in the
beam’s x-direction. In addition, it cause shear effects that tend to slide vertical planes
tangentially to one another as depicted in Figure 1.2. The stresses τxy associated with this
shearing effect add up to the vertical shear force we have been calling V , and we now seek to
understand how these stresses are distributed over the beam’s cross section. The shear stress
on vertical planes must be accompanied by an equal stress on horizontal planes since τxy =
τyx, and these horizontal shearing stresses must become zero at the upper and lower surfaces
4
of the beam unless a traction is applied there to balance them. Hence they must reach a
maximum somewhere within the beam (Barnhart, and Goldsmith, 2000)
Figure 1.2 Effect of shear stress
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the shear force and shear stress of beam at the cut-section.
3.0 EQUIPMENT
1. Shear force apparatus
Figure 3.1 Shear force in beam apparatus
5
2. Digital force display
Figure 3.2 Digital force display mounted on shear force in beam apparatus
3. Hangers
4. Weight
Figure 3.3 The weight placed on the hanger
4.0 PROCEDURE
1. The reading values on the Digital Force Display are cleared first without any weight being
hung on the beam.
Figure 4.1 The button is rotated until the value of N becomes empty
2. 4 hangers with the weight and spacing of the first case (Figure 5.1) are hung on the beam.
6
Figure 4.2 The weight is suspende on the beam to obtain the value of the shear forces
3. The readings for the first case are recorded into Table 6.1.
4. Steps 1 to 3 were repeated in the second case (Figure 5.2) and the third case (Figure 5.3).
5. The unit of weight (g) used for all three cases is converted into units of load (N).
6. Differences in theoretical values that have been calculated in advance can be distinguished
from recorded values.
5.0 DATA
5.1 Free Body Diagram for All Cases
100 g 60 g 60 g 80 g
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
Figure 5.1 Free body diagram for Case 1
120 g 40 g 50 g 90 g
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
7
80 g 50 g 60 g 110 g
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
5.2 Collected Data From Laboratory
Table 5.1 Data shear force for calculations and laboratory
Load W1 (N) W2 (N) W3 (N) W4 (N) Vx (N) at cut-section

Casses
Calculations Laboratory
1 0.98 0.59 0.59 0.78 0.42 0.50
2 1.18 0.39 0.49 0.88 0.33 0.40
3 0.78 0.49 0.59 1.08 0.31 0.30
6.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
6.1 Calculations for Load Case 1
0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N 0.78 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 0.98(60) + 0.59(140) + 0.59(180) + 0.78(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0
𝑉𝐵 = −1.20𝑁 (↓)
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 0.98 − 0.59 − 0.59 − 0.78 − (−1.20) = 0
𝑉𝐴 = −1.74𝑁 (↓)
8
0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N
140 60 80 40 120
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.74 − 0.98 − 0.59 − 0.59 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0
𝑉𝑋1 = −0.42𝑁 (↓) ≈ 0.42𝑁 (↑)
1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N 0.88 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 1.18(60) + 0.39(140) + 0.49(180) + 0.88(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0
𝑉𝐵 = −1.21𝑁 (↓)
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 1.18 − 0.39 − 0.49 − 0.88 − (−1.21) = 0
𝑉𝐴 = −1.73𝑁 (↓)
1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N
140 60 80 40 120
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.73 − 1.18 − 0.39 − 0.49 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0
𝑉𝑋2 = −0.33 (↓) ≈ 0.33𝑁 (↑)
9
0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N 1.08 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 0.78(60) + 0.49(140) + 0.59(180) + 1.08(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0
𝑉𝐵 = −1.39𝑁 (↓)
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 0.78 − 0.49 − 0.59 − 1.08 − (−1.39) = 0
𝑉𝐴 = −1.55𝑁 (↓)
0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N
140 60 80 40 120
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.55 − 0.78 − 0.49 − 0.59 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0
𝑉𝑋3 = −0.31 (↓) ≈ 0.31𝑁 (↑)
6.4 Relationship Between The External Forces and Shear Forces
6.4.1 Shear Force Diagram Load Case 1
0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N 0.78 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
1.74 N 1.20 N
10
1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N 0.88 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
1.73 N 1.21 N
11
0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N 1.08 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
1.55 N 1.39 N
6.5 Calculation of Shear Stress for All Load Casses
Figure 6.1 Beam cross section 20 mm of width and 3 mm of thickness

Formula Shear Stress;
𝑣𝑄
𝜏=
𝐼𝑡
𝑏3ℎ (203 )(3)

𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = = 2000𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑄 = 𝐴′ ỳ = (20 × 3 ÷ 2)(1.5 ÷ 2) = 22.5𝑚𝑚3
12
Table 6.1 Shear stress calculation
Load Calculations Shear Stress

