Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005

aqtiuri moqalaqeobis
saxelmZRvanelo

Tavisuflebis instituti
 wignis gamocema dafinansebulia demokratiis erovnuli fondis
(National Endowment for Democracy) mier. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod
Tavisuflebis instituti agebs pasuxs am gamocemis Sinaarsze. mas-
Si gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes demokra-
tiis erovnuli fondis (National Endowment for Democracy) azrs.

redaqtorebi:
Tamar asaTiani
akaki minaSvili

\ 2005, Tavisuflebis instituti

ISBN 99940-885-0-5
 sarCevi

nawili I. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba,

rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saSualeba 7

Tavi 1. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis filosofiuri 10

da istoriuli fesvebi
1.1. Zveli saberZneTi 10
1.2. religiuri safuZveli 11
1.3. Sua saukuneebi – me-20 saukune 14

Tavi 2. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria 24

2.1. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmarteba 24

nawili II. araZaladobrivi brZolis Teoria,

strategiuli araZaladobrioba da kampaniebis warmoeba 40

Tavi 1. politikuri Zalaufleba: formebi da safuZveli 40

1.1. politikuri Zalauflebis Teoria 40
1.2. sayrdeni burjebi 48
1.3. morCileba 58

Tavi 2. araZaladobrivi brZolis formebi da meTodebi 63

2.1. strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis principebi 65
2.2. araZaladobrivi brZolis meqanizmebi da meTodebi 66
2.3. problemebis gadaWra 80
2.4. strategiuli Sefaseba 84

nawili III. praqtikuli rCevebi 89

3.1. sakiTxis SerCeva 89
3.2. strategiis SemuSaveba 94
3.3. taqtikis arCeva 97
 3.4. peticiebi 99
3.5. werilebis weris kampania 101
3.6. oficialur pirTan Sexvedra 103
3.7. satelefono kampania 105
3.8. mediis gamoyeneba 107
3.9. saganmanaTleblo aqciebi 119
3.10. demonstraciebis mowyoba 120
3.11. SemoqmedebiTi aqciebi 123

6
 nawili I
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba,
rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
saSualeba

`borotebis triumfisaTvis erTaderTi ram

aris saWiro: rom kargma adamianma araferi
gaakeTos~.
edmund berki

nacisturi reJimis dangrevisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sfe-

roSi Zireuli dokumentebis Seqmnis Semdeg warmoiSva imis mzardi
imedi, rom msofliom Seabija axali mmarTvelobis epoqaSi, rodesac
adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianoba gaTvaliswinebuli da daculi
iqneba. samwuxarod, movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam sapirispiro
Sedegi gamoiRo: sabWoTa zegavlenisa da komunisturi ideologiis
gavrceleba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da msoflios sxva mxare-
ebSi, mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic sruliad ugulebelyofda samo-
qalaqo da politikuri uflebebis mniSvnelobas, da samxedro diqta-
tura laTinur amerikaSi, demokratiuli sistemebis winaaRmdeg ga-
laSqreba, adamianis uflebaTa uxeSi darRveva, genocidi da aparTe-
idi afrikis kontinentze. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam win wamoswia ki-
dev ramdenime diqtatoruli qveyana centraluri aziis saxelmwifo-
Ta Soris da serbeTSi miloSeviCis mmarTvelobisasa, an im qveynebSi,
romlebic oficialur doneze adamianis uflebaTa dacvis princips
qadagebdnen, Tumca sinamdvileSi ruseTis msgavsad yovelgvar aRi-
arebul Tavisuflebas aRkveTdnen. garda amisa, avtoritaruli sis-
temis naTeli magaliTebia CrdiloeT korea da irani, romlebic dRem-
de aRiqmeba, rogorc saSiSroeba mSvidobisaTvis regionSi da mTel
msoflioSi. samxedro intervenciamde erayi sadam huseinisa da misi
samxedro dajgufebis mier danergili sastiki mmarTvelobis prin-
cipis naTeli magaliTi iyo.
bunebrivia, rom Seqmnilma faqtobrivma fonma adamianis uflebe-
bisa da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis Seyovneba gamoiw-

7
via. dRemde SemuSavebul iqna sxvadasxva saxelmwifo Tu saerTaSori-
so meqanizmebi, romlebic icavs adamianis uflebebs, Tumca, samwuxa-
rod, es meqanizmebi susti an araefeqturia diqtatoruli reJimis
pirobebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo CarTulia korufciaSi, ar icavs ka-
nonis uzenaesobas da arRvevs adamianis uflebebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi
formaluri institutebi, SesaZloa, ar aRmoCndnen efeqturi saxel-
mwifos diqtatis Sesakaveblad. msoflio istoriaSi xSiria praqtika,
rodesac diqtatorebis winaaRmdeg Zaladobrivi meTodebi (mag., omi)
gamoiyeneba. Tumca Cveni mizani Zaladobriv meTodebze saubari ar
aris, aramed SevecdebiT, ukeT warmovaCinoT araZaladobrivi meTo-
debis roli diqtaturis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da maTi gamoyenebis
istoria.
araZaladobriobaze saubris dawyebamde mniSvnelovania, ganvixi-
loT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Tema. samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
loba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis erT-erTi alternatiuli saSuale-
baa da, rogorc istoriam naTlad dagvanaxva, es sakmaod efeqturi
zomaa sxva saSualebebis naklovanebaTa gamosasworeblad. samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis idea muSavdeboda da gamoiyeneboda antikuri
droidan, im periodSi, rodesac erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso saSu-
alebebi ar arsebobda. Tumca me-19 saukunemde mas aklda `samoqalaqo~
elementebi da igi aRiqmeboda, rogorc kanonisadmi ubralo daumor-
Cilebloba. dRes samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas odnav gansxvavebu-
li kvalifikacia mieniWa. kanonisadmi daumorCilebloba jer kidev
Zveli saberZneTis droidan aRvivebda farTo interess. daumorCi-
leblobis dilema aRwerilia miTologiaSi, tragediebsa da religiur
moZRvrebebSi. iuridiuli da politikuri Teoriebis TvalsazrisiT,
es sakiTxi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bunebiTi samarTlis filosofi-
asTan, kerZod, dawerili kanonis qmediTobasTan bunebriv faseulo-
bebTan kavSirSi. aristotele, sokrate, wminda Toma akvineli da wmin-
da avgustini amarTlebdnen daumorCileblobas, Tuki dawerili kano-
ni ar Seesabameboda bunebiT samarTals. loki aRiarebs daumorCi-
leblobis SesaZleblobas, Tuki saxelmwifo arRvevs socialuri
kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs. me-19 saukuneSi henri
devid torom erT-erTi epoqaluri namuSevari Seqmna daumorCileb-
lobis dargSi da Semoitana termini `samoqalaqo~. me-20 saukuneSi
daumorCileblobis idea farTovdeba da aqtiurad inergeba. mahaTma
gandisa da martin luTer kingis namuSevrebma didi wvlili Seitana
ideis ganviTarebaSi. garda amisa, ramdenime sxva gamoCenilma filo-

8
sofosma, rogorebic arian jon roulzi, ronald dvorkini, hugo adam
bedo da hana arendti, warmoadgina Tavisi mosazreba am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ideis momxreebi amtki-
ceben, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, garkveuli kvalifikaciiT,
SeiZleba xels uwyobdes demokratiul procesebs, Tumca oponentebi
misi uaryofisas ZiriTadad argumentad asaxeleben masobrivi ukano-
nobis saSiSroebas. ukanaskneli drois movlenebma serbeTSi, saqarT-
veloSi da mimdinare procesebma ukrainaSi kidev ufro intensiuri
gaxada es debatebi politikur wreebSic.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasTan dakavSirebulma istoriam da
literaturam wamoWra ramdenime SekiTxva, romlebic ganxilulia wi-
namdebare wignSi. pirveli _ raSi mdgomareobs samoqalaqo daumorCi-
leblobis namdvili xasiaTi da kvalifikacia, meore _ arRvevs Tu ara
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba adamianis uflebebs, vnebs Tu ara ka-
nonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiis principebs, da mesame _ aris Tu
ara gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo daumorCileblobisaTvis iuridiuli
statusis miniWeba da SeiZleba Tu ara amgvarma statusma anarqiamde
da ukanonobamde migviyvanos. zemoxsenebuli SekiTxvebidan gamomdi-
nare, winamdebare wignis mizani imis demonstrirebaa, rom Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebaSi da msoflios dRevandeli mmarTvelobis piro-
bebSi samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba dokumentSi ganmartebuli kva-
lifikaciebiT adamianis uflebaTa da demokratiis dacvis erT-erTi
yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa da miuTiTebs samoqalaqo daumorCi-
leblobis legitimizaciaze, istoriuli ganviTarebis, Teoriuli in-
formaciisa da arsebuli tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

9
 Tavi 1
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis filosofiuri
da istoriuli fesvebi

`Tavisuflebis yvelaze didi

saSiSroeba inertuli adamiania~.

mosamarTle brandeisi

Sesavali
Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi kanonis darRvevis idea kamaTis sa-
gans warmoadgenda da mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba me-18 saukuneSi
mieqca bunebiTi samarTlisa da kanonis ideologiis warmoSobasTan
erTad. im droidan daumorCileblobas aqtiurad iyenebdnen istori-
uli politikuri gardaqmnebis misaRwevad da fundamenturi uflebe-
bis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad. ramdenad ucnauric ar unda iyos, me-20
saukuneSi samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba msoflios wamyvani saxelmwi-
foebis mier wamowyebuli konfliqtebisa da omebisagan Tavis daRwevis
saSualebad gamoiyeneba. sabWoTa kavSirSi samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
loba daexmara xalxs komunisturi diqtaturis damarcxebaSi.

1.1 Zveli saberZneTi

1.1.1 antigone
dawerili kanonis daumorCileblobis idea antikur xanaSi warmo-
iSva. amis pirveli aSkara magaliTebi berZnul miTologiaSi gvxvdeba,
kerZod, promeTes daumorCilebloba zevsisadmi. udidesma aTenelma
tragikosma sofoklem adamianis mier dawerili kanonisadmi daumor-
Cileblobis sakiTxi cnobil drama `antigoneSi~ ganmarta. antigone
arRvevs kreonis brZanebas, romelic Tebes mmarTveli iyo da uyurad-
Rebod tovebs gankargulebas, ar damarxos Zma, rasac igi sruliad
amoralurad miiCnevs.
aq SegviZlia visaubroT pirad moralur Sinagan faseulobebsa da
kanonieri mbrZaneblis mier gacemul gankargulebas Soris arCevan-
Tan dakavSirebul dilemaze. aSkaraa, rom tragediaSi mTavari aqcenti
gakeTebulia ara daumorCileblobis sakiTxze, aramed antigones saq-
cielis moralur aspeqtze, TumcaRa igi sworad aris miCneuli iseTi
dawerili kanonis uaryofis aqtis magaliTad, romelic ewinaaRmde-
geba maRal moralur faseulobebs.

10
 1.1.2 sokrate
kanonis daumorCileblobis istoriaSi da sazogadod istoriaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebia platonis `krito~, romel-
Sic gadmocemulia sokratesa da misi megobris kritos saubari. sok-
rate misma Tanamoqalaqeebma cixeSi daamwyvdies da sikvdili miusa-
jes. krito gamosavlis monaxvis mcdelobisas cdilobs, daarwmunos
sokrate, gaiparos cixidan da daarRvios dadgenili wesebi. sokrate
uars ambobs da SeimuSavebs ideologias, romelsac `daarwmune an
daemorCile~-s doqtrina ewodeba. mas safuZvlad udevs morali,
romlis Tanaxmadac, moqalaqem unda daarwmunos Tavisi mmarTveli,
Secvalos kanoni an daemorCilos am kanons. igi imeorebs: `rogorc
omSi, ise kanonis sasamarTloSi da yvelgan unda gaakeTo is, rasac
Seni qveyana gibrZanebs, an ara da unda daarwmuno igi sayovelTao
samarTlis Sesabamisad, magram orpiroba codvaa sakuTari mSoblebis
winaSec ki da kidev ufro didi codvaa Seni qveynis winaSe~. igi acxa-
debs, rom Tuki kerZo pirs ase advilad SeuZlia daarRvios adamianTa
mier dadgenili wesi, es gamoiwvevs qaoss da daangrevs yvela miRebul
princips. sokrates sami argumenti mohyavs kanonmorCilebis gasamar-
Tleblad. pirveli is, rom saxelmwifo aris mSobliuri damokidebu-
lebis saxe yoveli moqalaqis mimarT; meore: saxelmwifo aris mcveli;
mesame: yovel moqalaqes micemuli aqvs morCilebis piroba im faq-
tiT, rom davaJkacebis asakSi am saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs. im kanonis
darRveva, romelzec Sen Tanxmoba ganacxade, uRirsi saqcielia da
aman SesaZloa uaryofiTi zegavlena iqonios momaval Taobebze.
aSkaraa, rom sokrate sruliad ar aRiarebs kanonis darRvevis Se-
saZleblobas, piriqiT yvela Rones xmarobs, raTa daamtkicos, rom
adamianis mier dawerili kanoni kargia. igi acxadebs, rom kanonis aR-
srulebisagan gaqcviT, adamiani amtkicebs ukanono gadawyvetilebis
siswores; amdenad, misTvis sasjelis miReba erTgvari mcdelobaa usa-
marTlo kanonis naklovanebebis warmoCenisa. platonis `apologiaSi~
sokrate cdilobs warmoadginos gamarTlebuli daumorCileblobis
cneba, romelic aucileblobis princips da uzenaesi mmarTvelisadmi
damorCilebas eyrdnoba. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasjeli miRe-
bul unda iqnes, rac mogvianebiT daumorCileblobis ZiriTad prin-
cipad gadaiqca.

1.2 religiuri safuZveli

1.2.1 bibliuri filosofia
sazogadod, qristianoba mmarTvelis morCilebas qadagebs, ram-
denadac igi RmerTisagan aris movlenili. RmerTi asaCuqrebs mmar-

11
Tvels brZanebis gacemis uflebamosilebiT qriste mimarTavs mor-
wmuneT da eubneba maT: `netar xarT Tqven, roca gaglanZRaven, gagdev-
nian da yovelnairad borots ityvian Tqvenze Cems gamo. ixareT da
imxiaruleT, vinaidan didia Tqveni sazRauri caSi. aseve devnidnen
winaswarmetyvelT, romlebic Tqvenze uwin iyvnen~, miuTiTebs ra, rom
samoqalaqo mmarTvelis pativiscema da misi morCileba sayovelTao
keTildReobisaTvis mxolod kargis momtania.
amave dros, eqstremalur situaciaSi, `rodesac codva gar-
dauvalia~, mimdevrebi uflebamosilni arian, ar daemorCilon mmar-
Tvels da mis kanonebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki adamianis dawerili nor-
mebi ewinaaRmdegeba RmerTis mier mowodebul uzenaes wess, ramdena-
dac RmerTis neba samoqalaqo mmarTvelis kanonze uzenaesia. moci-
qulTa saqmeebSi, Tavi 26, miTiTebulia, rom `Cven RmerTs unda dave-
morCiloT da ara adamians~, amdenad, kanonis Zala damokidebulia ima-
ze, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba igi uzenaes nebas. qristianebma yvela
Rone unda ixmaron, rom gaaumjobeson adamianis mier Seqmnili kano-
ni, gaauqmon usamarTlo da amoraluri wesebi. ufro metic, adamiani
unda iRvwodes sxvaTa uflebebisa da keTildReobisaTvis.
bibliaSi moyvanilia dawerili wesisa Tu kanonis daumorCileb-
lobis mravali magaliTi, romlebSic daumorCilebloba warmodge-
nilia qmedebiTi formiT an pasiurobiT, anu umoqmedobiT. mkvlelo-
bis amkrZalavi RmerTis kanonis dacvisas ebraelma bebiaqalebma uar-
yves faraonis kanoni da uari ganacxades axalSobilTa mkvlelobaze.
sedraki, misaki da abednaqo ar eTayvanebodnen oqros qandakebas mefe
nabuqodonosoris gankargulebis miuxedavad, ramdenadac iTvleboda,
rom es erT-erTi yvelaze didi codva iyo. mogvebmac ar gaumxiles
herodes Cvili iesos adgilsamyofeli.

1.2.2 religiuri moazrovneni

kaTolikuri eklesia Zalze aqtiuri iyo samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis moZraobaSi. wamebulni yvela droSi realurad axorcielebd-
nen TavianT daumorCileblobas da iRebdnen sasjels, raTa amgvarad
gamoevlinaT usamarTloba. Tavad qristes jvarcmis faqtic ki SeiZ-
leba ganvixiloT, rogorc daumorCileblobis aqti. eklesia aqti-
urad uWerda mxars samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobas amerikis SeerTe-
bul StatebSi yrilobebSi aqtiuri monawileobiT. nacistebis peri-
odSi mRvdlebma mraval ebraels aRmouCines daxmareba.

12
 wm. Toma akvineli, me-13 saukunis gamoCenili filosofosi, ganixi-
lavda RvTaebriv mmarTvelobas, rogorc bunebiTi samarTlis wyaros,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, gvkarnaxobs dawerili kanonis arss. nebismieri
qmedeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba RmerTis nebas, usamarTlod unda
CaiTvalos da `mas ar gaaCnia fesvebi ucvlel bunebiT samarTalSi~.
misi swavlebidan gamomdinare, mmarTveli, romelmac Zalauflba Za-
lis gamoyenebiT an korufciiT moipova, gadagdebul unda iqnes Tun-
dac Zaladobis gziT. erTaderTi gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi iyo mom-
devno saxalxo dasturi.
akvineli qadagebda bunebiTi samarTlis Teorias racionalobasa
da sayovelTao keTildReobaze dayrdnobiT. akvinelis Tanaxmad, usa-
marTlo kanonebi warmoadgens Zaladobis aqts, kanonis damaxinjebas
da, amdenad, umjobesia daarRvio, vidre daemorCilo maT.
akvinelis filosofiaSi Cven vxedavT usamarTlo kanonebis da-
umorCileblobis movaleobis sawyiss. misi azriT, usamarTlo aqti
sulac ar aris savaldebulo yvelasaTvis, ramdenadac igi scdeba
samarTlianobis principebs. samarTlianoba mas gamohyavs gaazrebul
midgomad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoqmnilia bunebiTi samarTli-
sagan. usamarTlo kanoni SeiZleba orgvarad arsebobdes: aqtebi, rom-
lebic ewinaaRmdegeba `adamianis keTildReobas~, rodesac amgvar
normebs mivyavarT `sixarbesa da pativmoyvareobamde~, romlebsac
adamiani Tavisi Zalauflebis farglebs gareT warmoqmnis da meore,
rodesac dawerili kanoni arRvevs RvTaebriv wess. amgvari kanonebi
ar aris savaldebulo sindisisaTvis da `am saxis kanonebi arc erT
SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes daculi~.
Jan kalvini, gamoCenili religiuri reformisti, amarTlebs kano-
nebisadmi winaaRmdegobas im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi `uRirsi mTavrobis~
winaaRmdeg ganxorcielda. misi swavlebis zegavlenis qveS moqceuli
misi mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom mmarTveli valdebulia, pativi mi-
agos adamianis morals da rwmenas da Tuki is ver asrulebs am valde-
bulebas, adamiani movalea, winaaRmdegoba gauwios mas, ramdenadac
samoqalaqo mmarTvelis mxridan RmerTis nebis daumorCilebloba
`mkrexelobaa~.
miwieri mmarTvelisaTvis gaweuli winaaRmdegoba xazgasmuli iyo
sxva religiuri reformistebis swavlebasa da ideologiebSic, maT
Soris frangi hugenotebis, religiur-politikuri moZraobebis, ro-
goricaa anabaptistebis da menonitebis, iseTi jgufebis, rogoricaa
Levelers Diggers, Quakers, Ranters da sxv. maTi moTxovnebi gansxvave-

13
buli iyo, magram maTi qmedebani e. w. araZaladobrivi pirdapiri qme-
debis fesvebs warmoadgenda. iyvnen religiuri figurebic, romle-
bic kanonis daumorCileblobas qadagebdnen. religiuri reformis-
tuli moZraoba, romelsac martin luTeri xelmZRvanelobda, mtki-
ced uaryofda samoqalaqo mmarTvelis daumorCileblobas, imis mi-
uxedavad, `samarTliani iyo misi qmedebebi Tu usamarTlo~. igi Tvli-
da, rom monarqis daumorCilebloba seriozuli codvaa. magram, ro-
gorc istoria gviCvenebs, sinamdvileSi protestantuli moZraoba
axorcielebda religiur daumorCileblobas papis Zalauflebisadmi,
rodesac isini amgvar mmarTvelobas RmerTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod
Tvlidnen.
rogorc davinaxeT, religiurma filosofiam myari safuZveli Seq-
mna daumorCileblobis filosofiisaTvis; Tumca es ar aRiqmeboda,
rogorc e. w. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba da, ZiriTadad, mas ar
gaaCnda winaaRmdegobis individualuri zneobrivi niadagi. igi ar
iTvleboda masobriv aqciad, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo popula-
rul xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba. misi mTavari mizani iyo, Seekra
damcavi wre religiuri rwmenisaTvis da Tavidan aecilebina miwieri
mmarTveloba, romelic RvTaebrivi wesebisagan warmoSobil bunebiT
samarTals emyareboda. es SeiZleba politika iyo, romelsac garkve-
uli religiuri wreebi atarebdnen, raTa gaeZlierebinaT eklesia da
misi gavlena saxelmwifoze erTi mxriv an adgilobrivi eklesia papis
mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg meore mxriv.
arc erTi religia an religiuri moZraoba ar qadagebda kanonis
daumorCileblobas adamianis rwmenis Tavisuflebis uflebis dacvis
saxeliT, garda Levelers-isa, romlebic xmis uflebas da Tanasworobas
iTxovdnen da kvakerebisa, romlebic winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mTav-
robis mier Sekrebis uflebis akrZalvas. es situacia odnav Seicvala
me-20 saukuneSi, rodesac eklesiebis warmomadgenlebma daiwyes mo-
nawileobis miReba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis moZraobaSi, rogo-
ric iyo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis moZraoba amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi 1960-ian wlebSi da saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis `vardebis revo-
luciis~ dros, rodesac religiuri umciresobebi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebdnen araZaladobriv pirdapir qmedebebSi.

1.3 Sua saukuneebi _ me-20 saukune

1.3.1 nikolo makiaveli
nikolo makiaveli gamoCenili politikuri moazrovne iyo, romel-
mac gamoikvlia saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebisa da Zalauflebis

14
safuZvlebi. misi ideologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom xalxis marTvisa da kontrolisaTvis mmarTvelma qveSevr-
domebs SiSi unda STaunergos, romelic ar gadaizrdeba sisastikeSi,
raTa Tavidan aicilos siZulvili. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi siZul-
vilis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobis minimumamde dasayvanad mmarT-
velma Tavi unda Seikavos individualuri sakuTrebis xelyofisagan
da uzrunvelyos sasjelis gamoyenebis Zlieri argumentacia.
imisaTvis, rom sworad marTos qveyana, mmarTveli saWiroebs mniSv-
nelovani raodenobiT xalxis mxardaWerasa da erTgulebas. rogorc
ki mis mimarT keTilganwyoba gaqarwyldeba, misi Zalaufleba dasus-
tebas daiwyebs da igi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. igi amtki-
cebs, rom `visac sazogadoeba mTlianad mtrad hyavs gadaqceuli,
verasodes SeZlebs daicvas Tavi; da rac ufro sastikia igi, miT ufro
susti xdeba misi reJimi~. rac Seexeba daumorCileblobas, makiavelis
Zlier eSinoda imisa, rom daumorCilebloba sakmaod nayofieri niada-
gi iqneboda mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebisaTvis. magram misi
swavleba Zalauflebis Sesaxeb naTlad miuTiTebda samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobis siZliereze marTvisaTvis xelis SeSlis Tvalsaz-
risiT, Tuki mmarTveli dakargavda erTgul mimdevrebs. mogvianebiT
mravalma avtorma gamoiyena makiavelis swavleba daumorCileblobis
arsis ganmartebisaTvis.

1.3.2 henri devid toro

cnobili amerikeli filosofosi da naturalisti, henri devid to-
ro, erT-erTi maTgania, vinc Zalze didi wvlili Seitana samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis dRevandeli gagebis CamoyalibebaSi da mxari da-
uWira radikaluri uTanxmoebis moZraobas. igi pirveli iyo, vinc Se-
moitana termini `samoqalaqo~, raTa xazi gaesva daumorCileblobis
samoqalaqo mniSvnelobisa da rolisaTvis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
naklovanebebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
toro mouwodebda monobis gadagdebisaken, kerZod, igi ewinaaRm-
degeboda 1850 wlis kanons gaqceuli monebis Sesaxeb. kanoni sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda pirebs, ZiriTadad Crdilo-
eTidan, romlebic daxmarebas uwevdnen an TavSesafars aZlevdnen gaq-
ceul monebs. 1846 wels torom uari ganacxada saarCevno gadasaxadis
gadaxdaze, riTac Tavisi protesti gamoxata amerikis mier meqsikaSi
gaCaRebuli omis winaaRmdeg da amisaTvis igi cixeSi Casves. kanonis
daumorCileblobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze sakuTari Sexe-

15
duleba torom aRwera Tavis cnobil eseSi `samoqalaqo daumorCi-
leblobis Sesaxeb~, romelic SemdgomSi praqtikulad bibliad gada-
iqca samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis moZraobisaTvis mTel msofli-
oSi da dRemde `igrZnoba misi arseboba amerikis cxovrebaSi~.
toro aRwers mTavrobas, rogorc arastabilur erTeuls, rome-
lic advilad eqvemdebareba uzurpacias da misi ganadgureba an dama-
xinjeba Zalze advilia. umciresobas amgvar pirobebSi ar gaaCnia sak-
marisi Zalaufleba konkurenciis gasawevad. ase rom, kanoni umcire-
sobisaTvis erT-erT saSiSroebas warmoadgens, rogorc iaraRi umrav-
lesobis nebisaTvis. e. i. is Zalauflebis daTrgunvis saSualebaa da,
amdenad, igi ar SeiZleba iyos amosavali wertili, piriqiT, pativi
unda vceT uflebas da ufleba unda iyos yoveli dawerili aqtis amo-
savali wertili. igi ambobs, rom `upirvelesad Cven unda viyoT kacni,
da mxolod Semdeg _ subieqtebi~.
toro Riad akanonebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas im pirobiT,
rom igi ramdenime moTxovnas daakmayofilebs. daumorCileblobis Zi-
riTadi piroba tiraniis garemoa, romelic efeqturia da TviTon kve-
bavs Tavis Tavs. am SemTxvevaSi igi aRiarebs revoluciis uflebas,
magram ara sistemis gaumjobesebis an SecvlisaTvis, an `cudis aRmofx-
vrisaTvis~ (gansxvavebiT mravali sxva moazrovnisagan, romlebsac
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT), aramed viRacis `binZuri~ TamaSisagan, amo-
ralurobisagan Tavis dasaRwevad. misi azriT, adamianis movaleobaa,
mxari ar dauWiros cudi kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas. igi mxolod
swori saqcielis Cadenis valdebulebas aRiarebs, xolo swori is aris,
rac gamarTlebulia sindisiT da ara meqanikuri kanonis miRebiT.
sxeulisagan gansxvavebiT, sindiss ver gaakontrolebs mTavroba,
romelsac ufro meti fizikuri Zalaufleba gaaCnia, xolo sindisi-
ereba samarTlianobis efeqturi maCvenebelia da iaraRi mCagvrelis
winaaRmdeg.
kanonis erTguleba, mTavrobis qmedebebisa da politikis gamtyu-
nebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aranair Sedegs ar iZleva, radganac pasiuroba
adamians siborotis gacnobierebul mxardamWerad aqcevs. toros az-
riT, `usamarTlobis agentobis~ Tavidan asacileblad yvelaze efeq-
turi da Sesaferisi saSualebaa kanonis darRveva `siborotis manqa-
nis~ gasaCereblad.
`samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb~ ar aris ubralo filoso-
fiuri namuSevari. igi mouwodebs masebs da aqtiuri samoqalaqo pozi-
cia daikavon. toros azriT, `umciresoba uZluria manam, sanam umrav-

16
lesobas eqvemdebareba; am SemTxvevaSi is umciresobac ki ar aris;
magram misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeuZlebeli xdeba, rodesac
mTeli Tavisi simZlavriT iCens Tavs~. rodesac igi gulwrfelad ga-
nudgeba mTavrobas, umravlesoba iZulebuli gaxdeba, xeli aiRos
Tavisi politikis gatarebaze. igi mouwodebs xalxs, gamoiyenon
daumorCileblobis teqnika, ar gadaixadon gadasaxadebi, wamovidnen
samsaxurebidan da miiRon sasjeli, rogorc amas moiTxovs usamarTlo
saxelmwifo. da Tu xalxi ganudgeba mTavrobas da aRar dauWers mas
mxars, mTavrobas sxva gamosavali ar darCeba da igi xels aiRebs Tavisi
aramarTebuli politikis warmarTvaze. `adamiani movalea, Sewyvitos
sakuTari umweobis mxardaWera~ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saxeliT.

1.3.3 mahaTma gandi

mahaTma gandi iyo indoeTis gamoCenili erovnuli lideri, rome-
lic me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moRvaweobda ganTavisuflebis samo-
qalaqo daumorCileblobis kampaniiT. misi wvlili samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobis ideis ganviTarebaSi ara mxolod Teoriulia: man
wamoiwyo samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis erT-erTi yvelaze masob-
rivi moZraoba kacobriobis istoriaSi. gandim mTeli Tavisi cxovreba
samxreT afrikaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da usamarTlobis wina-
aRmdeg brZolas miuZRvna. mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis meTodebiT
mahaTma gandim miaRwia indoeTis damoukideblobas didi britaneTis
kolonialuri marTvisagan. mravali sxvadasxva teqnika, romelTac igi
samxreT afrikasa da indoeTSi iyenebda, Zalze sasargeblo aRmoCnda
Semdgomi moZraobebisaTvis. man Seqmna Zalauflebisa da Tanxmobis,
dominirebisa da winaaRmdegobis urTierTqmedebis magaliTi. lide-
risa da organizatoris gansakuTrebuli monacemebi daexmara mas,
fexze daeyenebina indoeli xalxi da daerwmunebina isini, rom arse-
bobs xalxis Zalaufleba, Zalaufleba, romelmac SeiZleba Secvalos
situacia, Tuki win aRudgebian arsebul mdgomareobas.
gandim Seqmna erTgvari saxelmZRvanelo samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis moZraobisaTvis, filosofiuri naSromi `satiagraha - Satyagra-
ha~, romelic saxelmZRvanelo iyo indoelebisaTvis, raTa maT araZa-
ladobrivi brZola ewarmoebinaT britaneTis Zalauflebis winaaRm-
deg. sityva `Satyagraha~ niSnavs simarTlisaTvis Tavdadebas an simar-
Tlis Zalas. toros filosofiis msgavsad, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
adamiani mSvidobiani gziT uaryofs borots, mas gaexsneba simarTlis
xedva, anu Satyagraha. es naSromi srulebiT uaryofs nebismier saidum-

17
loebas da gaxsnilia yvelasaTvis, visac surs, eZios simarTle. misi
mizani ar aris gamarjveba an damarcxeba, misi saboloo mizania harmo-
niis miRweva gaumjobesebisaTvis.
gandi qadagebda xalxis nebis uzenaesobas mTavrobis usamarTlo-
baze. igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom brZola usamarTlo mTavrobis wi-
naaRmdeg ubralo moqalaqeobrivi ufleba ar aris, es misi wminda mo-
valeobaa. amave dros, igi srulebiT uaryofs `damazianebeli saSu-
alebebis~ gamoyenebas samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis miznebis miR-
wevis saqmeSi. igi miuTiTebs, rom araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba Sec-
vlis politikasa da tiranias da arasodes mimarTavs iZulebis raime
meTods.
gandim kargad icoda, rom yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba,
rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba anarqiasa da qaosSi gadaizardos.
movlenaTa amgvari ganviTarebis gamosaricxad igi amtkicebda, rom
miRebul unda iqnes mkacri zomebi, kerZod, samoqalaqo daumorCi-
leblobis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod konkretuli pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac saxelmwifo sCadis `did borotebas~, da
mxolod im xalxis mier, visac gansakuTrebuli dadebiTi Tvisebebi
axasiaTebs.
mTeli Tavisi sicocxlisa da gamocdilebis ganmavlobaSi gandim
daamtkica, rom Tuki usamarTlo da amoraluri garemoebebis gamo xal-
xis aRSfoTeba da ukmayofileba garkveul dones miaRwevs, amis yvelaze
realuri dasasruli iqneba mmarTvelis gadagdeba, magram Zaladobis
gamoyenebis gareSe, piriqiT, mSvidobisa da araTanamSromlobis gziT,
romelic mmarTvels sayrdens gamoaclis. samxreT afrikaSi misi
brZola Tanasworobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis naTeli magaliTia imisa,
rom adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis uxeSi darRvevebis winaaRmdeg
amgvari brZola mxolod Teoriuli ar aris, aramed misi praqtikuli
ganxorcielebac savsebiT realuria. gandi imasac ki amtkicebda, rom
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba TavisTavad uflebaa:
`samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aris ufleba, romelic uzrunvel-
yofili unda iyos kanoniT, magram romelic uaryofilia ... borotTan
araTanamSromloba iseTive movaleobaa, rogoric sikeTesTan TanamS-
romloba ... mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi yvela gzam, romelic kacob-
riobam siyvaruliTa da simarTliT gaiara, gamarjvebamde miiyvana igi.
iyvnen tiranebi ... da garkveuli drois manZilze isini SeiZleba uZle-
velni Candnen, magram sabolood isini yovelTvis ecemodnen, yovel-
Tvis~.