Casses
Shear Forces Calculations Shear Forces Laboratory
Shear Forces, Vx = 0.42N Shear Forces, Vx = 0.50N
𝑣𝑄 (0.42)(22.5) 𝑣𝑄 (0.50)(22.5)
𝜏= = 𝜏= =
𝐼𝑡 (2000)(20) 𝐼𝑡 (2000)(20)
1 = 2.36 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 2.81 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏 = 2.36 𝑥 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝜏 = 2.81 𝑥 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑣𝑄 (0.33)(22.5) 𝑣𝑄 (0.40)(22.5)
𝜏= = 𝜏= =
𝐼𝑡 (2000)(20) 𝐼𝑡 (2000)(20)
2 = 1.86 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 2.25 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏 = 1.86 𝑥 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝜏 = 2.25 𝑥 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑣𝑄 (0.31)(22.5) 𝑣𝑄 (0.30)(22.5)
𝜏= = 𝜏= =
𝐼𝑡 (2000)(20) 𝐼𝑡 (2000)(20)
3 = 1.74 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 1.69 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏 = 1.74 𝑥 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝜏 = 1.69 𝑥 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
13
7.0 DISCUSSION
The type of beam used for the experiment is an overhanging beam that has two support pins at
the end and middle of the beam. The beam characteristics are statically determinate because
the equations of the two sides are balanced. In addition, the type of load applied to the beam is
a point load of 4 loads applied. Each such load is different by case (case 1, case 2, and case 3).
The value of the shear force at position 300mm from support was calculated first before the
experiment was carried out. The shear forces for the first, second, and third cases were 0.42N,
0.33N, and 0.31N respectively while, for the experimental shear forces were 0.50N, 0.40N, and
0.30N, respectively. There is a difference for the calculated shear force with the experimental
shear force. The difference may be due to an error that occurred during the experiment such as
the digital force display was not emptied properly before the load was placed and the load was
not placed in its correct position.
Since the shear force value for the experiment and calculated and each case is different, so the
shear stress value will also be different. The differences are shown in Table 7.1. The shear force
is the result of a transverse shear stress distribution that acts over the beam’s cross section. Due
to complimentary property of shear, this stress will also create corresponding longitudinal shear
stress that acts along the length of the beam. Without reducing the external load applied
perpendicular to the beam, shear stress can be reduced by installing fasteners such as nails,
bolts, welding material, or glue. So it can keep the component parts from sliding relative to
each other.
Table 7.1 Shear stress
Load Shear Stress from Shear Force Shear Stress from Shear Force
Casses Calculations, 𝝉 Laboratory, 𝝉
1 2.36 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 2.81 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2 1.86 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 2.25 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3 1.74 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 1.69 × 10−4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
14
8.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, by performing this experiment, it is possible to identify the shear force and shear
stress that acts on the beam after the load is applied to it. In addition, it is also possible to see
the difference in the value of the shear force when the applied load is different for the three
cases. In addition, after the shear force diagram is drawn, the relationship between the shear
force and the external load can also be observed.
9.0 REFERENCE
Barnhart, K. E., and Goldsmith, W. (2000). Stresses in Beams During Transverse Impact.
Journal of Applied Mechanics, 24(3), 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4011560
Krunal Rajput. (2019). Definition of Shear Force and Bending Moment | What Is Shear Force
| What Is Bending Moment | Relation Between Loading, Shear Force & Bending Moment.
Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://civiljungle.com/bending-moment/
15
ENVIROMENT

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT BENDING MOMENT AND BENDING

TITLE STRESS IN BEAM
SECTION 06
16
(SCE)
Ruvaraj
Name : RUVARAJ A/L P.KRISHNAN
Matric No. : CF200054
Date : 28 MAY 2022
17
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGES
1. INTRODUCTION 19
2. OBJECTIVE 19
3. LITERATURE REVIEW 19-20
4. METHODOLOGY 20-23
5. DATA 23
7. DISCUSSION 27-32
8. CONCLUSION 33
9. REFERENCE 33
18
1.0 INTRODUCTION
It refers to the bending of the beam or any structure upon the action of the arbitrary load. It is
a degree of bending effect emerged when opposite force follows up on the beam. Normally a
moment prevails when a force acts in perpendicular manner at a specific separation causing a
rotational motion. When a moment acts on the beam and the beam tends to bend about its
supports, then that moment is called as bending moment. It is expressed as the sum of the
moments acting along the beam. Maximum bending moment in the beam occurs at the point
of maximum stress. Also, maximum bending moment will be at the point where shear force
changes its sign i.e., zero. Bending moment in a beam can be illustrated using bending moment
diagram in which the values of bending moments are plotted in the vertical axis and the beam
distance from the left in the horizontal axis.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the bending moment and bending stress of the beam at the cut-section
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Theory
Beams = A structural element which is designed and used to bear high load of structure and
other external load is called beam. There are many different of types of beams such as
cantilever beam, simply supported beam and overhanging beam.
Bending of Beams = When an external load or the structural load applied in beam is large
enough to displace the beam from its present place, then that deflection of beam from its present
place, then that deflection of beams from its resent axis is called bending of beam.
Bending Moment = In simple words bending moment is the product of force applied on beam
with the distance between the point of application of force and fixed end of the beam. Bending
Moments are rotational forces within the beam that cause bending. At any point within a beam,
the Bending Moment is the sum of each external force multiplied by the distance that is
perpendicular to the direction of the force.
Internal Forces = The forces arising to hold bodies together (internal stress is a form of an
internal force).
19
External Forces = Arise from contact or gravitational attraction (point and distributed loading,
and weight).
Deflection = Displaced under a load (refer to an angle or a distance).
Simply Supported Beam = A type of beam that has pinned support at one end and roller support
at the other end. Depending on the load applied, it undergoes shearing and bending.
4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 Flowchart
4.2 Apparatus and Materials
1. Digital Force display meter
20
2. Weights (1 piece = 10 grams)
3. Weight hanger (10 grams)

4. Bending Moments in a Beam Apparatus (STR2)
5. Ruler
21
4.3 Procedure
1. Switch on the force digital meter.
2. Make sure that the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load.
3. Hang mass for W1, W2 and W3 as the theoretical planning which is W total is less than
300g.
Figure 4.1 Mass Hanged as W1, W2 and W3.

4. Read internal forces on the Digital Force Display (shows in newton)
Figure 4.2 Digital Force Display

5. Convert the mass into a load in Newton ( multiply by 9.81 ) and the force reading into a
bending moment (Nm) using the following expression :
6. Bending Moment at the cut (N) = Displayed Force x lever arm
22
Figure 4.3 Apparatus for Bending Moment Experiment.
5.0 DATA
Vx (N) Mx (Nmm)
Load Cases
Calculation Laboratory Calculation Laboratory
0.42 0.50 121.6 124
1
0.33 0.40 114.6 120
2
0.31 0.30 128.6 130
3
Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. You are allowed to use any configurations
of mass on each hanger without exceeding WTOTAL < 300 g.
6.1 Load Position for All Cases
Load Case 1
100 g 60 g 60 g 80 g
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
23
Load Case 2
120 g 40 g 50 g 90 g
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
Load Case 3
80 g 50 g 60 g 110 g
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
6.2 Free Body Diagram and cut section for Load Cases 1
0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N 0.78 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 0.98(60) + 0.59(140) + 0.59(180) + 0.78(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0
𝑉𝐵 = −1.20𝑁 (↓)
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 0.98 − 0.59 − 0.59 − 0.78 − (−1.20) = 0
𝑉𝐴 = −1.74𝑁 (↓)
0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N
140 60 80 40 120
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.74 − 0.98 − 0.59 − 0.59 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0
𝑉𝑋 = −0.42𝑁 (↓) ≈ 0.42𝑁 (↑)
24
+ Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; − 𝑀𝑋 − 0.59(120) − 0.59(160) − 0.98(240) − 1.74(300) = 0
𝑀𝑋 = 121.6 𝑁𝑚𝑚
1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N 0.88 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 1.18(60) + 0.39(140) + 0.49(180) + 0.88(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0
𝑉𝐵 = −1.21𝑁 (↓)
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 1.18 − 0.39 − 0.49 − 0.88 − (−1.21) = 0
𝑉𝐴 = −1.73𝑁 (↓)
1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N
140 60 80 40 120
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.73 − 1.18 − 0.39 − 0.49 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0
𝑉𝑋 = −0.33 (↓) ≈ 0.33𝑁 (↑)
+ Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; − 𝑀𝑋 − 0.49(120) − 0.39(160) − 1.18(240) − 1.73(300) = 0
𝑀𝑋 = 114.6 𝑁𝑚𝑚
25
0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N 1.08 N
140 60 80 40 120 60 80
↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 0.78(60) + 0.49(140) + 0.59(180) + 1.08(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0
𝑉𝐵 = −1.39𝑁 (↓)
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 0.78 − 0.49 − 0.59 − 1.08 − (−1.39) = 0
𝑉𝐴 = −1.55𝑁 (↓)
0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N
140 60 80 40 120
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.55 − 0.78 − 0.49 − 0.59 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0
𝑉𝑋 = −0.31 (↓) ≈ 0.31𝑁 (↑)
+ Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; − 𝑀𝑋 − 0.59(120) − 0.49(160) − 0.78(240) − 1.55(300) = 0
𝑀𝑋 = 128.6 𝑁𝑚𝑚
26
7.0 DISCUSSION
1. Compare your calculations with laboratory findings.

From the laboratory experiment, for load cases 1 the value bending moment is 124Nmm,
for load cases 2 the value bending moment is 120Nmm and for load cases 3 the value
bending moment is 130Nmm. Compare with using theory method, for load cases 1 the
value for bending moment is 121.6Nmm, for load cases 2 the value bending moment is
114.6Nmm and for load cases 3 the value for bending moment is 128.6Nmm. Comparison
between the laboratory results and theoretical results, there is small difference for the value
that might be cause of some error.
LOAD CASES CALCULATIONS DIFFERENT IN

PERCETAGE
1 124 − 121.6 1.97%

= × 100%
121.6
2 120 − 114.6 4.71%

= × 100%
114.6
3 130 − 128.6 1.09%

= × 100%
128.6
2. From Table 2.1, determine the shear force at the load cell, and the bending moment at the
cut section. Compare your calculations with laboratory findings
The value for laboratory and calculation are close but still have different that maybe cause
of the error while conduction the laboratory. But by the data obtain, proves that the theory
of bending moments can be proved by an experiment conducted in the laboratory.
3. Discuss the outcome from question 2a(ii) in terms of the accuracy of the testing, and the
relationships between the external forces and bending moment. You may use any type of
graphical illustrations in your discussions.
The experiment's findings on the relationship between external forces and bending moment
are displayed below. The computation and laboratory results for external forces (Vx) and
bending moment were compared (Mx). Unfortunately for the calculation part, the
computation and laboratory results are not same but somehow the value range shows a lot
of difference because of instrument error occurs in laboratory. External forces cause shear
27
forces, and the bending moment is the result of the shear forces. Selecting the left and right
of the cross section along the length of the beam yields both results. Furthermore, in the
laboratory, the bending moment is equal to the total of each external force multiplied by
the 125mm arm distance of the lever, and the equation is used to determine the bending
moment. As a result, with the value we calculate between the external forces and the
bending moment, we may get very accurate findings from the experiment
28
LOAD CASE 1 LOAD CASE 2 LOAD CASE 3
Figure 7.1 Graphical illustrations of Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram
29
4. Calculate and sketch bending stress distribution at the cut-section from any load cases.
Using similar cross section from e-LAB 1. Discuss the important of bending stress in real
design, relates and justify it with your laboratory findings.
This concept bending stress in real design is it can be used to calculate where, and how
much bending may occur when forces are applied. This can be proven by our experiment
that may bend when loaded at any point along its length depend on the different load at the
beam
Load Case 1
Bending Moment at Cut Section, Mx = 121.6 Nmm
Remark: Cross Section of the beam is 20mm of the width and 3mm of thickness.
Centroid of Area:
20
𝑥= = 10 𝑚𝑚
2
3
𝑦= = 1.5 𝑚𝑚
2
Moment Of Inertia:
𝑏(ℎ)3 20(3)3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = = = 45 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏3ℎ (20)3 (3)

𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = = 2000 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
30
Bending Stress:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 121.6(0.75)
σ(Top) = = = 0.0456 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 121.6(0)
σ(Center) = = = 0 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 121.6(−0.75)
σ(Bottom) = = = −0.0456 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
Bending Stress Distribution For Load Case 1:
0.0456 𝑚𝑚4
−0.0456 𝑚𝑚4
Load Case 2
Bending Stress:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 114.6(0.75)
σ(Top) = = = 0.0430 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 114.6(0)
𝐼 2000
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 114.6(−0.75)
σ(Bottom) = = = −0.0430 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
31
Bending Stress Distribution for Load Case 2:
0.043 𝑚𝑚4
−0.043 𝑚𝑚4
Load Case 3
Bending Stress:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 128.6(0.75)
σ(Top) = = = 0.0482 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 128.6(0)
𝐼 2000
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦 128.6(−0.75)
σ(Bottom) = = = −0.0482 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 2000
Bending Stress Distribution for Load Case 3:
0.0482 𝑚𝑚4
−0.0482 𝑚𝑚4
32
8.0 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, we may determine that the numbers acquired by laboratory and manual
computation approaches differ substantially. This is because there is a chance of parallax and
systematic mistakes while doing the test in the lab. This experiment shows how a laboratory
test may be used to establish bending moment theory. It is also possible to identify factors that
impact the bending moment's value. In addition, this experiment accomplished all of the
objectives of finding the bending moment of each load scenario and the bending stress at the
cut part.
9.0 REFERENCE
Bending of Beams. (n.d.). Retrieved April 9, 2019, from

https://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/bikes/design/desi_64.htm
Farsi, A., Pullen, A. D., Latham, J. P., Bowen, J., Carlsson, M., Stitt, E. H., & Marigo, M.
(2017, April 11). Full deflection profile calculation and Young's modulus optimisation
for engineered high performance materials. Retrieved April 9, 2019, from
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46190
Shear Force and Bending Moment. (2000, October 5). Retrieved April 8, 2019, from
http://people.virginia.edu/~pjm8f/engr162/beam/shear_force_and_bending_moment.h
tm
University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences. (2016). Flexural Stresses in Beams.