18
 1.3.4 martin luTer kingi
martin luTer kingi sasuliero moRvawe iyo da mSvidobisaTvis
brZolis saqmeSi nobelis premiiT daajildoves. igi amerikis `samo-
qalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis~ lideri iyo 1960-ian wlebSi da mimar-
Tavda araZaladobriv, mSvidobian protests da daumorCileblobas
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi TanasworobisaTvis brZo-
lisas. umTavresad gandis swavlebaze dayrdnobiT, man moaxerxa moZ-
raobis warmatebulad organizeba da daimsaxura ara mxolod afro-
amerikelebis simpaTia da mxardaWera, aramed mis rigebSi mravali
TeTrkaniani moqalaqec idga. Tavis mimdevrebTan erTad igi samoqa-
laqo daumorCileblobis sxvadasxva meTodebs iyenebda, ganzrax ar-
Rvevda kanonebs, romlebic krZalavda Tavyrilobebs da manifesta-
cias, aseve rasobrivi segregaciis Sesaxeb kanonebs da `Zlieri eko-
nomikuri gamijvnis programas~.
kingis cnobili naSromi am sferoSi aris `werili birmingemis
qalaqis cixidan~, romelic man birmingemis cixeSi samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobis saqmianobisaTvis patimrobisas dawera. am naSromSi
igi ganmartavs Tavis pozicias da ideebs amerikaSi Seqmnili situaciis
Sesaxeb, mosazrebebs araZaladobriv protestTan, rogorc samarT-
lianobis miRwevis efeqtur gzasTan, dakavSirebiT.
iseve rogorc gandi, kingic amtkicebs, rom brZolis saboloo mizani
aris ara mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba, aramed samarTlianobis aRdgena,
sazogadoebis gardaqmna. Zaladobis magivrad igi darwmunebis meTods
mimarTavda. Zaladoba aZlierebs, aormagebs amoralurobas. igi iwvevs
siZulvils da aRrmavebs ubedurebas, romelic mxolod urTierTga-
gebis gziT SeiZleba aRmoifxvras. miuxedavad amisa, igi aseve acno-
bierebs, rom darwmunebasTan erTad saWiroa damatebiTi zewola, ram-
denadac `privilegirebuli jgufebi iSviaTad Tmoben TavianT prin-
cipebs nebayoflobiT~ da `mCagvreli nebayoflobiT arasodes mogv-
cems mSvidobas; igi unda moiTxovos Cagrulma~; amave dros, zewoli-
saTvis ar SeiZleba boroti saSualebebis gamoyeneba.
kingma warmoadgina samarTliani da usamarTlo kanonebis klasi-
fikacia. igi amarTlebs daumorCileblobas usamarTlo kanonebisad-
mi. misi azriT, samarTliani kanonebi moralur kodeqss da RvTaebriv
nebas unda Seesabamebodes. usamarTlo kanonebis aRwerisaTvis igi
mimarTavs wm. Toma akvinelis filosofias, romelic ambobs, rom am-
gvari normebi adamianis pirovnul degradacias axdens da laxavs mis
Rirsebas. umravlesoba cdilobs, umciresobas Tavs moaxvios usamar-

19
Tlo kanonebi, romlebic Tavisi arsiT savaldebulo ar aris. amgvari
kanonebis Seqmnisas umciresobas aravin iTvaliswinebda, mas ar hqonda
xmis ufleba. samagierod samarTlian kanonebs umciresoba yovelTvis
usityvod iRebs.
kingi iziarebs toros mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom usamarTlo
kanoni savaldebulo ar aris, ramdenadac `es saerTod ar aris kanoni~.
misi azriT, kanonebi segregaciis Sesaxeb sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba ada-
mianis bunebas, pirovnebasa da morals. amdenad, igi mimarTavs yvelas
da mouwodebs, ar daemorCilon am kanonebs. magram iqve dasZens, rom
kanonis yvela darRvevis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba. igi iZleva garkve-
uli moTxovnebis CamonaTvals, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis Tanamedrove gansazRvrebis nawilia, kerZod: samoqalaqo da-
umorCilebloba gaxsnili unda iyos, masSi ar unda iyos araviTari
saidumloeba da misi principi unda iyos araZaladobrivi winaaRmde-
goba. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mimdevrebi mzad unda iyvnen,
miiRon sasjeli. sasjelis miRebas praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs, ro-
melic usamarTlobis saaSkaraoze gamotanis gziT TanamoqalaqeTa
sindisze zemoqmedebaSi da, amgvarad, moraluri dacvisa da maTi mxar-
daWeris mopovebaSi mdgomareobs. garda amisa, sasjelis miReba gan-
martavs imas, rom daumorCilebloba zogadad pativs scems kanons da
kanonis uzenaesobis princips.
kingi aRniSnavs, rom negatiuri mSvidobis pirobebSi, rac arsebuli
daZabulobis xelovnur SeniRbvas niSnavs, arsebobs SesaZlebloba
imisa, rom kanoni da mmarTveloba usamarTlobas mimarTavdes, maSin,
roca misi pirdapiri funqcia samarTliani sistemis SenarCunebaa. ne-
gatiuri mSvidoba aferxebs progress. xalxma unda mimarTos pozi-
tiuri mSvidobis meTods, rogoricaa araZaladobrivi protesti, raTa
sazogadoebaSi arsebul uTanxmoebas saburveli Camoxsnas da yvela-
saTvis uzrunvelyos monawileobis SesaZlebloba. kingis azriT, po-
zitiuri mSvidoba xels uwyobs sazogadoebis simSvides, radgan adre
Tu gvian ukmayofilo sazogadoeba moiTxovs sakuTari uflebebisa
da interesebis dacvas, magram Tu es dagvianda, Zaladoba gardauva-
lia. amdenad, pozitiuri mSvidobis drouli damyareba dagvexmareba
situaciis gantvirTvaSi.
kingis Teoria gandisa da toros Teoriebis msgavsia. igi xazs us-
vams, rom TanamSromloba, aqtiuri iqneba igi Tu pasiuri, sinamdvi-
leSi imis mxardaWeras niSnavs, vinc araswor qmedebebs sCadis. xolo
araTanamSromloba, Tavis mxriv, aZlierebs SeuTanxmeblobas, ramac

20
SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos privilegirebulT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu araTa-
namSromloba da pirdapiri qmedeba daangrevs Zalauflebis sayrden
burjebs da sazogadoebis mobilizacias moaxdens.
kingis ideologiam da samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobam naTlad
dagvanaxva, Tu raoden efeqturi SeiZleba iyos masobrivi saxalxo
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba adamianis uflebebis dacvisaTvis
brZolaSi, rodesac TviT xalxi moiTxovs Tavisi uflebebis dacvas
mSvidobiani gziT. am moZraobis uSualo Sedegi iyo samoqalaqo uf-
lebebis aqtis miReba, rac mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis gamarjvebas
niSnavda maSin, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo mudmivad ugulebelyofda afroamerikelebis interesebs (es
sakiTxi ufro Rrmad ganixileba Semdeg TavebSi).

daskvna
kanonis darRvevis istoria gviCvenebs, rom adamianis mier dawe-
rili kanonebis daumorCilebloba miTologiuri da religiuri wya-
roebidan warmoiSva da mas aqeT ramdenime midgoma iqna SemuSavebuli.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde periodSi, romelic toros mosaz-
rebebsac moicavs, daumorCilebloba iTvleboda garkveuli pirov-
nebebis pirad damokidebulebad im kanonebisadmi, romlebic ewina-
aRmdegeba konkretuli sazogadoebis sindissa da morals. im peri-
odSi daumorCilebloba ar iyo mowodebuli imisaTvis, rom gaeerTi-
anebina protestis momxreTa didi raodenoba da igi ZiriTadad filo-
sofiuri naSromebis farglebSi rCeboda. daumorCilebelTa mTavari
sawuxari iyo kanonebis moraluri da RvTaebrivi wyaroebis urTier-
TkavSiri bunebiT samarTalTan, romelsac adamianis mier dawerili
aqtebi arRvevda. miuxedavad amisa, me-19 saukuneSi Cven vxedavT Zvras
masobrivi aqciebis mimarTulebiT. me-20 saukuneSi winaaRmdegobis
moZraobebma globaluri rezonansi gamoiwvia. axali teqnologiebisa
da masobrivi sakomunikacio saSualebebis Seqmnam moZraobas `trans-
nacionaluri mniSvneloba~ SesZina.
Tuki gadavxedavT yvela mosazrebas samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis Sesaxeb, advilad aRmovaCenT saerTo models. jer erTi, araZa-
ladobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis principi ZiriTadi safuZvelia da-
umorCileblobis moZraobisaTvis. kanonis darRvevis momxreebi am-
tyuneben sisastikesa da Zaladobas da acxadeben, rom es adamianis
bunebis degradirebas axdens. meorec, daumorCilebloba sindisis-
mieri unda iyos, e. i. igi unda emyarebodes gulwrfel rwmenas imisa,

21
rom kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlianobasa da moralurobas. es
moTxovna ganasxvavebs daumorCileblobas rigiTi kriminaluri qmede-
bisagan.
me-18 saukunidan dawyebuli, mas Semdeg, rac warmoiSva socialuri
kontraqtis Teoria, wuxilma TandaTanobiT adamianis uflebebsa da
Tanasworobaze gadainacvla, rodesac xalxma daiwyo protestis
gamoTqma da moiTxova rasobrivi Tanasworoba. loki Tavis TeoriaSi
akanonebs im mTavrobisadmi winaaRmdegobas, romelic arRvevs kont-
raqtis pirobebs da iWreba im uflebebSi, romlebic adamians bunebam
mianiWa. mSvidobiani daumorCileblobis elementebi aSkarad Cans ame-
rikis damoukideblobis moZraobaSi. amerikis mosaxleobam gamoxata
daumorCilebloba 1765 wlis sagerbe mosakreblis Sesaxeb kanonisad-
mi, romelic kabalur valdebulebebs awesebda qaRaldis nawarmze,
maT Soris iuridiul dokumentebsa da gazeTis qaRaldze.mosaxleoba
aqtiurad mimarTavda araTanamSromlobis iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa:
peticiebi, gadasaxadebze uaris Tqma, socialuri boikoti sagerbe
gadasaxadis amkrefisadmi, gazeTebis gamoqveyneba gadasaxadebis ga-
daxdis gareSe, agreTve uaris Tqma britanuli nawarmis Semotanaze
da moxmarebaze.
samSvidobo kampania, romelsac cnobili filosofosi da nobelis
premiis laureati bertran raseli xelmZRvanelobda, protests acxa-
debda pirveli msoflio omis winaaRmdeg. indoeTis damoukideblobis
moZraobas mohyva nacistur germaniaSi araTanamSromlobis aqcia,
romelmac aTasobiT sicocxle gadaarCina da saZirkveli gamouTxara
reJims. belgiasa da SvedeTSi gamarTulma masobrivma saprotesto aq-
ciebma Sedegad sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis Sesaxeb aqtis miReba
moitana. civi omis dros warmoebulma samSvidobo moZraobam xeli Se-
uwyo Statebze zewolis ganxorcielebas, raTa maT mSvidoba Seenar-
CunebinaT. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis teqnika warmatebiT iqna
gamoyenebuli vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg da 1960-70-iani wlebis qalTa
moZraobis mier. birTvuli omis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli aqtivistebic
aqtiurad mimarTavdnen samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis teqnikas
TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad.
araZaladobrivi aqciebi sasargeblo aRmoCnda, rodesac isini yo-
fili `varSavis paqtis~ qveynebis disidentebma gamoiyenes. `praRis
gazafxuli~ da CexeTis xaverdis revolucia brwyinvale magaliTia
imisa, rodesac mosaxleoba masobrivad aRudga win sabWoTa mmarTve-
lobas. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba daexmara ferdinand markosis

22
gaZevebas filipinebidan 1968 wels da noriegas diqtaturis winaaR-
mdeg brZolas panamaSi. mudmiv winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen aseve apar-
Teids samxreT afrikaSi.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gamoyenebul iqna ara mxolod Zala-
dobrivi mTavrobebis an usamarTlo politikis reformirebisaTvis,
aramed man daicva arsebuli demokratiuli mTavrobebi diqtatoruli
SemoWris mcdelobebisa da ajanyebebisagan. 1961 wels frangi gener-
lebis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro diqtaturis damyarebis mcde-
loba alJirSi uSedegod dasrulda swored maT winaaRmdeg gamarTu-
li masobrivi araTanamSromlobis kampaniis Sedegad. 1991 wels rusi
generlebis mcdeloba, aeRorZinebinaT sabWoTa diqtatura, aTasobiT
prodemokrati mowinaaRmdegis protestiT dasrulda, romelic
araZaladobriv xasiaTs atarebda, da xeli SeuSala maT mcdelobas.

23
 Tavi 2
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria

`daumorCilebloba Tavisuflebis
namdvili safuZvelia~.
henri devid toro

2.1 samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmarteba

2.1.1 Sesavali
sxvadasxva avtorebs gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvT samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobis ganmartebisadmi. magaliTad, erT-erTi sakamaTo Te-
ma dakavSirebulia SekiTxvasTan, zneobrivi uaryofa samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobis nawilia Tu igi gamoyofilia misgan da calke mid-
gomas da regulirebas saWiroebs. yvelaze gavrcelebuli pozicia is
aris, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ufro filosofiuri cnebaa,
vidre iuridiuli, Tumca samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis momxre ise-
Ti moazrovneni, rogorebic arian toro, gandi da kingi, upiratesobas
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis, rogorc iuridiuli cnebis, inter-
pretirebas aniWebdnen da zogierTi iuridiuli dokumentiT cdilob-
dnen (ganxilulia qvemoT), moexdinaT daumorCileblobis legiti-
mizacia garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram amgvari legi-
timizacia sakmaod bundovnad da dauxvewavad gamoiyureba.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmartebis CamoyalibebaSi yve-
laze didi wvlili miuZRvis Tanamedrove amerikel politikur moaz-
rovnes jon roulzs, romelic Tavis cnobil naSromSi `samarTli-
anobis Teoria~ ganixilavs kanonebs, moralsa da moqalaqeTa movale-
obebs sxvadasxva pirobebsa da situaciebSi. roulzi samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:
`kanonis sawinaaRmdego sazogadoebrivi, araZaladobrivi, sindi-
sismieri da mainc politikuri aqti, romelic Cveulebriv xorciel-
deba kanonsa Tu mTavrobis politikaSi cvlilebis Setanis mizniT,
amgvari qmedebis saSualebiT, romelic ganixilavs sazogadoebis mo-
ralurobis samarTlianobas da acxadebs, rom socialuri TanamSrom-
lobis principi Tavisufal da Tanaswor adamianTa Soris ar aris da-
culi~. daumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamiznuli iyos uSualod kano-
nebisa da politikis mimarT, romelsac gmobs sazogadoeba an romelic

24
aferxebs usamarTlo kanonebisa da politikis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
masobriv saqmianobas. daumorCileblobis naTeli magaliTia iseTi ka-
nonebisa Tu wesebis darRveva, romlebic krZalavs demonstraciebs
da laxavs Sekrebis uflebas. daumorCilebloba ara mxolod im aqtebs
moicavs, romlebic SeiZleba arakonstituciuri iyos da am gziT amow-
mebs garkveuli kanonis konstituciurobas, aramed igi aseTive war-
matebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli im kanonebis winaaRmdeg, romel-
Ta konstituciurobac sasamarTlom ukve ganixila.
rogorc vxedavT, ganmartebidan gamomdinare, roulzi iseve, ro-
gorc kingi da gandi, xazs usvams imas, rom daumorCileblobam unda
gardaqmnas arsebuli viTareba, magram ara piradad, aramed umravle-
sobis upiratesobis gamoyenebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, daumorCileb-
loba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc iaraRi problemebis war-
moCenisa da im jgufis darwmunebisaTvis, romelsac maTi aRmofxvris
Zalaufleba aqvs. piter singeri acxadebs, rom daumorCilebloba ex-
mareba kidec umravlesobas, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom garkveuli
kanonisa Tu politikis SemuSavebisas umravlesobas SeiZleba SemTx-
veviT mxedvelobidan gamorCes umciresobis interesebi, xolo da-
umorCilebloba daexmareba mas am Secdomaze yuradRebis miqcevaSi.
magram, gansxvavebiT roulzisagan, singeri Tvlis, rom daumorCileb-
lobas SeuZlia ara mxolod mimarTos umravlesobis yuradReba samar-
Tlianobisaken, aramed gaaZlieros kidec igi.
kent grinuolts magaliTad mohyavs umravlesobisa da umcireso-
bis urTierToba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis miznebis Tvalsazri-
siT. umciresoba mimarTavs umciresobis samarTlianobis grZnobas,
magram amgvari mimarTvis warmateba zewolis intensivobazea damoki-
debuli. grinuolti cdilobs, aawyos ganmarteba mimarTvis xasiaTi-
dan gamomdinare. igi ambobs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aris
umciresobis aqti, romelic mimarTulia imisaTvis, rom daanaxvos sa-
zogadoebas, pirveli, rom umravlesoba usamarTlod moqmedebs, me-
ore, rom umciresoba seriozulad aris ganwyobili da, mesame, rom
umciresobis qmedebebi uxerxul situaciaSi ayenebs umravlesobas.
jozef razi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis odnav ufro vrcel
ganmartebas gvTavazobs. igi xazs usvams imas, rom aqtis mizani unda
iyos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Secdomebis saaSkaraoze gamotana da
daumorCilebelTa mzadyofna, miiRon sasjeli:
unda gamoiyenebodes, rogorc ukanaskneli gamosavali, rodesac
yvela sxva saSualeba warumatebeli aRmoCnda dasaxuli miznis misaR-

25
wevad; igi araZaladobrivi unda iyos; igi Riad unda iyos ganxorci-
elebuli; da misi monawile unda wardges marTlmsajulebis winaSe
da miiRos sasjeli. amgvari aqtebi unda Semoifarglebodes qmedebe-
biT, romlebic gaTvlilia garkveuli Secdomebisa da saCivrebis sa-
aSkaraoze gamotanisaTvis; igi ar unda gamoiyenebodes daSinebis an
Zaldatanebis mizniT.
roulzis SemoTavazebisagan gansxvavebiT, razis ganmartebaSi Cven
vxedavT moTxovnas imisa, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamo-
yenebamde yvela sxva saSualeba iqnes amowuruli. misi azriT, kanonis
darRveva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod, rogorc ukanaskneli
gamosavali eqstremalur situaciaSi.
maikl beilesi aRwers samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas, rogorc
qmedebaTa jgufs, romlebic marTlac rom ukanonoa, magram moraluri
aucileblobis mizeziT xorcieldeba. beilesi warmogvidgens samoqa-
laqo daumorCileblobis or mxares: viwros da farTos. viwro varian-
ti ganixilavs pirovnebis qmedebebs, romlebic ar aris mimarTuli
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis yuradRebis miqcevisaken, xolo farTo
ganmartebaSi igi aerTianebs qmedebebs, romlebic xorcieldeba pira-
di da individualuri interesebis dasacavad da ar mouwodebs masob-
rivi reagirebisaken. amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia sindisieri uar-
yofa.
maikl rendli samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis arsis ufro Rrma
xedvas gvawvdis, romlis principis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo daumorCi-
lebloba emyareba Semdegs:
samoqalaqo winaaRmdegoba aris koleqtiuri brZolis meTodi, dam-
yarebuli xedvaze, romlis Tanaxmadac ukanaskneli analizis dros mTav-
roba damokidebulia TanamSromlobaze an, minimum, Sesabamisobaze,
umravlesobis, mosaxleobisa da samxedro pirebis erTgulebaze, poli-
ciasa da samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebze. amdenad, igi politikuri Zala-
uflebis realobas eyrdnoba. mTlianobaSi, igi moqmedebs mosaxleobis
mobilizaciis gziT am Tanxmobis mosapoveblad oponentTa Zalauflebis
wyaros dasustebisaTvis da mesame mxareTa mxardaWeris mopovebiT. misi
meTodebi moicavs protestsa da darwmunebas socialuri, ekonomikuri
da samoqalaqo araTanamSromlobis aucileblobaSi. ... samoqalaqo da-
umorCilebloba araTanamSromlobis erT-erTi meTodia.
rogorc zemoT moyvanili abzacidan Cans, samoqalaqo daumorCi-
leblobis ganmartebisas rendli cdilobs, ZiriTadad strategiuli
sakiTxebi moicvas, Tumca axasiaTebs misi bunebis mniSvnelovan Tvi-

26
sebebs. misi azriT, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aris mosaxleobis
didi nawilis araTanamSromloba Zaladobis gamoyenebis gareSe,
romlis mizania gaaZlieros mTavrobis sayrdeni burjebi da am qme-
debiT cdilobs miaRwios gardaqmnas winaaRmdegobis gamoxatvis gziT.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ronald dvorkiniseuli ganmar-
teba Zalze sainteresoa. igi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas sam qve-
ganayofad yofs. misi klasifikacia aseTia: 1) daumorCilebloba, ro-
melic erTianobas emyareba; 2) daumorCilebloba, romelic samarTli-
anobas emyareba; 3) daumorCilebloba, romelic politikas emyareba.
daumorCilebloba, romelic erTianobas emyareba, Tavs maSin iCens,
rodesac adamianisaTvis kanonis damorCileba absoluturad miuRe-
belia Sinagani mrwamsidan gamomdinare. amgvari daumorCilebloba sa-
gangeboa da aucilebeli ar aris am qmedebis SesaZlo Sedegebis gan-
xilva. samarTlianobaze damyarebuli daumorCilebloba Tavs iCens,
rodesac wamowyebulia masobrivi protesti usamarTlo kanonisa da
politikis winaaRmdeg da igi Sedegobrivi xasiaTisaa, e. i. gaTvlilia
garkveul reagirebaze. gansxvavebiT erTianobaze damyarebuli da-
umorCileblobisagan, romelic individualuri da TavdacviTi xasi-
aTisaa, samarTlianobaze damyarebul daumorCileblobas arsebuli
status-kvos gardaqmnis aqtiuri, strategiulad dagegmili mizani
aqvs. Tavis mxriv, dvorkini gamoyofs samarTlianobaze damyarebuli
daumorCileblobis damarwmunebel da aradamarwmunebel tipebs. war-
suli mcdelobebis mizani iyo, daerwmunebinaT gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi imaSi, rom maT unda mieRoT protestis
momxreTa pozicia da SeecvalaT politika masobrivi zewolis sa-
SualebiT, xolo Semdgomi miznebi ara umravlesobis gadarwmuneba,
aramed gaprotestebuli politikis faseulobebis mniSvnelovnad ga-
umjobesebaa daumorCileblobisa da xelovnuri barieris Seqmnis
gziT. politikaze damyarebuli daumorCileblobis mimdevrebi Tvli-
an, rom ukmayofilebis gamomwvevi politika TavisTavad uaryofiTi
movlenaa mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis da ara konkretuli jgufisaTvis.
aq dvorkins magaliTad mohyavs antibirTvuli moZraoba.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, zemoT moyvanil ganmartebebSi ramdenime
msgavsi modeli SeimCneva, magram sxvadasxva avtorebs gansxvavebuli
pozicia da midgoma aqvT. maT gansaxilvelad sasurvelia, SemuSavdes
ramdenime ZiriTadi Tema, romlebic maTTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis TiTqmis yvela Teoria Semdeg sakiT-
xebs moicavs:

27
 1. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis buneba;
2. moqmedi kanonis darRveva;
3. darRveuli kanonebis arsi;
4. araZaladobrivi meTodi;
5. saSualebaTa amowurva;
6. Riad ganxorcieleba;
7. sasjelis winaSe wardgoma.
unda aRiniSnos, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaze saubrisas
sxvadasxva avtorebi sxvadasxva terminologiiT sargebloben, maga-
liTad: araZaladobrivi pirdapiri qmedeba, pasiuri daumorCileb-
loba, samoqalaqo winaaRmdegoba, magram yvela am termins msgavsi arsi
da Tezisi aqvs, romelic maT termin `samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba-
Si~ aerTianebs.

2.2.2. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis buneba

2.2.2.1 politikuri aqti
avtorTa umetesoba miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
politikuri aqtis gamoxatvaa. rogorc roulzi, ise bedo samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobas politikur qmedebad Tvlian im TvalsazrisiT,
rom igi mimarTavs politikuri Zalauflebis mflobelT da, amave
dros, mas Tan axlavs politikuri principebi, romlebic daculia gan-
viTarebul qveynebSi. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
mizania, gavlena iqonios arsebul saxelmwifo politikaze. samoqa-
laqo winaaRmdegobis rendliseuli ganmarteba naTlad miuTiTebs
politikur xasiaTze, rodesac igi acxadebs, rom cdilobs, mospos
Zalauflebis wyaroebi da uaryofs garkveuli politikuri mimarTu-
lebebis sayovelTao mxardaWeras. akermani samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis kampaniebs moixseniebs terminiT `xalxis Zalaufleba~, ter-
miniT, romelic, rogorc TviTon miuTiTebs, 1980-iani wlebis meore
naxevarSi gaCnda. es aris SesaZlebloba garkveuli qveynebis soci-
aluri kapitalisaTvis, aimaRlos xma iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,
rogoricaa `garemos dacva da adamianis uflebebidan saerTaSoriso
vaWrobasa da finansur politikamde~. karolin grouse amtkicebs, rom
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ideis
ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobidan gamomdinare, amgvari moZraobebi xSir
SemTxvevaSi politikuri gamoxatvis formas iRebs. sainteresoa, Tu
rogor aRwers kingi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis bunebas. igi ac-
xadebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mizania, Seqmnas gark-

28
veuli politikuri krizisi, romelic aiZulebs sazogadoebas, eZios
sakiTxis gadaWris gzebi, raTa gadairCinos Tavi. es midgoma mkafiod
iqna gaSuqebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, saqarTveloSi da
axlaxans ukrainaSi, sadac protestis momxreebi Seecadnen, eCvenebi-
naT TavianTi Zalaufleba da Semdeg aeZulebinaT gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi, wasuliyvnen molaparakebaze iseTi
pirobebiT, romlebic gacilebiT ufro sasurveli iyo daumorCile-
belTaTvis.
avtorTa umetesoba amtkicebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
mimarTavs umravlesobis sindiss, romelic gansazRvravs politikasa
da mimarTulebas. toro ganmartavs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis mizani umravlesobaa, radganac is fizikurad ufro Zlieria
da ara imitom, rom umciresoba eTanxmeba politikas. es asea samoqa-
laqo uflebebis an garemos dacvisa da mwvaneTa (Greenpeace) moZra-
obebis SemTxvevaSi. magram, rogorc istoriam dagvanaxva, SesaZlebe-
lia sawinaaRmdegoc. bevr SemTxvevaSi umciresoba, elitaruli jgufi
Zalauflebas policiisa da samxedro ZalebiT inarCunebs, xolo
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba umravlesobis iaraRia, romlis meSve-
obiTac igi Zirs uTxris mmarTveli umciresobis sayrdens. gandis da-
moukideblobis moZraoba, saxalxo moZraobebi aRmosavleT evropaSi
sabWoTa kavSiris rolis winaaRmdeg, miloSeviCis gaZeveba serbiaSi da
SevardnaZis politikuri wreebi, xolo axlaxans ukrainaSi oligarqi
umciresobebis mier usamarTlo politikis Tavs moxvevis winaaR-
mdegoba aZlierebs zemoT moyvanil arguments. naTelia, rom samoqa-
laqo daumorCilebloba politikuri qmedebaa, romelsac didi wvlili
miuZRvis konkretuli qveynis sazogadoebriv, politikur cxovrebasa
da TiToeuli qveynis cxovrebaSi. dReisaTvis man saerTaSoriso masS-
tabi moipova da regionalur politikazec axdens gavlenas.

2.2.2.2 araTanamSromloba
uamravi avtori amtkicebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mTavari
Zala mdgomareobs mis bunebaSi, ar iTanamSromlos umravlesobasTan da
saxelisuflebo wreebTan. aseT dros SeuZlebeli xdeba mmarTvelobis
ganxorcieleba da politikosebs poziciebis daTmoba uwevT.
XVI saukunis saxelmwifo moRvawe etien de boeti acxadebs, rom Tu
adamians surs moipovos Tavisufleba da Tavi daaRwios monobas, man
daumorCileblobas unda mimarTos. rodesac daxmarebaze uars ambob,
wesebi Zalas kargavs. maikl rendli wers:

29
 sazogadoebis funqcionirebisTvis umTavres amocanas TanamSrom-
loba warmoadgens. tomobriv sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs xeli-
suflebis centraluri sistema, TanamSromlobis xelidan gamocla
yvelaze mZlavri sanqciaa, romelic mimarTulia damnaSaveebis dasji-
sa da socialuri erTobis SenarCunebisken. posttomobriv sazoga-
doebebSi, gansxvavebuli sociopolitikuri interesis jgufebiT,
araTanamSromloba efeqturi saSualebaa erTi jgufis moTxovnebis
wamosayeneblad sxva jgufis an centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.
eWgvareSea, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmxorciele-
belTaTvis araTanamSromloba yvelaze efeqtiani iaraRia, romelic
zewolas axdens maRalCinosnebze. sxva magaliTebs Soris yvelaze ga-
morCeuli gandis damoukideblobis moZraobaa, romelic umTavresad
swored araTanamSromlobas efuZneboda. bolodroindeli samoqala-
qo daumorCileblobis moZraobebi evropaSi aseve warmatebiT iyeneb-
dnen araTanamSromlobis meTodebs.

2.2.2.3 gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis

winapirobebi
dResdReobiT kiTxva, romelic mniSvnelovan interess iwvevs,
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli da gamarTlebuli,
rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba diqtatorul saxelmwifoSi da-
iwyos, Tu samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis idea mxolod demokratiul
saxelmwifoebs miesadageba, sadac, rogorc wesi, gansxvavebuli mo-
sazrebebi daSvebulia. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas meoce
saukuneSi iZens. manamde Teoretikosebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen dam-
kvidrebul saxelmwifo wyobas. mTavari lozungi iyo, rom adamiani
daculi yofiliyo borotebisgan da boroti saxelmwifosgan. es namd-
vilad gasagebia evropis monarqiebSi da mogvianebiT SezRudul mo-
narqiebSic ki, aseve droebiT saparlamento sistemebSic (kromvelis
periodi britaneTSi da robespieris _ safrangeTSi) oponentebis wi-
naaRmdeg samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis didi albaToba arsebobda.
zemoaRniSnuli kiTxva xSirad dadis SesaZlo Zaladobisa da sisx-
lisRvris sakiTxze, ris albaTobac arsebobs daumorCileblobis Sem-
TxvevaSi mkacr policiur saxelmwifoebSi. avtorTa nawili miiCnevs,
rom aseT qveynebSi azri ara aqvs saprotesto kampaniebis gamoyenebas,
radgan amas SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyves. amisgan gansxvave-
biT, mmarTveli eqstremaluri jgufi ar wava daTmobebze da kampaniis
SesazRudad samxedro Zalas gamoiyenebs. am SemTxvevaSi protestan-

30
tebmac sapasuxo samxedro Zalas unda mimarTon, rac ukve scdeba sa-
moqalaqo daumorCileblobas da ajanyebis saxes iRebs.
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraoba, pacifisturi da garemos damc-
velTa moZraobebi gviCvenebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba Se-
iZleba Zalze sasargeblo iyos demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, magram
Cven imis magaliTebic mogvepoveba, rom diqtatoruli da avtorita-
ruli mmarTveloba SeiZleba daemxos samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
Sedegad, magaliTad, aparTeidis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraoba sam-
xreT afrikaSi, CileSi, filipinebSi, tailandSi, samxreT koreasa da
serbeTSi. Tumca SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom aseT qveynebSi arse-
bobs masobrivi sisxlisRvris saSiSroeba, rogorc es moxda CineTSi
tiananminis moedanze xocva-Jletisas. rogorc ukanasknel xanebSi ga-
irkva, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis saSualebebi Zalze warmate-
bulia nawilobriv demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac elitarul jgufs
xelSi aqvs Cagdebuli Zalaufleba da demokratiis iseTi Zireuli
principi, rogoricaa marTlmsajuleba, mmarTveli jgufis nebas ga-
moxatavs, magram sxva institutebi, magaliTad, partiuli sistema da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, aqtiuria da zogierTi ufleba xorciel-
deba, rogorc saqarTveloSi.
marTlac, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aSkarad sasargebloa de-
mokratiul sazogadoebaSi ama Tu im poziciis win wamosawevad, magram
ar arsebobs zusti pasuxi SekiTxvaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara miznis
miRweva samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT iseT qveyanaSi, rogo-
ricaa sadam huseinis erayi. aseT SemTxvevaSi bevri ramea damokide-
buli garegan faqtorebze, maT Soris geografiul mdebareobasa da
saerTaSoriso daxmarebaze. maSasadame, rogorc maikl rendli acxa-
debs, mniSvnelovania im pirobebis gaanalizeba, rodesac samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobas warmateba elis, da swori taqtikisa da strate-
giis SerCeva, raTa is ufro efeqturi iyos. aqtivistebis azriT, eqs-
tremalur viTarebaSic ki warmatebis miRweva SesaZlebelia, oRond
guldasmiTi saorganizacio samuSaos Sedegad, romelic farulad
sruldeba da xangrZliv vadazea gaTvlili. sabolood, samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos yvelanairi politi-
kuri wyobis pirobebSi, Tu mas sisxlisRvra ar mohyveba.

2.2.3 kanonis darRveva

2.2.3.1 pirdapiri da arapirdapiri samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
yvela politikuri da samarTlebrivi moazrovne eTanxmeba im
mosazrebas, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mTavari maxasiaTe-

31
belia arsebuli dawerili kanonis, administraciuli aqtis, ZalaSi
Sesuli gankargulebis an politikis darRveva. kanonis darRvevas
avtorebi pirdapir da arapirdapir kategoriebad yofen, imis mixed-
viT, Tu rogori saxis iyo darRveva _ adamianma daarRvia kanoni da
amis gaprotesteba xdeba, Tu protestis gamoxatva izRudeba.
bevri ewinaaRmdegeba arapirdapir daumorCileblobas, rogorc im
axalgazrda moqalaqeebis marTvis saSualebas, romlebic ar arian am
sakiTxiT dainteresebulni. ervin grisvoldi _ aSS-s generaluri
prokurori da mosamarTle fortrasi amtkiceben, rom arapirdapiri
daumorCilebloba iwvevs qonebis ganadgurebas; maTi uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis xelyofas, visac daumorCileblobis kampaniisadmi
araviTari interesi ar aqvs. maTi azriT, pirdapirma samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobam zogjer SeiZleba aqtis konstituciurobis gamoc-
dis funqcia Seasrulos, rasac moklebulia arapirdapiri daumorCi-
lebloba. iseTi kanonis darRveva, romelic ar protestdeba, qaossa
da areulobas gamoiwvevs. arapirdapiri daumorCilebloba moklebu-
lia saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebas, radgan sxvebs abnevs. am avtore-
bis azriT, arapirdapiri samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba `ajanyebaa da
ara uTanxmoeba~.
zemoT moyvanili argumentebi garkveulwilad zedapirulia. ro-
ulzma Segnebulad gamotova pirdapiri daumorCileblobis moTxovna
da arapirdapiri moqmedebebi aseve gamarTlebulad da xSirad auci-
lebladac miiCnia. pirveli, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobebis umrav-
lesoba, rogorc joel fainbergi amtkicebs, axorcielebda arapir-
dapir daumorCileblobas kanonisTvis zianis miyenebiT. bedos azriT,
zogierTi kanoni ar eqvemdebareba darRvevas, magaliTad, sisxlis sa-
marTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba, romelic gansazRvravs winaswari
dakavebis vadas. aragonivruli iqneba danaSaulis Cadena pirdapiri
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. meore, ro-
gorc mravali moazrovne acxadebda, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobam
warmatebis misaRwevad zewola unda moaxdinos saxelisuflebo wre-
ebze. amgvari zewola metwilad iseT arapirdapir protestSi gamo-
ixateba, rogoricaa mjdomare aqcia, piketireba. mesame, rogorc uka-
naskneli periodi gviCvenebs, usamarTlobis msxverpli solidaro-
bis miRwevas cdilobs sazogadoebis im nawilSi, romelic piradad ar
daSavebula. am SemTxvevaSi arapirdapirma daumorCileblobam SeiZ-
leba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos, radgan is protestSi monawile-
obis saSualebas aZlevs iseT adamianebs, romlebic zegavlenis qveS

32
ar imyofebian. Zneli warmosadgenia, rogor eqnebodaT TeTr ameri-
kelebs segregaciis kanonis darRvevis saSualeba. protestantebis
samizne jgufs warmoadgens ara marto xelisufleba, aramed mxardam-
Werebic, raTa samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Sedegad meti Zalauf-
lebis moipovon. meoTxe, sadavoa, pirdapiri daumorCilebloba ufro
metad maiZulebelia Tu destruqciuli. es ZiriTadad damokidebulia
protestantebis ganzraxvaze da arsebul viTarebaze, radganac Se-
uZlebelia winaswar amtkico, rom arapirdapiri daumorCilebloba
aucileblad iwvevs Zaladobas; sruliad samarTlianma moqmedebamac
ki, rogoricaa Sekreba, garkveul viTarebaSi SeiZleba Zaladoba ga-
moiwvios. mexuTe, rodesac protestis subieqti aris ara kanoni, ara-
med garkveuli politika, umetes SemTxvevaSi arapirdapiri moqmede-
bebi misaRebia. magaliTad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi, roca evropuli qvey-
nebi mTeli ZaliT cdilobdnen atomuri TavSesafari aegoT. garemos
damcvelTa mxridan daumorCileblobis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba
iqneboda am adgilebze ganlageba. roulzi amtkicebs, rom igive SeiZ-
leba iTqvas qveynis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb, romelic aRelvebs
meore qveyanas da pirdapir gavlenas axdens protestantze.

2.2.3.2. konstituciurobis Semowmeba

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis TeoriaSi kanonis darRvevasTan
dakavSirebuli meore farTod miRebuli tendencia exeba kiTxvas: ka-
nonis moqmedebis romel stadiaze iTvleba darRveva samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobad. SeiZleba Tu ara samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad
CaiTvalos iseTi kanonis darRveva, romelic savaraudod arakonsti-
tuciuria, magram sasamarTlos jer ar gamoutania gadawyvetileba
amis Taobaze. SeiZleba Tu ara samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad CaiT-
valos iseTi kanondarRveva, romelic konstituciurobis Semowmebis
funqcias asrulebs? SesaZloa, arsebobdes savaraudod arakonsti-
tuciuri aqtis ganzrax darRvevis SemTxvevebi, raTa misi gasaCivrebis
samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi xelmisawvdomi gaxdes moqalaqisTvis, Tu
qveynis kanonmdebloba kanonis gasaCivrebis moTxovnad ayenebs piris
identificirebas kanonTan dazaralebulis saxiT.
kent grinuolti sam situacias aRwers. pirveli, rodesac adamiani
darwmunebulia kanonis arakonstituciurobaSi, arsebobs misi baTi-
lad cnobis didi albaToba da am kanonis darRveva misi gamocdis
funqcias asrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi grinuolti daumorCileblobas
gamarTlebulad miiCnevs. misi azriT, aragonivrulia morCilebis
mkacrad moTxovna, Tu konstituciurobis Semowmebis erTaderTi gza

33
TviTon kanonis darRvevaa. meore, rodesac adamians `seriozuli eWvi~
aqvs aqtis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis Taobaze, magram amave dros
`icis, rom samarTlebrivi gansja savaraudod warumatebeli iqneba~.
grinuolti am SemTxvevaSic amarTlebs daumorCileblobas, Tu es
sakonstitucio ganxilvas miscems biZgs. mesame SemTxvevaSi adamians
sjera, rom kanoni arRvevs mis konstituciur interesebs, magram icis,
rom sasamarTlo ar miiRebs gadawyvetilebas aqtis arakonstituci-
urobis Sesaxeb. amgvari kanonis darRveva sazogadoebriv cnobiere-
baze mniSvnelovan gavlenas ver moaxdens da, amdenad, is gaumarTle-
belia, vinaidan stabiluri kanonis uzenaesobis qveyanaSi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebebs pativs scemen. grinuolti acxadebs, rom `ka-
nonis farglebSi moqcevis moTxovna morCilebis bunebas mxolod ma-
Sin cvlis, roca arsebobs im normis baTilad cnobis realuri pers-
peqtiva, romelsac ar emorCilebian~.