Retrieved from University of Arizona College of Optical
Sciences:https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/optomech/wpcontent/uploads/sites/53/2016/10/
OPTI_222_W9.pdf
Bending moment - definition, equation, calculation, and diagram. (n.d.). Civil Engineering
Resources for students, teachers, professionals.
https://civilengineeronline.com/mech/bm.htm
Bending moment formula and equations. (n.d.). SkyCiv Cloud Structural Analysis Software.
https://skyciv.com/docs/tutorials/beam-tutorials/bending-moment-equations/
Bending stresses in beams. (n.d.). SpringerLink.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-07572-3_9
33
ENVIROMENT

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT
DEFLECTION OF BEAM
TITLE
SECTION 06
34
(SCE)
Ain
Name : SITI NUR’ AIN BINTI SAMSUDIN
Date : 28 MAY 2022
35
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGES
1. INTRODUCTION 37
2. OBJECTIVE 37
3. THEORY 37
4. EQUIPMENTS 37-38
5. PROCEDURE 38
6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 39
7. DISCUSSION 39-41
8. CONCLUSION 41-42
9. REFERENCE 42
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
ENVIROMENT

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT BUCKLING OF COMPRESSION

TITLE MEMBER
SECTION 06
44
(SCE)
Kavileysh
Name : KAVILEYSH A/L KANAKAN
Date : 28 MAY 2022
45
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGES
1. INTRODUCTION 47
2. OBJECTIVE 47
3. EQUIPMENTS 47-48
4. PROCEDURE 48-49
5. DATA 49-55
7. DISCUSSION 57-58
8. CONCLUSION 58
9. REFERENCE 59
46
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Buckling is a mathematical instability which caused structural failure. It happens when both
axial and bending forces caused great stresses in the column. The behaviour of the columns was
investigated bymathematician Leonhard Euler, and he derived the Euler’s equation to predict
the buckling action. The Euler’s equation is given as below.
According to the Euler’s equation, the factors affecting the buckling behavior are modulus
elasticity of material, area of moment of inertia of the cross section of tested specimen, buckling
length of column and the conditions of end of support. In this buckling test, the maximum force
of a column can support before it collapses is determined and recorded. The experiment was
repeated using several types of supports and different material. The experimental value is then
compared to the calculated value to prove the Euler’s equation.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
1. To observe deflection shape of columns of three different configurations.

2. To prove Euler’s theory by comparing experimental values and theoretical values.
3. To determine maximum buckling force for different materials.
3.0 EQUIPMENT
MATERIALS - Steel and Aluminium specimen

APPARATUS - Meter ruler, Allen key, Vernier callipers, and WP120 test stand
47
A= loading mechanism
B= column
C= force sensor
D= force meter
E= Dial gauge with holder
F= Test specimen block screw
G=Test specimen holder plate and screw
4.0 PROCEDURE
1. The force sensor (C) cable was connected to the force meter (D).
2. The force meter (D) was connected to a 240 V AC power supply and switched on.
3. The width and length of column was measured using meter rule, the thickness of
column was measured using Vernier calipers. The measurement was recorded.
4. The lower and upper bar test specimen screw were loosened. The column was placed
to the lower andupper bar. (Ensure the column touches the upper bar). The screw was
tightened with the Allen key provided.
5. The configuration of fixed-fixed end was set. (Ensured the screws F of upper
and lower bar weretightened)
6. The max/min soft button was tared zero for three second.
7. Load was applied to the column by rotating the loading mechanism.
8. Stop rotating once the force reached maximum point and start decreasing.
48
9. Hold the loading mechanism and the min/max button of the meter was pressed. The
maximum forcewas recorded.
10. The experiment was repeated with different configuration and materials. For free end,
ensured screws F was loosened.
5.0 DATA
In this experiment, you will determine the critical buckling load (Pcr) of aluminum strut.Carry
out the following instructions by referring to Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1
49
1. Place each length of aluminum strut on the apparatus according to respective endrestraints
conditions..
i. From Table 5.1, complete the calculations of Pcr for each size and endrestrain condition
Table 5.1
Pcr, End Restraint Conditions (N)

Strut
Length(mm) Pined – Pinned Pinned – Fixed Fixed – Fixed
370 -46 -170 -186

470 -43 -91 -171
520 -29 -52 -95
 Using Euler Equation,

B𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝜋2𝐸𝐼 /(𝑘𝐿) 2
 Modulus Elasticity of aluminum, EE

= 69 × 103𝑁𝑚
 Moment of Inertia, I
Figure 5.2 Plan view of sample Figure 5.3 3D model of sample
50
Calculating Buckling Load, 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑥 and 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑦 for Pinned- pinned Ends Sample
L= 370mm
 From above calculations, 𝐼𝑥𝑥 < 𝐼𝑦𝑦, which leads to 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑥<𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑦.

 This means that the aluminum strut tends to buckle at the x- axis rather
thanthe y-axis, because the value of 𝐼𝑥𝑥 is smaller than the 𝐼𝑦𝑦.
 This can be proved in the E- Lab 4 experiment video.
 Therefore, the values of 𝐼𝑥𝑥 is choose to calculate the end restraint conditions
forall samples.
51
Calculations:
Aluminum strut 𝑃𝑐𝑟, End Restraint

length, L (mm) Condition
Pinned- pinned Pinned- fixed (N) Fixed- Pinned (N)
370 45.93 187.49 734.95

470 28.47 116.19 455.47
520 23.26 94.92 372.09
52
53
2. Compare the outcome from the calculations made in 4a(i) with the laboratoryresults. You
may use any type of graphical illustrations as part in your discussions in order to explain
the relationship between both parameters (end restraints and strut length) against Pcr.
Table below show data and results of data and percentage error in the experiment.
TABLE OF DATA
Pinned – pinned support
Length Buckling, Pcr, (N) Percentage error

(mm) Theory Experiment (%)
370 45.93 -46.00 199.85
470 28.47 -43.00 166.21
520 23.26 -29.00 180.21
54
Pinned – fixed support

370 187.49 -170.00 210.30
470 116.19 -91.00 227.68
520 94.92 -52.00 282.54
Fixed – fixed support

370 734.95 -186.00 495.13
470 455.47 -171.00 366.36
520 372.09 -95.00 491.67
COMPARATION OF THE RESULTS
55
Based on the three types of the graphs from different strut length which are 370mm, 470mm
and 520mm, the results between the calculation and laboratory have different results and
patterns. It shows that strut length is undirectly proportional to Pcr. The higher strut length, the
lower Pcr will be. End restrain for fixed-fixed have the highest Pcr compared to pinned-pinned
and pinned-fixed based on the graphs.
56
3. Using the Euler buckling curve shows in Figure below, identify the classification of the
compression member for each aluminum strut length at respective end restraint conditions.
7.0 DISCUSSION
Buckling is a circumstance when a column experiences at load force along its axis and bends
caused by the loading force. Buckling will cause the column to bend, lose its stability and
sudden failure will occur. In this experiment, three different material, steel and aluminum were
analyzed to enquire the maximum load on specimen before it fails in three different cases,
which is pined-pined column, fixed-pined column and fixed-fixed column. Percentage errors
ranging from 20% to 73% are obtained. There are several factors that contributed to the
57
differences in theoretical and experimental result. The percentage error calculated ranges
between 20-73% which is quite large as the experiment was carried out using mechanical
equipment. The results for both specimens show smaller percentage difference for pined-pined
column configuration, the first test done, and increase in order to when the last test is done.
This is because the experiment was repeated with the same specimen for each configuration
and the specimen suffered fatigue as it continuously gets pressured to critical load. A new
specimen of a similar dimension must be used for each different configuration to get more
accurate experimental value. Another reason of deviation from experimental value is due the
error which happens when the specimen is not fasten to the specimen holder properly. This will
be the source of sideways force which is not directly through the axial load and will cause
variance from actual critical load. Another error is hysteresis error which is visible when force
meter reacts slow for the initial input of force. These two errors can be reduced by repeating
the experiment several times and get an average. However, when we compare the theoretical
and experimental value for this buckling analysis there will definitely be a certain amount of
variance as the formulas used to calculate the theoretical value were derived based on an ideal
column. This means it has been assumed that the column is perfectly uniform and loaded
consistent throughout the arrangement of material. In the actual experiment, the specimens in
most cases are not ideal and have uneven distribution of forces around the column.
8.0 CONCLUSION
As conclusion, we can conclude that out of the three configurations which are the pined-pined
column, fixed-pined column, and fixed-fixed column, fixed-fixed column can withstand the
largest critical load. By comparing the deflection shape of steel specimen and aluminum
specimen, steel has the lesser deflection than aluminum when maximum load is applied. Hence,
this indicates that steel can sustain a heavier load and it is stiffer compared to aluminum. In
short, steel column with fixed-fixed configuration can say to be the best material and the best
column design to support a greater load while not easily experience buckling failure. In
addition, the percentage errors calculated by using the experimental values and theoretical
values are ranging from 20% to 73%, indicating the data obtained is less reliable and
improvements are needed for this experiment.
58
9.0 REFERENCES
ITEM INDUSTRIECHNIK. (2015) Euler Buckling cases. [Online] 2015. Available from:
http://glossar.item24.com/en/home/view/glossary/ll/en%7Cde/item/euler-buckling-
cases/ [Accessed: 5th February 2017].
KASTEN, M. (2016) Strength of Aluminium vs Strength of Steel. [Online] 2016. Available
from: http://www.kastenmarine.com/alumVSsteel.htm [Accessed: 5th February
2017].
MCGINTY, B. (2012) Column Buckling. [Online] 2012. Available from:

http://www.continuummechanics.org/columnbuckling.html [Accessed: 5th February
2017].
59
ENVIROMENT

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

TITLE TENSION MEMBER
SECTION 06
60
(SCE)
Shobana
Name : SHOBANA A/P SUPRAMANIAM
Matric No. : CF200186
Date : 28 MAY 2022
61
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGES
1. INTRODUCTION 63
2. OBJECTIVE 64
3. THEORY 64
4. EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS 65
5. PROCEDURE 65-66
6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 66
7. DISCUSSION 67-74
8. CONCLUSION 74
9. REFERENCE 74
62
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In concrete construction, the use of steel reinforcement is important to be rejected voltage

action. It is mandatory to verify the true strength (yield strength, fy) steel material through
stress test before construction. The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is widely used in
identifying mechanical properties (such as Modulus of Elasticity) of reinforced steel.
Determination of yield strength will lead to elastic and plastic welding area, where the
elongation of the material is measured by the extensometer equipment attached to the specimen.
The tensile test is the most commonly performed and is the simplest among of all
themechanical tests. In this experiment, a specimen is subjected to a gradually increasing
uniaxial load until failure occurs. The typical testing procedure is to deform or stretch the
material at a constant speed. A circular and rectangular cross section will be used as tested
specimen which is madeof steel and copper or aluminium. The load deformation data is
recorded during the experiment so this data can be plotted once the procedure is complete.
Figure 1.1 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
63
Figure 1.2 Tensile test of reinforcement bar
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. To study the deformation characteristics of the aluminium reinforcement bar.