2.2.4 darRveuli kanonebisa da politikis arsi

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCi-
leblobas gansazRvravs, aris is, Tu romeli kanonisa Tu politikis
rogori darRveva SeiZleba miviCnioT gamarTlebulad. samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba ar iTvaliswinebs SeuzRudav uflebamosilebas,
daarRvios nebismieri kanoni an politika, radgan es sabolood anar-
qias gamoiwvevs da diqtatorul reJimamde migviyvans, anu im reJimam-
de, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCileblobam unda daamarcxos. sa-
davo dokumenti raime Zireul RirebulebaTa sistemas unda arRvev-
des.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamarTlebis sakiTxi mWidro kav-
SirSia kanonis iuridiul ZalasTan samarTlis filosofiaSi. am kiTx-
vaze pasuxis gacema, rogorc fainbergi aRniSnavs, damokidebulia ka-
nonisa da moralis urTierTkavSirze. mosamarTle oliver vendel
holmsma ganacxada: `kanoni Cveni moraluri cxovrebis mowme da Sena-
tania~. pozitivistebi da utilitaristebi ki eTanxmebian mosazrebas,
rom kanonsa da morals Soris garkveuli kavSiri arsebobs. amoralu-
roba da usamarTloba samoqalqo daumorCileblobis qomagTaTvis ka-
nonis gabaTilebis ueWveli argumentia.
jon roulzi amtkicebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mizan-
Sewoniloba sazogadoebrivi samarTlianobis ideas unda efuZnebo-
des. misi azriT, adamiani SeiZleba ar daemorCilos kanons, Tu es uka-
naskneli ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlianobis aRiarebul cnebas, romelic

34
xazs usvams politikur wyobas da ara moraluri Rirebulebebis indi-
vidualur gagebas. roulzi miuTiTebs, rom darRveva `arsebiTi da
aSkara usamarTlobis dros~ unda moxdes. nebismieri norma da insti-
tuti samarTlianobis principebs unda efuZnebodes da es Rirebu-
lebebi xelSeuxebelia TiToeuli adamianisTvis. metic, moraluri
principebisgan moniWebuli adamianuri survilebis dakmayofilebiT
iseTi kanonis darRvevis gamarTlebac SeiZleba, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, arRvevs am principebs. dvorkinis azriT, xalxis ukmayofilebas
iwvevs is faqti, rom zogierTi saxis politika arRvevs samarTlis
maTeul gagebas.
zini amtkicebs, rom raime wesis iuridiuli Zalis Sesamowmeblad
moraluri da samarTlianobis kriteriumebi ufro mniSvnelovania,
vidre kanoniereba. is mkacrad uaryofs absoluturi kanonisadmi mor-
Cilebis princips, radgan mravali kanoni SeiZleba ar imsaxurebdes
loialobas. amgvari damokidebuleba xandaxan xalxis dabneulobas
iwvevs. swori gadawyvetilebis miReba arc ise iolia, vinaidan sazoga-
doeba imas eyrdnoba, rac weria da kanoni moraluri principebis ga-
moxatulebad aRiqmeba.
gamoCenilma samarTlis filosofosma gustav radbruxma meore
msoflio omis dros kanonierebis saxeliT Cadenili sisastikis Semdeg
pozitivisturi poziciebi Seicvala da aRiara, rom kanonisTvis iuri-
diuli Zalis miniWeba damokidebulia `humanitarul moralze~ da, Se-
sabamisad, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mizanSewoniloba imis mi-
xedviT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba dawerili kanoni am
morals.
SeerTebul StatebSi samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis mTavari
devizi iyo daumorCilebloba usamarTlo kanonebs, kanonebs, rom-
lebic ewinaaRmdegeba morals, anu pirovnebasa da bunebas. `araZala-
dobrivi winaaRmdegobis guli aris kanonisa da xelisuflebisdmi
daumorCilebloba usamarTlobis protestis niSnad~. radbruxi ar
aRiarebs aseTi kanonebis savaldebulo xasiaTs. es aqtebi ar iTvalis-
winebs umciresobaTa interesebs.
dasasrul, naTeli xdeba rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ga-
miznulia iseT kanondarRvevebze, romlebic mniSvnelovnad zRudavs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mier mTavar universalur Rirebulebebad
aRiarebul principebs, romlebic xels uwyobs demokratiul poli-
tikur sistemas, sazogadoebriv keTildReobas da socialur samarT-
lianobas. istoria gviCvenebs, rom WeSmariti samoqalaqo daumorCi-

35
lebloba icavs fundamentur uflebebs, rogorc es moxda serbeTsa
da saqarTveloSi, Tanasworuflebianobas, magaliTad, samoqalaqo
uflebaTa moZraobisa da qalTa uflebebis sxvadasxva moZraobebis
SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas uamravi pacifisturi kam-
paniis meSveobiT, TviTgamorkvevis uflebas indielTa gaTavisufle-
bis moZraobis saxiT da 1980-iani wlebis bolos aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi saxalxo protestis saxiT. termini `samoqalaqoc~ ki miuTi-
Tebs, rom daumorCilebloba sazogadoebisa da demokratiis Rirebu-
lebebis dacvas emsaxureboda da ara romelime Sesabamisi organos
mier miRebuli wesis dacvas.

2.2.5 araZaladoba
araZaladoba da mSvidobianoba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
mTavari princebia, rasac am ideis momxre yvela avtori iziarebs da
dasZens, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ar unda iWrebodes moqa-
laqeTa ZiriTad uflebebSi. rogorc martin luTer kingma ganacxada:
Zaladobis sisuste imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is spiraliseburad
eSveba da TviTon warmoqmnis iseT rames, ris mospobasac cdilobs.
borotebis daTrgunvis nacvlad, is borotebas zrdis... ZaladobiT
SeiZleba mokla mteri, magram siZulvils ver aRmofxvri. sinamdvile-
Si Zaladoba siZulvils aRvivebs... Zaladobis sapasuxo Zaladoba kvlav
Zaladobas warmoSobs, isedac uvarskvlavebo Rames sibneles matebs.
sibnele ver gandevnis siZulvils; es mxolod siyvaruls SeuZlia.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi araZaladoba pirvelad gandim ga-
moiyena, rac mis filosofiaSi satiagrahaSi aisaxa. mTavari idea imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom WeSmariteba siyvaruliTa da TanagrZnobiT miiR-
weva. Zaladoba borotebaa, romelic amrudebs WeSmaritebisken mima-
val gzas.
roulzi gmobs Zaladobas, rogorc sazogadoebis qcevis models.
Zaladoba akninebs zogadad samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis princips.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gagebul unda iqnes, rogorc gafrTxi-
leba da ara rogorc safrTxe sazogadoebisTvis. roulzis azriT,
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba Tavisi arsiT kanonis uzenaesobis pa-
tiviscemisa da `kanonis erTgulebis~ qmedebaa. es principebi abso-
luturad gamoricxavs yovelgvar Zaldatanebas. araZaladoba pro-
testantTa gulwrfel survilebs gamoxatavs. samoqalaqo daumorCi-
lebloba gamarTlebulia moraluri principebiT, kanonis uzenaeso-
bisa da demokratiis principebiT da Zaladobis an SurisZiebis yovel-
gvari mcdeloba arRvevs mis safuZvels.

36
 grinuolti acxadebs, rom Zaladoba warmoSobs SiSs dazaralebu-
lebsa da maT Soris, vinc Tavs SesaZlo msxverplad Tvlis. jozef
razic amtkicebs, rom Zaladobam SesaZloa potenciur mokavSireTa
dezintegracia gamoiwvios. maikl rendli ganagrZobs: araZaladob-
rivma qmedebebma SeiZleba Tavisuflebas miaRwios, ramdenadac is `fa-
taluri xelisuflebisTvis evTanaziis~ funqcias asrulebs.
stiuart brauni gvawvdis mniSvnelovan Teoriul masalas samoqa-
laqo daumorCileblobaSi Zaladobis Temaze msjelobisTvis. mas Zal-
datanebis winaaRmdeg sami mosazreba mohyavs. pirveli, Zaladoba
TavisTavad borotebaa. sokrates, gandisa da kingis msgavsad isic
ugulebelyofs borotebis winaaRmdeg borotebis gamoyenebas da Tu
ajanyeba ganzraxuli araa, Zaladoba dauSvebelia. meore, winaaRmde-
gobis moZraobaSi Zaladoba savaraudod konspiraciis nawils Sead-
gens. da mesame, Zaladoba xalxs abnevs da aSinebs.
TeoriaSi kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu Zalis ra xarisxia dasaSvebi
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis dros. es kiTxva xSirad dadis Zala-
dobis sazRvrebis sakiTxamde, kerZod: aris Tu ara daumorCileblo-
bis dros miuRebeli Zaladoba mxolod piradi Zaldataneba, romelic
fizikur daSavebas iwvevs, Tu is vrceldeba qonebazec da fsiqolo-
giur zewolazec. braian smarTi Semdeg definicias gvTavazobs: `Za-
ladoba aris Zalis didi odenobiT gamanadgurebeli gamoyeneba adami-
anebis an maTi qonebis winaaRmdeg, Zalis iseTi gamoyeneba, romelic
arRvevs maT uflebebs~. bedo Zaladobis cnebaSi moiazrebs fizikur
kavSirs, kerZod `sabotaJs, mkvlelobas, quCaSi Cxubs, sakuTrebis gan-
zrax dazianebas, sicocxlisTvis safrTxis Seqmnas da areulobis pro-
vocirebas~. holmsi ufro Sors midis da aRniSnavs, rom Zaladobis
Cadena aris `upativcemulobis gamovlena raime Rirebulis, wmindasa
da Rirseulisadmi~.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba SeiZleba arRvevdes sxvebis iseT
uflebas, rogoricaa gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, Tumca am SemTxve-
vaSi garkveuli wonasworobis dacvaa saWiro. pirvel rigSi, samoqa-
laqo daumorCilebloba ar amarTlebs absoluturi uflebebis dar-
Rvevas, romelic am uflebaTa arsidan gamomdinareobs. agreTve mi-
uRebelia sityvis an aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, radgan
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba am uflebaTa gamoxatulebaa. faqtob-
rivad samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos sagangebo
viTarebad, romelic emsaxureba adamianis uflebebisa da fundamen-
turi Rirebulebebis dacvas.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ganzrax ar unda ayenebdes zians
kerZo sakuTrebas. rac Seexeba saxelmwifo qonebas, SesaZloa, misi

37
dazianeba zogjer sasurveli iyos, raTa xelisuflebas xeli SeeSalos
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Zaladobriv CaxSobaSi (magaliTad,
policiis manqanis saburavebis daSveba). unda aRiniSnos administra-
ciul Senobebze warwerebis gakeTebis praqtika. am RonisZiebas aqti-
urad mimarTavdnen serbeTsa da saqarTveloSi. amgvar damokidebu-
lebas garkveuli moraluri gamarTlebac aqvs. saxelmwifo sakuTreba
sazogadoebrivi qonebaa, romelic gadasaxadebis meSveobiT arsebobs.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gonivruli Zaladobad Sefasdes sakuTari
qonebis dazianeba.
dabolos, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamarTlebu-
lad CaiTvalos, roca is safrTxes ar uqmnis adamianis sicocxles, ar
arRvevs sxva absolutur uflebebs, aRmsareblobis da sityvis Tavi-
suflebas da ganzrax zians ar ayenebs kerZo sakuTrebas. is SesaZloa
Seicavdes garkveul teqnikur problemebs da iwvevdes mentalur
zewolas, magram es faqti ver akninebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
mniSvnelobasa da rols. SedarebisTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT mosa-
marTle brandeisis sawinaaRmdego azri saqmeSi uitni kaliforniis
winaaRmdeg: `is faqti, rom warmoTqmulma sityvam SeiZleba gamoiwvi-
os Zaladoba an qonebis ganadgureba, ar aris misi SezRudvis sakmarisi
gamarTleba. unda arsebobdes saxelmwifosTvis seriozuli zianis mi-
yenebis albaToba~. saxelmwifo interesi aq gagebul unda iqnes, ro-
gorc sazogadoebrivi interesi. ra Tqma unda, zogierT adamians Se-
iZleba Seeqmnas garkveuli problemebi, magram rogorc 1960 -iani wle-
bis kampaniis monawileebi amtkicebdnen, usamarTlo politikisa da
kanonis gauqmeba zog SemTxvevaSi am problemebs gadaWris.

2.2.6. Ria gziT warmarTva

mravali avtori amtkicebs, rom gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo da-
umorCilebloba Riad unda warimarTos da TvalsaCino unda iyos ara
marto xelisuflebisTvis, aramed sazogadoebisTvisac. Tumca arse-
bobs avtorTa nawili, romelic miiCnevs, rom aSkara samoqalaqo da-
umorCileblobam SeiZleba kampaniis dagegmili miznebis ganxorci-
eleba Seaferxos.
gregori vlastosis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, sokratem imitom Tqva ua-
ri patimrobidan gaqcevaze, rom Tavi aarida sanqcias, romelic amgvar
saqciels mosyidvad afasebs. gandi da kingic moiTxoven Riad moqme-
debas, radgan miaCniaT, rom es aris sazogadoebisTvis mimarTvis
saSualeba da usamarTlobis axsna. kingi acxadebda, rom sazogadoeb-
rivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebis erTaderTi gza Riad warmarTuli samo-
qalaqo daumorCilebloba iyo. roulzi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom sa-
moqalaqo daumorCilebloba Riad unda warmoebdes da sazogadoebas

38
afrTxilebdes, miuRebelia misi moqmedebebis konfidencialuroba.
jozef razis azriT, liberalur saxlemwifoSi samoqalaqo daumor-
Cilebloba dasaSvebia mxolod yvela sxva saSualebis warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi. hugo a. bedo samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas afasebs, ro-
gorc Ria qmedebas. rogor SeZlebs samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba sa-
ganmanaTleblo funqciis Sesrulebas, Tu is sajarod ar ganxorci-
eldeba da sazogadoeba mas ver gaigebs? rogor iqneba is samoqalaqo,
Tu zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens umravlesobaze, raTa kanoni an poli-
tika Seicvalos? braian smarTi aRniSnavs Ria kampaniis SesaZleblo-
bas, magram es ar miaCnia gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis mkacr kriteriumad. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoeba da saTanado
organoebi daumorCileblobis saqmis kursSi unda iyvnen, magram aseve
SesaZloa arsebobdes garkveul etapze misi gasaidumloebis aucileb-
loba. amis naTeli magaliTia saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo daumorCileb-
lobis dasawyisSi Senobebze gakeTebuli saprotesto warwerebi, roca
aravin icoda, Tu vin akeTebda am warwerebs. kent grinuolti eTanx-
meba smarTs, rom usamarTlobis aRmofxvris misia zog SemTxvevaSi
konfidencialurobas saWiroebs. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Se-
erTebul StatebSi monebis gaqcevis xelSewyoba. Riad warmoeba ar
aris aucilebeli da konfidencialurobis garkveuli done ar moax-
dens uaryofiT gavlenas kampaniaze.
maikl rendli aRniSnavs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Riad
warmoeba sasargebloa sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad,
magram absoluturi sajarooba SesaZloa sazianoc iyos kampaniisTvis.
gasaidumloeba mniSvnelovani principia, roca daumorCileblobis
qmedebebi xorcieldeba diqtatorul reJimSi, magaliTad nacistur
germaniaSi.
dResdReobiT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis sruli sajaroobis
moTxovna ararelevanturia, radgan kampania miznad isaxavs politikis
Secvlas da ara mxolod mowodebis gakeTebas realuri Sedegebis
gareSe. daumorCileblobis strategia SeiZleba Seicavdes farul
moqmedebebs. amgvarad, aragonivrulia samoqalaqo daumorCileblo-
bis kampaniidan konfidencialuri moqmedebebis gamoricxva.

39
 nawili II
araZaladobrivi brZolis Teoria,
strategiuli araZaladobrioba
da kampaniebis warmoeba

Tavi 1
politikuri Zalaufleba: formebi da safuZveli

`politikuri Zalaufleba saSualebebis,

gavlenebis da zewolebis erTianobas
warmoadgens, romelic uflebamosilebas,
jildoebs da sanqciebsac Seicavs. da yovelive
amas sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad
Zalauflebis mflobelebi iyeneben, iqneba es
mTavroba, saxelmwifo Tu opoziciaSi myofi
dajgufebebi~.
jin Sarpi,
araZaladobrivi qmedebis politika

1.1. politikuri Zalauflebis Teoria

politikuri Zalauflebis raoba, misi formebi da funqcionirebis
gzebi ukve didi xania, politologebis, sociologebis, ekonomiste-
bis, konfliqtologebis, filosofosebis, fsiqologebis da bevri
sxva sferos mkvlevaris interesis sagans warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,
am sakiTxebis irgvliv uamravi Teoria Tu gansazRvreba arsebobs, da
albaT Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikuri Zalaufleba _ iseve,
rogorc Zalaufleba zogadad _ erT-erT yvelaze rTul da kompleq-
sur cnebas warmoadgens socialuri da politikuri mecnierebisTvis.
yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT, politikuri Zalaufleba iseTi Zala-
uflebaa, romelsac konkretuli individi Tu socialuri jgufi
flobs. oficialurad politikuri Zalaufleba politikuri lideris
xelSia koncentrirebuli, prezidenti iqneba es, premier-ministri Tu
monarqi. magram saxelmwifos meTauris mier politikuri Zalaufle-
bis flobas sxva bevri pirobac unda uwyobdes xels, maT Soris sazo-
gadoebaze gavlenis moxdenis da misi kontrolirebis xarisxi, rome-

40
lic mmarTvels marTvis ganxorcielebisTvis esaWiroeba. politikuri
mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi politikur Zalauflebas xSirad `sxve-
bis qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobad~ saxaven. tradiciulad
politikuri Zalaufleba samxedro Zalis, finansebisa da codnis
kombinacias eyrdnoba.
istorias araerTi SemTxveva axsovs, rodesac politikuri Zalauf-
leba destruqciuli da represiuli meqanizmi gamxdara. es yvelaze
xSirad maSin xdeboda, rodesac uzarmazari Zalaufleba mxolod ram-
denime individis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili da politikuri debatebis,
mTavrobis kontrolisa da misi kritikisTvis sivrce aRar rCeboda.
aseT reJimebs despoturs, tiranuls, totalitaruls da/an diqta-
toruls uwodeben xolme. amgvari marTvis sapirispiro modeli Zala-
uflebis danawileba (mag., demokratiis dros), individis an jgufis
xelSi Tavmoyrili Zalauflebis kontroli da individebis damcveli
platformis (mag., adamianis uflebebis) Seqmna da gamyarebaa.
winamdebare wignSi Zalauflebisa, da misi formebis Sesaxeb arse-
buli uamravi da mravalferovani Teoriidan Cven ZiriTadad soci-
aluri moZraobebis sakiTxs ganvixilavT _ anu farTo politikur ga-
erTianebebs, romlebic konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv arian mobi-
lizebuli da specifikuri miznebis miRwevas cdiloben. Tumca sakuT-
riv socialuri moZraobebis sakiTxic Zalian farToa da uamravi Te-
oriisgan Sedgeba, am wignSi ki Cven konkretulad socialuri moZra-
obebis araZaladobriobis principebTan mimarTeba gvainteresebs. ki-
dev ufro zustad rom ganvsazRvroT, es wigni araZaladobrivi brZo-
lis formebs, strategiebsa da Sinaarss ganixilavs, rac, Tavis mxriv,
araZaladobriobis filosofiis mxolod erTi formaa.
araZaladobrioba, rogorc filosofia, Zaladobrivi qmedebebis
uaryofas emyareba. religiaze, eTikaze Tu principebze damyarebuli
araZaladobrioba SesaZlebelia rwmenas, sulierebis sakiTxs an mora-
lur sistemas warmoadgendes, da misi filosofia garemos, sxva adami-
anebis an sakuTari Tavis mimarT fsiqologiuri an fizikuri zianis
miyenebas _ iseve rogorc xSirad `mtris~ cnebas _ uaryofs. filoso-
fiisgan gansxvavebiT, araZaladobrivi brZola politikuri miznebis
misaRwevad imarTeba da fizikuri, Zaladobrivi qmedebebis gamokle-
biT mraval sxva meTods iyenebs _ iqneba es politikuri, ekonomiku-
ri, sazogadoebrivi Tu fsiqologiuri meTodi. es meTodebi (Tu iara-
Rebi) sam ZiriTad formad SeiZleba daiyos: protesti da darwmuneba,
araTanamSromloba da Careva.

41
 araZaladobrivi brZola politikur Zalauflebas pluralistur
struqturad moiazrebs, romelic sayrden burjebzea damyarebuli
(ix. qvemoT). araZaladobrivi brZolis strategiebs sjeraT, rom Tu
am struqturebs kargad gaiazreben da maTze gavlenis moxdenas SeZ-
leben, Zalauflebis gadanawileba, SesaZlebelia, maT sasikeTod Se-
icvalos.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel rigSi Cven swored im mo-
delebs gavecnobiT, romliTac araZaladobrivi brZolis analitiko-
sebi _ kerZod ki 1973 wels gamocemuli da dRes ukve qrestomaTiad
qceuli wignis, `araZaladobrivi qmedebis politikis~ avtori, jin
Sarpi _ politikur Zalauflebas gansazRvraven. esenia monoliTuri
da pluralisturi modelebi.

monoliTuri Zalauflebis Teoria

doqtor jin Sarpis mier warmodgenili monoliTuri modeli Za-
lauflebas myari da ucvleli struqturis mwvervalze koncentri-
rebulad aRwers. am modelis mixedviT, is pirebi, vinc Zalauflebas
uSualod flobs, SeiZleba Seicvalon; magram sakuTriv Zalauflebis
struqtura, piramiduli formis warmonaqmni, myari da ucvlelia, ro-
gorc cementisgan gakeTebuli. is ucvleli rCeba imis miuxedavad,
Tu ra SefardebiT aris warmodgenili Zalaufleba piramidis SigniT,
an ramdenad surT misi Secvla piramidis garedan. am Teoriis mixed-
viT, adamianebi damokidebuli arian Zalauflebis mflobelis keTil-
ganwyobaze, mxardaWerasa da gadawyvetilebebze, da mmarTveli Tavad
gansazRvravs, rogor unda iyos Zalaufleba gamoyenebuli.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Zalauflebis monoliTuri modeli im
klasikur gansazRvrebas mogvagonebs, romliTac totalitaruli sa-
zogadoebebis aRwera xdeba. rogorc wesi, am gansazRvrebebSi eqvsi
maxasiaTebeli gamoiyofa xolme: ideologia, erTi partia, romelsac
erTi lideri hyavs, Zlieri policia, komunikaciebis da iaraRis mono-
polia da centralizebuli ekonomika. aseTi reJimebis samarTliani
da Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT Secvla, rogorc wesi, TiTqmis SeuZ-
lebelia _ arCevnebis Sedegi yvelaze xSirad winaswar aris xolme gan-
sazRvruli.
aseTi reJimebi Tavs komfortulad maSin grZnoben, rodesac mosax-
leoba Zalauflebis monoliTur formas Tanxmobas ucxadebs an zewo-
las emorCileba. am Tanxmobis SenarCuneba xSirad represiuli da ti-
ranuli gzebiT xdeba. magaliTad, 1930-ian da 1940-ian wlebSi sabWoTa

42
kavSirSi stalinma TiTqmis oci milioni adamiani mxolod imis gamo
moakvlevina, rom maT sakuTari reJimisTvis realur an potenciur
safrTxed aRiqvamda. es ricxvi daaxloebiT imdenivea, ramdenic meore
msoflio omSi daRupulma sabWoTa moqalaqem Seadgina.
imisaTvis, rom tirania araZaladobrivi konfliqtis meSveobiT da-
sustdes an daemxos, aucilebelia am monoliTuri Zalauflebis
struqturebis miRma gavideT da Zalauflebis ganawilebis yvela ar-
sebuli forma SevafasoT. monoliTuri modeli efeqtiani analiti-
kuri saSualebaa, raTa gaviazroT, Tu rogor moipoveben, inarCuneben
da gadascemen despoturi mmarTvelebi Zalauflebas. magram poli-
tikur cvlilebaze fiqris dros am modelis gamoyeneba erTmniSvne-
lovnad zRudavs cvlilebis miRwevis potenciuri gzebis gaazrebas.
cxadia, `cvlilebebze meocnebeTaTvis~ mniSvnelovania Zalauflebis
monoliTur modelze warmodgenis qona, magram imisaTvis, rom maTi
ocneba qmedebad iqces, maT sxva modelis gamoyeneba gamoadgebaT, mo-
delis, romelic Zalauflebas, mis miRwevasa da dakargvas sruliad
sxvagvarad warmoaCens, da romlis mTavari maxasiaTebelic `plura-
lizmia~.

Zalauflebis pluralisturi modeli

Zalauflebis bunebis gagebisTvis doqtori jin Sarpi kidev erT
efeqtian models gvTavazobs, romelsac `pluralistur models~
uwodebs. monoliTuri modelisgan gansxvavebiT _ romelic ucvlel,
myar struqturas warmoadgens, sadac Zalaufleba mwvervalSia kon-
centrirebuli _ es Teoria Zalauflebas pluralisturad da myifed
warmoaCens. Zalauflebis wyaroebad aq sazogadoebaSi arsebuli daj-
gufebebi moiazreba, xolo mmarTveli mxolod imden Zalauflebas ga-
nagebs, ramdenis uflebasac xalxi aZlevs. sxva sityvebiT, mmarTvels
mxolod xalxis mxridan Tanxmobisa da TanamSromlobis pirobebSi
SeuZlia ganagos. es Tanxmoba da TanamSromloba ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZ-
leba rogorc nebayoflobiTi, ise iZulebiTi iyos. Tanxmoba SesaZloa
sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis mxridan gulgrili damokidebule-
bis an im kulturuli gavlenebis Sedegi iyos, romlebic morCilebas
qadageben. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Zalauflebis pluralisturi mode-
lis mniSvnelovani elementi is aris, rom Tu mmarTvels xalxi aZlevs
Zalauflebas, maSin amave xalxs SeuZlia uari ganacxados imaze, rom
iyos marTuli _ da amiT reJims Zalauflebis is sayrdeni wyaro waar-
Tvas, romelsac TviTonve, koleqtiurad aZlevs.

43
 jin Sarpis mixedviT, arsebobs Zalauflebis eqvsi wyaro, romelTa
gaazrebac Zalauflebis pluralisturi bunebis gagebis winapirobas
warmoadgens. axla Cven eqvsive maTgans ganvixilavT _ da gaxsovdeT,
rom swored es danomrili punqtebia Zalauflebis is wyaroebi, sadac
adamianebi kontrolirebas, gavlenis moxdenas an neitralizacias esw-
rafvian. Zalauflebis es wyaroebi, Tavis mxriv, vlindeba organiza-
ciebisa da institutebis saxiT, romlebsac `sayrdeni burjebi~ ewo-
deba da romlebsac momdevno, meore TavSi ganvixilavT.

1. uflebamosileba
uflebamosileba is sayrdenia, romlis meSveobiTac marTvis uf-
lebaze pretenzia cxaddeba da mosaxleobisgan morCilebis moTxovna
xdeba. marTvis uflebamosileba xSirad arCevnebis SedegebiT mtkic-
deba xolme. swored amitom aris, rom Zalian bevri avtoritaruli
reJimi arCevnebis gamarTvas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, Semdeg ki sa-
arCevno yuTebSi yalb biuletenebs yris, amomrCevlebis daSinebas
cdilobs, oponentebis kampanias zRudavs da arCevnebis arasasurveli
Sedegebis aRiarebaze uars acxadebs. nebismieri mTavrobisTvis Zali-
an mniSvnelovania, iyos legitimuri; xolo Tu mas konstituciis far-
glebs gareT moqmedad aRiqvamen an arakanonierad miiCneven, es SesaZ-
loa seriozuli Sedegebis momtan faqtorad gadaiqces rogorc qvey-
nis SigniT, ise saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis farglebSi.
qveynis SigniT aSkara legitimurobis dakargvam SesaZloa mniSv-
nelovnad Seuwyos xeli politikuri opoziciis legitimurad qcevas.
politikurma opoziciam SeiZleba `sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis~ cne-
ba gamoiyenos da ganacxados, rom Tuki mTavrobam konstitucia re-
alurad daarRvia, maSin xalxsa da mTavrobas Soris arsebuli kont-
raqti darRveulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, reJimis morCilebaze, mis mxar-
daWerasa da masTan TanamSromlobaze uaris TqmisTvis qmnis safuZ-
vels.
qveynis gareT reJimis mier legitimurobis dakargvam SeiZleba sa-
erTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri sanqciebis dawesebisTvis ganawyos. politikur da ekonomikur
boikots ki msgavsi reJimebis dasusteba SeuZlia, rogorc es samxreT
afrikis aparTeidul reJims da birmis diqtaturas daemarTa. 2002
wels zimbabves gaZevebam britaneTis Tanamegobrobidan naTeli gaxa-
da, rom mugabes reJims ar SeeZlo im demokratiuli mTavrobebis gver-
diT yofna, romlebic kolonializmis epoqidan damoukidebel demok-

44
ratiuli sazogadoebebis gaerTianebad iqca. amasTan, rodesac avto-
ritaruli reJimis uflebamosileba, marTos qveyana, seriozuli kiT-
xvis niSnis qveS dgeba, demokratiul opoziciur dajgufebebs qveynis
gareT bevrad meti finansuri da moraluri mxardaWeris mopoveba
SeuZliaT. Tumca es saerTaSoriso Jestebi, rogorc aseTi, ar aris
xolme sakmarisi mmarTvelis damxobisTvis. amave dros, msgavsma
sanqciebma SeiZleba sapirispiro Sedegebi moitanos, Tuki isini xalxs
ufro met zians miayenebs, vidre sakuTriv reJims.

2. adamianuri resursi
reJimis Zalauflebas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im adamianebis
raodenoba, romlebic mmarTvelTan TanamSromloben, mas mxars uWeren
da emorCilebian. es ar niSnavs, rom Tuki xalxis umravlesobas lide-
rebi ar moswons, maSin reJimis Secvla gardauvalia. es mxolod cvli-
lebis moxdenis potenciur SesaZleblobas aCvenebs. istorias mravali
SemTxveva axsovs, rodesac umravlesoba umciresobis mxridan ganic-
dida Cagvras. meore mxriv ki strategiuli araZaladobrivi qmedeba
ver miaRwevs warmatebebs, Tuki umravlesobis mxridan aqtiuri mxar-
daWera da TanamSromloba ar iarsebebs. demokratiisTvis brZolaSi
ricxvebi mniSvnelovania!

3. unarebi da codna
dRes marTva bevrad ufro garTulebulia, vidre warsulSi.
ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi gavrcelebuli azri amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis prezidents msoflioSi yvelaze Zlier pirad saxavs.
Tumca am yvelaze Zlierma mmarTvelma Zalian cota ram an saerTod
araferi icis TviTmfrinavebis muSaobis Tu frenis ganrigebis war-
moebis rTul amocanebze, sazRvaosno kanonmdeblobis administri-
rebaze, kriminalis gamoZiebaze, gadasaxadebis akrefaze, saomari geg-
mebis Sedgenaze, sakvebis ganawilebaze, sakomunikacio qselebis Seq-
mnasa da ganviTarebaze, da kidev uamrav sxva dargze. amiT imis Tqma
gvsurs, rom mosaxleobaSi arsebuli unarebi da codna mTavrobebs
yvela doneze funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs. amgvari daxmare-
bis gareSe darCenili mTavroba veRar arsebobs.

4. bundovani (fsiqologiuri da ideologiuri) faqtorebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mniSvnelobis gazomva sakmaod rTulia,
iseT bundovan faqtorebs, rogoricaa religia, morCilebis mimarT

45
damokidebuleba, garkveuli misiis qonis SegrZneba da kulturuli
normebi, SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon mmarTvelisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobaze. magaliTad, arsebobda epoqa, rodesac zogierT sazo-
gadoebaSi bevrs `mefeebis RvTaebrivi uflebis~ sjeroda _ maTTvis
mefeebi dedamiwaze RmerTis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. Sesabamisad,
mmarTvelis daumorCilebloba RmerTis daumorCileblobis tolfasi
iyo. sxva sazogadoebebSi, magaliTad iaponiaSi, imperatori `RmerTad
da mefed~ iyo moazrebuli. amgvar pirobebSi, cxadia, demokratia war-
moudgeneli iqneboda. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi iyo SemTxve-
vebi, rodesac zogierT mTavrobaSi islamis da tradiciuli politi-
kuri Zalauflebis Serwymis mcdeloba ganxorcielda. marTalia, sav-
sebiT sworia is, rom `keisars keisrisa unda mivceT~, magram pirvel
rigSi is unda ganvsazRvroT, konkretulad ra ekuTvnis mas. demok-
ratia xom imis rwmenas emyareba, rom nebismieri Zalaufleba, romelic
mmarTvels gaaCnia, mas xalxisgan `nasesxebi~ aqvs.

5. materialuri resursi
`vinc fuls ixdis, musikasac is ukveTavs~ _ es gamoTqma zustad
esadageba politikas. ekonomikis, sakuTrebis, bunebrivi resursebis,
komunikaciebisa da transportis kontroli sazogadoebaze Zalauf-
lebis flobis SezRudvaSi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia. magaliTad, ro-
desac saxelmwifo fermebis mTel miwebs flobs, is efeqtianad gana-
gebs yvela fermeris ojaxis cxovrebas. amis msgavsad, iq, sadac cen-
zura mZlavria, mTavroba akontrolebs da gavlenas axdens Jurna-
listikis sferos nebismier aspeqtSi CarTuli adamianebis cxovreba-
ze. qveynebi, sadac navTobis industria saxelmwifo mflobelobaSia,
naklebad arian damokidebuli mosaxleobaze da maTgan amoRebul
sagadasaxado Semosavlebze. es ki, Tavis mxriv, mTavrobaSi Zalauf-
lebis centralizebas iwvevs.

6. sanqciebi
mTavrobis kanonebis, misi wesebisa da regulaciebis morCilebisa
da mxardaWeris iZulebis SesaZlebloba sazogadoebis mxridan gamov-
lenili mxardaWeris, TanamSromlobisa da Tanxmobis xarisxiT izRu-
deba. sanqciebi gamoiyeneba rogorc miuRebeli qmedebebis dasjis,
ise maTi Tavidan acilebis mizniT. imisaTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, ar
aris aucilebeli, sanqciebi mkacr da ukidures xasiaTs atarebdes,
magaliTad, sikvdilis dasjas an cixeSi Casmas utoldebodes. morCi-

46
lebis misaRwevad iseTi sanqciebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba, rogoricaa
samuSaos micemaze uaris Tqma an samsaxuridan daTxovna, sapensio
SeRavaTebis dakargva, ganaTlebis miRebis an dawinaurebis SezRudva,
gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobis SezRudva (pasportis gamoyofaze ua-
ris Tqma), sakuTrebis warTmeva Tu wyliT uzrunvelyofis SezRudva.
zogierTi avtoritaruli reJimis pirobebSi media TviTcenzuras
mimarTavs, vinaidan mTavrobas SeuZlia gamomcemlobebi da axali am-
bebis organizaciebi sagazeTo qaRaldis ganawilebis an radio da sa-
televizio licenziebis kontrolis gziT daxuros. msgavsi sanqciebi
sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba.
sanqciebi nebismieri mTavrobis iaraRs warmoadgens. yvelaze xSi-
rad isini antisazogadoebrivi qmedebis aRmofxvris mizniT wesdeba
xolme. sxva SemTxvevebSi, politikuri miznebidan gamomdinare, sanq-
ciebs mosaxleobis daSinebisa da dasjis gamo iyenebdnen. magaliTad,
nacisturi germania koleqtiuri dasjis meTods im iatakqveSa qmede-
bebis aRmosafxvrelad iyenebda, romlebic germanuli armiis mxridan
okupacias uwevda winaaRmdegobas. mimdinare saukunis dasawyisSi is-
raelis mTavroba koleqtiuri dasjis meTods teroristuli aqtebis
Tavidan acilebis gzad saxavda da amarTlebda. individebis mier Ca-
denili qmedebis gamo mTeli jgufis dasja SesaZloa adamianis Ziri-
Tadi uflebebis darRvevis tolfasi iyos; amave dros, am meTodis
prevenciuli Zalac kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. sinamdvileSi, koleqti-
uri dasjis meTodebma da mkvlelobebma, SesaZloa, sasurvelis sapi-
rispiro Sedegebi moitanos. koleqtiurma dasjam SeiZleba araTu po-
tenciuri Zaladobis aqtebi ver SeaCeros, aramed, piriqiT, SurisZi-
ebis survili aRZras.
araZaladobrivi moZraobis sawyis stadiaze mniSvnelovania ro-
gorc Zalauflebis struqturebis gaazreba, ise politikuri oponen-
tebis tipis gansazRvra. daimaxsovreT: mCagvrel da usamarTlo reJi-
mebs erTmaneTisgan sami ZiriTadi aspeqti ganasxvavebs:

1. rogor movidnen xelisuflebaSi?

a. mmarTveli odesRac samarTlianad iyo arCeuli.
b. mmarTvels misi posti `memkvidreobiT gadaeca~.
g. reJimi revoluciiT movida.
d. reJimi samxedro gadatrialebiT movida.

2. rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba?

a. erTpirovnulad, diqtatoris mier, romlisac xalxs eSinia.

47
 b. avtoritaruli partiuli aparatis mier.
g. partiuli umravlesobis mier, umciresobis uflebebis
daTrgunvis xarjze.
d. sxva qveynis samxedro okupantis an koloniuri mmarTvelis mier.

3. ras efuZneba kontrolirebis meqanizmebi?

a. absolutur terors.
b. samxedro da policiur represiebs.
g. devnas da akrZalvebs.
d. iZulebiT instituciur mxardaWeras da samoqalaqo
morCilebas.