ii. To investigate mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength of reinforcement bar.
iii. To observe the stress- strain curve relationship of the aluminium reinforcement bar.
3.0 THEORY
Tensile loading on material causes the material to undergo deformations. The kind of
deformation can either be elastic or plastic deformation. The elastic deformation is
characterised by linear relationship between the extension and applied load. Engineering stress
σ is given by the ratio of load applied to the original cross sectional area A, while engineering
strain ε is given by change in length (extension) ∆ L over the original length L whereby,
σ = P/A
ε = ∆ L/ L
64
4.0 EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS
Figure 4.1 Materials and equipments

i. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
ii. Aluminium steel size 12mm
iii. Vernier callipers
iv. Extensometers
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. By using vernier calipers, the thickness and width of sample steel was measured. The gauge
length of specimen was determined to be 50 mm.
Figure 5.1 Measuring the diameter
2. The software for acquiring and recording data was activated and the material corresponding
to the specimen was selected in the software.
3. By zeroing the load cell, the Instron Load Frame could only be set to measure only the
tensile load on each specimen inserted.
65
4. The jaws were adjusted to fit the size of the specimens. This was followed by attaching
theextensometers on the reduced sections of the gauge specimen.
5. To avoid slipping of the specimens, the scroll wheel was used in preloading the machine.
6. After the specimen was removed, the extensometers were adjusted to zero value and the
testcommenced to measure strain of the specimen.
7. The data was recorded by the software on the spreadsheet. The data was later retrieved
forcalculation and plotting of the graphs.
6.0 RESULTS
Yield Strength (MPa), σy 596
Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult 662
Ratio of σult / σy 1.10
Elastic region From:0 to:596
Plastic region From:596 to:662
Table 6.1 Results of tensile test
Table 6.2 Curve of stress-strain relationship
66
7.0 DISCUSSION
1. Recognize the standard safety operational procedure before conducting this testing. Provide
related images or sketches illustrations as part in your discussions, with specific references.
SAFERTY HAZARD CONTROLS PHOTO

MEASURES
Wear clear safety Flying  Students are required to

debris provide their own
glasses with side
safety glasses.
shields.
 See laboratory
Instructor or laboratory
manager if you do not
have safety glasses
before proceeding to use
equipment.
Inspect safety glasses Flying  If defects are found
for cracks, scratches, or debris report this to your lab

instructor before using.
other damage. Ensure
the ANSI standard
Z87.1 is stamped into
the side of glasses. If
necessary, inspect dust
mask or face mask.
Inspect work area, Slips,  Keep the work area
walk around Instron trips & around the Instron free
looking for debris and falls from scraps, dust, oil

and grease.
ensure proper lighting.
67
Check manual controls Injury,  Check for proper
pinch functioning of manual
points controls used to

position crosshead.
 Check for proper
functioning of
Emergency Stop Switch.
Put on PPE Flying  Always wear safety

glasses.
debris
and heavy  Always wear closed
toed shoes when
objects
handling jaws or other
heavy attachments.
2. Establish the sample preparations prior to sample installation and testing. Provide any
related images, sketches or schematic diagram as part in your discussions.
Sample Preparation
Geometry Considerations: Tensile Testing
Figure 7.1 Tensile Specimen Geometry
68
Rigid and semi-rigid plastics:
 Type I is preferred for this material type with specimens 7mm or less.
 Type II is used when a type I specimen will not break in the narrow section.
 Type III specimen must be used for any material with thickness of 7mm or more.
 Type IV specimens may only be used for testing materials of different rigidities
(non- rigidvs semi-rigid).
 Type V specimens are only usable where a material is 4mm thick or less.
Non-rigid plastics:
 Type III specimens must be used for all samples between 7mm and 14mm thick.
 Type IV samples must be used for all samples 4mm thick or less.
Reinforced composites:
 Only Type I specimens may be used for these materials.
Load Cell Installation:
1. Remove communication connection from the Instron.

2. Remove three lug screws from top of the load cell.
3. Using handle on the load cell, pull load cell from the top of the instrument.
4. Replace new load cell into socket taking care to line up lug holes.
5. Using lug screws secure new load cell to upper control arm, tightening screws
in a starpattern to one quarter turn past finger tight.
6. Plug the communications cable into the Instron.
Fixture Selection and Installation Fixture Selection by Test:
 Tensile Testing: For all tensile tests standard clamp type grips are used.
 Three-point bend: For three-point bend tests a specialized simple supported three point
fixture is required. Adjust your span to what is suitable for your sample’s type and
dimensions.
Fixture Installation:
 All clamps for the Instron Universal Testing machine are installed by use of pins and
holes.Ensure that the holes are lined up such that the pins may be completely
inserted, and that the fixtures are facing forward.
69
Testing Procedure Using Software:
From a depowered state (both Instron and computer are off) ;

1. Flip toggle on Instron Universal Testing Machine. Wait for machine to completely start.
2. Start up the PC by normal means do power on the tower and the monitor.
3. Once Computer is fully booted and logged in press the IEEE 488 button on the
controlpanel of the Instron.
4. After startup the software, click the test button as shown below,
Figure 7.2 Clicking the test button
5. Select and double click the test method from left panel.
Figure 7.3 Select Test Method
6. Enter Operator Name and Material Type. Click Next.
Figure 7.4 Enter Operator and Material

7. Enter your File Name and Output Folder. Click Next.
70
8. Click the Method tab at the top of the page. Click Control in the left column and then Test.
Figure 7.5 Click the test button on the left control.

9. Enter your Testing Rate. This is based on your ASTM (D638 or D790) and material. Click
the Test tab. Measure and enter the test sample’s Width and Thickness. Click Next.
10. Install your specimen in the fixture. Then, click Start.
Figure 7.6 Click Start

11. Repeat Step 6.5.6 to 6.6.7 as needed.
12. Click Finish. When asked if you want to finish the sample, or test more specimens, click
Finish Sample.
Figure 7.7 Stress- strain curve
71
3. Produce a standard testing procedure (SOP) for tensile testing of your rebar accordingto BS
EN ISO 6892-1: 2019. Provide any related graphical or schematic diagram if necessary.
By using vernier calipers, the thickness and width of sample steel was measured. The gauge
length of specimen was determined to be 50 mm.
Figure 7.8 Measuring the diameter