Sejameba
pirvel TavSi Zalauflebis ori modeli ganvixileT. monoliTuri
modeli Zalauflebas ucvlel da mdgrad struqturad aRwers, sadac
xalxi mmarTvelzea damokidebuli. pluralisturi modeli ki Zala-
uflebas sxvagvarad xedavs _ aq, piriqiT, mmarTveli gvevlineba xalx-
ze damokidebulad. Zalauflebis pluralisturi modeli aSkarad
gvaCvenebs, rom xalxs imaze bevrad meti Zala da potenciali aqvs,
vidre SeiZleba erTi SexedviT gvegonos. am TavSi agreTve gavaanali-
zeT Zalauflebis is wyaroebi, romlebic mTavrobas xalxisgan eZle-
va. da Tuki mmarTvels es wyaroebi gamoecleba, igi marTvas veRar
SeZlebs.
araZaladobrivi brZolis mawarmoebeli moZraobebi swored Zala-
uflebis pluralisturi modelis gaazrebas eyrdnobian. Zalauf-
lebis bunebis Seswavlis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi misi funqcionirebis
gzebis gaanalizeba dgeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, rogorc mTavrobis Sig-
niT, ise mis gareT arsebul organizaciebs da institutebs ukavSir-
deba. organizaciebs, romlebsac Zalauflebis struqturebi efuZ-
neba, `sayrden burjebs~ vuwodebT. aucilebelia gaxsovdeT: rodesac
mniSvnelovani sayrdeni burjebi sustdeba, Zalaufleba kraxs ganic-
dis, daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc saZirkvlis Seryevis SemTxvevaSi Se-
noba waiqceoda.

1.2. sayrdeni burjebi

gaxsovdeT: TviTon mmarTvelebs ar SeuZliaT gadasaxadebis amo-
Reba, kanonebis da regulaciebis amoqmedeba, transportis reguli-
reba, fulis dabeWdva, gzebis SekeTeba, maRaziebis produqtebiT mo-

48
marageba, policiis da jaris gawvrTna. am yvelafers mmarTvelisTvis
xalxi akeTebs sxvadasxva institutebis Tu organizaciebis meSveobiT.
da Tu xalxi amis gakeTebas Sewyvets, mmarTveli marTvas veRar SeZ-
lebs!
rodesac konkretuli reJimis oponentebi nebismier araZaladob-
riv strategiaze iwyeben fiqrs, sayrdeni burjebis amocnoba da gaana-
lizeba Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba. sanam reJimis mTavari burjebi
ar dasustdeba, ar neitralizdeba an ar ganadgurdeba, politikuri
reformis an reJimis Secvlis ganxorcielebas Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs.
amdenad, avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg araZaladobrivi brZolis
warmoebisas ZiriTad institutebsa da organizaciebs didi yuradReba
unda mieqces.

policia
policia mTavrobisTvis umniSvnelovanes sayrden burjs warmo-
adgens. policia jarTan erTad wesrigs da kanonierebas amyarebs,
mTavrobas da xalxs icavs, da sistemis stabilurobas emsaxureba. lo-
zungi „davicvaT da vemsaxuroT~ im imijs gamoxatavs, romliTac po-
liciis ganyofilebebi mTel msoflioSi cdiloben sazogadoebis wi-
naSe sakuTari saxis warmoCenas. Tumca is, visac isini icaven da emsa-
xurebian, yovelTvis sazogadoeba ar aris. amis nacvlad mTavrobis
es yvelaze xiluli da yvelganmyofi „saxe~ zogjer korumpirebuli
da represiuli reJimis dacvas irCevs xolme.
saRi azria is, rom sadac korufcia sistemur xasiaTs atarebs, re-
Jimis Secvlis gareSe reforma rTulia da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli. de-
mokratiul sazogadoebebSic ki, Tuki policiis struqturebSi ko-
rufcia damkvidrdeba, reforma mxolod im pirebis SecvliT SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes, vis winaSec angariSvaldebulia policia. Tu adgi-
lobriv policias adgilobrivad arCeuli oficialuri pirebi ganage-
ben, amis dadebiTi mxare is aris, rom sazogadoebam icis, uSualod
vin agebs pasuxs policielebis qmedebebze. rodesac policia erov-
nul da centralizebul struqturas warmoadgens, maSin adgilobriv
doneze policielebis qcevaze gavlenis moxdena bevrad ufro rTu-
lia.
imisaTvis, rom policielebis Sexedulebebisa da qmedebebis Sec-
vla daiwyon, sulac ar aris saWiro, moqalaqeebi reJimis Secvlas da-
elodon. rodesac saubari policiazea, ramdenime faqtori unda ga-
viTvaliswinoT. pirvel rigSi, pilicielebi, rogorc wesi, im adami-

49
anebs Soris cxovroben, visac emsaxurebian. maSasadame, maT ojaxebs,
naTesavebs, nacnobebs da megobrebs sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis
sxvadasxva formebi akavSirebT (mag., skolebis, biznesis, religiuri
organizaciebisa Tu sazogadoebrivi jgufebis meSveobiT). aqedan ga-
momdinare, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mTavroba sakuTar mowinaaRmde-
geebs kriminalebad, jaSuSebad an teroristebad racxs, policias sxva
gzebiTac SeuZlia mTavrobis propagandis Sefaseba. doqtorma jin
Sarpma norvegiaSi awarmoa kvleva, romelic meore msoflio omis
dros germanelebis mimarT norvegielebis winaaRmdegobas exeboda.
igi siamovnebiT ixsenebs imis magaliTebs, Tu rogor „erTgulad~ as-
rulebda adgilobrivi policia germanelTa brZanebebs. erTxel, maga-
liTad, policia im piris ojaxs daukavSirda, visi dapatimrebac igeg-
meboda, da sTxova, eWvmitanilisTvis misi dagegmili dapatimrebis
Sesaxeb ecnobebinaT. policiam ojaxs agreTve zustad uTxra is dRe,
saaTi da wuTi, rodesac moqalaqis saxlSi policia unda misuliyo.
meore gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria is, rom policia, romelic
diqtatoruli reJimis brZanebebs asrulebs, ar unda Seiracxos xal-
xis mtrad. isini ubralod im sistemis msaxurebi arian, romelmac ime-
debi ar gaamarTla. swored sistema unda Seicvalos da ara is aTaso-
biT wesieri da Rirseuli adamiani, visi gamocdileba da unaric auci-
lebelia demokratiuli sazogadoebis dasacavad. ra Tqma unda, arse-
boben calkeuli individebi, romlebic mkvlelobis, wamebis an mara-
diorobis gamo unda daisajon, magram koncentracia am pirebze unda
moxdes da ara yvela im adamianze, vinc policiaSi msaxurobs.

jari
Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas av-
toritaruli reJimebi bolo da mniSvnelovan svlad miiCneven. adgi-
lobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad mcxovrebi da momuSave policiele-
bisgan gansxvavebiT, samxedro danayofebi xSirad gancalkevebulebi
arian moqalaqeebisgan: sakuTari sacxovrebeli sivrce, maRaziebi,
saavadmyofoebi da skolebi aqvT. sazogadoebisgan aseTi gancalke-
veba, Tavis mxriv, samxedro da samoqalaqo ojaxebs Soris adamianuri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas aferxebs. rodesac Ria politikuri
konfliqtebis dros mTavroba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis gadawyve-
tilebas iRebs, samxedro danayofebi naklebad cdiloben Zaladobis
regulirebas an mis SezRudvas. birmaSi amboxebis dros, 1988 wels _
da erTi wlis Semdeg CineTSi _ mTavrobebma samxedro danayofebi gag-

50
zavnes konfliqtis arealSi. am situaciebSi mTavrobam jariskacebi
bevrad ufro sandod miiCnia, vidre adgilobrivi policia da milicia
_ da Sesabamisad, brZanebebis ukeTes Semsruleblad. zogierT qveya-
naSi, Tu masobrivi demonstraciebis gamarTvaa mosalodneli, are-
ulobasTan sabrZolvelad specialurad gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli
danayofebi iqmneba.
opozicionerebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisTvis jarSi arsebuli mza-
obis dasusteba imaze bevrad ufro adre unda daiwyos, vidre mTav-
roba maT moixmobs. nebismieri aseTi gegmis amosavali wertili unda
iyos jariskacebis darwmuneba, rom maT da maTi ojaxebis sicocxles
araferi emuqreba, da rom profesional jariskacebs demokratiis pi-
robebSi daculi momavali eqnebaT.
brZanebebze samxedro danayofebis reagirebis xasiaTze gavlenas
jaris mmarTvelebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi da profesionalizmi
axdens. rogorc wesi, oficrebi sakuTar Tavs patriotebad, erTgule-
bad da konservatorebad aRiqvamen. maTi „profesionalizmi~ zogjer
imas iwvevs, rom isini brmad uWeren mxars politikur mmarTvelebs.
amboben, rom germaniis armiis Semadgenloba ar eTanxmeboda adolf
hitleris politikur miznebs, magram fiureris nebis gasatareblad
mainc qmnida samxedro gegmebs. es imis gamo xdeboda, rom hitleri,
rogorc germaniis raixstagis udidesi partiis lideri da konsti-
tuciis mixedviT kanclerad daniSnuli, legitimur mmarTvelad mo-
iazreboda.
moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg jaris destruqciuli Zalis gamoyenebis
SezRudvaSi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria samxedro kulturasTan demok-
ratiuli faseulobebis Serwyma. kidev erTi faqtoria samxedro pire-
bis mxridan imis aRqma, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobisas maT mniSv-
nelovani roli eqnebaT. am orive faqtoris Tu ideis gavrcelebis
formebs xangrZlivi da frTxili gaazreba sWirdeba. erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mizezi, Tu ratom mohyva serbeTis araZaladobrivi moZra-
obis mier parlamentis aRebas ase mcirericxovani msxverpli (erTi
adamiani gulis SeteviT daiRupa, meore _ avtoavariaSi), iyo jaris
gadawyvetileba, ar Careuliyo „politikur~ sakiTxSi. eWvgareSea, am
gadawyvetilebaze gavlena im faqtmac moaxdina, rom demokratiuli
moZraoba aSkarad igebda, jaris warmomadgenlebis interess ki post-
miloSeviCis epoqaSi poziciebis mopoveba warmoadgenda.

samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebi
samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebs xSirad akritikeben, dascinian da ar
afaseben. zogjer am samTavrobo biurokratebs WianWvelebis kolo-

51
niad warmoaCenen xolme _ rogorc aTasobiT usaxelo, usaxur da uW-
kuo muSas, romlebic TavianT patara davalebebs asruleben da patara
derefnebSi moZraoben. miuxedavad amisa, politikur liderebs _
rogorc WianWvelebis koloniaze damokidebul „dedofals~ _ arse-
boba ar ZaluZT damjeri da profesionali samoqalaqo mosamsaxu-
reebisa da maTi, erTi SexedviT, usaxuri Sromis gareSe. es is adami-
anebi arian, romlebic brZanebebs qmedebebad aqceven: isini gamoscemen
regulaciebs, afaseben da krefen gadasaxadebs, amzadeben biujetebs,
amuSaveben skolebs, SeaqvT informacia aTasobiT cxrilSi, akeTeben
SenaZenebs mTavrobisTvis, akontroleben sahaero da sazRvao sivr-
ces, akompleqteben saelCoebs, amuSaveben komunikaciebis sitemebs _
asruleben yvela im samuSaos, romelic reJims funqcionirebis saSu-
alebas aZlevs. maT gareSe arc erT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia muSaoba.
im opoziciur dajgufebebs, romlebic reJimis Sesacvlelad stra-
tegiul araZaladobriv konfliqts mimarTaven, mTavrobaSi momuSave
adamianebis mxardaWeris mopovebis mniSvneloba kargad unda esmodeT.
magram isic unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom es adamianebi uSualod arian
damokidebuli mTavrobaze _ da Sesabamisad, bevri maTgani ver SeZlebs
mTavrobasTan pirdapir dapirispirebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi manam, sa-
nam naTeli gaxdeba, rom maTi mmarTvelis sayrdeni burjebi sakmari-
sadaa dasustebuli. magram, amis miuxedavad, mTavrobis mier daqirave-
buli adamianebis mxridan opoziciuri moZraobisTvis mxardaWeris
gamocxadeba _ Tundac Sefaruli, arapirdapiri formiT _ moZraobas
miznis miRwevaSi SeiZleba warmoudgeneli intensivobiT daexmaros.

media
demokratiuli cvlilebisTvis mebrZol moZraobas warmatebis mi-
saRwevad esaWiroeba saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac sakuTar gzavni-
lebs samizne auditorias miawvdens. es kargad ician avtoritarulma
reJimebma da amitomac cdiloben aseTi SesaZleblobebis SezRudvas,
rac, Tavis mxriv, internetuli omis centrebisa da drakonuli kano-
nebis Seqmnas iwvevs, riTac personaluri kompiuterebisa Tu faqsebis
mflobeloba izRudeba. birmaSi, magaliTad, „aralicenzirebuli~
teqnikis mflobelebs didi xniT emuqrebodaT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.
zogjer satelituri telefonebis floba izRudeba, da xandaxan mTav-
robebi opoziciuri jgufebis satelevizio da radiogadacemebis dax-
Sobas da informaciis gavrcelebis xelis SeSlas cdiloben.
presis da masobrivi komunikaciis sxva adgilobrivi saSualebebis
kontroli advili misaRwevia represiuli mTavrobebisTvis. zog Sem-

52
TxvevaSi efeqtiani aRmoCnda specialuri komisiebis daarseba,
romlebic yvela wigns, gazeTs Tu Jurnals gamocemamde da gavrce-
lebamde ganixilavdnen. rodesac aseTi ganxilva ar xdeba, arsebobs
TviTcenzuris mZlavri survili, sanam gamocemis xarjebi mTlianad
ar aris amoRebuli. gazeTebs, sxva saxis publikaciebs, satelevizio
da radiosadgurebs SeiZleba licenzia CamoarTvan, teqnikis konfis-
kacia moaxdinon da mflobelebi an redaqtorebi fizikurad daaSinon.
msgavsi faqtorebis gadalaxvis gavrcelebuli saSualeba sazRvar-
gareTidan warmoebuli mediis produqciaa, iqneba es birmis radiosad-
guri, romelic norvegiidan axorcielebs mauwyeblobas, Tu kalifor-
niaSi arsebuli iranuli televizia, romelic Teiranis auditorias
opoziciis liderebTan interviuebs sTavazobs. qveynis sazRvrebs ga-
reT gaCenili masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebis kidev erTi magali-
Tia serbeTsa prodemokratiuli moZraoba. 2000 wlis arCevnebamde
ramdenime dRiT adre qveyanaSi sazRvargareTidan samoc tonaze meti
bukleti iqna Setanili da darigebuli.

biznesis wreebi
biznesis wreebi yvelaze metad centralizebuli, socialisturi
da avtoritaruli reJimebis ekonomikaSic ki mniSvnelovan rols Ta-
maSoben. isini mosaxleobas im saqonels Tu momsaxurebas sTavazoben,
romlebsac mTavroba ar aZlevs. samomxmareblo saqonlis naklebo-
biT gamowveuli, sazogadoebis politikuri ukmayofilebis Tavidan
asacileblad xSirad mTavrobebi irib Tanxmobasac acxadeben arale-
galuri, Savi bazris arsebobaze.
Tumca biznesis wreebTan muSaobas _ gansakuTrebiT, Tu es ucxo-
uri da transnacionaluri biznesia _ Tavisi naklic aqvs. arsebobs
mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso firmebs saqmis daWera avtoritarul
reJimebTan ufro aZlevT xels, vidre Ria da demokratiul mTavro-
bebTan. rodesac mmarTveli konkretuli SeTanxmebis dadebiT mxa-
reebs gaiazrebs da mas dasTanxmdeba, amis Semdeg SedarebiT naklebi
sakiTxi rCeba gasarkvevi. xSirad mmarTveli Cumad da swrafad agva-
rebs iseT potenciur problemebs, rogoricaa samuSao pirobebis, ja-
magirebis da profesiuli kavSirebis sakiTxebi. amiT imis Tqma gvsurs,
rom SesaZloa saerTaSoriso firmas saerTod ar ainteresebdes, kon-
kretuli mTavroba demokratiulia Tu tiranias warmoadgens. maT
mxolod mogeba ainteresebT. demokratiuli moZraobis amocanas am
kompaniebis imaSi darwmuneba warmoadgens, rom cvlileba moxdeba

53
da rom SesaZlebelia, samomavlod maTTvis xelsayreli iyos konfliq-
tis dros, sul cota, neitraluri poziciis dakaveba.
pozitiur mxares rac Seexeba, adgilobrivi da ucxouri biznesis
wreebs xSirad kontaqtebi aqvT adgilobrivi, regionuli da ucxo-
uri biznesis warmomadgenlebTan. da Tu es maT interesebSi iqneba,
isini SeZleben mogawodon mniSvnelovani resursebi _ fuli iqneba
es, Suamavlebi Tu mrCevlebi demokratiuli cvlilebis sakiTxebSi.

axalgazrdoba
avtoritaruli reJimebis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavi axalgazr-
debis politikaSi CarTvis ardaSvebaa, Tuki es CarTuloba mTavrobis
kontroliT da misi mxardaWerisTvis ar xdeba. manam, sanam studentebs
da sxva axalgazrdebs mTavrobis stabilurobis winaaRmdeg organi-
zebis saSualeba ar eZlevaT, opoziciur dajgufebebs swrafi poli-
tikuri cvlilebis tradiciuli avangardis gareSe uwevT yofna.
zogierTi meTodi, riTac mTavrobebi studentebs politikur opozi-
ciaSi aqtiur CarTvas uSlian, kargad aris cnobili. magaliTad, maT,
vinc Riad upirispirdeba reJims, ar eZlevaT ganaTlebis miRebis
saSualeba. garda amisa, mravalricxovani dajgufebebis Camoyalibe-
bisTvis xelis SeSlis mizniT SesaZloa skolebi daxuron, an bevri
filiali gaxsnan. im kanonebis darRvevisTvis, romlebic gamoxatvis
da Sekrebebis Tavisuflebas zRudaven, SeiZleba xangrZlivi patim-
roba SemoiRon. SesaZlebelia, mTavrobam mis mierve kontrolire-
buli axalgazrduli jgufebi daaarsos, da studentebi opoziciuri
politikuri partiebis diskreditaciis sanacvlod fuliT, sakvebiT,
tansacmliTa da iaraRiT moamaragos.
axalgazrdebi xSirad gamoxataven survils, riskis miuxedavad
saTaveSi Caudgnen revoluciur moZraobebs. zogierTi amas imiT xsnis,
rom „axalgazrdebs araferi aqvT dasakargi~. rogorc wesi, axalgazr-
debs naklebad anaRvlebT samsaxurebrivi movaleobebi, da xSirad arc
mniSvnelovani ojaxuri pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. isini sicocxles
axalgazrduli enTuziazmiT ekidebian da sakuTari ukvdavebis sje-
raT. magram yvela es faqtori axalgazrdebis aqtivobas mxolod nawi-
lobriv xsnis, vinaidan maT sinamdvileSi bevri mniSvnelovani ram aqvT
dasakargi, magaliTad sicocxle da momavali. Tumca axalgazrdul
moZraobebs yvelaze mZlavrad ara is amoZravebs, Tu ra SeiZleba da-
kargon, aramed is, Tu ramden rames moipoveben Tavisufal da samar-
Tlian sazogadoebaSi cxovrebiT. axalgazrdebi, rogorc wesi, tira-

54
niis qveS sakuTar uRels racionalurad ar udgebian; maT arc cvli-
lebis SeuZleblobis aRiareba surT. cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
naklebobis gamo isini instinqturad da mkafiod asxvaveben simarTles
siyalbisgan, marTals mtyuanisgan. da swored es azrobrivi sicxade
warmoadgens maT motivacias.
rodesac demokratiul moZraobebSi studentebisa da axalgazr-
debis CarTvaze fiqrobT, sifrTxile gmarTebT. rogorc jgufi, isini
cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi riskze wamsvlelebi arian. mkafiod gamo-
xatuli xelmZRvanelobis da disciplinis gareSe maTi qmedebebi SesaZ-
loa gadametebuli gaxdes, da provocirebis SemTxvevaSi maT, SeiZle-
ba, iseTive TavzexelaRebuli Tvisebebi gamoavlinon, rogoric avto-
ritaruli reJimebis samsaxurSi myof pirebs axasiaTebs. „qcevis nor-
mebi~ moZraobis yvela monawilisTvis unda iyos mniSvnelovani, mag-
ram es gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdul organizaciebs exeba. zianis mom-
tani qcevis SezRudvisTvis saWiroa ganmsazRvreli qcevis normebis
wvrTniT da Zlieri xelmZRvanelobiT ganmtkiceba.

muSebi
eWvgareSea, rom globalizaciis Tanmdevma procesebma muSebis
mdgomareoba mTeli msoflios masStabiT gaarTules. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi profesiuli kavSirebi imis gamo dasustda, rom kompaniebi
sxva qveynebSi wasvliT daimuqrnen _ sadac muSaxeli ufro iafia. gan-
viTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebi ki bevrad ufro dainteresdnen maT-
Tan produqciis gadasvlis ekonomikuri upiratesobebiT, vidre iseTi
Zireuli aspeqtebiT, rogoricaa samuSao adgilebis usafrTxoeba,
normaluri jamagiri an muSaTa uflebebi. Zalauflebis uTanasworoba
muSaTa uflebebis uxeS darRvevebs iwvevs, amis gamosworebis gza ki
demokratiaze, kanonis uzenaesobasa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebaze ga-
dis.
muSebis organizebis amocana SesaZloa rTuli iyos, magram, Tuki
es moxerxdeba, erTianoba SeiZleba swrafad gavrceldes. SegaxsenebT,
rom poloneTSi demokratiulma moZraobam qalaq gdanskis gemTsaSeni
qarxnis eleqtrikosebis gaficvis Sedegad moipova warmateba.
strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis damgegmavi pirebisTvis
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani transportis seqtori da masTan
dakavSirebuli sferoebia. saqonlis, adamianebis Tu momsaxurebis ga-
daadgilebis nebismierma Seferxebam SeiZleba myisieri ekonomikuri
da politikuri zarali moutanos reJims. Tumca, amave dros, stra-

55
tegiaze momuSave pirebma is gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebic unda gai-
azron, romlebic, SesaZloa, sazogadoebisTvis sakvebis da sxva auci-
lebeli sagnebis miwodebis SeCerebam moitanos.

religiuri organizaciebi
organizebul religias tiraniis winaaRmdeg mimarTul brZolebSi
mniSvnelovani rolis didi istoria aqvs _ rogorc wesi, is cvlilebis
maZiebelTa mxares idga, Tumca yovelTvis ara. xSirad religiur
organizaciebs rogorc sulieri, ise finansuri kavSirebi gaaCniaT
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac moRvaweoben. es kavSirebi sazogadoebis yve-
la fenaze vrceldeba _ rogorc SeZlebul elitaze, ise naklebi pri-
vilegiis mqone socialur jgufebze. es imis gamoc xdeba, rom reli-
giur liderebs xSirad kargi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli rogorc reli-
giaSi, ise sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi. maT pativs scemen rogorc
mimdevrebi, ise sxvebic da xSirad maT sxva adamianebis qcevaze gavle-
nis moxdena moraluri da religiuri swavlebebis miRmac ZaluZT.
amave dros, maT SeuZliaT opoziciur moZraobas sulieri aspeqti Ses-
Zinon da opoziciis yvelaze kargi oratorebic gaxdnen. Tumca, meore
mxriv, isini SeiZleba tiranuli reJimis viwro interesebis samsaxurSi
zustad amdenadve gavleniani da aseTive oratorebi gaxdnen. Sesaba-
misad, moZraobis liderebi religiuri liderebis mxardaWeris mopo-
vebas an maTi mxridan negatiuri gavlenebis moxdenis SezRudvas unda
Seecadon.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (NGO-ebi)

nebismieri jgufi an organizacia, romelsac mTavrobis pirdapiri
kontrolis miRma SeuZlia funqcionireba, demokratiuli moZraobis-
Tvis potenciur monapovars warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso arasamTav-
robo organizaciebs SeuZliaT saxsrebis mozidva, mraval audito-
riasTan pirdapiri urTierTobis damyareba, sazRvargareTidan saWi-
ro rCevebis miReba da sxva demokratiuli moZraobebis gamocdile-
bebis gaziareba. adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi zogjer
sakmaod SezRuduli arian rogorc qmedebebSi, romelTa ganxorci-
elebis saSualeba gaaCniaT, ise dafinansebis wyaroebis mxriv. rogorc
saerTaSoriso, ise adgilobriv arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi xSi-
rad mTavrobis mogzavnili pirebi muSaoben xolme, Tumca, umetes Sem-
TxvevebSi, es problema advilad dasaZlevia. araZaladobriv konf-
liqtSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mniSvnelobas isic gansazR-

56
vravs, rom isini sazogadoebas sxvadasxva samsaxurs sTavazoben da,
Sesabamisad, aCveneben, rom ar aris aucilebeli, xalxi mTlianad
mTavrobaze iyos damokidebuli. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qme-
debebs im iZulebiTi, magram amavdroulad Semparavi, kavSiris dasus-
teba SeuZliaT, romelic avtoritarul reJimebs xalxis mxridan mor-
Cilebis mopovebisTvis sWirdebaT.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxridan avtoritarul reJimze xal-
xis damokidebulad yofnis dasustebis mkafio magaliTia is, rac
birmaSi 1962 wels, general ne vinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan Zalian
male moxda. qveynis dasavleTiT, arakanSi, mZlavri wyaldidoba moxda.
gadmocemis mixedviT, erTi kaTolike misioneri maSinve daukavSirda
qveynis sxva nawilebSi da indoeTSi myof misionerebs da Seatyobina,
rom daxmareba iyo saWiro. amas swrafi da efeqtiani reagireba mohyva:
ramdenime dReSi sakvebi, tansacmeli da samSeneblo masalebi Camovi-
da. rodesac mTavrobam zianis Sesafaseblad iq Tavisi jgufebi miav-
lina, gairkva, rom xelisuflebis daxmareba aRar iyo saWiro _ xalxs
TviTonve moevlo krizisisTvis. amboben, rom aman ne vini imdenad ga-
moiyvana mdgomareobidan, rom birmidan qristiani misionerebi gandev-
nes.
Tumca demokratiul moZraobebs isic unda SevaxsenoT, rom ara-
samTavrobo organizaciebs SesaZloa sakuTari miznebi amoZravebdeT.
mniSvnelovania am SesaZlo miznebis gaazreba da imis uzrunvelyofa,
rom isini demokratiuli moZraobis miznebs da amocanebs emTxveodes.
mxardaWera SeiZleba profesiul gaerTianebebSi, politikur par-
tiebSi, ucxour biznesebsa da ucxoeTis mTavrobebSi ipovoT, rogorc
individualurad, ise saerTaSoriso organizaciebis SuamavlobiT.
yuradRebidan ar gamogrCeT sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli mcire
jgufebi, romlebic konkretuli interesebis gamoa Seqmnili _ maga-
liTad, kervis jgufebi, monadireebis da meTevzeebis gaerTianebebi,
wignis moyvarulTa jgufebi, enis Semswavleli jgufebi, motocik-
listebis dajgufebebi, sportis moyvarulTa klubebi, koleqcione-
rebis jgufebi, mebaReebis jgufebi da sxva. strategiuli araZala-
dobrivi konfliqti saWiroebs rogorc Zalauflebis wyaroebis kont-
rols, ise mosaxleobis aqtiur CarTulobas. organizaciebi moicaven
Zalauflebis wyaroebs da gaaCniaT koleqtiuri qmedebebisTvis saWi-
ro safuZveli.

57
 1.3. morCileba

„adamiani Tavisufali ibadeba, magram yvelgan borkilebi

aqvs dadebuli~.
Jan Jak ruso,
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb,
wigni 1, Tavi 1

am da msgavsi mosazrebebis sapasuxod doqtorma jin Sarpma Semdegi

SekiTxvebi wamoWra:
rogor xdeba, rom mmarTveli uamrav qveSevrdomze politikur
dominacias moipovebs da inarCunebs? ratom eqvemdebareba da emor-
Cileba mas amdeni adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom es aSkarad ar Sedis
maT interesebSi?
am SekiTxvebis dasmas Sarpis mier xalxis morCilebis gamWriaxi
analizi mohyva. es Tavi didwilad am analizs eyrdnoba. Zalauflebis
pluralisturi modeli (1-li Tavi), Zalauflebis wyaroebis gamovli-
neba sayrdeni burjebis meSveobiT (me- 2 Tavi) da morCileba im sameuls
Seadgens, romelic mTavaria strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis gaazrebaSi. amdenad, aucilebe-
lia, kargad gvesmodes, Tu ratom aris xalxi morCili _ zogjer im-
denadac ki, rom sakuTar sicocxles swiraven faqtorebs, romleb-
sac aSkarad ar eTanxmebian. morCileba „politikuri Zalauflebis
guls warmoadgens~. Tu xalxi ar emorCileba, mmarTveli ver marTavs.
araZaladobrivi brZolis strategiebi swored am mosazrebas emyare-
ba. Tuki Cveni mizani is aris, rom xalxi STavagonoT, diqtatorebs da
sxva avtoritarul reJimebs Tanxmoba waarTvan, maSin pirvel rigSi
is unda gvesmodes, Tu ratom aris xalxi morCili.

Cveva
xalxis umravlesobis morCilebis mizezi maT morCilebis CvevaSia.
vibadebiT Tu ara, maSinve ufrosebis damjerad yofnas gvaswavlian.
umetesi CvenganisTvis pirveli avtoritetuli figurebi mSoblebi,
ufrosi da-Zmebi, bebiebi, babuebi da sxva naTesavebi arian, Semdeg es
xazi skolis maswavleblebiT, policielebiT da avtoritetuli sim-
boloebiTac ki grZeldeba. magaliTad, Cvevis gamo Cven SuqniSans ca-
riel gzajvaredinebzec ki vemorCilebiT.

58
 jarSi wvevamdelebis wvrTnis mTavari amocana morCilebis axle-
buri Cvevebis SeqmnaSi mdgomareobs. wvevamdeli swrafad swavlobs
Tavisi zemdgomis brZanebebze myisier da erTmniSvnelovan reagire-
bas. saaTobiT gagrZelebul, erTferovan wvrTnas da xelmZRvanelo-
bis damafrTxobel meTodebs araferi aqvT saerTo Tanamedrove omis
warmoebisTvis saWiro unarebTan _ yovelive es brZanebebis Sesru-
lebis Cvevis gamomuSavebisaken mimarTuli qmedebebia. amavdroulad,
jariskacis Zireuli unarebi _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, iaraRis gamo-
yeneba _ imdenadaa gamjdari ganmeorebadi wvrTnebis meSveobiT, rom
ukve CvevaSia gadasuli da aranair fiqrs ar saWiroebs.
Tambaqoze damokidebulma adamianebma kargad viciT, ras niSnavs
Cveva. Cven ar viciT, ramden sigarets veweviT, ver vixsenebT, rodis
movwieT, da mowevas Tavs verc maSin vanebebT, rodesac sigaretis fasi
absurdamde matulobs. imisaTvis, rom es da nebismieri sxva Cveva _
mmarTvelis morCilebis CaTvliT _ davarRvioT, aucilebelia konkre-
tuli gadawyvetileba miviRoT, mis Sesaxeb sakuTar Tavs mudmivad
vaxsenoT da vimeoroT, Tu ratom aris gadaCveva mniSvnelovani.

sanqciebis SiSi
daumorCileblobis gamo sasjelis SiSi xalxis morCilebis kidev
erTi mizezia. rodesac kanons varRvevT, SeiZleba Cven winaaRmdeg
saxelmwifos Zala iyos gamoyenebuli. SeiZleba didi TanxiT dagvaja-
rimon. saxelmwifom SesaZloa sakuTreba CamogvarTvas. saxelmwifom
SeiZleba cixeSi Cagvsvas. saxelmwifos sikvdiliTac ki SeuZlia dagv-
sajos, Tuki mis kanonebs davarRvevT. sanqciebis mizani kanonis damr-
Rvevis dasja da/an sxvebis mxridan imave an msgavsi kanonis darRvevis
Tavidan acilebaa. morCilebis mosapoveblad sanqciebis SiSs tirani
ufro metad eyrdnoba, vidre is mmarTvelebi, romlebsac sazogadoeba
sakuTari surviliT uWers mxars.

subieqturi interesebi
arsebobs bevri iseTi adamiani, romelic acxadebs, rom mTavroba
saSinlad ar moswons, magram amis miuxedavad mainc aqtiurad uWers
mas mxars. am paradoqsis axsna im subieqturi interesebiT da pirovnu-
li jildoebiT SeiZleba, romlebic mTavrobis mxardamWerebs gaaCni-
aT. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT, ra jildoebi eZlevaT samxedroebs
arapopularuli da sastiki politikis erTgulebisTvis; es SeiZleba

59
iyos dawinaureba, ordenebi, prestiJi, socialuri privilegiebi da
didi pensiebi. rodesac ekonomikas mTavroba akontrolebs da mosax-
leobis umravlesobasac mTavroba qiraobs, pirovnebis subieqtur
interesebSi Sedis is, rom ar dakargos samsaxuri, vinaidan SesaZle-
belia man sxva adgili ver iSovos. sxvebma reJimis mxardaWeris sanac-
vlod SesaZloa mniSvnelovani finansuri mogeba naxon. Cven ar unda
gavkicxoT yvela is adamiani, romlebic subieqturi interesebidan
gamomdinare, arapopularul mTavrobas uWeren mxars. TiToeul maT-
gans amis sakuTari mizezebi aqvs. bevri fiqrobs, rom alternativa
ar arsebobs. Cveni amocanaa, davajeroT es adamianebi, rom daumorCi-
lebloba SesaZloa maTsave interesebSi iyos.

moraluri valdebuleba
morCilebis moraluri valdebuleba yvela sazogadoebas axasi-
aTebs. morCilebis am valdebulebas safuZveli sazogadoebis saerTo
keTildReobaSi aqvs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kanoni yvela moqalaqes
icavs. zogierTi kanoni Cven sxvebis antisazogadoebrivi saqcielis-
gan (qurdoba, mkvleloba, gaupatiureba) gvicavs. sxva kanonebi sazo-
gadoebis saerTo keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs (saqonlis da momsa-
xurebis ganawileba, axalgazrdebis jarSi gawveva, gadasaxadebi). zog-
jer, SesaZloa, isic ki vifiqroT, rom saerTo keTildReobas yvelaze
metad maSin vuwyobT xels, rodesac saZulvel mmarTvels vemorCi-
lebiT, radgan ar gvjera, rom vinme sxva ukeTesi SeiZleba iyos. ioseb
stalini aSkara tirani iyo, magram mas milionobiT adamiani emorCi-
leboda, radgan iTvleboda, rom morCileba sazogadoebis saerTo
interess Seadgenda. zogierT russ „Zveli dro~ mas Semdegac ki enat-
reba, rac gaiges, rom stalinis gamo oc milionze meti adamiani iqna
mokluli. morCilebis am moraluri valdebulebis kidev erT gamoxa-
tulebad TaobebSi arsebuli mimbaZvelobac SeiZleba miviCnioT. gax-
sovdeT, rom am Taobriv fenomens SeuZlia misabaZi gaxados rogorc
morCileba, ise daumorCilebloba, amdenad, misi gamoyenebiT qcevis
normebis Secvlac SesaZlebelia.

zeadamianuri faqtorebi
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTvels zeadamianuri buneba da
RmerTis dari maxasiaTeblebi eniWeba. rodesac mmarTvels yovlisSem-
Zled an religiis personifikaciad aRiqvamen, misi daumorCilebloba
praqtikulad warmoudgenelia. vin gabedavda, ar damorCileboda
adolf hitlers maSin, rodesac igi mmarTvelobis mwvervalze

60
imyofeboda? liderebis RvTiurad qcevas grZeli istoria aqvs.
adamianebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi uSvebdnen „RmerTi-mefis~ da
„mefis RvTiuri uflebis~ cnebebs. RvTaebrivi mmarTvelobis kidev
erTi formacia meoce saukunis iranSi religiisa da saxelmwifos Ser-
wymaa. morCilebis am faqtorTan dapirispirebas mxolod simarTlis
Tqma SegvaZlebinebs _ adamiani ar aris yovlisSemZle da arc mmarTve-
lia RmerTis mier movlenili miwaze.

mmarTvelebTan fsiqologiuri identifikacia

arseboben adamianebi, romlebic mmarTvelebs sakuTari ojaxebis
wevrebad aRiqvamen. daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc fexburTis gundis
gulSematkivrebi ganicdian sixaruls, rodesac maTi gundi igebs, da
mwuxarebas, rodesac is agebs, mmarTveli individis „gagrZelebad~
iqceva xolme. es gansakuTrebiT maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac xalxma da
mmarTvelma erTad gamoiares raime rTuli gamocdileba _ magali-
Tad, damoukideblobisTvis brZola (damoukideblobisTvis mebrZoli
ramdenime arcTu Zalian dadebiTi magaliTia xo Si mini, generali ne
vini da robert mugabe). Tuki piris morCilebas swored es „ganvrco-
bili ojaxis~ faqtori ganapirobebs, mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis
darwmuneba imaSi, rom mmarTvelTan msgavsi gaigiveba ukve aRar aris
gamarTlebuli.

gulgriloba
zogierTi piri SeiZleba saerTod gulgrili iyos im umetesi, Tu
yvela ara, kanonis mimarT, romlebic maT yoveldRiur cxovrebas mxo-
lod Soridan Tu SeiZleba Seexos. isini mxolod imitom arian morCi-
lebi, rom daumorCileblobam SeiZleba zedmeti xifaTi Seqmnas. ada-
mianebis umravlesoba swored amgvarad udgeba umetes kanons. prob-
lemebi maSin Cndeba, rodesac ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis
SemzRudavi kanonebi gulgrilobis am komfortul zonaSi iwyeben
SeWras. demokratiuli opoziciis amocanaa, sazogadoeba gamoafxiz-
los da miuTiTos, rom msgavsi SeWris mimarT gulgriloba aRar SeiZ-
leba; rom gulgriloba sazogadoebis damonebas uwyobs xels, vinaidan
individualuri Tavisufleba sul ufro metad izRudeba xelisuf-
lebis mier.

sakuTari Tavis rwmenis arqona

sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo zogierT adamians Tavdajerebuloba ak-
lia da sakuTari gansjis unaris, winaaRmdegobis gawevis an daumorCi-

61
leblobis gamoCenis SesaZleblobis ar sjera. iq, sadac avtorita-
ruli mmarTveloba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, sazogado-
ebas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis mcire gamocdileba da liderebis
gamovlenis mwiri SesaZleblobebi hqonda. SesaZlebelia, zogierTi
fiqrobs, rom mmarTvelebs maTze ukeTesad SeuZliaT gadawyvetile-
bebis miReba. da rac Zalian mniSvnelovania winaaRmdegobis moZra-
obisTvis, isini SesaZloa fiqrobdnen, rom maT ar ZaluZT mTavrobis
winaaRmdeg warmatebuli daumorCileblobis gamovlena an gaTavisuf-
lebisTvis brZolaSi monawileoba. araZaladobrivi brZolis warma-
tebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, xalxs imis rwmena daubrundes, rom
mmarTvelebis qmedebebis Sefaseba da Semdeg am Sefasebebidan gamom-
dinare qmedeba SeuZlia. is, rac Cven SesaZloa `gulgriloba~ gvego-
nos, zogjer SeiZleba sinamdvileSi sakuTari Tavis rwmenis arqona
iyos.

Sejameba
Cven axla imis ramdenime mizezi ganvixileT, Tu ratom emorCileba
xalxi mmarTvelebs. es mizezebi, Tavis mxriv, im mosazrebis uaryofaa,
rom morCileba `bunebrivi~ maxasiaTebelia. morCileba adamianebs
genetikurad ar mosdgamT _ is Cvevebis, SiSis da interesebis kombina-
ciis Sedegad Cndeba. xolo Cvevebi da interesebi SeiZleba Seicvalos,
SiSi ki _ damarcxdes.

62
 Tavi 2
araZaladobrivi brZolis formebi da meTodebi

`me mxolod imas vamtkiceb, rom Cem mier

ganxorcielebulma yovelma eqsperimentma
ganmimtkica rwmena – araZaladobrioba
kacobriobis xelSi arsebul udides Zalas
warmoadgens~.
mahaTma gandi

2003 wlis movlenebis Semdeg, albaT, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis

didi nawilisTvis naTeli gaxda araZaladobrivi brZolisa da xalxis
mobilizebis potenciali da Zala. dRes albaT sazogadoebis didi
nawili Tanxmdeba, rom maSin ganxorcielebuli reJimis Secvla mosax-
leobaSi wlebis manZilze dagrovili ukmayofilebis Sedegi iyo, ro-
melmac kulminacias miaRwia da romlis mobilizebac didwilad axal-
gazrdobis erTma nawilma da samoqalaqo sazogadoebam iTava.
2003 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarda saxalxo araZa-
ladobrivi moZraoba, romlis erT-erT RerZs studenturi organiza-
cia `kmara~ warmoadgenda. am organizaciis istoria 2000 wels, saxelm-
wifo universitetSi studenturi jgufis CamoyalibebiT iwyeba,
romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi korufcias aprotes-
tebda. mas Semdeg jgufi gafarTovda da serbeTis identuri moZra-
obis _ `otporis~ _ gamocdilebis gaziarebiT bevrad gaiRrmava saor-
ganizacio potenciali da araZaladobrivi brZolis Teoriuli codna.
am wignis funqcias ar warmoadgens `kmaras~, rogorc organizaciis,
qmedebebis safuZvliani da sistematuri analizi. winamdebare teqstis
miznebidan gamomdinare, mTavari aspeqti, romelic `kmaras~ aqtu-
alurs xdis, is aris, rom am organizaciam saqarTveloSi deklarire-
buli saxiT Semoitana araZaladobrivi, strategiuli brZolis ideebi.
es ideebi ki, Tavis mxriv, ukanasknel aTwleulSi gamorCeuli inten-
sivobiT gavrcelda regionul Tu globalur konteqstSi da mravali
socialuri moZraobis STagonebis wyaro gaxda. gviandel 1990-ian
wlebSi serbebma araZaladobrivi brZolis gamocdileba slovakebis-
gan gadmoiRes; 2002-2003 wlebSi `kmaram~ serbebisgan iswavla; ser-
bebma da qarTvelebma Semdeg gamocdileba ukrainelebs da yazaxebs
gauziares.

63
 Tumca, cxadia, sakuTriv araZaladobriv brZolas am magaliTebze
bevrad farTo da mravlismomcveli istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom msoflio da erovnuli istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebisa da isto-
riuli wyaroebis didi umravlesoba erebis sidiadis warmoCenis mTa-
var aqcents omebis rolze akeTebs, warsuls uamravi SemTxveva axsovs,
rodesac xalxma konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi Zaladobriv oms sxva
meTodebi arCia.
araZaladobrivi brZolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino da yve-
laze xSirad citirebuli magaliTi mahaTma gandis mier indoeTSi
aTwleulebis manZilze warmoebuli brZolaa, romelmac bolos brita-
neTis imperia aiZula, indoeTis okupaciaze uari eTqva. meore msof-
lio omis dros germanelTa okupacias daniis mosaxleobam araZala-
dobrivi winaaRmdegoba daupirispira. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
1960-ian wlebSi masobrivi araZaladobrivi brZola warmoebda samo-
qalaqo uflebebisTvis, romelmac rasobrivi segregaciis mniSvnelo-
vani dasusteba moitana. 1980 wels poloneTis muSebma gaficvebis me-
Todi gamoiyenes da socialistur qveynebSi pirvelad miaRwies Tavi-
sufali profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis uflebas. 1980-ian wlebSi diq-
tatorebis Camogdebis mizniT araZaladobriv kampaniebs filipinelma
da Cilelma xalxmac mimarTa. samxreT afrikis araZaladobrivma sa-
moqalaqo moZraobam boikotebi da sxva sanqciebi gamoiyena aparTe-
iduli reJimis dasustebisa da sabolood misi Secvlis mizniT. warma-
tebuli araZaladobrivi brZolis sxva magaliTebi baltiispireTis
qveynebSi warmoebuli damoukideblobis moZraobebi da CexeTisa da
slovakeTis `xaverdovani revoluciebia~. istorias warumatebeli
araZaladobrivi iniciativebic axsovs: iqneba es palestinis pirveli
intifada, CineTis tiananminis moednis moZraoba, birmis politikuri
daumorCilebloba Tu kosovos samoqalaqo winaaRmdegoba.
yvela am magaliTs aerTianebs araZaladobrivi brZolis principe-
bis gaziareba, Tumca, cxadia, yvela es calkeuli SemTxveva mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan rogorc zogadi kulturuli
maxasiaTeblebiT, ise specifikuri strategiisa Tu taqtikis gamoyene-
bis formebiT. am araZaladobrivi konfliqtebis didi nawili mniSvne-
lovnad eyrdnoboda spontanurobisa da improvizaciis elementebs,
Tumca sxvebi ufro dagegmil xasiaTs atarebda da winaswar gansazR-
vrul strategias misdevda. araZaladobrivi brZolis forma, rome-
lic serbeTSi gamoiyenes da romelic miloSeviCis CamogdebiT dam-
Tavrda, mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda jin Sarpis Sromebs (araZaladob-

64
rivi qmedebis politika/The Politics of Nonviolent action, da diqtatu-
ridan demokratiamde: gaTavisuflebis Teoriuli CarCo/From Dicta-
torship to Democracy. a Conceptual Framework for Liberation). amasTan,
araZaladobrivi brZolis strategiis SemuSavebaSi `otpors~ didad
daexmara SeerTebuli Statebis jaris yofili samxedro polkovniki,
robert helvi. swored helvim mouwoda otporis wevrebs serbul sa-
zogadoebaSi `Zalauflebis wyaroebisa~ da `sayrdeni burjebis~ gaana-
lizebisa da maTi TavianTi miznebisTvis gamoyenebisken.
SesaZlebelia, zogs araZaladobriv brZolaSi samxedro sqemebisa
da azrovnebis gamoyeneba paradoqsulad moeCvenos. magram araZala-
dobrivi brZola, garkveuli parametrebiT, Zaladobis gareSe warmo-
ebuli omia, romelsac dagegmva, strategia da taqtika esaWiroeba da
romelic konkretul meqanizmebs da meTodebs eyrdnoba. winaswar
gansazRvruli, gaanalizebuli da sistematurad SemuSavebuli stra-
tegia mniSvnelovnad zrdis araZaladobriv konfliqtSi gamarjvebis
mopovebis Sanss.
winamdebare wignis es nawili im principebs, safuZvlebs da meTo-
debs ganixilavs, romelTa meSveobiTac araZaladobrivi konfliqti
dagegmil da gaazrebul formas iZens. rodesac wignis mesame, praqti-
kul nawilze gadaxvalT da kampaniis warmoebisTvis konkretuli for-
mebis SerCevas daiwyebT, mniSvnelovania, es Teoriuli safuZvlebi
gaiTvaliswinoT. imis miuxedavad, Tqvens mizans zogadad avtorita-
rul reJimTan brZola warmoadgens Tu calkeuli sakiTxis irgvliv
specifikuri kampaniis warmoeba, farTo konteqstis aRqma da gaazre-
buli dagegmva yovelTvis aucilebelia.

2.1. strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis principebi

pirvel rigSi, albaT upriani iqneba, erTianad gaviazroT is Ziri-
Tadi principebi, romelTac strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZola
emyareba. piter akermanisa da kristofer krugleris mixedviT, es
principebi SeiZleba Tormet ZiriTad punqtad daiyos:

ganviTarebis principebi
1. funqciuri miznebis gansazRvra.
2. organizaciuli Zalis ganviTareba.
3. saWiro materialuri resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
4. gareSe mxardaWeris mopoveba.
5. meTodebis/formebis gamravalferovneba.

65
 brZolis principebi
1. mowinaaRmdegis kontrolis SenarCunebis strategiaze
Tavdasxma.
2. mowinaaRmdegis Zaladobrivi iaraRis neitralizacia.
3. mowinaaRmdegisTvis sayrdeni burjebis warTmeva.
4. araZaladobrivi disciplinis SenarCuneba.

konceptualuri principebi
1. movlenebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba strategiul
konteqstSi.
2. Setevisa da Tavdacvis operaciebis morgeba mowinaaRmdegis
Zalebsa da sisusteebze.
3. meTodebs, formebsa da miznebs Soris erTianobis SenarCuneba.

am Tormet princips, Tavis mxriv, sami ZiriTadi SekiTxva aerTi-

anebs. ganviTarebis pirveli xuTi principi miznad isaxavs, gaiazros,
ris gakeTeba SeiZleba imisaTvis, rom strategiuli araZaladobrivi
konfliqtis warmoebisTvis ukeTesi da ufro metad xelsayreli
garemo Seiqmnas. brZolis oTxi principi ukve konfliqtis warmoebis
etaps exeba da pasuxobs SekiTxvas, Tu rogor unda moxdes mowinaaRm-
degesTan urTierToba ise, rom araZaladobriv meTodebs maqsimaluri
Sedegi hqondes. SekiTxva, romelsac sami konceptualuri principi
pasuxobs, ase JRers: `rogor SevafasoT is nabijebi, romlebic aqamde
gadavdgiT, da kidev ra qmedebebs unda mivmarToT konfliqtis Semd-
gom etapebze?~.
es principebi erTmaneTs mWidrod ukavSirdeba, Tumca SesaZloa
zemoT moyvanili Tanamdevroba konkretul miznebs da kampaniebs mo-
ergos da sxva forma miiRos. mTavari, rac unda gaxsovdeT, am princi-
pebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaa sistematuri da erTiani stra-
tegiuli midgomis SemuSavebisTvis.

2.2. araZaladobrivi brZolis meqanizmebi da meTodebi

arCeuli gzis miuxedavad, sazogadoebis diqtaturidan demokra-
tiaSi gadayvana yovelTvis rTulia. Tuki opoziciuri moZraoba ami-
saTvis strategiuli araZaladobriobis gzas irCevs, gaazrebuli un-
da iqnes is sxvadasxva formebi Tu meqanizmebi, romliTac araZala-
dobrivi brZola mmarTvelsa da daqvemdebarebulebs Soris urTier-
TobaSi sasurvel cvlilebebs iwvevs. jin Sarpi `Zalauflebis struq-

66
turebis Secvlis meqanizmebis~ oTx formaze laparakobs. esenia: gar-
daqmna, Sewyoba, iZuleba da daSla. es oTxi aspeqti warmoadgens Se-
mecnebiT CarCos, romelSic SegviZlia Zalauflebis struqturebis
cvlilebis Sesaxeb informacia ganvixiloT. amave dros, araZaladob-
rivi qmedebis es gakveTilebi SeiZleba cvlilebis dasaCqarebel meTo-
debad, an warsulSi ganxorcielebuli araZaladobrivi qmedebebisa
Tu kampaniebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyenoT.
am TavSi araZaladobrivi qmedebis farTo kategoriebsac ganvixilavT:
protestsa da darwmunebas, araTanamSromlobas, intervencias.

gardaqmna
cvlilebebis moxdenis mizniT oponentis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli
araZaladobrivi qmedebebis meqanizmebi an procesebi miswrafebebs Tu
gavlenebs gansxvavebuli intensivobiT aRweren. SeiZleba Seiqmnas
situaciebi, rodesac SeZlebT, reJimi daarwmunoT, rom opoziciuri
jgufis rekomendaciebis an moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba misive in-
teresebSi Sedis. gardaqmnas kampaniis mawarmoebeli jgufisTvis mra-
vali upiratesobis motana SeuZlia. reJimis mxridan daTmobam da
cvlilebis saWiroebis aRiarebam SeiZleba opoziciis liderebisTvis
ndobis da legitimurobis xarisxi gazardos, saxelmwifosTan pirda-
piri dapirispirebis potenciuri riski Seamciros da, rac Zalian mniS-
vnelovania, datovos is resursebi, romlebsac konfliqtis ufro
gviandel etapebze gamoiyenebT. magram es meqanizmi _ romelic, ro-
gorc wesi, mciredi zewolis Semcvel qmedebebs saWiroebs _ radika-
luri avtoritaruli reJimebis winaaRmdeg gamosayeneblad xSirad
sakmarisi ar aris. amis miuxedavad, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis
da misi dayenebis gzebis sworma SerCevam Zalze sastiki reJimebis
winaaRmdegac ki moipova warmateba.
Tuki gavixsenebT, rom strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZola
Zalauflebis wyaroebze axdens Setevas, SesaZlebelia, reJimis sayr-
deni burjebis gardaqmnis mcdelobebmac Sedegi gamoiRos. am proce-
sis pirveli safexuri is aris, rom am organizaciebisa da samizne ins-
titutebis wevrebi darwmundnen: isini, rogorc individebi, `xalxis
mtrebi~ ar arian da sinamdvileSi demokratiuli sazogadoebis dafa-
sebuli da pativcemuli wevrebi gaxdebian. rogorc ki es mizani miRwe-
uli iqneba, samizne institutebis wevrebi maSinve ufro meti yuradRe-
biT moekidebian politikuri cvlilebebisken, mogvianebiT ki konkre-
tuli aqciebisken, mowodebebs.

67
 gardaqmna ZiriTad meqanizms warmoadgens prodemokratiuli Zale-
bis gafarToebisa da gaZlierebis saqmeSi. gardaqmnis miRwevis mcde-
lobebSi propagandis is formebi gamogadgebaT, romlebic demokra-
tiuli da avtoritaruli reJimebis pirobebSi cxovrebis kontrasts
warmoaCenen, da mTel msoflioSi mimdinare araZaladobrivi aqciebis
ambebs hyvebian. demonstraciebis, gaficvebis, boikotebis da protes-
tis sxva formebis Sesaxeb axali ambebi sazogadoebis Sexedulebebze
gavlenas axdens. da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, sazogadoebas `xva-
lindeli dRis xedva~ da am xedvis ganxorcielebis gzebi unda miewo-
dos.
gardaqmnis mcdelobebSi yvelaze Zlier Zalas, albaT, avtorita-
rul reJimebTan dapirispirebisTvis gambedaobis demonstrireba war-
moadgens. Cagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sazogadoebrivi gambedaobis
qmedebebi im stereotips angrevs, romelic araZaladobriv protestSi
CarTul adamianebs laCrebad saxavs. simamace universalur pativis-
cemas aRZravs, sulerTia, mas brZolis velze gasuli jariskacebi ga-
moxataven Tu isini, vinc mCagvreli reJimis winaaRmdeg araZaladob-
rivad ibrZvis. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, opoziciuri dajgufebis wevre-
bis mier gadatanil tanjvas didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia rogorc
mCagvrelebis, ise Cagrulebis Sexedulebebze. simamace yovelTvis
miznis misaRwevad daRvrili sisxliT ar izomeba. gambedaobis WeSma-
rit sazoms qmedebis mZime Sedegebis mimarT gamovlenili mzaoba war-
moadgens. magaliTad, isini, vinc 1776 wels amerikis damoukideblobis
aqts moaweres xeli, inglisis mefis daumorCileblobiT simamacis di-
debul magaliTs iZleodnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im samoqalaqo uf-
lebebisTvis mebrZol aqtivistebze, romlebic 1950-ian da 1960-ian
wlebSi segregaciis aRmosafxvrelad mjdomare aqciebs mimarTavdnen.
daumorCileblobis am orive magaliTma da riskze wasvlis mzaobam
gamoiwvia is, rom sazogadoeba am moZraobebis monawileTa miznebis
samarTlianobaze dafiqrda.

Sewyoba
zogjer isec xdeba, rom reJimi prodemokratiuli Zalebis Txovnas
Tu moTxovnebs miiRebs da maTTan Sewyobas Seecdeba. es pativiscemisa
da Tavazianobis gamo ki ar xdeba, aramed imis gamo, rom reJims Se-
saZloa socialuri daZabulobebis ganeitraleba, ucxoeTis mTavro-
bebis damokidebulebaze gavlenis moxdena, xalxze zrunviT moqala-
qeebze STabeWdilebis moxdena an sakiTxis daxurva surdes. reJimis-

68
Tvis es iZuleba ar aris _ is ubralod gadawyvets, rom uSualod mis
interesebs araferi emuqreba da opoziciasTan konkretul sakiTxze
daTmobaze wasvla mas ar daasustebs. sinamdvileSi reJimis mxridan
Zalauflebis absoluturi floba ukve dasustebulia, vinaidan is im
sakiTxebis mimarT iCens yuradRebas, romlebmac SesaZloa mTavrobis
mimarT xalxis ukmayofileba gazardos. `axali ambebi~ regularulad
gadmoscemen totalitaruli mTavrobebis mxridan moTxovnebis
simboluri miRebis ambebs. politikuri reformebis moTxovnis nawi-
lobrivi miRebis mizniT rangunis politikuri reJimi da komunistu-
ri CineTis liderebi xSirad aTavisufleben ramdenime patimars maSin,
rodesac dasavleTis mniSvnelovani pirebi maTTan vizitad Cadian.
israelis mTavrobac regularulad axorcielebs simbolur Jestebs,
raTa palestinelebisadmi humanuri mopyrobis Sesaxeb SeerTebuli
Statebis mTavrobis moTxovna daakmayofilos. sakiTxebi, romelTa
dakmayofilebasac mTavrobebi irCeven, rogorc wesi, gamaRizianebel
faqtorebad miiCneva, xolo daTanxmebiT maT xelisuflebaSi yofnas
araferi emuqreba. sxva sityvebiT, es maTTvis iseTi gadawyvetilebaa,
romelsac minimaluri riski axlavs Tan.
mTavrobebis mxridan opoziciuri jgufebis mimarT daTmobebze
wasvlis bolodroindeli magaliTebi simboluri Jestebidan erTi Se-
xedviT Tavisufali arCevnebis gamarTvamde meryeobs. litvaSi, maga-
liTad, komunisturi reJimis mimarT sazogadoebaSi mzardi protes-
tis sapasuxod uzenaesma sabWom 1988 wels demokratiuli moZraobis
moTxovnebis dakmayofileba scada, rac sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT
litvuri enisTvis oficialuri statusis miniWebas da erT-erT is-
toriul adgilas erovnuli droSis aRmarTvas gulisxmobda. im dro-
isaTvis demokratiuli moZraoba _ romelsac `TanasabWo~, `saiudisi~
da sxva jgufebi edgnen saTaveSi _ imdenad farTo da warmatebuli
iyo, rom reJimis mxridan mxolod simboluri daTmobebi aRar iyo sak-
marisi. amis Sedegad gaizarda opoziciis, rogorc demokratiuli
cvlilebis momxdeni Zalis, mimarT ndoba.
sadam huseinis 2002 wlis gadawyvetileba, neba daerTo religiuri
ritualebis SesrulebisTvis, Cveni drois Sewyobis kidev erTi maga-
liTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom sadam huseini erayis sazogadoebis abso-
lutur kontrols axorcielebda, igi mainc dasTanxmda Siitebis
moTxovnas baRdadis gareubanSi arsebul salocavSi aTasobiT adami-
anis msvlelobis gamarTvaze. huseins SeeZlo, am moTxovnaze uari ga-
necxadebina, da mas, cxadia, gaaCnda is samxedro da policiuri Zala,

69
riTac am akrZalvas ganamtkicebda. magram igi mainc wavida daTmobaze
_ SeiZleba imis imediT, rom opoziciis kidev erTxel gaRizianebas
da Ria da Zaladobriv dapirispirebas Tavidan aicilebda.
erT-erTi yvelaze radikaluri daTmoba, romelzedac SeiZleba
reJimi wavides, Ria arCevnebis moTxovnis miRebaa. magram aseTi ar-
Cevnebis gamarTva TiTqmis yovelTvis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. meoce
saukunis bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uamravi SemTxveva iyo,
rodesac arademokratiuli reJimebi sakuTar sazRvrebSi `Tavisufa-
li~ arCevnebis gamarTvas daTanxmden. saqarTvelos xalxs mTavrobis
mier arCevnebis gayalbebis da amis Sedegad gamowveuli masobrivi am-
boxebis gamocdileba albaT kargad axsovs.
rodesac jgufebi im sakiTxebs arCeven, romelTan `Sewyobac~ Se-
iZleba mTavrobam isurvos, mniSvnelovania, rom Tanxmobis SemTxve-
vaSi mTavrobas xalxis winaSe `kargad gamoCenis~ saSualeba mieces.
amave dros, sazogadoebam unda gaigos, rom reJimis mxridan daTmo-
baze wasvla araZaladobrivi moZraobis mzard Zalas asaxavs, da rom
sazogadoebis gaumjobesebisTvis ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi su-
lac ar saWiroeben sisxlisRvras. gardaqmnis da Sewyobis erTiani
efeqtianoba sazogadoebas aZlierebs da mas kidev ufro mZlavri
qmedebebisTvis amzadebs.
avtoritaruli reJimebi arCevnebs xSirad iyeneben imisaTvis, rom
opoziciis mxridan politikuri cvlilebebis moTxovnebs `Seewyon~.
sazogadoebisTvis samwuxarod, opoziciis liderebi xSirad fiqro-
ben, rom arCevnebi Tavisufali da samarTliani iqneba, rom xalxs mTav-
robis mxridan daSinebebis gaZleba SeuZlia, an rom saerTaSoriso
damkvirveblebi xmebis daTvlis procesis samarTlianad Catarebas
uzrunvelyofen. serbeTis 2000 wlisa da zimbabves 2002 wlis arCev-
nebi im gansxvavebuli Sedegebis magaliTebia, romlebic SeiZleba ga-
yalbebul arCevnebs mohyves.
serbeTSi politikurma opoziciam arCevnebis monitoringis sis-
tema Seqmna saarCevno ubnebidan belgradis centralur ofisamde. maT
kompetenturi da organizebuli kampaniis (GOTV) monawileebi hyavdaT
da samoqmedo gegmac gaaCndaT im SemTxvevisTvis, Tuki mTavroba sa-
arCevno xmebis moparvas Seecdeboda. xmis daTvlis adgilebidan mo-
suli opoziciuri jgufebis pirveladi monacemebiT, gamarjveba de-
mokratiulma Zalebma moipoves, da es oficialuri Sedegebis gamov-
lenamde gamocxadda. rodesac mTavrobam ganacxada, rom misi monace-
mebiT opoziciam ver gaimarjva, xalxi quCaSi gavida da sakuTari ga-

70
marjveba mTeli qveynis masStabiT gamarTuli masobrivi demonstra-
ciebiT gamoxata. es demonstraciebi parlamentisken msvlelobiT
dasrulda. yvelaferi imdenad momzadebuli iyo, rom axali mTavro-
bis gamocxadebis procesSi arc policia da arc jari ar Careula.
2002 wlis martSi zimbabveSi gamarTul arCevnebs gansxvavebuli
Sedegi hqonda. zimbabves demokratiuli gardaqmnis opoziciurma moZ-
raobam (MDC) sakuTari strategia serbiis moZraobisa da Tavisufali
da samarTliani arCevnebis gamarTvisTvis saerTaSoriso organiza-
ciebis rekomendaciebis mixedviT ganaviTara. naklebi yuradReba
moeqca `saTadarigo~ gegmas im SemTxvevisTvis, Tuki robert mugabe
saarCevno xmebs moiparavda. Tumca imis niSnebi, rom mugabe Zalauf-
lebaze uaris Tqmas ar apirebda, adreve gamoCnda. Seiqmna axalgazr-
duli dajgufebebi, romlebic xeljoxebiT da danebiT SeaiaraRes da
romlebsac opoziciuri partiebis muSakebze Tavdasxmis sanacvlod
sakvebs da fuls dahpirdnen. opoziciuri moZraobis mxardamWerebs
da im adamianebs, romlebzec eWvobdnen, rom general mugabesTvis xmis
micemas ar apirebdnen, scemdnen da aSinebdnen. opoziciis saprezi-
dento kandidati Ralatis braldebiT daapatimres. policia da
uSiSroebis agentebi xalxis daSinebas Seudgnen. rogorc ambobdnen,
uSualod arCevnebis dResac ki rigSi mdgar adamianebs saerTaSoriso
damkvirveblebis Tvalwin scemdnen. zogierTi evropuli qveynis
damkvirvebeli qveynidan gaaZeves. arCevnebis dRes saarCevno ubnebi
gadaaadgiles, rac amomrCevlebis dasabnevad gamiznuli mTavrobis
strategia iyo. Sedegebis Tvlis procesSi aTasobiT amomrCeveli ar
iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. mugabem sakuTari gamarjvebis Sesaxeb ganacxada.
vinaidan arc gegma hqonda da arc imis SesaZlebloba, sxva gzebiT mieRwia
xalxis nebis aRsrulebisTvis, MDC-s sxva aRaraferi darCenoda imis
gamocxadebis garda, rom arCevnebi Tavisufali da samarTliani ar iyo.
maT arCevnebis Tavidan gamarTva moiTxoves, Tumca imis garantia, rom
axali arCevnebi sxva SedegiT dasruldeboda, aravis hqonda.
am yvelaferSi mTavari is aris, rom arCevnebi mTavrobebisTvis Za-
lian mniSvnelovani faqtoria, vinaidan damarcxeba maTi legitimu-
robis dakargvis tolfasia rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saerTaSoriso
konteqstSi. amave mizezTa gamo arCevnebi da maTSi gamarjveba aranak-
leb mniSvnelovania demokratiuli opoziciisTvis. aucilebelia imis-
Tvis momzadeba, rom adamianebi mzad iyvnen arCevnebSi sakuTari nebis
gamovlenisTvis, agreTve saWiroa iseTi frTxili da gonivruli geg-
mis qona, romliTac reJimis mxridan saarCevno xmebis gayalbebas
daupirispirdebiT.

71
 iZuleba
gardaqmna da Sewyoba mCagvrels saSualebas aZlevs, araZaladob-
rivi oponentebis Txovnebi an moTxovnebi miiRos an uaryos ise, rom
amas myisieri Sedegebi ar mohyves. iZulebas ki SeuZlia, mTavrobis-
Tvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis mimarT damorCileba gamoiwvios. maSin,
rodesac iZuleba efeqtiani xdeba, reJimis realuri Zala ukve mniS-
vnelovnad Seryeulia. opoziciur jgufebs unda esmodeT, rom na-
adrevad ganxorcielebulma iZulebis mcdelobebma SesaZloa sazo-
gadoebis TvalSi maTive diskreditacia moaxdinon. iZulebiTi moT-
xovnebis dayeneba, romlebic mCagvreli mTavrobis arsebobas uSu-
alod ayeneben kiTxvis niSnis qveS, mxolod frTxili dagegmvisa da
warmatebis Sansis obieqturi gaanalizebis Semdeg unda moxdes. Tuki
iZulebis Sedegad moTxovnebis dakmayofileba realuri ar aris, maSin
am meqanizmis gamoyenebis samomavlod gadadebaze an moTxovnebis
formulirebis Secvlaze unda dafiqrdeT.
politikuri partiebi da studenturi jgufebi zogjer iseT `moT-
xovnebs~ ayeneben, romelTa dakmayofileba ar aris SesaZlebeli. uf-
ro upriani iqneba, reJims organizaciuli miznebis Sesaxeb acnoboT
da mxolod sazogadoebis mobilizebis Semdeg ganaviTaroT jgufis
strategiuli dagegmvis SesaZleblobebi. reJimis sayrdeni burjebis
dasustebis mcdeloba maSin unda ganaxorcieloT, rodesac es miznebi
konkretul moTxovnebad iqceva. Tu, magaliTad, arsebobs `moTxovna~
`Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis~ Catarebaze, am moTxovnis
uaryofis SemTxvevaSi ra zomebi gatardeba reJimis winaaRmdeg?
iZuleba warmatebulia maSin, rodesac, reJimis survilis sawinaaR-
mdegod, opoziciis moTxovnebi miRweulia. 2000 wlis oqtomberSi
serbeTSi gamarTuli arCevnebis dros opoziciurma jgufebma gamarj-
veba gamoacxades imis miuxedavad, rom miloSeviCis reJimma arCevnebis
gameorebis aucileblobaze ganacxada. vinaidan reJimis mxridan ar-
Cevnebis gayalbeba iyo mosalodneli, strategiuli araZaladobrivi
brZoliT Zalauflebis mopovebis dagegmvis vrceli procesi arCevne-
bamde iyo dasrulebuli. parlamentis Senobisken svla asobiT aTasma
serbma ganaxorciela da diqtatori erTiani, mtkice gadawyvetilebiT
Camoagdo. miloSeviCs ar SeeZlo sakuTari marcxisTvis winaaRmde-
gobis gaweva. misi mTavari sayrdeni burjebi gamqraliyo. policiam
uari ganacxada samoqalaqo protestis monawileebis belgradSi arSe-
mosaSvebad gzebis gadaketvaze, jarma ki uari miloSeviCis saxeliT
Carevaze Tqva, vinaidan arCevnebi politikuri sakiTxi iyo, romelic

72
samxedro Carevas ar saWiroebda. am ori sayrdeni burjis gamocla
Tveebis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli procesis Sedegi iyo, rodesac ja-
ris, policiisa da mTavrobis wevrebs arwmunebdnen, rom demokrati-
uli cvlileba maT poziciebs ar Seamcirebda da ar gamoiwvevda xeli-
suflebis wevrebis devnas. miloSeviCi swrafad mixvda, rom mas Zala
gamoecala.
imis miuxedavad, rom arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac araZaladob-
rivi iZulebis gamoyeneba opoziciuri jgufebisTvis warmatebiT das-
rulda, qmedebis realuri SesaZleblobis gareSe ganxorcielebuli
muqara nebismier moZraobas zians ayenebs. ase moxda 2002 wels zim-
babveSi, rodesac saerTo gaficvisken ori mowodeba mowodebad darCa
da ar ganxorcielda. kidev erTi, amjerad warmatebuli, gaficvis mow-
yobas Tveebis manZilze warmoebuli dagegmva da koordinireba das-
Wirda. dapirebuli sanqciebis sisruleSi moyvanis SesaZleblobis ga-
reSe ganxorcielebul iZulebis mcdelobebs SeuZliaT demokrati-
isTvis brZola daasuston; sazogadoebis aqtiuri mxardaWera SesaZ-
loa ganeldes; saerTaSoriso mxardamWerebs SesaZlebelia moZraobis
SesaZleblobebis mimarT eWvebi gauCndeT. moZraobisTvis amgvari ne-
gatiuri Sedegebis Tavidan asacileblad Zalian mniSvnelovania rom,
farTomasStabiani araZaladobrivi kampaniebis dagegmvas da gamar-
Tvas Tan SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba erTvodes.

daSla
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, opoziciuri jgufebis mxridan mmarTve-
lebis iZulebis SesaZlebloba imaze miuTiTebs, rom Zalauflebis
mniSvnelovani gadanawileba ukve momxdaria. da rodesac opozicia
gaiazrebs, rom Zalauflebis balansi mis sasargeblodaa Secvlili,
reJimze Seteva ufro farTo frontze unda ganxorcieldes, TanamS-
romlobaze uaris Tqmisa da Carevis ufro Zlieri meTodebis gamoye-
nebiT. Tu es Setevebi mdgradia, reJimi daiSleba, vinaidan misi mmarT-
velobisTvis aucilebeli sayrdeni burjebi aRar iarsebebs.
Tuki opozicia reJimis daSlas aucileblobad miiCnevs, maSin ara-
Zaladobrivi qmedebebis intensivoba da masStabi ar unda Semcirdes
manam, sanam reJimis ngreva miRweulia. Tuki opozicia nebismieri mi-
zezis gamo Zalas kargavs, reJimma es SeiZleba sakuTari Zalauflebis
gasamyareblad gamoiyenos. rogorc samxedro kampaniis `eqspluata-
ciisa da devnis~ (Exploitation and Pursiut) fazis dros, romelic maSin
dgeba, rodesac Tavdacvis poziciebi dasustebulia da mteri ukan

73
daxevas cdilobs, Seteva yvelaze didi intensivobiT unda ganxorci-
eldes. amave dros, unda iyos im riskis miRebis mzaoba, romelic Se-
iZleba kampaniis adre dasrulebas axldes Tan. strategiuli gegmis
gareSe jarma SesaZloa ver SeZlos swrafi reagireba da wyvetis gamya-
reba. igive xdeba araZaladobrivi brZolis SemTxvevaSic.

araZaladobrivi qmedebis meTodebi

araZaladobrivi qmedeba araZaladobrivi cvlilebis meqanizmebs
asaxavs da amyarebs. arsebobs uamravi gansxvavebuli meTodi, romle-
bic opozicias SeuZlia oponentis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenos. araZala-
dobrivi qmedebis politikaSi Sarpi orasamde meTodze wers da ama-
tebs, rom es sia yovlismomcveli ar aris. konkretuli situaciebis-
Tvis Sesaferisi meTodebis dasadgenad SemoqmedebiTi midgomaa sa-
Wiro.
mCagvreli reJimis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli araZaladobrivi qmedeba
xSirad pasuxad Zaladobriv mogeriebas miiRebs. mosalodnelia cema,
wameba, dapatimreba da sxva sanqciebi (Zaladobrivi, ekonomikuri da
socialuri). magram rodesac mTavroba aseTi gzebiT reagirebs, msgav-
si aqtebis farTod gaxmaureba opozicias SeuZlia gamoiyenos demok-
ratiuli moZraobis mimarT sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris gaZliere-
bisTvis, sisastikis gamo reJimis dasustebisTvis da misi legitimu-
robis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebis wamoWrisTvis. gasuli saukunis movlenebis
dros dapatimreba da cixeSi Casma Rirsebis maCvenebeli iyo.
araZaladobrivi qmedebisTvis Sesaferisi meTodebis SerCeva maTi
gamoyenebiT misaRwev miznebzea damokidebuli. zogjer moZraobebi
an organizaciebi meTods mowonebis an gamocdilebis gamo irCeven da
Semdeg adgenen araZaladobrivi qmedebis mizans, an ar adgenen. aseTi
midgoma `cxenis etlis win dayenebas~ hgavs. idealur SemTxvevaSi jer
miznebi unda gaanalizdes da mxolod amis Semdeg unda iqnes fiqri
dawyebuli meTodebis meniuze, raTa strategiuli da taqtikuri miz-
nebis misaRwevad yvelaze Sesaferisi meTodebi iqnes arCeuli. ganxil-
vis gasamartiveblad meTodebi sam farTo kategoriad SeiZleba da-
iyos. esenia: protesti da darwmuneba, araTanamSromloba, Careva (in-
tervencia).

protesti da darwmuneba
saprotesto aqciebi da darwmunebis mcdelobebi reJimisTvis war-
moadgens gafrTxilebas, rom prodemokratiul Zalebs mTavrobis