1. The software for acquiring and recording data was activated and the material
correspondingto the specimen was selected in the software.
2. By zeroing the load cell, the Instron Load Frame could only be set to measure only the
tensileload on each specimen inserted.
3. The jaws were adjusted to fit the size of the specimens. This was followed by attaching
theextensometers on the reduced sections of the gauge specimen.
4. To avoid slipping of the specimens, the scroll wheel was used in preloading the machine.
5. After the specimen was removed, the extensometers were adjusted to zero values and
thetest commenced to measure strain of the specimen.
6. The data was recorded by the software on the spreadsheet. The data was later retrieved
forcalculation and plotting of the graphs.
4. Discuss whether the strength of this steel rebar is satisfied to the standard code of practice.
Provide the design requirement from the standard code of practice and provideall related
clauses on this requirement.
Based on tension testing, the strength ratio of the bar is 1.10 which is should not be less than
1.25. The requirement is based on the assumption that a capability of a structural member to
develop inelastic rotation capacity is a function of the length of the yield region. It can stated
that the reinforcement bar cannot reach ductility requirement. The level of structuralductility
required depends upon the application and the structural behavior assumed in the design
method used. So, for further application of high strength steel bar as a reinforcing bar for
72
reinforcement concrete, it needs material improvement especially in the chemical composition
to gain higher tensile and yield ratio whereby the higher strength ratio of steel bars, the
structures might have better ductility.
BS EN 1990 can be considered as the document of the structural Eurocode system as it

establishes the principles and requirements for the reliability, serviceability and durability of
structures. It also describes the basis for structural design and verification. The main sections
of BS EN 1990 includes basic requirements, principles of limit state design, basic variables,
structural analysis and design assisted by testing also the verification by the partial safety factor
method.
7.1 Open-Ended Question
1. What are the main purposes to conduct laboratory/ experiment on the structural members?
Discuss.
The key objective of the structures laboratory is to display and analyse the behaviour of
structural elements in an experimental setting. It's main objective is to determine the effect of
loads on the physical structures and their components. Tests of structural members to
destruction are carried out to effectively show structural behaviour. Also to know the factors
that affect the tensile strength and the compressive strength of a structural member. Steel beams
plastic bending capacity, as well as the ultimate strength of steel tensile members and steel
beam column connections in supporting courses, have all been tested. The structural
engineering laboratory is additionally equipped with facilities for conducting experimental
research.
2. How significant the outcome from laboratory/ experiment is assuredly proven to be as a

reliable finding? Discuss.
As we expected the findings/outcome were significant according to the specific response,

theoretically and also standard measurements in various labs. Our laboratory procedure is
designed to yield specified results and whether or not we obtain those findings determines the
quality of our work in part. In all types of experiment, we need to concentrate our efforts on
improvise the methods and results which was more to the effective of our report.To obtain the
accurate outcomes, should review the laboratory notebook to avoid errors in datarecording, data
transcription to spreadsheet, and any calculations we've performed.
73
3. What are the alternative methods to provide reliable finding without doing laboratory/
experiment? Discuss.
Other than conducting laboratory experiment we may also use alternative method by using
software such as Staadpro. LinPro and so on. This kind of software can easily provide the
finding variables once we insert the data we collected from the site. Besides that, it is most
common method to evaluate a structure with high precision and low calculation time.
8.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, this experiment is to determine on how something will react when a

reinforcement bar is pulled apart when a force is applied to it in tension. Tensile testing is one
of the simplest and most widely used mechanical test. Hooke’s law can define the characteristic
the behavior of material based on data of stress and strain curve by using universal testing
machine. By measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material
properties can be determined that will allow designers to predict how materialsand
products will behave in their intended applications. In this experiment we intended to assess
the stress-strain behaviour in mild and high yield steels which is 596 Mpa. Strain hardening or
work hardening in mild steel occurs at higher values of stress. In the graph, we can seen that
the curve drop downwards after necking has occurred. Then finally it reached thefracture point
where it breakup due to ultimate stress point. From our data, we can conclude that data from
experiment is more accurate since we do the test directly on lab.
9.0 REFERENCES
Labsheet Mechanics of Materials
The Stress Strain Curve, Intro To Structural Engineering,

https://asrengineering.com/2019/08/14/the-stress-strain-curve-intro-to-structural-
engineering/
Stress-strain curve: Strength of Materials, https://www.smlease.com/entries/mechanical-

design-basics/stress-strain-curve-diagram/
74
APPENDIX
75
e-LAB MoM PSYCHOMOTOR RUBRIC
1
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
Name of Group Members : 06

SECTION : __________ Matric No.:
1 RUVARAJ A/L P.KRISHNAN (CF200054)
_____________________
2 SHOBANA A/P SUPRAMANIAM (CF200186)
_____________________
3 SITI HAMIZAH BINTI AHMAD (DF200137)
_____________________
4 SITI NUR’ AIN BINTI SAMSUDIN (DF200139)
_____________________
5 KAVILEYSH A/L KANAKAN (DF200029)
_____________________
10 Marks [CLO2, PLO5]

CRITERIA / Mark
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 W Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL Scale
Demonstrate leadership Unable to show the Less leaderships Moderate leaderships Ability to show good Ability to show very
skills (20) – P1 leadership skills, there skills, there is no task skills, but students are leaderships skills with good leaderships skills
is no task (LA work) (LA work) able to distribute their good task (LA work) with structured task (LA
4
Map to: the physical lab.
activity works distribution distribution task (LA work) distribution work) distribution
Unable to apply the Ability to show good Ability to show very
Skill of Laboratory Work Less technical skill on Moderate technical skill
basic technical on technical skill on good technical skill on
sample preparation on sample preparation
(20) – P2 sample preparation
according to specific according to specific code
sample preparation sample preparation 6
Map to: e-LAB 5(ii) according to specific according to specific according to specific
code of practice of practice
code of practice code of practice code of practice
Able to perform very
Accuracy Able to perform Able to perform moderate Able to perform good
Unable to perform good calculation
calculation and calculation and calculation and
(20) – P3 accurate calculation
measurement, but measurement, the measurement,
procedure and 4
Map to: e-LAB 5(iii) and measurement measurement, very high
not accurate accuracy is acceptable complete and accurate
accuracy
Poor lab. testing SOP Good lab. testing SOP
Technical Competency Excellent lab. testing
Unable to deliver a SOP and application of Moderate lab. testing SOP and application of
and Decision Making SOP and application of
for lab. testing and code of practise, as and application of code of code of practise, as
code of practise, as well
(40) – P4 false in making decision well as in decision practise, as well as in well as in decision
as in decision making
6
Map to: e-LAB 5(iv) and according to specific making according to decision making according making according to
according to specific
e-LAB 5(v) code of practice specific code of to specific code of practice specific code of
code of practice
practice practice
TOTAL MARKS (100 M)
e-Lab MoM Semester II Session 2021/2022 - AFK

e-LAB MoM AFFECTIVE RUBRIC 2


_____________________
2 SHOBANA A/P SUPRAMANIAM (CF200186)
_____________________
3 SITI HAMIZAH BINTI AHMAD (DF200137)
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
10 Marks [CLO3, PLO9]