74
konkretul qmedebebTan Tu politikasTan mimarTebiT seriozuli
uTanxmoebebi da pretenziebi aqvT. es protesti umTavresad simbolu-
ri xasiaTisaa. amave dros, imave aqciebma, SesaZloa, sazogadoebis yu-
radReba imaze miapyros, rom araZaladobrivi opoziciis moZraoba
mTavrobas konkretuli darRvevebis gamo iwvevs. araZaladobrivi sap-
rotesto aqciebi da darwmunebis mcdelobebi strategiuli araZa-
ladobrivi moZraobis nebismier stadiaze SeiZleba warmatebiT iyos
gamoyenebuli; magram, rogorc wesi, maT mainc adreul etapebze mimar-
Taven xolme, Tundac es sazogadoebisTvis moZraobis gacnobis sta-
dia iyos.
protestisa da darwmunebis rogori formac ar unda iyos SerCe-
uli, am aqciebma farTo asaxva unda povon mediaSi. demonstraciebs
da saprotesto werilebs mcire an saerTod aranairi gavlena ar gaaC-
niaT, Tuki maT Sesaxeb aravin icis. protestisa da darwmunebis TvalSi
sacemi magaliTi, romelmac mTeli msoflios yuradReba miipyro, 60-
iani wlebis vietnamSi gvqonda _ iq ramdenime berma Tavi daiwva ame-
rikelebis mier mxardaWerili saigonis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. TviT-
mkvlelobis am aqtebma bevri adamiani daafiqra imaze, Tu ratom air-
Cies maT protestis niSnad aseTi tanjviT sikvdili. msxverplis gaRe-
bis mizani didwilad miRweuli iyo imis gamo, rom organizatorebma
aqciis gasaSuqeblad da gadasaRebad axali ambebis saerTaSoriso sa-
agentoebi miiwvies.
es meTodebi ar warmoadgens pirdapir Setevas oponentis Zalauf-
lebis im wyaroebze, romlebic pirvel TavSi ganvixileT. isini iribad
uteven da miznad reJimis qmedebebis sazogadoebisTvis gacnobas da
cvlilebebis aucileblobaSi reJimis warmomadgenlebisa da sxvebis
darwmunebas isaxaven. araZaladobrivi brZola ukmayofilebis gamom-
xatvel demonstraciebze bevrad metia.

araTanamSromloba
araTanamSromloba yvelaze Zlieri kategoriaa im araZaladobriv
meTodebs Soris, romelTa gamoyenebac opoziciur moZraobebs SeuZ-
liaT. qmedebebis am kategoriis gonivruli arCeva da strategiaSi
CarTva reJimisTvis Zalauflebis wyaroebis gamoclis albaTobas
zrdis. reJimis Zalauflebis wyaroebze (uflebamosileba, adamianuri
resursi, unarebi da codna, materialuri resursi, bundovani faqto-
rebi da sanqciebi) Setevis ganxorcieleba ara mxolod samxedro
asakis mamakacebs, aramed mTel mosaxleobas SeuZlia. xalxis TanamS-

75
romlobis gareSe verc erTi mTavroba ver gaZlebs. TanamSromlobaze
uaris Tqmis aqciis gzavnili is aris, rom `Cven, xalxi, aRar davexma-
rebiT mTavrobas Tavisi moqalaqeebis Cagvris saqmeSi~. mizani ki
mTavrobisTvis funqcionirebis garTulebaa. araTanamSromloba yve-
laze did gavlenas maSin axdens, rodesac arCeuli aqciebi araZala-
dobriv strategias emTxveva, da rodesac kargad SeTanxmebulia da
ara qaosuri.
reJimis sayrdeni burjebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli adgilobrivi
araTanamSromlobis kampaniebis paralelurad sanqciebis dawesebaze
saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mosapoveblad koncentrirebuli mcde-
lobebi unda xorcieldebodes. es sanqciebic TanamSromlobaze uaris
Tqmas unda iTvaliswinebdes. rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saerTaSo-
riso doneze warmoebul araTanamSromlobas SeuZlia politikuri
cvlilebis momxreebs didi daxmareba gauwios. saerTaSoriso mxarda-
Weris SesaCereblad warmoebuli kampaniebi moicavs investiciebisa
da importis SezRudvas an akrZalvas, reJimis politikis gakritikebas
saerTaSoriso forumebze, oficialuri pirebisTvis savizo SezRud-
vebis dawesebas, mCagvrel reJimebSi moqalaqeebis mogzaurobis Sez-
Rudvas da ucxouri dafinansebis limitirebas iseTi proeqtebisTvis,
romlebsac arasamTavrobo organizaciebi uSualod humanitaruli
miznebisTvis axorcieleben.

socialuri araTanamSromloba
socialuri araTanamSromlobis ganxorcieleba nebismier adamians
SeuZlia. reJimis konkretul warmomadgenlebTan sazogadoebrivi ur-
TierTobis Tavis aridebas, SesaZlebelia, gamanadgurebeli gavlena
hqondes oficialuri pirebisa da maTi ojaxebisTvis. sazogadoebrivi
elitis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT, Sewyviton sazogadoebriv Sexved-
rebze reJimis warmomadgenlebis dapatiJeba da aRar iaron im samTav-
robo Tu kerZo miRebebze, romlebsac oficialuri pirebic unda da-
eswron. SesaZlebelia reJimis warmomadgenlebis garemocvis amoReba
im sazogadoebriv Sexvedrebze dasapatiJebeli pirebis siebidan, rom-
lebsac mezoblebi an arasamTavrobo organizaciebi awyoben. Tavis
aridebis aseTi gamoxatuleba imis niSania, rom xalxs ar SeuZlia imaT-
Tan erTad yofna, vinc reJims uWers mxars. magram aseTi qmedebebi
frTxilad da faqizad unda ganxorcieldes. arasworma gamoyenebam
SesaZloa reJimis momxreebis opoziciaSi gadayvanis procesi Seafer-
xos. im sazogadoebriv da sportul movlenebs, romlebic prestiJu-

76
lia reJimisTvis, SesaZlebelia boikoti gamoecxados. araTanamSrom-
lobaa reJimis mimarT protestis gamomxatveli tansacmlis tarebac
ki. isini, vinc aseTi aqciebis samiznes warmoadgenen, swrafad xvdebian
im gzavnils, romelsac aseTi araTanamSromloba gulisxmobs.
amerikis koloniuri periodis dros masaCusetsis mmarTvelma erT-
xel daiCivla, rom inglisis imperiis warmomadgenlad yofnis miuxe-
davad, igi arafriT iyo patimarze meti. mas aravin emorCileboda,
adgilobrivi wesrigis damcvelebi ignorirebas ukeTebdnen, misi
brZanebebi da miTiTebebi ar sruldeboda da eklesiuri gaerTianebebi
Tavs aridebdnen.

ekonomikuri araTanamSromloba
imisaTvis, rom socialuri pirobebi Seasrulos, mTavrobas, cxa-
dia, Semosavlebi esaWiroeba. amdenad, ekonomikuri araTanamSromlo-
bis meTodi imisTvisaa gamiznuli, rom mTavrobis mxardaWeraze gana-
xorcielos Seteva da reJimis momxreebis ekonomikuri daintereseba
moSalos an Seamciros. politikis ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli
saqonlis da momsaxurebis SeZenisTvis saWiro pirobebis warTmeviT
an SemcirebiT ekonomikuri araTanamSromloba mTavrobas mxardam-
WerTa erTgulebis SenarCunebis saSualebas usustebs.
ekonomikuri araTanamSromlobis erTi magaliTi gadasaxadebis
gadauxdeloba an nawilobriv gadaxdaa. sxva magaliTebia myidvelTa
boikotebi im produqciis an momsaxurebis winaaRmdeg, saidanac mTav-
robas Semosavali aqvs; gaficvebi, romlebic ekonomikis destabiliza-
cias iwveven; an sabanko depozitebis gatana, rac iseT fiskalur kri-
ziss iwvevs, romlis ignorirebac ar SeuZliaT ucxoel investorebs.
amavdroulad, zogjer SesaZlebelia saerTaSoriso korporaciebis,
savaWro organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organi-
zaciebis darwmuneba, rom samizne mTavrobebTan ekonomikuri TanamS-
romloba SeaCeron, rac maT ekonomikur mdgomareobas kidev ufro
metad daasustebs. ekonomikis destabilizacia ara mxolod mTavrobis
sayrdeni burjebis dasustebas iwvevs, aramed reJims opoziciis
araTanamSromlobaze reagirebis saSualebasac uzRudavs. es ki araZa-
ladobrivi brZolis mTliani strategiuli miznebisTvis sakmaod
mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis warmoebisas mniSvnelo-
vania, Tvali adevnoT mTavrobis mimoqcevaSi arsebul myar valutas.
es im sferoebis amocnobisTvis aris saWiro, romlebzec ekonomikuri

77
araTanamSromlobis meTodebiT Seteva yvelaze efeqtian Sedegebs
gamoiRebs. zogjer myari valuta bunebrivi resursebis gayidvidan
Semodis, an saqoneli da momsaxureba iyideba muSaxelis siiafis Sede-
gad. rac Seexeba eqsports, ekonomikuri araTanamSromlobis gamoye-
nebisTvis yvelaze efeqtiani samizne aq gayidvis wertilebia. impor-
tis mxriv Setevas yvelaze naklebad warmomavlobis wertilebi uZ-
leben.

politikuri araTanamSromloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom araTanamSromlobis nebismieri (da yvela)
aqti, romelic strategiul araZaladobriv moZraobaSi gamoiyeneba,
bunebiT `politikuria~, jin Sarpma 198 meTodidan mxolod ocda-
Tvramets mianiWa specifikurad politikuris statusi. es qmedebebi
ZiriTadad gamiznulia uflebamosilebis uaryofaze _ romelic mTav-
robisTvis Zalauflebis mTavar wyaros warmoadgens. politikuri
araTanamSromlobis Tanmdevi dadebiTi faqtoria is, rom is samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebas aZlierebs. organizaciebi gamocdilebas iZenen
da ematebaT rwmena reJimis winaaRmdeg moqmedebis sakuTar SesaZleb-
lobebSi, iqneba es calke Tu Tanamoazre jgufebTan erTad ganxor-
cielebuli moqmedeba.
politikuri araTanamSromloba mTavrobaze pirdapir Tavdasxmas
warmoadgens. deklaraciebma, manifestebma da sxva dokumentebma,
romlebic reJimis uflebamosilebas da legitimurobas uaryofs,
SeiZleba sazogadoeba daarwmunon _ reJims ar gaaCnia uflebamosi-
leba da funqcionirebis ufleba. aseT saprotesto aqciebs, Tavis
mxriv, mosdevs samTavrobo institutebis boikotebi, samoqalaqo mo-
samsaxureebis muSaobaSi Seferxebebi da mTeli mosaxleobisTvis
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis uamravi SesaZlebloba, romlebic, Tu
farTod da meTodurad ganxorcieldeba, avtoritaruli reJimis Za-
las gaaneitralebs da SesaZloa daSalos kidevac.

Careva (intervencia)
araZaladobrivi aqciebi, romelTa Sinaarsi an gavlenebi arsebul
qcevis normebs, politikas, urTierTobebs da instituciebs arRvevs,
intervenciuli aqtebia. amave dros, SesaZlebelia, maT qcevis axali
normebis, axali urTierTobebisa da axali instituciebis Seqmnac ki
gamoiwvion. imis gamo, rom es meTodebi uSualod ZalTa gadanawilebis
arsebul mdgomareobas uqmnian problemebs, isini dayenebul sakiTxs

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ufro swrafad aqceven sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi, ufro
pirdapir ugzavnian mTavrobas gamowvevas da, SesaZlebelia, proble-
mis ufro swrafad gadawyvetis saSualebasac qmnian. Tumca, meore
mxriv, intervenciul aqciebs SesaZlebelia myisieri da ufro mkacri
represiebi mohyves, vidre aqciebs, romlebic saprotesto xasiaTs
atarebs an araTanamSromlobas warmoadgens.
SeerTebuli Statebis uaxlesi istoria moicavs magaliTebs, Tu
ramdenad efeqtiani SeiZleba gaxdes mesame Zalis Careva arsebuli
qcevis normebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlis saqmeSi.
samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis dros sasadiloebSi ganxorci-
elebuli mjdomare aqciebi mkveTri da efeqtiani aqciebi iyo, romleb-
mac pirdapir Seuties da swrafad mouRes bolo restornebSi rasob-
riv segregacias. amave dros, am kampaniebma rasobrivi segregaciis
sakiTxis ufro farTod, kanonmdeblobis WrilSi ganxilvisTvis saWi-
ro xilvadoba da aucilebloba Seqmnes. am aqciebis ganxorcielebidan
ukve aTwleulebia gasuli da dRes zogjer ignorirebuli xdeba is
Zaladoba, romelic bevr aseT mjdomare aqcias mohyva. es iyo cemis
uamravi SemTxveva, policielebis mxridan gawvrTnili ZaRlebiT
ganxorcielebuli Seteva da sxva Zaladobrivi qmedebebi. am Zalado-
bam, romelic xSirad mTavrobis mxridan modioda, politikur jiu-
jicus misca dasabami, vinaidan mSvidobiani saprotesto aqciebis
monawileTa mimarT Zaladobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobam samarTli-
anobis momxre da rasobrivi segregaciis dasrulebis momTxovni Zale-
bi kidev ufro gaamZlavra. avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg warmo-
ebul strategiul araZaladobriv brZolaSi xalxis interesebisTvis
samarTlianobis momTxovni Zala SesaZlebelia erovnuli mTavroba
ar iyos da es funqcia SeiZleba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam aiRos.
saerTaSoriso Carevis magaliTi 2002 wlis dekemberSi indoneziis
aCes provinciaSi saerTaSoriso samSvidobo brigadebis gagzavna iyo.
maT im adamianebis Tanxleba evalebodaT, vinc adamianis uflebebze
awarmoebda dakvirvebas, da humanitarul daxmarebas warmoadgenda,
vinaidan isini aCes politikuri statusis cvlilebis momTxovni
Zalebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mxridan Zaladobrivi Tavdasxmebis ganxor-
cielebis riskis qveS imyofebodnen. amave dros, saerTaSoriso dam-
kvirveblebis iq yofna avtonomiis Tu damoukideblobis momTxovni
jgufebis mxridan indoneziis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis winaaRm-
deg Zaladobas uSlida xels. saerTaSoriso intervenciis kidev erTi
magaliTi iyo ucxoeTis moqalaqeebis mier palestineli fermerebisa

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da sxva mcxovreblebis araZaladobrivi formiT dacva israelis
axalmosaxleebisa da israelis Tavdacvis Zalebisgan.
intervenciul aqtebs SeuZliaT reJimis sayrdeni burjebi daasus-
ton an maTi ngreva daaCqaron. kargad SemuSavebuli strategiis SemTx-
vevaSi damatebiTi gegmebi SeiZleba swrafad moergos arsebul SesaZ-
leblobebs. Tu strategia da gegma morgebis SesaZleblobas ar iTva-
liswinebs, SesaZlebelia moZraobam inercia dakargos, rac oponents
reagirebisa da gadanawilebis dros miscems. meore mxriv, Tuki mTav-
robis institutebi CaTvlian, rom intervenciis aqtebi maT gadarCenas
pirdapir safrTxes uqadis, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, am institutebis
wevrebi lideris irgvliv gaerTiandnen da `ukanaskneli brZolisT-
vis~ moemzadon. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aiciloT reJimis momxreTa
mxridan alyis Semortymis SesaZlo impulsis riski da gavlena, Zala-
uflebis am wyaroebis mimarT adreve unda gaswioT propagandistuli
samuSaoebi.

2.3. problemebis gadaWra

nebismieri konfliqtis warmatebulad ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa mka-
fio miznebis, stretegiisa da saTadarigo gegmebis qona. araZaladob-
rivi brZolis mTavari strategiis miznebi da xasiaTi im politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi iqneba, romlebsac opoziciuri moZraobis
liderebi miiReben. rodesac am gadawyvetilebebis realurad gan-
saxorcielebel saTadarigo gegmebad qcevis dro dadgeba, an rodesac
Tqvens mizans strategiuli miznebis dayeneba da gegmebis SemuSaveba
warmoadgens, SesaZloa, mravali problemis gadaWra mogiwioT.
im qveynebis gamocdileba, sadac avtoritaruli reJimebi mkacrad
akontroleben sazogadoebas, da sadac mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesa-
xeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba mxolod reJimis mxardamWerTa mcire
wris prerogativaa, aCvenebs, rom prodemokratiul Zalebs proble-
mebis gadaWris unari naklebad aqvT. magaliTad, ukidures SemTxveveb-
Si mTavroba iseT gadawyvetilebebsac ki iRebs, rogoricaa individis
arCevani, sad icxovros, ra iswavlos universitetSi, sad imuSaos da
riT ikvebos. SiSis Tu kulturuli normebis gavlenis Sedegad zog-
jer daqvemdebarebuli adamianebi Tavs ikaveben rekomendaciebis mi-
cemisgan da mxolod sxvebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs asru-
leben. imisaTvis, rom problemebis cnoba, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis
amocnoba da qmediTi rCevebis micema SeeZloT, adamianebs ukve unda
hqondeT patara Tu didi problemebis gadaWris gamocdileba.

80
 sinamdvileSi adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT gadawy-
vetilebas iReben problemebis gadaWris mizniT. am problemebis ume-
tesoba sakmaod mcirea (ra Cavicva, ra viyido an vin davpatiJo patara
bavSvisTvis gadaxdil dabadebis dRis wveulebaze). gvxvdeba ufro
mniSvnelovani problemebic, magaliTad, profesiis arCevis sakiTxi.
am gadawyvetilebebidan bevri imdenad umniSvneloa, rom saboloo
arCevani gansakuTrebuls arafers warmoadgens, vinaidan im SemTxve-
vaSic ki, Tuki optimalur gamosavals ar virCevT, didi problemebi
mainc ar gveqmneba. Tumca arsebobs iseTi arCevanic, romlis Sesaxebac
amas ver vityviT. magaliTad, gadawyvetilebas, Tu visze davqorwin-
deT, SeuZlia Cveni darCenili cxovrebis yovel calkeul dReze iqo-
nios gavlena.
individebis msgavsad problemebis gadaWra organizaciebsac
uwevT. vinaidan organizaciebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi bevr
adamianze axdens gavlenas rogorc sakuTriv organizaciaSi, ise mis
gareT, da mas SesaZloa mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyves, gadawyveti-
lebis mimRebi maqsimalurad obieqtur rekomendaciebs da sarwmuno
informacias unda daeyrdnos. imis gamo, rom garemo, sadac araZala-
dobrivi brZolis dros gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba, Zalian hgavs
imave garemos samxedro konteqstebSi, problemebis gadaWris samxed-
ro meTodologia SesaZloa gamosadegi magaliTi iyos maTTvis, vinc
gadawyvetilebebs uSualod iRebs an gadawyvetilebis mimRebisTvis
rekomendaciebis miwodeba aqvs davalebuli.
problemebis gadaWris meTodologia administraciul da meneje-
rul sakiTxebSi SesaZlebelia farTod iyos gamoyenebuli. is lakonu-
ri da amavdroulad detaluria da moZraobis nebismier stadiaze Se-
giZliaT gamoiyenoT. mniSvnelovania, rom formatis qvemoT moyvanili
Tanamimdevroba daculi iyos.

problemis Seswavlis formati:

1. problemis formulireba.
2. varaudebi.
3. problemasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi.
4. faqtebis ganxilva.
5. daskvnebi.
6. rekomendaciebi.

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 abzaci 1: problemis formulireba
imis gamo, rom yuradRebis koncentrirebas problemaze vaxdenT,
misi formulireba pirvelive abzacSi xdeba. am abzacSi Sesatani sit-
yvebis povna SeiZleba ise advili ar aRmoCndes, rogorc erTi Sexed-
viT Cans. arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom pirvel abzacSi SecdomiT simp-
tomebze isaubroT da ara uSualod problemaze. ganmeorebadi Tavis
tkivilis gamo aspirinis ori abis mimRebi adamianis nacnob suraTs
am Secdomis msgavsi logika aqvs. man Tavis tkivilis simptomebi Seim-
subuqa, magram mTavari problema _ tkivilis gamomwvevi mizezi _ xel-
uxlebeli datova.

abzaci 2: varaudebi
problemis SeswavlaSi varaudebi misaReb mosazrebebs warmoad-
gens, romlebic faqtebis nacvladac gamoiyeneba. rogorc wesi, es va-
raudebi momavalSi mosaxdeni movlenebis, pirobebisa da arsebuli
resursebis Sesaxeb iqneba gamoTqmuli. varaudebi codnaSi arsebuli
garRvevebis Sesavsebi xelovnuri meqanizmebia. idealur SemTxvevaSi,
sasurvelia, varaudebis gamoTqmis saWiroeba ar dadges. varaudebs
formatSi maSin vrTavT, rodesac es dayenebuli problemis gadaWris-
Tvis aucilebelia. amis gamo varaudebis safuZvlianoba frTxilad
da gonivrulad unda Sefasdes. amave dros, arsebobs imis saSiSroebac,
rom gaCndeba aradeklarirebuli, magram nagulisxmevi varaudebi
procesSi CarTuli jgufebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.

abzaci 3: problemasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi

problemebis gadaWris procesSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani stadia
problemasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis Segrovebaa. Tuki isev Tavat-
kivebuli kacis magaliTs davubrundebiT, am abzacSi mis cxovrebis
wesTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi unda iyos CamoTvlili: misi kveba,
mxedveloba, samuSao Cvevebi, stresis doneebi da uamravi sxva.

abzaci 4: faqtebis ganxilva

am abzacSi problemasTan dakavSirebuli varaudebi da faqtebi
ganixileba. amasTan, am procesis mimdinareobis dros SesaZleblobe-
bis ganviTareba da gaanalizebac xdeba. am proceduris mniSvnelobis
gaazrebaSi kvlav Tavatkivebuli kaci dagvexmareba. eqimma, romelic
misi ganmeorebadi Tavis tkivilis gankurnebas cdilobs, SeiZleba
pacientze Tavis tkivilis yvela SesaZlo gamomwvevi mizezis gavlena

82
ganixilos. pacients SesaZlebelia kargi Zili hqondes, kargad umk-
lavdebodes stress, SeiZleba igi ar cxovrobdes malariis gavrcele-
bis zonaSi da ar iyos Sepyrobili gripis virusiT, magram igi SesaZloa
bevrs kiTxulobdes, iyos ormoci wlis da 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mxed-
veloba ar hqondes gamokvleuli.

abzaci 5: daskvnebi
problemasTan uSualod dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da varaudebis
ganxilvis Semdeg am abzacSi optimaluri da saukeTeso gamosavlis
formulireba xdeba. magaliTad, Tvalebis daZabva SeiZleba is daskvna
iyos, romelic Tavatkivebuli pacientis eqims gamoaqvs.

abzaci 6: rekomendaciebi
am abzacSi daskvnebi konkretul rCevebad iqceva, romlebic ga-
dawyvetilebis mimRebs miewodeba. man Tavis mxriv rekomendaciebi
qmedebad unda aqcios problemis gadasaWrelad. isev Cvens magaliTs
Tu gamoviyenebT, Tavis tkivilis gankurnebisTvis rekomendacia
mxedvelobis gamokleva iqneboda.
rekomendaciebis martivi Sefaseba sami sazomis mixedviT SeiZleba
moaxdinoT:
1. Sesaferisoba. namdvilad gadaWrian es rekomendaciebi dasmul
problemas?
2. ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. ramdenad realuria am rekomen-
daciebis amoqmedeba?
3. misaRebobis xarisxi. mzad aris gadawyvetilebis mimRebi saWiro
resursebis dasaxarjad (politikuri, finansuri da adamianuri Tval-
sazrisiT)? gadawyvetilebas arsebuli resursebis gamoyeneba an axali
resursebis mopoveba dasWirdeba.
problemebis gadaWris am meTodis gamoyenebis kidev erTi upira-
tesoba is aris, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebs SeuZlia, rekomendaci-
ebis SemuSavebis process gaecnos. amave dros, SesaZlebelia, gadawy-
vetilebis mimRebebs damatebiTi informacia hqondeT, romelic re-
komendaciebis SemuSavebisas ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. am axali
informaciis gamo formatis gadaxedvac SesaZlebelia.

Sejameba
problemebis gadaWrisTvis problemis Semswavleli formatis ga-
moyeneba bunebrivi gaxdeba. rogorc seifs gaaRebT cifrebis konkre-

83
tuli kombinaciiT, formatSi mocemuli abzacebis Tanmimdevrobac
aseve dagexmarebaT problemebis gadaWris gzebis dadgenaSi.

2.4. strategiuli Sefaseba

`amitom vacxadeb: icnobdeT Tqvens mters da

icnobdeT sakuTar Tavs; Tqvens gamarjvebas
safrTxe arasodes daemuqreba.~
san cu, brZolis xelovneba (Zv. w. 500 w.)

strategiuli Sefaseba Seucvleli iaraRia strategiis dagegma-

rebis procesSi. amiT sistematuri midgoma geZlevaT imisaTvis, rom
miznis misaRwevad yvelaze efeqtiani gza airCioT. es iseTi mniSvne-
lovani faqtorebis dadgeniT da analiziT miiRweva, rogoricaa gare-
mo (fizikuri, samxedro, politikuri) da monawileebis SesaZleblo-
bebi (rogorc megobruli Zalebis, ise oponentebis). amave dros, moq-
medebis gzebis Sedgenis procesSi Zlieri da susti mxareebis Sedareba
xorcieldeba. Semdeg saukeTeso gzis arCeva xdeba. imis gamo, rom
strategiuli samoqmedo gegmebi didwilad strategiul SefasebaSi
mocemul informacias emyareba, warmatebis Sansebze mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens analizis xarisxi da moyvanili informaciis raode-
noba. strategiuli Sefaseba aseve gamosadegia politikis SemuSave-
bisas, krizisul situaciebze reagirebisas da maSinac, rodesac
demokratiuli moZraobis wevr organizaciebs sarwmuno da Rrma ana-
lizisgan da faqtebisgan Semdgar informacias awvdiT. maT, vinc
adgilobriv kampaniebSia CarTuli, SeuZliaT qvemoT moyvanili for-
mati Seamciron da is TavianT miznebs miusadagon.
informacia, romelsac strategiuli Sefaseba Seicavs, mudmivad
unda ganaxldes. amiT damgegmavebs SesaZlebloba miecemaT, axal
amocanebs upasuxon da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samoqmedo garemoSi an Se-
saZleblobebSi cvlilebebi moxdeba, gegmebi SesabamisobaSi moiyva-
non. amis uzrunvelsayofad erTi adamiani mxolod monacemTa ganax-
lebaze unda muSaobdes. sasurvelia, rom es adamiani is piri iyos,
vinc strategiuli Sefasebis momzadebas Tavidanve uwevda koordini-
rebas. Tumca informaciis Segrovebis, Sefasebisa da miwodebis pro-
cesebSi sxva adamianebic unda iyvnen CarTuli.

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 usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, strategi-
uli Sefasebis garkveuli segmentebis erT ganyofilebaSi Tavmoyra
dagWirdeT. es ganyofileba mxolod im pirebisTvis iqneba xelmisawv-
domi, visac mocemuli informaciis codna namdvilad esaWiroeba.
magaliTad, iseTi informacia, rogoricaa organizaciis wevrTa Zale-
bis Sefaseba, kurierebis marSrutebi an garkveuli pirebis koordi-
natebi SeiZleba frTxilad mopyrobas saWiroebdes da opoziciuri
jgufebis wevrTa umetesobisTvis gamosadegi ar iyos.
strategiuli Sefasebis im detalur formats, romelic qvemoT
iqneba moyvanili da romelic, Tavis mxriv, `situaciis samxedro
Sefasebas~ emyareba, SesaZlebelia, sruli formiT arc erTi konkre-
tuli opoziciuri dajgufeba ar iyenebdes. magram arCeul strategi-
asTan da dasaxul miznebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis Segrovebis,
analizisa da erTad TavmoyrisTvis mniSvnelovania erTiani, sistema-
turi midgomis SemuSaveba. strategiuli Sefaseba an misi msgavsi for-
mati informaciis im saxeobebs aerTianebs, romlebic SeiZleba Zalian
mniSvnelovani iyos, magram aseTi formatis arqonis SemTxvevaSi advi-
li SesaZlebelia, gamogrCeT.

miznobrivi gancxadebis SemuSavebis procesSi

gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtorebi
strategiul SefasebaSi sawyisi wertili miznobrivi gancxadebaa
(anu is, Tu rogor ayalibeben moZraobis liderebi misaRwev miznebs,
ra tipis brZolaa arCeuli da zogadad rogor iwarmoebs is). Sesaba-
misad, saWiroa imis codna, Tu rogor unda SemuSavdes miznobrivi
gancxadeba strategiuli araZaladobrivi moZraobisTvis.
Tu moZraoba avtoritaruli mTavrobis pirobebSi da mis Sedegad
Seiqmna, maSin misi miznebi mCagvreli Zalebis xelisuflebidan CamoSo-
reba iqneba. magram moZraobam agreTve unda ganacxados, ra gzebiT
Seicvleba arsebuli mTavroba da ra formis mTavroba Secvlis mas.
mTavroba, romelic unda movides, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebiT unda
airCes da im sazogadoebis saxes unda daeyrdnos, romlis miRebac
moqalaqeebs brZolis dasrulebis Semdeg surT, e. i. `xvalindeli dRis
xedvas~. Tu moqalaqeebi ar dafiqrdebian, ram unda Secvalos mCagvre-
li reJimi, maT SesaZloa erTi tirania mxolod imis gamo Camoagdon,
rom xelisuflebaSi sxva, kidev ufro despoturi reJimi movides. am-
denad, aucilebelia, rom `xvalindeli dRis xedva~ konkretul miz-
nebsa da pragmatul cvlilebebSi gamovlindes.

85
 magaliTad, Tuki qveyanaSi erovnuli policia moqmedebs _ rome-
lic xSirad mTavrobis is erTaderTi `saxea~, rasac moqalaqeebi yo-
veldRiur cxovrebaSi xvdebian _ da am policias adgilobrivi mosax-
leoba veranairad ver akontrolebs, xalxs, SesaZloa, surdes, rom
adgilobrivi policia adgilobrivad arCeul oficialur pirebs da-
uqvemdebaros. SesaZlebelia, mosaxleobas undodes, rom politikuri
da ekonomikuri prioritetebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebzec aseve ad-
gilobriv doneze moaxdinos gavlena _ imis nacvlad, rom yvela es
gadawyvetileba mxolod qveynis dedaqalaqSi iyos miRebuli. mokled,
SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis decentralizaciis, centridan
misi adgilobriv mmarTvelobebze gadacemis saWiroebis Sesaxeb kon-
sensusi arsebobdes. es ki, Tavis mxriv, `xvalindeli dRis xedvam~ unda
gaiTvaliswinos da miznebSi federalizmis garkveuli formis miRweva
unda Caidos.
`xvalindeli dRis xedvam~ unda gaiTvaliswinos religiur niadag-
ze Seqmnili daZabuloba ganurCevlad imisa, es mTavrobis mier mxar-
daWerili diskriminaciis Sedegadaa Seqmnili, Tu erTi jgufis mier
meoris CagvriT. religiisa da politikis Serwymis praqtikas yovel-
Tvis axlavs demokratiisTvis safrTxis Seqmnis garkveuli riski. am
or faqtors Soris kompromisi ki yovelTvis iwvevs daukmayofileb-
lobis gancdas im adamianebSi, visac demokratiis damyareba surs, da
maTSic, vinc demokratiad SeniRbul Teokratias eswrafvis. magram
iqneb SesaZlebelia iseTi zogadi CarCos Seqmna, romelic mTavrobasac
aukrZalavs moqalaqeebisTvis religiuri movaleobebis iZulebas da
arc religiuri jgufebis wevrTa umravlesobis mxridan iqneba aRq-
muli kompromisad. aseTi SeTanxmeba SeiZleba im terminologiis bazi-
si iyos, romelic konstituciaSi Seva.
es SeTanxmebiT miRweuli xedva Semdeg SeiZleba moZraobis mizne-
bad da politikur amocanebad gadaiqces, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, uf-
ro konkretuli strategiuli miznebis saxes miiRebs. es konkretuli
miznebi SeiZleba moZraobis liderebma miawodon damgegmavebs; an
SeiZleba TviTon damgegmavebma `gadaakeTon~ politikuri miznebi da
gancxadebebi strategiuli dagegmvis miznebad. ganzogadebebi, rom-
lebsac `xedva~ Seicavs, sakmarisi ar aris dagegmvis saqmeSi. magali-
Tad, Tu `yvelasaTvis ukeTesi cxovrebis~ idea nebismieri opozici-
uri moZraobisTvis namdvilad Rirebuli mizania, strategiuli gegmis
TematikisTvis es zedmetad zogadia. Sesabamisad, yuradReba unda
gamaxvildes im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gansazRvraze, romlebic mTavro-

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bis politikas, qmedebebs an marTvis stils gamoxataven da `yvelas-
Tvis ukeTesi cxovrebis~ perspeqtivaze negatiur gavlenas axdenen.
rodesac gadasaWreli problemebi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli, maSin ma-
Ti gadawyvetisTvis saWiro resursebsac ufro gonivrulad gaanawi-
lebT.
miznobrivi gancxadebis sxva mniSvnelovani elementebia mTlian
gegmasa da koordinirebaze, agreTve gegmis dokumentis gamocemaze
pasuxismgebeli aparatis daniSvna. miznobrivi gancxadeba unda daiw-
yos `vin?~ SekiTxvaze pasuxiT, anu imis axsniT, Tu vin aris mTeli qvey-
nis masStabiT dagegmili araZaladobrivi brZolis iniciatori. araZa-
ladobriv moZraobebs _ iseve, rogorc SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs _
iSviaTad aqvT mkafio ierarqiuli struqtura. opoziciuri jgufebis
gansxvavebuli interesebis, SesaZleblobebisa da pirovnebebis gaer-
TianebisTvis farTod gamoyenebuli praqtika erTgvari `qolgaor-
ganizaciis~ Seqmnaa brZolis sawarmoeblad. aq konsensusis Sedegad
dagegmvisa da koordinaciis saqmeSi erT jgufs lideris funqciis
Sesruleba daevaleba. dagegmvis ganxorcielebis alternatiuli va-
rianti qolgaorganizaciis mier sakuTari personalis Seqmnaa, rome-
lic wevri jgufebis warmomadgenlebisgan iqneba dakompleqtebuli.
sawyis stadiaze upriani iqneba wevri organizaciebis sakiTxebis irg-
vliv mobilizeba da ara sakuTriv organizaciebis gaerTianeba. sa-
surveli iqneba, am qolgaorganizaciaSi qveynidan gandevnili pirebic
CarToT da saSualeba misceT, brZolas dafinansebis mopovebiT, kvle-
vebis warmoebiT, saerTaSoriso doneze lobirebiT an mediis mxridan
interesis aRZvriT daexmaron.
mas Semdeg, rac damgegmavebi samizne gancxadebisTvis saWiro yvela
elements ganixilaven, iwyeba sakuTriv gancxadebis SemuSavebis, ko-
ordinirebisa da `qolgaorganizaciis~ wevrebis Tanxmobis mosapo-
veblad misi wardgenis procesi. gancxadeba SeiZleba daaxloebiT
aseTi formis iyos:
(qveynis saxelwodeba) xalxi demokratiuli aliansis (an nebismieri
sxva organizaciis) winamZRolobiT iwyebs strategiul araZaladob-
riv Setevas samxedro diqtaturis (reJimis zusti saxelwodeba) dam-
xobis, demokratiuli gziT arCeuli mTavrobis moyvanis, mTavrobis
federaluri reformis ganxorcielebisa da mTavrobis samxedro ga-
datrialebisgan dacvis mizniT.
Tavdapirvelad strategiuli Sefaseba SesaZlebelia iseTi speci-
alizebuli dokumenti iyos, romlis Sedgenac mxolod gamocdil ada-

87
mianebs SeeZlebaT. Tu aq SemoTavazebul formats gamoiyenebT, Se-
giZliaT strategiuli Sefasebis calkeuli segmentebis momzadeba
bevr adamians daavaloT da amiT praqtikulad nebismier pirs misceT
procesSi monawileobis saSualeba. ufro da ufro meti segmentis das-
rulebis Sedegad, dokumentSi moyvanil detalebze dayrdnobiT, dam-
gegmavebi `sruli suraTis~ aRqmas daiwyeben. rac ufro gamocdilia
analitikosi, miT ufro swrafad da mkafiod moxdeba `sruli suraTis~
danaxva.
strategiuli Sefasebisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebis, konk-
retuli magaliTis analizi mis Rirebulebas warmoaCens da gvaCvenebs,
rom msgavsi formatis Sedgena TiTqmis yvela jgufs SeuZlia.
strategiuli Sefasebis formati, romelsac qvemoT moviyvanT,
zogadi sqemaa, romelic praqtikaSi SegiZliaT SeamciroT, gazardoT
da Tqvens konkretul miznebsa Tu amocanebs miusadagoT.

Sejameba
am TavSi is Temebi da procesebi ganvixileT, romlebic strategi-
uli Sefasebis SemuSavebis dros aris aqtualuri. strategiuli omis
damgegmavisTvis strategiuli Sefaseba umniSvnelovanes dokuments
warmoadgens. es dokumenti swrafad ar mzaddeba, magram misi SemuSa-
veba namdvilad gamoadgebaT opoziciur politikur jgufebs. kargad
momzadebuli Sefaseba marcxis SesaZleblobas amcirebs, vinaidan
miznis misaRwevad saukeTeso samoqmedo gzas iZleva. strategiuli
Sefaseba `cocxali~ dokumentia, Tuki misi ganaxleba mudmivad xdeba.
iseve, rogorc problemis Seswavlis dros, formatis dacva da inten-
siuri koncentracia aqac aucilebeli pirobebia. formatis dacva
mkafiod azrovnebis saSualebas iZleva maSinac ki, rodesac zewolis
qveS imyofebiT.