CRITERIA /
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark Scale W Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL
Teamwork Unable to show the
Good participation in Very good commitment
teamwork spirit (no Less participation in Moderate
(35) – A2 group during and participation as
participation) in group during LSV participation in group 4
Map to: the completion LSVwork, shows the well as helpful in group
group during LSV work during LSV work
of LSV tasks during PA commitment during LSV work
work
Unable to show Moderate awareness Ability to show good Ability to show very
Safety Less awareness on
awareness on safety on safety in awareness on safety good awareness on
(20) – A2 safety in laboratory 8
in laboratory laboratory in laboratory safety in laboratory
Map to: e-LAB 5(i) operational
operational operational operational operational
Very poor Moderate
Discipline Poor professional Good professional Very good professional
professional professional attitude
attitude and time attitude and time attitude, time
(20) – A1 attitude and time and time
management management during management with high 4
Map to: the completion management during management during
during the meeting the meeting with motivation during the
of LSV tasks during PA the meeting with the meeting with
with lecturer lecturer meeting with lecturer
lecturer lecturer
Discipline
X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =
(10) – A1
4
Mapp to: e-class (CLASS
Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =
ATTENDANCE)
TOTAL MARKS (100 M)
3
e-LAB MoM COGNITIVE RUBRIC
_____________________
2 SHOBANA A/P SUPRAMANIAM _____________________
(CF200186)
3 SITI HAMIZAH BINTI AHMAD _____________________
(DF200137)
_____________________
_____________________ 30 Marks [CLO1, PLO4]
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5
QUESTION / Incomplete calculations, Able to perform mediocrity Able to perform sufficient Able to perform good Able to perform excellent
Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL critical analysis and/or calculations, critical analysis calculations, critical calculations, critical calculations, critical and/or
discussions and/or discussions analysis and/or discussions analysis and/or discussions discussions
a(i) – C1
a(ii) – C1
e-LAB 1
a(iii) – C2
a(iv) – C2
a(v) – C2
25
a(i) – C1
e-LAB 2
a(ii) – C2
a(iii) – C2
a(iv) – C2
20
a(i) – C1
e-LAB
a(ii) – C2
15
3
a(iii) – C2
a(i) – C2
e-LAB
a(ii) – C2
4
a(iii) – C2 15
OE 1
e-LAB
OEQ
OE 2
OE 3 15
REPORT FORMAT/
WRITING SKILL 10
TOTAL MARKS
(100 M)

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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

COURSE CODE BFC 21201

COURSE NAME HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIALS

STUDENT NAME 1. RUVARAJ A/L P.KRISHNAN (CF200054)

LECTURER NAME Dr. NORHAFIZAH BINTI SALLEH

DATE OF SUBMISSION 28th MAY 2022

NO LAB TITLE PAGES

e-LAB 1 Shear Force And Shear Stress In Beam 1-15

e-LAB 2 Bending Moment And Bending Stress In Beam 16-33

e-LAB 3 Deflection Of Beam 34-43

e-LAB 4 Buckling Of Compression Member 44-59

e-LAB 5 Mechanical Properties Of Tension Member 60-75

HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIALS

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT CODE BFC 21201

EXPERIMENT SHEAR FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS IN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTRE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES

Student Signature (Group Representative)

Name : SITI HAMIZAH BINTI AHMAD

Matric No. : DF200137

Date : 28 MAY 2022

6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 8-13

1.1 Shear Force

1.2 Shear Stress

Figure 1.2 Effect of shear stress

1. Shear force apparatus

Figure 3.1 Shear force in beam apparatus

Figure 3.3 The weight placed on the hanger

5.1 Free Body Diagram for All Cases

Figure 5.1 Free body diagram for Case 1

Figure 5.3 Free body diagram for Case 3

5.2 Collected Data From Laboratory

Table 5.1 Data shear force for calculations and laboratory

Load W1 (N) W2 (N) W3 (N) W4 (N) Vx (N) at cut-section

1 0.98 0.59 0.59 0.78 0.42 0.50

2 1.18 0.39 0.49 0.88 0.33 0.40

3 0.78 0.49 0.59 1.08 0.31 0.30

6.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Calculations for Load Case 1

0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N 0.78 N

↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 0.98(60) + 0.59(140) + 0.59(180) + 0.78(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 0.98 − 0.59 − 0.59 − 0.78 − (−1.20) = 0

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.74 − 0.98 − 0.59 − 0.59 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0

𝑉𝑋1 = −0.42𝑁 (↓) ≈ 0.42𝑁 (↑)

6.2 Calculations for Load Case 2

1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N 0.88 N

↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 1.18(60) + 0.39(140) + 0.49(180) + 0.88(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 1.18 − 0.39 − 0.49 − 0.88 − (−1.21) = 0

1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.73 − 1.18 − 0.39 − 0.49 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0

𝑉𝑋2 = −0.33 (↓) ≈ 0.33𝑁 (↑)

0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N 1.08 N

↱ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0; 0.78(60) + 0.49(140) + 0.59(180) + 1.08(360) + 𝑉𝐵 (440) = 0

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐴 − 0.78 − 0.49 − 0.59 − 1.08 − (−1.39) = 0

0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 1.55 − 0.78 − 0.49 − 0.59 − 𝑉𝑋 = 0

𝑉𝑋3 = −0.31 (↓) ≈ 0.31𝑁 (↑)

6.4 Relationship Between The External Forces and Shear Forces

6.4.1 Shear Force Diagram Load Case 1

0.98 N 0.59 N 0.59 N 0.78 N

1.18 N 0.39 N 0.49 N 0.88 N

0.78 N 0.49 N 0.59 N 1.08 N