88
 nawili III
praqtikuli rCevebi

3.1. sakiTxis SerCeva

sakiTxis sworad SerCeva da gasagebad formulireba nebismieri
kampaniis warmatebiT dagegmvisa da Catarebis erT-erTi mTavari ele-
mentia. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa, erTmaneTisgan gavarCioT farTo prob-
lemuri sfero da konkretuli sakiTxi. magaliTad, Zviri an uxarisxo
samedicino momsaxureba, garemos dabinZureba, diskriminacia da umu-
Sevroba farTo problemebia; sakiTxi ki maTi gadaWris an nawilobriv
gadaWris gzebSi mdgomareobs, rogoricaa am SemTxvevaSi samedicino
momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba da misiT yvela socialuri fenis uz-
runvelyofa, mwvane politika, umciresobebis sazogadoebaSi integ-
rireba da umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saxelmwifo progra-
mebi.

problemis gadaWris gza

pirveli nabiji, rac unda gadaidgas, problemis analizi da misi
gadaWris iseTi gzis moZebnaa, romliskenac mimarTuli iqneba Tqveni
qmedeba. rig SemTxvevaSi adamianebs problemis amorCevis fufuneba
aqvT; sxva dros problema `irCevs~ maT, e. i. is maT uSualod exebaT
da, Sesabamisad, misi gadaWra pirdapir moqmedebs maTi cxovrebis ga-
umjobesebaze. narkomania, garemos dabinZureba, eTnikuri da reli-
giuri diskriminacia swored iseTi problemebis magaliTebia, rom-
lebic TviTon `irCeven~ adamianebs. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi or-
ganizaciebs da individebs mainc uwevT farTo problemidan konkre-
tuli sakiTxis amorCeva, rac, Tavis mxriv, problemis gadaWris gzis
formulirebas niSnavs.
nebismier problemas gadaWris ramdenime gza aqvs da yoveli maT-
gani frTxil da Rrma gaazrebas saWiroebs. sakmarisi ar aris mxolod
imis gaTvaliswineba, Tu romeli problemaa yvelaze seriozuli da
misi gadaWris romel gzas eqneba yvelaze grZelvadiani efeqti.

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 sakiTxis dasma
problemis gadaWris gzis SerCevaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania imis
gaazreba, Tu rogor unda daisvas sakiTxi maqsimaluri mxardaWeris
mopovebis mizniT. magaliTad, erTi organizacia municipalitetis mi-
er mcire Semosavlis mqone socialuri jgufebis sacxovrebeli far-
TiT uzrunvelyofaze muSaobda. organizaciis wevrebi mixvdnen, rom
Tuki maTi moTxovna mxolod ukiduresad Raribi mosaxleobis binebiT
uzrunvelyofiT Semoifargleboda, es saWiro politikur mxardaWe-
ras ar motanda. amitom isini `xelmisawvdom binebze~ alaparakdnen
da SeTavazebul kanonproeqtSi ukiduresad Rarib fenasTan erTad
mcire Semosavlis mqone dasaqmebuli adamianebic CarTes. amasTan, maT
gaiTvaliswines is aspeqtic, rom saxlebis mSeneblobiT axali samuSao
adgilebi Seiqmneboda da kampanias `xelmisawvdomi binebisa da samu-
Sao adgilebis kampania~ uwodes. am kampaniiT maT 75 000 amerikuli
dolaris mopoveba SeZles da programa warmatebiT ganxorcielda.
sakiTxis sworad dasmiT mopovebuli warmatebis kidev erTi maga-
liTia amerikis erT-erT konservatorul StatSi arsebuli organi-
zacia, romelic eleqtroenergiis qaris ZaliT gamomuSavebis ganviTa-
rebaze muSaobda. am organizaciis wevrebs SeeZloT mxolod garemos
dacvis sakiTxebze gaemaxvilebinaT yuradReba da naklebi qvanaxSiris
dawviT haeris gaumjobesebul xarisxze esaubraT. magram sakiTxi amg-
varad bevr sxva jgufsac hqonda dasmuli da maT kampanias warmateba
ar mohyolia. amitom am organizaciam gadawyvita im ekonomikur upira-
tesobaze elaparaka, romelsac importirebuli qvanaxSiris nacvlad
qaris gamoyeneba moitanda. maT ganacxades, rom qaris Zalaze gadas-
vliT qvanaxSiris importze daxarjuli Tanxebi adgilobriv ekono-
mikas moxmardeboda da xazi gausves im mogebas, romelsac fermerebi
qaris turbinebis dadgmis mizniT miwis gaqiravebiT naxavdnen. im
StatSi pirveli komerciuli qaris turbinebi ukve muSaobs.

sakiTxze muSaobis SesaZlo gavlenebi organizaciaze

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic unda gaiTvaliswinoT,
Tqven mier arCeul sakiTxze muSaobis paralelurad organizaciaze
zrunvaa. dafiqrdiT, ra gavlenas moaxdens konkretul sakiTxze mu-
Saoba Tqvens organizaciaze, an ras moutans organizacias ama Tu im
sakiTxis ignorireba. nu ifiqrebT mxolod problemebze da maTi ga-
daWris gzebze.
liderebis organizaciuli azrovnebis SesaZlebloba _ sakiTxebze
fiqris paralelurad _ mniSvnelovani faqtoria jgufis ganviTare-

90
bisTvis. es faqtori xandaxan am ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT moaz-
rovne jgufis wevrebis konfliqtis sawindaric xdeba. rogorc wesi,
axali wevrebi organizaciaSi sakiTxebis gamo modian da naklebad er-
kvevian organizaciis struqturasa da misi muSaobis dinamikaSi. aseTi
wevrebi xSirad Riziandebian, rodesac xedaven, ramdeni dro da
energia ixarjeba organizaciul sakiTxebze. magram kampaniebis warma-
tebiT warmarTva da organizaciis Seneba erTi da imave procesis ori
damoukidebeli mxarea da orive saTanado yuradRebas saWiroebs. am-
denad, konkretuli sakiTxis socialuri mniSvnelobis ganxilvasTan
erTad aucileblad unda gaiazroT is SesaZlo gavlenebi, rac am sa-
kiTxze muSaobam SeiZleba moaxdinos organizaciis Semdgom muSaoba-
ze. nebismieri organizaciisTvis, misi ganviTarebis yvela safexurze,
zogierTi sakiTxi ufro ukeTesi da iolad misaRwevi iqneba, vidre
sxvebi. amitom Tqveni organizaciis gaZlierebaze zrunva ama Tu im
sakiTxze muSaobis paralelurad unda mimdinareobdes.

sakiTxebis Sefaseba
kampaniis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis sasurvelia, pirvel etapze,
sakiTxis SerCevisas, aqtivistebis jgufma Tavs Semdegi SekiTxva da-
usvas: ra kriteriumiT varCevT sakiTxebs Cveni organizaciisTvis?
SegiZliaT, dafaze an did qaRaldze CamoweroT yvelaferi, rasac dis-
kusiis dros Tqveni jgufis wevrebi ityvian. amiT erTiani da da yve-
lasTvis misaRebi kriteriumis Camoyalibeba gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
Rirebulma da mniSvnelovanma sakiTxma qvemoT moyvanili pirobe-
bis umetesobas unda upasuxos:

1. man adamianebis cxovreba realurad unda gaaumjobesos.

situaciis gaumjobesebas mxolod maSin dainaxavT da igrZnobT,
rodesac darwmundebiT, rom kampaniam warmatebiT Caiara. Tu Tqveni
kampania ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis zogadi gaumjobese-
bisken (mag., sazogadoebrivi transportis mdgomareobis Semowmeba)
aris mimarTuli, realuri da grZelvadiani Sedegebis gansazRvra uf-
ro rTuli iqneba, vidre konkretuli moTxovnebis SemTxvevaSi (mag.,
matareblebis ganrigis dabeWdva).

2. adamianebs maTive Zalauflebis gaazrebaSi unda daexmaros.

xalxi kampaniebidan im ganwyobiT unda dabrundes, rom gamarjveba
maT moipoves da ara eqspertebma, advokatebma an politikosebma. es
maT Tavdajerebas Sematebs, sxva, ufro farTo sakiTxebze muSaobis-

91
Tvis ganawyobs da organizaciisadmi maTi erTgulebis xarisxs gazr-
dis. mocemul situaciaSi moqalaqeebs an aqvT Zalaufleba, an ara.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi maT es Zalaufleba unda gamoiyenon; meore SemTx-
vevaSi ki misi mopovebisTvis unda ibrZolon.

3. Zalauflebis arsebuli gadanawileba unda Secvalos.

moqalaqeebs da gadawyvetilebebis mimRebebs Soris arsebuli Za-
lauflebis struqturebis Secvla sami formiT SeiZleba moxdes:
_ Zlieri organizaciis SeqmniT, romelic Zalauflebis axali cen-
tri gaxdeba da gadawyvetilebis mimRebze moaxdens gavlenas;
_ kanonebis da regulaciebis SecvliT da am gziT Cveni Zalauf-
lebis gazrdiT meore mxaris Zalauflebis Sesustebis xarjze;
_ xelisuflebaSi iseTi pirovnebebis arCeviT, romlebic mxars
uWeren da eTanxmebian Cvens poziciebs.

4. unda aRiqmebodes, rogorc Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani.

jgufis wevrebi unda grZnobdnen, rom is, risTvisac isini ibrZvian,
maT marTla aRelvebT. umjobesia, kampaniis damTavrebisas imaze nak-
lebs miaRwioT, vidre Tavidan gqondaT miznad dasaxuli, magram ar
SecvaloT da ar SeamciroT Tavdapirveli moTxovnebi.

5. unda Seicavdes warmatebis SesaZleblobas.

Tqven mier arCeuli problema da misi gadaWris gza zedmetad far-
To da abstraqtuli ar unda iyos. jgufis wevrebs Tavidanve unda
hqondeT gancda, rom kampanias warmatebis kargi Sansi da sworad da-
gegmili strategia gaaCnia. ecadeT, gaigoT, vin da rogor miaRwia
warmatebas msgavs kampaniaSi. Semdeg daukavSirdiT gamocdilebis mqo-
ne adamianebs da hkiTxeT, ra strategias da taqtikas iyenebdnen.

6. unda iyos sazogadoebis mier farTod da Rrmad gancdili.

sasurvelia, bevri Tanamoazre naxoT, vinc dageTanxmebaT, rom Ser-
Ceuli problema marTlac mniSvnelovania da aucilebelia misi gadaW-
risTvis raimes gakeTeba. aseve sasurvelia, problemis gadaWris Tqven
mier dasaxuli gza bevrma CaTvalos efeqtianad.

7. advilad gasagebi unda iyos.

rogorc wesi, Rirebul sakiTxs ar unda sWirdebodes detaluri
da grZeli axsna-ganmarteba. ubralod unda SegeZloT, TqvaT: `naxeT,
rogori dabinZurebulia es mdinare. is aseTi ar iyo, sanam masSi qarx-
nebis gadamuSavebul masalas ar CaRvridnen~.

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 8. unda hqondes mkafio samizne da
hyavdes konkretuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebi.
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi is adamiania, visac TqvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegis mocema SeuZlia. ufro rTul kampaniebs SeiZleba ramdenime
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi hyavdes. Tu konkretuli gadawyvetilebis
mimRebis dasaxeleba giWirT, SesaZloa, araswor sakiTxze muSaobT an
sulac konkretuli sakiTxis nacvlad farTo problemaze fiqrobT.
gaxsovdeT, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yovelTvis pirovnebaa _ ma-
galiTad, qalaqis meri _ da ara instituti, korporacia an arCeviTi
organo. sazogadoeba arasodes warmoadgens samiznes. Tqveni moTxov-
nebis dakmayofileba mers SeuZlia da ara sazogadoebas.

9. droSi kargad unda iyos ganawilebuli.

sakiTxze koncentrirebul kampanias gaaCnia dasawyisi, Sua stadia
da dasasruli. Tqven unda gqondeT miaxloebiTi warmodgena TariReb-
ze, romlebzec es sami stadia gadanawildeba. sasurvelia, Tqveni kam-
pania ar daamTxvioT sazogadoebriv dResaswaulebs an Svebulebebis
sezons, Tu, ra Tqma unda, konkretuli dResaswaulebis simboluri
datvirTvis gamoyeneba Tqvens uSualo miznebSi ar Sedis. maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqvens kampania ar ukavSirdeba arCevnebs, saarCevno kalen-
dris gaTvaliswineba mainc sasurvelia, radgan kampanias warmatebis
bevrad meti Sansi aqvs arCevnebis wina periodSi, vidre mis Semdeg.

10. ar unda iwvevdes Tqveni jgufis dayofas.

Tavi aarideT iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic Tqveni organizaciis wev-
rebis gaxleCas gamoiwvevs. ar daupirispiroT erTmaneTs mezoblebi,
axalgazrdebi da asakovnebi, sxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi. ar
dakmayofildeT imiT, rom Tqveni ubnis narkotikebis gamsaRebels
sxva ubanSi gandevniT. ecadeT, grZelvadiani perspeqtiva gqondeT;
dafiqrdiT, visi mozidva gindaT organizaciaSi da gansajeT, moce-
muli sakiTxi amaSi xels SegiwyobT Tu, piriqiT, SegiSliT.

11. unda pasuxobdes jgufSi arsebuli resursebisa

da liderebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
kampaniam jgufis wevrebs mravalferovani da konkretuli rolebi
unda SesTavazos.

12. unda Seicavdes samomavlo kampaniebis SesaZleblobas.

kampanias, romelic momsaxure personalisTvis samedicino dazRve-
vis gacemas isaxavs miznad, janmrTelobis da/an personalis sxva uf-

93
lebebis dacvis kampaniasTan mivyavarT. meore mxriv, kampanias, rome-
lic mawanwala ZaRlebis daWeras da daxocvas moiTxovs, rogorc wesi,
isev mawanwala ZaRlebis daWerasTan mivyavarT. adamianebs, romlebsac
janmrTelobis dazRvevis yidvis saSualeba ar aqvT, rogorc wesi, sxva
saerTo ekonomikuri problemebic gaaCniaT; magram adamianebs, rom-
lebsac mxolod mawanwala ZaRlebis siZulvili aerTianebT, SeiZleba
sxva araferi hqondeT saerTo. momavali kampaniebis SesaZleblobebze
fiqris paralelurad ecadeT, gaaanalizoT is Cvevebi da kontaqtebi,
romlebsac jgufi ukve dagegmili kampaniiT SeiZens da momavalSic
gamoiyenebs.

13. unda SeeZlos dafinansebis mozidva.

mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvrac, ramdenad SeZleben da moisurve-
ben jgufis wevrebi kampaniis dafinansebaSi wvlilis Setanas. agreTve
ecadeT, Tvali adevnoT fondebis samyaroSi prioritetul sakiTxebs.

14. unda emTxveodes Tqvens zogad Rirebulebebs da faseulobebs.

sakiTxi, romlis gamoc kampaniis warmarTvas gadawyvetT, Tqveni
zogadi Rirebulebebisa da faseulobebis amsaxveli unda iyos. maga-
liTad, cxadia, rom yovel Cvengans surs kriminalis SemTxvevebis Sem-
cireba. magram aris Tu ara policiis rigebisa da cixeebis raodenobis
masobrivi zrda is mimarTuleba, saiTac gvinda, rom Cveni sazogado-
eba ganviTardes?
am zogadi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebasTan erTad mniSvnelovania
Tqveni organizaciis specifikurobisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebac.
magaliTad, Tu Tqvens ubanSi eTnikuri umciresobis mWidro dasaxle-
ba arsebobs da isini ar arian saTanadod warmodgenili Tqvens orga-
nizaciaSi, sakiTxis gansazRvris damatebiTi piroba SeiZleba is mniS-
vneloba gaxdes, romelsac sakiTxi am eTnikuri umciresobisTvis
atarebs.

3.2. strategiis SemuSaveba

kampaniis strategiis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania `strategiisa~
da `taqtikis~ erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. `taqtika~ kampaniaSi gamoyene-
bul konkretul qmedebebs niSnavs: peticiebis gavrcelebas, werile-
bis weras, saprotesto aqciis organizebas. `strategia~ ufro farTo
cnebaa. strategiis dasaxva Tqveni amJamindeli situaciis, dasaxuli
miznebisa da maTi miRwevis gzebis erToblivad gaazrebas niSnavs.

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 efeqtiani strategiis dasaxva cxra ZiriTadi sakiTxis gaazrebas
moicavs:

1. miznebi: ris miRweva gindaT?

nebismieri kampania miznebis gaazrebiT unda daiwyos. mniSvnelo-
vania miznebis erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa: ra moklevadian, Sualedur
da grZelvadian miznebs emsaxureba Tqveni kampania? miznebi Sinaar-
sobriv sakiTxebs exeba (magaliTad, kanonmdeblobis Secvlas) Tu pro-
cesis dawyebas an gaZlierebas (magaliTad, kampaniis monawileTa So-
ris solidarobisa da mWidro TanamSromlobis damyarebas)? es miznebi
Tavidanve mkveTrad unda ganisazRvros, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maT
misaRwevad konkretuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba da amaSi xalxis
CarTva.

2. auditoria: vis SeuZlia miznebis miRwevaSi dagexmaroT?

romeli pirebisTvis an organizaciebisTvis gindaT xmis miwvdena?
es SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc zemoT xsenebuli `gadawyvetilebis mim-
Rebebi~, mag., kanonmdeblebi (radgan maT Tqveni miznebis ganxorci-
elebis formaluri ufleba da saSualeba gaaCniaT), ise mediis war-
momadgenlebi da amomrCevlebi (vinaidan maT formaluri Zalaufle-
bis mqone pirebze gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT). orive SemTxvevaSi sa-
Wiroa kampaniis ZiriTadi auditoriis winaswari gansazRvra da im
formebis gaazreba, riTac maTTan dakavSirebas da maTze zewolis
moxdenas SesZlebT.

3. gzavnili: ra unda gaigonos auditoriam?

am gansxvavebul auditoriebTan urTierToba mkafio da damaje-
rebeli gzavnilebis, anu mesijebis, Sedgenas moiTxovs. es gzavnilebi
yovelTvis marTal da realur movlenebze iqneba dafuZnebuli; mag-
ram maTi miwodebis forma Seicvleba konkretuli auditoriidan ga-
momdinare. umetes SemTxvevebSi gzavnilebi or ZiriTad komponents
unda Seicavdes: mtkicebas, rom, rasac Tqven moiTxovT, swori da
marTebulia; da auditoriis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas.

4. warmgzavnelebi: vin `gaaxmovanebs~ mesijebs?

erTsa da imave gzavnils sruliad gansxvavebuli gavlenis moxdena
SeuZlia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu vin axdens mis `gaJRerebas~. rig
SemTxvevaSi es `eqspertebia~, vis mimarTac sazogadoeba formaluri

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ndobiT aris gamwyobili. sxva dros SesaZloa `Cveulebrivi xmebis~
gamoyeneba dagvWirdes _ adamianebis, romlebic uSualod sakuTar
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT isaubreben. nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda
gaviazroT, Tu ris gakeTeba SegviZlia imisTvis, rom es `warmgzavne-
lebi~ informirebulebi da daculebi iyvnen.

5. miwodebis formebi: rogor mivawvdinoT xma auditorias?

gzavnilebis, anu mesijebis, auditoriisTvis miwodebis mravalfe-
rovani formebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba iyos `darbaisluri~ meTodebi
(mag., lobireba); an radikaluri formebi (mag., pirdapiri qmedeba). is,
Tu romeli forma iqneba efeqtiani, konkretuli situaciis specifi-
kurobazea damokidebuli. mTavaria, arsebuli formebi SevafasoT da
sworad gamoviyenoT. bevr SemTxvevaSi maTi SeTavsebiT gamoyeneba Se-
iZleba warmatebis sawindari gaxdes.

6. resursebi: ra gvaqvs?
efeqtiani kampania Tqvens xelT arsebuli resursebis srul ga-
azrebas moiTxovs. es Seicavs warsulSi mopovebuli gamocdilebis
gaanalizebas, kontaqtebis gamoyenebas, jgufis wevrebisa da kampani-
aSi CarTuli sxva pirebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebas, Tqvens
xelT arsebuli informaciis Sejamebas. mokled rom iTqvas, kampanias
nulidan ar iwyebT; Tqveni sawyisi wertili ukve arsebuli resursebis
gamoyenebaa.

7. garRvevebi: ra unda ganaviTaroT?

resursebis gaazrebis Semdeg saWiroa arsebuli garRvevebis gaana-
lizeba. daukvirdiT, ra gakliaT da rogor SegiZliaT danaklisis
Sevseba. iqneb ufro meti kontaqtebis damyareba an meti informaciis
mopoveba gWirdebaT; an meti adamianebis mozidva kampaniaSi CasarTavad.

8. pirveli nabijebi: rogor daviwyoT?

rogor `davZraT~ strategia efeqturi formiT? ra aris Cveni po-
tenciuri moklevadiani miznebi an proeqtebi, romlebic moizidavs
adamianebs, gamokveTs ufro farTo samomavlo samuSaos da Semdegi
nabijis sawindars Seqmnis?

9. Sefaseba: rogor ganvsazRvroT, efeqtiani Tu ara kampania?

strategia kampaniis procesSive unda daeqvemdebaros Sefasebas.
gaiazreT, akmayofilebs Tu ara praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli stra-

96
tegia zemoT moyvanil pirobebs (mag., gvyavs Tu ara swori auditoria;
vaxerxebT Tu ara maTTvis xmis miwvdenas da a. S.). SesaZloa, praqtikam
daganaxoT, rom Tavdapirvelad dasaxuli strategiis garkveuli ele-
mentebi efeqtiani ar aRmoCndeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi saWiroa am ele-
mentebis uaryofa da efeqtiani aspeqtebis gaZliereba.

3.3. taqtikis arCeva

taqtika im konkretul nabijebs moicavs, romlebic mTliani gegmi-
sa da strategiis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. taqtikis meSveobiT
Tqven uSualod axdenT gavlenas Tqvens samizne auditoriaze da ga-
dawyvetilebis mimRebebze.
kampaniis dagegmvisas taqtika bolo stadiaze unda SemuSavdes, ra-
Ta Tavidan aiciloT xSirad daSvebuli Secdoma _ sakiTxis dakonkre-
tebisTanave taqtikis arCevaze gadasvla (mag., modi, yvelani wavideT
oqruaSvilis ofisTan, Tan oqros Tevziani akvariumi waviRoT da pla-
kati – `rac brwyinavs, yvelaferi oqro ar aris~). taqtika farTo
strategiisgan gancalkevebiT arasodes ar unda gaiazroT.
nebismier taqtikas unda gaaCndes:
_ Semsrulebeli;
_ samizne auditoria da konkretuli `gadawyvetilebis mimRebi~;
_ mizezi, ratomac `gadawyvetilebis mimRebs~ ar aZlevs xels es
kampania da mzad aris, kampaniis Sesawyvetad daTmobaze wamovides.
sxvadasxva taqtikas gansxvavebuli organizaciuli simZlavre da
gamocdileba sWirdeba. amitom garkveuli taqtika kampaniis dasaw-
yisSia efeqtiani, sxva ki mogvianebiT, rodesac kampanias ukve garkve-
uli Zala gaaCnia. taqtikis arCeva da urTierTSefardeba konkretuli
kampaniis specifikuri moTxovnebidan unda gamomdinareobdes. amas-
Tan, arCeuli taqtika siamovnebas unda aniWebdes kampaniis organi-
zatorebs da monawileebs. is mxolod simboluri mniSvnelobis mata-
rebeli ar unda iyos da mTliani strategiis organul da gaazrebul
nawils unda warmoadgendes. kampaniis organizatorebis mier erT-er-
Ti yvelaze xSirad Cadenili Secdoma mxolod taqtikaze koncentri-
rebaa mTliani strategiis gaazrebis nacvlad.
sasurvelia, Tqven mier arCeuli taqtika xuT ZiriTad pirobas
akmayofilebdes:

1. unda iyos kampaniis miznebze, uSualod gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebsa da Tqvens auditoriaze mimarTuli.

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 es umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria taqtikis gansazRvrisas.
2. unda hqondes konkretuli moTxovna da am moTxovnis miRma re-
aluri Zalis demonstrirebas unda axdendes.
yvelaze susti taqtika is aris, romelsac arc uSualo samizne
(gadawyvetilebis mimRebi) gaaCnia da arc konkretuli moTxovna.
magaliTad, anTebuli sanTlebiT xelSi gadaSenebis gzaze mdgari
cxovelis jiSis gadarCenis saxeliT gamarTuli TavSeyra, romelic
konkretulad aravisgan moiTxovs raime qmedebis ganxorcielebas
(aseTi zogadi moqmedeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos efeq-
tiani, Tu Tqven aTeulobiT aTasi adamianis mozidvas SeZlebT. aman
SesaZloa romelime politikoss ubiZgos sakuTari reitingis asamaR-
leblad cxovelis am jiSis gadarCenisTvis raime zomis miRebisken).
3. unda iyos rogorc Tqveni organizaciuli miznebis, ise uSualod
kampaniis miznebis Sesatyvisi.
sxva sityvebiT, taqtika unda dagexmaroT rogorc organizaciis
gaZlierebaSi, ise konkretuli kampaniis warmatebiT CatarebaSi. ma-
galiTad, rogorc cnobilia, `bostonuri Cais smis~ aqciam moaxdina
gadasaxadebis problemis aqcentireba, magram organizaciis SeqmnaSi
aranairi roli ar Seusrulebia. vinaidan aralegaluri iyo, am aqciam
arc erT jgufs araferi Semata. mas Semdeg bevrma organizaciam
gamoiyena `Cais smis~ taqtika raimes wyalSi gadagdebis gziT; magram
axla, rogorc wesi, am aqciebze mediasac patiJeben da aqciis momwyobi
organizaciac Riad asaxelebs vinaobas. es niSnavs, rom droTa ganmav-
lobaSi am taqtikis gamoyenebis praqtika ufro efeqtiani gaxda.
4. taqtika ucnobi unda iyos Tqveni kampaniis samizne `gadawyve-
tilebis mimRebisaTvis~.
magaliTad, erT-erTi sastumros axalma mflobelma TanamSrom-
lebi samsaxuridan daiTxova da profesiul kavSirebTan dadebuli
kontraqti ugulebelyo. TanamSromlebma daxmarebisTvis religiur
muSaTa koalicias mimarTes. koaliciam iseTi taqtika airCia, romelic
namdvilad ucxo da molodneli iyo sastumros menejmentisaTvis: isi-
ni movidnen da sastumros vestibiulSi koleqtiuri locva daiwyes.
oTxdRiani locvis Semdeg maT sastumros menejeri Sexvda da hkiTxa,
Sewyvetda Tu ara kavSiris kontraqtis dacva koleqtiur locvs. ko-
aliciam gaimarjva _ samsaxuridan daTxovnili TanamSromlebi Tavi-
anT postebze aRadgines.
5. taqtika ar unda iyos ucxo Tqveni jgufis wevrebisTvis. isini
taqtikis ganxorcielebis procesSi Tavs komfortulad unda grZnob-
dnen.

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 erTma samoqalaqo organizaciam ramdenime aseuli wevri moiyvana
Sexvedraze eklesiaSi, saidanac isini erT-erTi oficialuri piris
ofisisken unda daZruliyvnen. magram ofisisken erToblivi svlis
idea wevrebisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. es maTSi `saprotesto aqciis~
asociacias iwvevda. maT eklesiis datovebaze uari ganacxades. Sexved-
ris organizatorebs ukeT rom scodnodaT wevrTa Sexedulebebi,
SesaZloa, maT ofisisken erToblivi svlis moTxovnis nacvlad is ofi-
cialuri piri moeyvanaT eklesiaSi wevrebTan Sesaxvedrad.
momdevno qveTavebi taqtikis yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul formebs
gagacnobT. esenia: peticiebi, werilebis weris kampania, oficialur
pirTan Sexvedra, satelefono kampania, mediis gamoyeneba, saganmanaT-
leblo aqciebi, demonstraciebis mowyoba da SemoqmedebiTi aqciebi.

3.4. peticiebi
sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis dawyebis Semdeg albaT Zalian male ga-
icnobT politikoss, romelic getyviT: `nu momitanT peticiebs. mir-
Cevnia, miviRo erTi an ori kargad gaazrebuli, spontanuri xelnaweri
werili, vidre organizebuli jgufis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba
Tundac aTasi xelmoweriT~. aseTia realoba. sinamdvileSi, politi-
kosebs Tavis Wkuaze undaT moqmedeba da arc xelmowerebis, arc xel-
naweri werilebis da arc organizebuli jgufebis danaxva ar surT.
da, ra Tqma unda, maT urCevniaT, rom Tqven erT an or moazrovne ada-
mians daelaparakoT aTasebis nacvlad.
sworad gamoyenebuli peticiebi SeiZleba mZlavr iaraRad iqces;
xelmowerebis Segroveba ki organizaciis Semdgomi gaZlierebis sawin-
daria. yvelaze mZlavria is peticiebi da werilebi, romlebSic aTa-
sobiT adamiani Tqveni kampaniis mxardaWeras gamoxatavs da Tqveni
moTxovnebis Semsrulebel politikoss xmis micemas hpirdeba, gansa-
kuTrebiT maSin, Tu am peticias adamianebis didi jgufi mediis Tanx-
lebiT waradgens. bevrad naklebad efeqtiania peticiebi, romlebic
ubralod fostiT egzavneba politikoss.
peticiebis Zala Semdeg pirobebSia:
1. xelmomwerTa raodenobaSi;
2. droisa da sivrcis strategiul mniSvnelobaSi;
3. organizebul Semdgom qmedebebSi.
amasTan:
xelmowerebs, romlebic mTeli raionis masStabiT grovdeba da
romlebic SemdgomSi sakanonmdeblo Cinovniks egzavneba, arcTu

99
 ise didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT, Tu maTi ricxvi marTla Za-
lian didi ar aris. xelmowerebs, romlebic iseT ubanSi grovdeba,
sadac konkretulma deputatma mciredi gansxvavebiT moipova ga-
marjveba, didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT am deputatis qmede-
bebze.
xelmowerebs bevrad meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT arCeul ofi-
cialur pirze, vidre daniSnulze (garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
daniSnuli piri momavalSi apirebs, kenWi iyaros; an misi uSualod
damniSnavi piria arCeuli).
xelmowerebs, romlebic servisis an maRaziis mflobels waredgi-
nebaT, didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini
uSualod klientebs ekuTvniT.
arCevnebamde erTi TviT adre warmodgenil peticiebs bevrad meti
Zala aqvT, vidre arCevnebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg _ Tundac orjer
meti xelmowera iyos Segrovebuli.
nebismieri oficialuri piri, visac peticia waredgineba, informi-
rebuli iyos unda, rom xelmomwerebi kargad organizebuli jgu-
fis wevrebi arian, da rom isini aucileblad Seityoben peticiaze
oficialuri piris reagirebis Sedegebs.

ramdenime rCeva peticiis SedgenisTvis:

saTqmeli mokled da martivad CamoayalibeT. ramdenime winadadeba
da Semdeg ori an sami ZiriTadi punqtis CamonaTvali sruliad sak-
marisia. mTavaria, peticia advili aRsaqmeli gaxadoT. ar aris saWi-
ro yvela detalis dawvrilebiT axsna. es SeiZleba calke werilSi
gaakeToT.
erT gverdze nu SeitanT aTi xelmoweris grafaze mets. es Tqvens
peticias vizualurad `gaasqelebs~, agreTve SesaZlebels gaxdis
yvela xelmomweris sakontaqto detalebis advilad garCevas.
vinc peticiaze xels mogiwerT, SeekiTxeT, isurveben Tu ara kampa-
niaSi moxalised muSaobas. CaiwereT maTi telefonis nomrebi da
imeili (mzad iyaviT, rom realurad albaT aTidan erTi adamiani
mova kampaniaSi monawileobis misaRebad). ecadeT, yvelas miawodoT
informacia bukletis saxiT. SegiZliaT, mcire finansuri daxma-
rebac iTxovoT.
xazi gausviT raodenobas da ara sakiTxis Sinaarss. Tqven xelmomwe-
rebis ricxvis gazrdiT xarT dainteresebuli; nu dakargavT dros
erTi adamianis sakiTxSi `ganaTlebis~ mcdelobiT.

100
 xelmowerebis Segrovebisas jgufurad iareT. ase saqme ufro saxa-
liso iqneba. organizebuli peticiebis dRe bevrad ukeTesia, vidre
yvelasgan xelmowerebis individualuri Segrovebis moTxovna maT
ubnebSi. SegiZliaT, erTmaneTs daTqmul adgilas SexvdeT, mokled
moilaparakoT dRis gegmaze, gansazRvruli droiT waxvideT xel-
mowerebis Sesagroveblad da Semdeg ukan dabrundeT yavis dasa-
levad da erTmaneTisTvis gamocdilebis gasaziareblad.
arasodes gagzavnoT an gadasceT xelmowerili peticiebi qseroas-
lebis TqvenTan datovebis gareSe. xelmowerebi Semdgomi qmedebe-
bisa da satelefono zarebisTvis dagWirdebaT. erTi da igive peti-
cia SeiZleba sxva dros da gadawyvetilebis sxva mimRebze gavlenis
mosaxdenadac gamoiyenoT.

3.5. werilebis weris kampania

werilebis weris taqtikas da peticiebis Zalas erTi da igive wyaro
ganapirobebs. oRond individualuri werilis dawera kampaniis mo-
nawileTagan met dros da energias moiTxovs, vidre peticiaze xelis
mowera. Tu oficialur pirTan Sexvedraze midixarT, manamde organi-
zeba gaukeTeT ramdenime aTeuli werilis daweras. werilebis naxevari
Sexvedramde ramdenime kviriT adre fostiT gagzavneT, danarCeni Sex-
vedraze Tan waiReT. es yovelTvis STambeWdavia xolme. magram gaxsov-
deT, rom oficialurma pirma SesaZloa TqvenTan Sexvedramde Tqveni
mxardamWerebisgan miRebul werilebs upasuxos, an werilebis avto-
rebi gaicnos. amiT SesaZlebelia, mas TqvenTan sakamaTo argumentebi
daugrovdes.
Tu kampaniis mocemul etapze auditoria mSvid da wynar garemoSi
gismenT, peticiaze xelis moweris nacvlad umjobesia, maT werilebis
daweris TxovniT mimarToT. werilebis daweras yvelgan SeZlebT,
iqneba es jgufuri Sekreba Tu gakveTilis an leqciis dasasruli.
werilebis sawer sivrced xmauriani quCac ki SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT,
Tu quCis kuTxeSi magidas dadgamT. SesaZlebelia, werilis teqsti
standartuli da winaswar dabeWdili iyos da adamianebs maTze ubra-
lod xelis mowera sTxovoT (rasac peticiebis msgavsi gavlena eqneba).
magram individualuri, xelnaweri werilebi avtorisgan sakiTxiT
bevrad met dainteresebas gamoxatavs.

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 ramdenime rCeva werilebis werisTvis:
mimarTeT uSualod Tqveni kampaniis mTavar samiznes _ gadawyveti-
lebis mimRebs _ da werili swori tituliT daiwyeT (b-no, q-no,
pativcemulo qalaqis mero da a. S.).
SeadgineT lakonuri da zrdilobiani werilis teqsti. bevri efeq-
turi werili mxolod 4 an 5 winadadebisgan Sedgeba. Tu SesaZle-
belia, werilis dasawyisSi adresat deputats an oficialur pirs
bolodroindeli qmedebis (gamosvlis da a. S.) gamo madloba gada-
uxadeT.
iyaviT maqsimalurad konkretuli. gansazRvreT is sakanonmdeblo
iniciativa an sxva raime sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxebac mimarTavT ad-
resats da axseniT, ratom gindaT, rom man am iniciativas mxari
dauWiros an ar dauWiros.
Tqven TviTon dawereT werili da moawereT xeli. gaxsovdeT, ada-
mianebis Sexedulebebze mxolod mSrali, standartuli an mecni-
erulad dasabuTebuli faqtebi ar axdens gavlenas; ama Tu im
problemiT Sewuxebuli adamianis individualur gamocdilebas da
dakvirvebebsac SeuZlia nebismier Cvenganze zemoqmedeba. weril-
Si sakiTxi Tqveni piradi perspeqtividan aRwereT.
rogorc werils, ise konverts Tqveni misamarTi daawereT. SesaZ-
lebelia, Tqvenma adresatma gipasuxoT. Tqveni misamarTi depu-
tats an sxva oficialur pirs Tqveni, rogorc amomrCevlis, Sesaxeb
awvdis informacias (sacxovrebeli ubnis mixedviT) da gamoxmaure-
bis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.

gTavazobT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi universite-

tis studentebis rCevebs werilebis weris kampaniis organizebisTvis:

werilebis weris kampanias Cven daaxloebiT erTi TviT adre vgeg-

mavT, mas Semdeg, rac Cveni jgufi mocemul sakiTxze informaciis
mokvlevas daasrulebs. werilebis werisTvis gankuTvnil magidas sami
dRis ganmavlobaSi vdgamT, ZiriTadad erTi da imave kviris orSabaTs,
samSabaTs da oTxSabaTs. magidasTan yoveldRe daaxloebiT oTx sa-
aTs vatarebT da am saaTebs im dros vamTxvevT, rodesac universite-
tis SenobaSi yvelaze meti studentia.
magidaze yovelTvis gviwyvia bevri qaRaldi, kalami, konverti, we-
rilis savaraudo teqsti (romelic mxolod erT an or abzacs Sead-
gens) da Cveni samizne gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis (deputatebis,

102
oficialuri pirebis, universitetis administraciis) sia. faqtebs
didi formatis plakatebze vwerT da am plakatebs _ werilis savara-
udo teqstTan erTad _ kedlebze vakravT yuradRebis misaqcevad.
mTavaria, veravin SeZlos magidasTan Cavla kedelze gakruli plaka-
tebis SemCnevis gareSe.
magidis ukan yovelTvis ori moxalise dgas, romlebic masalebs
arigeben da gamvlelebis kiTxvebs pasuxoben. es moxaliseebi werile-
bis weris kampaniis mSvid da organizebul viTarebaSi Catarebas uwyo-
ben xels.
Cveni jgufis minimum ori an sami warmomadgeneli magidis win dgas
da xalxs esaubreba. es moxaliseebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben imaSi,
rom kampaniam bevri werilis Segroveba SeZlos. Tu xalxs werilis da-
weras uSualod ar sTxovT, isini albaT arc SegekiTxebian, Tu ra xdeba.
maTi dainteresebis gza kontaqtis pirdapiri damyarebaa. miuaxlovdiT
gamvlelebs, gauRimeT, mokled auxseniT situacia da SeekiTxeT,
isurveben Tu ara erTi an ori wuTis gamoyofas werilis dasawerad.
Cven yvela gamvlels individualurad vuxsniT, rom maT werils didi
gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia adamianebis cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi.
dabolos, werilebis weris kampaniis msvlelobisas SeecadeT, ar
dasxdeT. kampaniis organizatorebi energiiT savse unda iyvnen, mxo-
lod maSin SeZleben isini sxva adamianebSi dainteresebis gamowvevas.

3.6. oficialur pirTan Sexvedra

oficialur pirebTan pirispir Sexvedra erT-erTi yvelaze efeq-
turi taqtikaa. aseT Sexvedrebze TxuTmetidan ocdaxuT mxardamWe-
ramde SegiZliaT miiyvanoT. Tu SesaZlebelia, Sexvedraze waiReT wi-
naswar momzadebuli werilebi da peticiebi _ amiT mxardamWerTa uf-
ro maRali raodenobis demonstrirebas moaxdenT. Sexvedrebi, ro-
gorc wesi, oficialuri piris ofisSi ewyoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
arCeul oficialur pirTa umravlesobas ar uyvars aseTi Sexvedrebi,
Tu aCvenebT, rom Tqvens kampanias bevri mxardamWeri hyavs, isini
iZulebuli iqnebian, Sexvedraze dagTanxmdnen.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom oficialuri pirebi yvelaze xSirad aseTi,
sicrueze damyarebuli, argumentebiT Seecdebian Tavidan mogiSoron:
`me TviTon vapirebdi imis gakeTebas, rasac Tqven iTxovT Cemgan;
magram imis gamo, rom ase iqceviT, amas aRar gavakeTeb~.
`Cemze zewola arasodes axdens gavlenas. me mudam TviTon vwyvet,
rogor moviqce~.

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 `raSi gWirdebaT Cemze zewolis moxdena? me xom Tqveniani, Tqveni
megobari var~.
`me ar SemiZlia, Tqveni interesebis/moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis-
Tvis parlaments biujetidan Tanxebis gamoyofa vTxovo. amisTvis
kompetenturi (mag., samedicino, uflebadamcveli da a. S.) organiza-
ciebi arsebobs”.

ramdenime rCeva oficialur pirebTan Sexvedrebis organizebisTvis:

Sexvedris drois dasaniSnad daurekeT oficialuri piris mdivans.
uTxariT, ra sakiTxis (an sakiTxebis) ganxilva gsurT Sexvedraze
da aucileblad axseneT Sexvedraze mimsvleli adamianebis raode-
noba. Tu didi jgufiT midixarT, SesaZlebelia, oficialuri piris
ofisma ver dagitioT da SexvedrisTvis specialuri oTaxis gamo-
yofa gaxdes saWiro. gaxsovdeT, rom Sexvedrebze masobrivi warmo-
madgenlobiT gamocxadeba namdvilad ar aris aucilebeli, mcire
jgufiT misvla savsebiT normaluria.
gaxsovdeT, rom arCeul pirebTan pirispir Sexvedra SesaZloa uf-
ro efeqturi iyos, vidre daniSnulebTan.
rodesac oficialur pirTan Sesaxvedrad jgufis Sedgenas daiw-
yebT, SeecadeT, is erTi mxriv mravalferovani warmomadgenlobiT
da meore mxriv nacnobi adamianebiT daabalansoT. gaaanalizeT,
ras SeuZlia oficialur pirze gavlenis moxdena. magaliTad, Tu
mas gamokveTili religiuri mrwamsi aqvs, SeecadeT, Sexvedraze
misi religiis warmomadgeneli sasuliero piri waiyvanoT. amasTan,
gaxsovdeT, rom Sexvedraze wardgenili jgufi erTsa da imave
programas unda iziarebdes; jgufSi nu CarTavT iseT adamianebs,
visac ar icnobT.
jgufSi gamoyaviT erTi adamiani, romelic Tqvens moTxovnebs wa-
radgens da jgufis kidev erT an or warmomadgenels miscems mokle
sityvas. jgufis danarCeni wevrebi oficialur pirs unda warud-
ginoT da TqvaT, Tu romel organizacias an interesTa jgufs war-
moadgens TiToeuli maTgani.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven eqspertis poziciaSi yofnas aravin
mogTxovT, aucilebelia, Sexvedraze kargad momzadebulebi mix-
videT. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aiciloT kamaTi da garCeva, Zalian
kargad unda icnobdeT Sexvedraze garCeuli kanonmdeblobis Zi-
riTad punqtebs. winaswar moamzadeT is ramdenime punqti, romle-
bic mniSvnelovania Tqven mier ganxiluli sakiTxisTvis.

104
 ecadeT, oficialur pirs specifikuri moTxovniT mimarToT da
konkretuli nabijebis gadadgma mosTxovoT (mag., mocemuli kanon-
mdeblobis mxardaWera). SesaZlebelia, Tqven erTbaSad ramdenime
sakiTxis dasma SegeZloT, magram Tqveni Sexvedra bevrad ufro
efeqtian iqneba, Tu erT an or ZiriTad sakiTxze gaakeTebT aq-
cents.
Tu uSualod oficialur pirTan ver axerxebT mocemul etapze
Sexvedras, SegiZliaT mis mrCevels (an moadgiles) SexvdeT. es ada-
mianebi, rogorc wesi, kargad informirebulebi arian da SeuZliaT
Tqveni moTxovnebis TavianT ufrosebamde rCevis saxiT mitana.
SesaZlebelia, oficialurma pirma (an misma mrCevelma/moadgilem)
SexvedrisTvis mxolod ramdenime wuTi gamogiyoT, amitom ecadeT,
saTqmeli rac SeiZleba mokled TqvaT da maqsimalurad daeyrdnoT
Tqven mier winaswar momzadebul ZiriTad punqtebs. Tu meti dro
geqnebaT, SegiZliaT, sakiTxi gaSaloT da mis Sesaxeb ofocialuri
piris mosazrebebic moisminoT.
SeecadeT, oficialur pirTan konkretul SeTanxmebas miaRwioT.
Tu es ar xerxdeba, mas kidev SexvdiT.
Sexvedris Semdeg oficialur pirTan kontaqti gaagrZeleT. Tu
Sexvedram kargad Caiara, mas baraTi gaugzavneT da madloba gada-
uxadeT. Tu man damatebiTi informaciis da masalebis miwodeba
gTxovaT, mokle droSi gaugzavneT. Tu oficialuri piri konkre-
tuli qmedebebis gatarebas dagpirdaT, Tvali adevneT, rogor
Seasrulebs amas.

3.7. satelefono kampania

zog SemTxvevaSi situacia gadaudebel reagirebas moiTxovs da we-
rilebis werisTvis an oficialur pirebTan SexvedrisTvis dro ar
rCeba. aseT dros satelefono kampaniis warmarTvaa SesaZlebeli. sa-
telefono kampania SesaZleblobas mogcemT, piradad da uSualod ga-
moxatoT Tqveni azri.

ramdenime rCeva satelefono kampaniis organizebisTvis:

daukavSirdiT TqvenTvis saWiro oficialur pirs ofisSi.
waradgineT sakuTari Tavi da Tqveni organizacia (skolis an uni-
versitetis saxeli, sainiciativo jgufi, arasamTavrobo organi-
zacia da a. S.)

105
 moiTxoveT TqvenTvis saWiro oficialur pirTan uSualod sauba-
ri. Tu es ar xerxdeba, maSin SeiZleba, mis moadgilesTan scadoT
dakavSireba. magram Tu arc es gamova, mdivans Tqveni telefonis
nomeri, saxeli da misamarTi dautoveT da sTxoveT, maTTan mogvi-
anebiT dagakavSiroT.
Tu Tqveni kampania bevri satelefono zaris organizebas gulisx-
mobs, maSin umjobesia, es zarebi ara uSualod oficialurma pirma,
aramed misma mdivanma miiRos, vinaidan zedmetad bevri zaris
miRebam SesaZloa TqvenTvis saWiro oficialur pirze negatiuri
gavlena iqonios da TanamSromloba gaarTulos. datoveT mdivan-
Tan Setyobinebebi da sTxoveT, ufross gadasces, xolo uSualod
ufross SeiZleba ramdenime Tqvengani daukavSirdes da uTxras,
rom mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb bevri Setyobinebaa datovebuli
mdivanTan.
Setyobinebebi maqsimalurad mokle unda iyos. rogorc efeqtiani
werilebis weris SemTxvevaSi, aqac aucilebelia konkretuli da
Camoyalibebuli moTxovnis qona.
mzad iyaviT sakiTxis irgvliv informaciis gasacemad _ es, SesaZ-
loa, mogTxovon. satelefono kampaniis dawyebamde daukavSirdiT
im (arasamTavrobo) organizaciebs, romlebic TqvenTvis sainte-
reso sakiTxze muSaoben da moipoveT informacia.

satelefono qseli
satelefono zarebis STambeWdavi raodenobis miRwevaSi aqtivis-
tebisgan Semdgari qselis Camoyalibeba dagexmarebaT, romelic xis
gantotebis principiT imoqmedebs. qselis TiToeuli wevri piradad
urekavs oficialur pirs da erTsa da imave mosazrebas gadascems.
aseTi qseli gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maSin, rodesac deputati an
oficialuri piri, romelsac urekavT, sakanonmdeblo an dadgenile-
bis miRebis procesSi monawileobs da mocemul sakiTxze sazogado-
ebrivi azri ainteresebs.

satelefono qseli ase SeiZleba Seiqmnas:

1. airCieT koordinatori, romelic qselis SenarCunebaze da saWi-
ro dros mis gaaqtiurebaze izrunebs. satelefono kampaniis dawye-
bisas es pirovneba ramdenime wevrs daukavSirdeba, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, kidev sxva monawileebs gadascemen informacias.

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 2. SeadgineT Tqveni organizaciis wevrebisa da satelefono kampa-
niis potenciuri monawileebis telefonis nomrebis sia.
3. SearCieT qselis ramdenime wevri da 10 monawilesTan dakavSireba
daavaleT.
4. gadaeciT maT dasakavSirebeli wevrebis telefonebi.
5. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom gzavnili, romelsac avrcelebT,
mokled da mkafiod iyos Camoyalibebuli. es gzavnili jer qselSi
vrceldeba, Semdeg ki qselis wevrebi da kampaniis monawileebi mas
oficialur pirs gadascemen. amdenad, is gasagebad da martivad Camo-
yalibebuli unda iyos, rom kampaniis yvela monawilem misi Cawera da
Semdeg sworad gameoreba SeZlos.
6. SeinarCuneT da xSirad amuSaveT satelefono qseli. SeecadeT,
organizeba gaukeToT imas, rom kampaniis dawyebisa da qselis gaaqti-
urebis dros gzavnilis mimRebma bolo monawilem qselis koordina-
tors daurekos da Seatyobinos, rom qselis mTliani informireba da
amoqmedeba moxerxda.

satelefono qselis amuSavebis magaliTi:

koordinatori qselis sam wevrs urekavs;

TiToeuli wevri, Tavis mxriv, 5 monawiles ukavSirdeba

da yovel mexuTes (mTlianobaSi sam wevrs) gzavnilis
Semdgom gavrcelebas sTxovs (ukve 18 monawilea informirebuli);

samive wevri kidev 5 monawiles ukavSirdeba da

yovel mexuTes (mTlianobaSi isev sam wevrs) gzavnilis
Semdgom gavrcelebas sTxovs (ukve 33 monawilea informirebuli);

samive wevri kidev 5 monawiles ukavSirdeba

(mTlianobaSi qselis 48 monawilea informirebuli).

3.8. mediis gamoyeneba

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis swori da efeqturi gamoye-
neba Zalian mniSvnelovania organizebisa da kampaniis warmatebulad
warmarTvisTvis. mediis gamoyeneba Tqveni organizaciis gaZlierebas
Seuwyobs xels; es agreTve erT-erTi efeqtiani gzaa Tqvens samizne
pirze, anu gadawyvetilebis mimRebze, gavlenis mosaxdenad da zewo-
lis gasaZliereblad. cxadia, amaSi is ar igulisxmeba, rom mediaSi

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yoveli gamoCenis dros konkretuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebis saxeli
unda dasaxeldes. zewola SeiZleba mocemul sakiTxze SemuSavebuli
samecniero an sxva saxis daskvnis gamoqveynebamac gaaZlieros, rome-
lic kampaniis samizne pirs uSualod ar daasaxelebs, magram mis pozi-
cias mcdarad da usamarTlod warmoaCens.
mediasTan muSaoba mTliani strategiis nawili unda iyos da maSin
unda gamoiyenoT, rodesac is maqsimalurad efeqturi iqneba. zog Sem-
TxvevaSi aqtivistebis jgufebi mediasTan kampaniis dasawyisSive iwye-
ben TanamSromlobas _ magaliTad, rodesac saqme sakanonmdeblo ini-
ciativas exeba da farTo mxardaWeris mopovebas saWiroebs. sxva SemT-
xvevebSi _ magaliTad, konkretuli politikuri Zalis an oficialuri
piris diskreditaciis mizniT mediis gamoyeneba kampaniis Sualedur
fazaSi igegmeba, rodesac amisTvis sakmarisi informacia da gamocdi-
leba arsebobs. yvela SemTxvevaSi mediasTan Tqveni urTierToba gaaz-
rebuli da dagegmili unda iyos.
nebismieri didi korporaciis msgavsad rogorc samauwyeblo, ise
beWdviT medias xSirad ori ZiriTadi mizani aqvs; maT surT fulis
keTeba da iseTi politikuri klimatis xelSewyoba, romelic kidev
ufro meti fulis Seuferxeblad gakeTebis saSualebas miscems. me-
dias xSirad reklamis Semomtani msxvili kompaniebis interesebic
amoZravebs. es kompaniebi, da sakuTriv mediac, im konkretuli poli-
tikuri pirebis karieraze arian damokidebuli, romlebic sxvadasxva
mizezebis gamo maT mfarveloben. cxadia, media ar warmoadgens yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis im obieqtur da miukerZoebel `gamSuqebels~,
rogoradac is xSirad Tavis gasaRebas cdilobs. mediis formebis ume-
tesoba konkretul politikur da ekonomikur interesebs atarebs.
magram am yvelafris miuxedavad, media mainc SeiZleba Tqvens sasar-
geblod gamoiyenoT. yvelaze advili iqneba, rom mediasTan TanamS-
romlobis ar- an verdamyareba mediis politikur an korporaciul
kontrols davabraloT. amiT Tavi mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaimarT-
loT, rodesac JurnalistebTan da reportiorebTan urTierTobis
damyareba yvela saWiro meTodiT scadeT, magram Tqveni kampania mainc
ar Suqdeba mediaSi.
aqtivistebsa da sainiciativo jgufebs SeuZliaT, kampaniis mediaSi
efeqtur gaSuqebas miaRwion, da isini xSirad aRweven kidec amas. mTa-
vari, rac unda gaxsovdeT, is aris, rom medias erTi ZiriTadi interesi
_ auditoriis gazrda _ amoZravebs. Tu Tqveni qmedeba gazeTebis ga-
yidvas an ufro meti mayureblis/msmenelis mozidvas gamoiwvevs da

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amavdroulad mediis kerZo interesebs ar emuqreba, Tqveni kampaniis
saqmianoba aucileblad gaSuqdeba mediis mier.

ZiriTadi, rac mediasTan muSaobis dros unda gaiTvaliswinoT, Sem-

degia:
SeadgineT `mediis sia~, romelSic Jurnalistebis saxeli, tele-
foni, misamarTi, eleqtronuli fosta da faqsis nomeri iqneba
Setanili. SeecadeT, siaSi rac SeiZleba mravalferovani mediis
warmomadgenlebi SeiyvanoT (samauwyeblo, beWdviTi, sazogadoeb-
rivi, saxelmwifo, kerZo da a. S.). Tu did qalaqSi cxovrobT, iq
albaT mediis saagentoebi iarsebebs; isinic SeiyvaneT siaSi. da-
gegmili aqciis Sesaxeb mokle gancxadeba (ix. qvemoT) medias aqci-
amde samiode dRiT adre miawodeT; aqciis wina dRes mediis warmo-
madgenlebs uSualod daukavSirdiT.
piradad SexvdiT Jurnalistebs, tok-Souebisa da sxva gadacemebis
wamyvanebs, dijeebs da gazeTebis redaqtorebs. daamyareT da Se-
inarCuneT maTTan urTierToba, da gaigeT maTi interesebi.
Tvali adevneT axal ambebs, gadacemebs da statiebs. daukavSirdiT
avtorebs da gamoTqviT Tqveni azri. maT muSaobaze dakvirveba sa-
Sualebas mogcemT, sworad gansazRvroT, vin dainteresdeba Tqven
mier warmoebuli konkretuli kampaniiT.
mzad iyaviT JurnalistebisTvis faqtebis, lakonuri informaciis,
citatebis, istoriuli informaciis gadasacemaT. Tu saSualeba
gaqvT, maT `eqskluziuri informacia~ SesTavazeT, rac imas niS-
navs, rom maT mier gakeTebuli reportaJi mocemul Temas pirveli
gaaJRerebs mediaSi.
rac SeiZleba swrafad moaxdinoT reagireba Jurnalistis satele-
fono zarze an imeilze.
gamoiyeneT mediasTan urTierTobis yvela ufaso saSualeba: miswe-
reT werilebi gazeTebis redaqtorebs, daukavSirdiT radiosad-
gurebs da televiziebs.

mediis gamoyenebis gzebi

nebismierma organizaciam mediis yuradReba ramdenime gziT SeiZ-
leba miipyros _ es konkretuli sakiTxisa da konkretuli strategiis
mixedviT unda gansazRvroT. rodesac Tqveni organizacia sakiTxze
orientirebuli kampaniis dagegmvas daiwyebs, moifiqreT, ra gziT ga-
moiyenoT media imisaTvis, rom kampania warmatebulad ganaxorci-

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eloT, gaaZlieroT Tqveni organizacia da organizaciis wevrebs So-
ris liderebi gamoyoT.

mediamovlenebi
kampaniis organizatrebi da sainiciativo jgufebi xSirad gegmaven
da awyoben specialurad mediisTvis gankuTvnil qmedebebs/movlenebs.
sxva SemTxvevebSi mediis warmomadgenlebs aqciebis an sxva Sexvedre-
bis gasaSuqeblad patiJeben, sadac gadawyvetilebis mimRebis mimarT
konkretuli moTxovnebi iqneba gamoTqmuli. rogori tipisac ar unda
iyos, mediamovlenebi yovelTvis dagexmarebaT Tqveni organizaciisa
da misi poziciis farTo sazogadoebisTvis gacnobaSi.
meti informacia mediamovlenebis Sesaxeb ixileT qvemoT mocemul
qveTavSi `ramdenime rCeva mediasTan muSaobisTvis~.

preskonferenciebi
preskonferenciebi erT-erTi efeqturi `movlenaa~, romelic
mediam SeiZleba gaaSuqos. magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom pres-
konferenciaze mediis warmomadgenlebis moyvana SeiZleba gagiWir-
deT, Tu namdvilad mniSvnelovan axal ambavs an raime cnobili movle-
nis Tanamdev saintereso ambavs ar sTavazobT. preskonferenciis war-
mateba SeiZleba gamomsvlelebis pirovnebamac gansazRvros, Tuki isi-
ni sazogadoebisTvis nacnobi da cnobili adamianebi arian. konfe-
renciis formati saSualebas gaZlevT, medias ara mxolod swrafi
informacia SesTavazoT, aramed misi saSualebiT sazogadoebas wa-
rudginoT kvlevebi, romlebic mocemuli problemis detalur ana-
lizs an vizualur masalas moicaven.
SeecadeT preskonferenciaze mxolod ramdenime ZiriTadi gamom-
svleli iyos, da ar SeexoT sam sakiTxze mets. sakiTxis arsi pirvelma
da mTavarma gamomsvlelma Camoayalibos, Semdeg danarCeni gamoms-
vlelebi waradginos. Tu politikuri mosazrebebis gamo damatebiTi
adamianebis daswreba gesaWiroebaT, sTxoveT maT, gamomsvlelebis
ukan dadgnen fotosuraTebze da videomasalaSi gamoCenis mizniT.

presrelizebis momzadeba
presrelizi ambis an movlenis mTlian da amomwurav gadmocemas
emsaxureba. is, rogorc wesi, ori gverdisgan Sedgeba da axali ambis
monaTxrobis formatSia dawerili. zogierTma gazeTma Tqveni pres-
relizi SeiZleba ucvleli saxiTac ki dabeWdos. bevri organizacia

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amgvar presrelizebs yovelTviurad uSvebs, vinaidan mediaSi moxved-
ris garda, am gziT Jurnalistebs mudmivad axsenebs organizaciis
arsebobis faqts. amis Sedegad Jurnalistebma ician, rom mocemul
sakiTxze komentaris mosapoveblad SesaZlebelia organizaciis war-
momadgenlebTan dakavSireba.

presrelizis savaraudo struqtura aseTia:

pirveli paragrafi sakiTxs waradgens. is erTidan sam winadadebas
moicavs da ZiriTad SekiTxvebs _ vin? ra? rodis? sad? ratom? da
rogor? pasuxobs. pirvelma paragrafma redaqtoris yuradRebis
mipyroba unda SeZlos.
meore paragrafi wardginebidan detalur informirebaze gadasv-
lis erTgvari xidis funqcias asrulebs.
mesame paragrafi teqstis ZiriTadi nawili unda iyos. wardginebaSi
mocemuli informacia aq detalurad unda axsnaT. gamoiyeneT ci-
tatebi, faqtebi, romlebic pirvel paragrafSi ar Sevida, da zoga-
di informacia Tqveni organizaciis Sesaxeb.
yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT daurTeT foto.
presrelizis redaqciaSi gagzavnis Semdeg redaqtors telefoniT
daukavSirdiT an redaqciaSi midiT. aman SeiZleba Tqven mimarT
redaqtoris interesi gazardos.
presrelizi blankze dabeWdeT. striqonebs Soris erTnaxevari xa-
zi gamotoveT da gverdebze farTo carieli adgilebi datoveT.
gverdis TavSi sakontaqto piris saxeli da koordinatebi moaTav-
seT, aRniSneT TariRi da daurTeT mokle saTauri. Tu presrelizi
erT gverdze mets moicavs, ar dagaviwydeT gverdebis danomvra.
relizi nacnob Jurnalists an redaqtors faqsiT an imeiliT gaug-
zavneT.

interviuebi da tok-Souebi
rogorc radio, ise satelevizio tok-Souebi yovelTvis eZeben
saintereso da axal perspeqtivebs, adamianebs da sakiTxebs. gaicaniT
aseTi gadacemebis prodiuserebi da maTi asistentebi, Tundac mxo-
lod telefoniT. Tu saintereso stumrebs gaugzavniT da saintereso
masalebs gadascemT, SesaZlebelia, aseT gadacemebSi regularulad
migiwvion xolme. SeecadeT, iseTi urTierToba daamyaroT maTTan, rom
Tu mimdinare sakiTxebze `moqalaqeebis~ an `arasamTavrobo seqtoris~
mosazreba dasWirdebaT, Tqven dagikavSirdnen. xSirad medias ama Tu

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im sakiTxis mimarTeba ainteresebs `adamianebis interesebTan~; esec
xelsayreli momenti iqneba imisaTvis, rom Tqveni Tavi warmoaCinoT.

(mTavar) redaqtorebTan gagzavnili werilebi

(mTavar) redaqtorebTan gagzavnili werilebi adgilobriv presaSi
Tqvens mosazrebas warmoaCens da SeiZleba im statiebis kontrargu-
menti iyos, romelTac Tqven ar eTanxmebiT. maT farTo auditoria
kiTxulobs, maT Soris arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da gadawyveti-
lebis sxva mimRebebi. presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebiT agreTve ise-
Ti STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom mocemul sakiTxs farTo mxardaWera
gaaCnia.
werilebi kampaniis msvlelobisas Tqveni organizaciis lidereb-
Tan erTad dawereT. es meTodi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Tqveni
organizaciis an kampaniis/sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli statiebis
sapasuxod. SeecadeT, Tqveni werili maqsimalurad mokle iyos, rom
redaqtorebma raime ar amoWran.
iyaviT pirdapiri. werilSi erTi (an maqsimum ori) mosazreba gamoT-
qviT. gaxsovdeT, rom werilebs xSirad amokleben, amitom mosaz-
reba mokled da gasagebad CamoayalibeT pirvelive paragrafSi.
SeecadeT werilis pirvelive frazidan miipyroT mkiTxvelis yu-
radReba.
iyaviT drouli. upasuxeT konkretul statias, romelic mocemul
gazeTSi gamoqveynda, an konkretul movlenas, romelic axlo war-
sulSi moxda. moiyvaneT im statiis saTauri, avtori da gamoqvey-
nebis dRe, romelsac eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT.
moiyvaneT argumentirebuli faqtebi. Tu sakiTxi, romelsac exe-
biT, sakamaToa, SegiZliaT, werils sxva sabuTebic daurToT. mag-
ram nurc zedmetad bevri masaliT datvirTavT redaqtors. uar-
yaviT an daeTanxmeT konkretul mosazrebebs, daumateT is faq-
tebi, romlebic ignorirebuli iyo, magram moerideT redaqtore-
bisa da Jurnalistebis Seuracxyofas.
gaiTvaliswineT Tqveni auditoria. SeecadeT, werili profesiona-
lis poziciidan daweroT _ gaxsovdeT, rom megobars ar swerT.
gaiTvaliswineT is auditoria, romelic gazeTs kiTxulobs. ar ga-
moiyenoT zedmetad bevri teqnikuri termini _ werili damajere-
beli da advilad gasagebi unda iyos yvela mkiTxvelisTvis.

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 socialuri reklama
socialuri reklama efeqturi gzaa sazogadoebis informirebis-
Tvis adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb. mediis bevri forma
socialur reklamas ufasod aTavsebs eTerSi. daukavSirdiT adgi-
lobrivi mediis warmomadgenlebs da socialuri reklamis ganTavsebis
zusti pirobebi gaigeT. SeiZleba maT reklamis SeqmnaSi daxmarebac
ki SemogTavazon.
socialuri reklama farTo auditoriazea gaTvlili. man mniSvne-
lovani da yuradsaRebi ambis STabeWdileba unda moaxdinos.
SeecadeT, reklama advilad dasamaxsovrebeli iyos.
msmenels/mayurebels miawodeT Tqvens organizaciasTan dasakavSi-
rebeli koordinatebi: telefonis nomeri, eleqtronuli fostis
da vebgverdis misamarTebi. mzad iyaviT satelefono zarebis gazr-
dili raodenobis misaRebad.
gamoiyeneT zusti faqtebi, TariRebi da saxelebi. upasuxeT Se-
kiTxvebs: vin? ra? ratom? rodis? sad? da rogor?
Caweramde teqsti xmamaRla waikiTxeT da darwmundiT, rom advi-
lad da uproblemod ikiTxeba.
gaiTvaliswineT da CaetieT drois gansazRvrul limitSi.
rodesac Tqveni socialuri reklama eTerSi moxvdeba, redaqtors
(an wamyvans) daukavSirdiT da madloba gadauxadeT.

ramdenime rCeva mediasTan muSaobisTvis

am qveTavSi mocemuli rCevebi dagexmarebaT rogorc mediamovle-
nebisa da preskonferenciebis dagegmvaSi, ise mediis yuradRebis mip-
yrobaSi sxva qmedebebis dros. ecadeT, mkafiod ganasxvaoT erT-
maneTisgan sxvadasxva movlenebisa Tu qmedebebis mediasTan mimarTe-
ba. mediamovlenebi da preskonferenciebi sagangebod mediisTvis
imarTeba; maT auditorias mediis warmomadgenlebi Sedgenen, mizani
ki mediaSi gaSuqebaa. Tu sagangebod mediisTvis gamarTuli movlena
mediis mier ar gaSuqdeba, maSin is yvelanair azrs kargavs. sxva saxis
movlenebs, magaliTad, saprotesto aqciebs, piketebs, ralis da/an
donorebisTvis gamarTul pikniks mediisgan damoukidebeli funqcia
gaaCniaT, romelic mediaSi gaSuqebiT SeiZleba mxolod gaizardos
da gaZlierdes.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom sagangebod mediisTvis gamarTuli mov-
lena mxolod Tqveni jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier gancxadebis
gakeTebiT SeiZleba Semoifarglos. yovelTvis ukeTesia, Tu

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movlenaSi Tqveni gadawyvetilebis mimRebis CarTvas SeZlebT _ ma-
galiTad, misi ofisis win aqciis gamarTviT da Semdeg peticiebiT an
moTxovnebiT uSualod masTan (an mis mdivanTan) SesvliT. rogorc
wesi, am etapze gamarjvebas ar unda elodeT. es gza ufro gadawyve-
tilebis mimRebze zewolis gaZlierebaSi dagexmarebaT, vinaidan saja-
rod amxelT mis araswor, usamarTlo an arapopularul pozicias/
nabijs.
mediamovlenis dagegmva mkveTri frazis mofiqrebiT daiwyeT,
romelsac Tqveni aqciis erTgvar saTaurad gamoiyenebT. mkafiod
CamoayalibeT Tqveni moTxovna da auditorias daskvnebis gakeTe-
bis saSualeba mieciT.
mediis warmomadgenlebs dagegmili aqciis Taobaze mokle gancxa-
debiT SeatyobineT. upasuxeT ZiriTad SekiTxvebs: vin? ra? sad?
rodis? da ratom? dasawyisSive aRniSneT, rom mediis warmomadgen-
lebs aqciaze foto- da videogadaRebis saSualeba eqnebaT. aqti-
vistebi xSirad Secdomas uSveben da am teqstSi zedmetad bevr in-
formacias aTavseben xolme. yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufi
raime kvlevis Sedegebis gamosacxadebel aqcias awyobda da kvlevis
mTel teqsts winaswar urigebda medias. Tu aqciaze mosvlamde
Jurnalistebs siuJetis gakeTebisTvis an statiis dawerisTvis
sakmaris informacias miawvdiT, SegiZliaT, ivaraudoT, rom isini
aqciaze marTlac ar gamocxaddebian. maT SeiZleba Tqven mier
werilobiT miwodebuli informacia _ Tqveni komentarebisa da vi-
zualuri mxaris gareSe – mosawyenadac CaTvalon da saerTod ar
gaaSuqon. ase rom, ecadeT, gancxadeba mokle da mkafio iyos da
damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis survils aRZravdes.
SeecadeT, Tqven mier dagegmil da Catarebul aqcias Rirebuli
axali ambis mniSvneloba misceT. Tu prezidenti, rok-varskvlavi
an mafiis bosi ar xarT, mxolod Tqveni mosazrebis gamoTqmis aqti
ar SeiZleba axal ambavad CaiTvalos. mediamovlenas mxolod imis
gamo ver moawyobT, rom xalxs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
Tqveni ukmayofilebis Sesaxeb mouTxroT. aseTi movlena axali
ambavi unda iyos, e. i. erT-erT Semdeg punqts unda akmayofileb-
des:
adamianebis didi raodenoba eswreba da monawileobs aqciaSi.
mediis TvalsazrisiT, Tu movlenam amdeni xalxi ise daainteresa,
rom isini uSualod gamocxaddnen, maSin kidev ufro bevri adamiani
waikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb.

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Tqveni aqcia `axali ambebis momxden~, cnobil pirovnebas mihyavs.
magram gaiTvaliswineT, rom e. w. `cnobili saxeebis~ xSirma gamoye-
nebam SeiZleba Tqveni organizaciis SigniT liderebis gamokveTas
SeuSalos xeli. Tqven dainteresebuli unda iyoT organizaciis
liderebis adgilobriv `cnobil saxeebad~ qcevaSi, romlebic uSu-
alod moizidaven medias. amdenad, aqciis wamyvanebad cnobili ada-
mianebis garedan dapatiJeba TqvenTvis iSviaTi praqtika unda gax-
des.
aqciis wamyvanebi acxadeben axali qmedebis dasawyiss, _ mag., `Cven
qalaqis meris gadayenebisTvis xelowerebis Segrovebas viwyebT~.
realuri gadayenebis safrTxis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba Tqvens aq-
cias axali ambebisTvis Sesaferis movlenad aqcevs. es ase ar iqne-
boda, Tqven rom ubralod amdgariyaviT da geTqvaT: `Cveni azriT,
meri unda gadadges~.
mimdinare da nacnob ambavs axali informacia emateba. magaliTad,
aqciaze cxaddeba, rom samSeneblo kompania, romelic qrTamis
micemaSia mxilebuli, cnobil politikoss ekuTvnis.
aqciaze yvelasTvis moulodneli informaciis gamocxadeba axali
ambis Seqmnis erT-erTi meTodia.
axali ambavi SegiZliaT Zveli an mimdinare problemis axleburi
gadawyvetiTac SeqmnaT.
Tqven mier organizebuli aqcia bevrad advilad moxvdeba sainfor-
macio gamoSvebebSi, Tu sakiTxi, romelsac aqcia eZRvneba, qveyanaSi
momdinare movlenas ukavSirdeba, magaliTad, Tu Tqveni aqcia im
dRes parlamentSi ganxilul sakiTxs eZRvneba. aseT SemTxvevebSi
SeecadeT, aqcia parlamentis sxdomis drois gaTvaliswinebiT da-
gegmoT, rom mediis warmomadgenlebma am ori movlenis gaSuqeba
da erTmaneTTan dakavSireba SeZlon.
izruneT aqciis vizualur mxareze. dRes ara mxolod samauwyeblo,
aramed beWdviTi mediac mniSvnelovnad aris orientirebuli vi-
zualur mxareze. ecadeT, gaiazroT, rogor gamoCndeba Tqveni
aqcia. medias ar uyvars `molaparake Tavebi~, ase rom, aqcia Senobis
gareT gamarTeT da SeecadeT, medias saintereso `suraTebi~ da
adamianebi SesTavazoT. maSinac ki, rodesac statias foto ar
axlavs, teqstis nawili Jurnalistis mier aqciaze nanaxi scenebi
iqneba. SeecadeT, rom Tqveni organizaciis saxelwodebis aRmniS-
vneli niSnebi yvelgan iyos. gamomsvlelebis fonad plakatebi
gamoitaneT. aqciaze mosul adamianebs plakatebisa da lozunge-

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 bis daWera sTxoveT. urigo ar iqneba, Tu Tqveni organizacia mud-
mivi daniSnulebis plakatis Seqmnaze izrunebs, romelic Tqveni
saxelisa da, Tu SesaZlebelia, logos gamomxatveli iqneba da ro-
melsac yvela aqciaze scenis an magidis Tavze aRmarTavT. gamom-
svlelebs aseve SeuZliaT Tqveni organizaciis gamomxatveli
samagrebis an Rilebis gakeTeba. Tu aseTebi ar mogepovebaT, orga-
nizaciis saxeli qaRaldis furclebze dawereT da warmomadgen-
lebs gaukeTeT, raTa isini advili SesamCnevi iyvnen kamerebis mier.
efeqtur vizualur mxares warmoadgens agreTve didi zomis lo-
zungi an mTavari mosazrebis sailustracio cxrili. rac ar unda
airCioT, gaxsovdeT, rom vizualuri gaformeba fotoze dafiqsi-
rebis funqcias emsaxureba _ is ar SeiZleba droSi gawelili pro-
cesi iyos. preskonferenciis an aqciis dawyebamde Tvalebi daxu-
WeT da warmoidgineT, rom kamera gaqvT. darwmundiT, rom Tqven
mier dagegmili movlenis vizualuri mxare efeqturia: mkafiod
warmoaCens aqciis Sinaarss da dasamaxsovrebels xdis Tqveni orga-
nizaciis saxelwodebas.
SeimuSaveT `xmovani citata~, romelic mTeli aqciis Tanmdevi fra-
za iqneba da vizualur mxareSic aisaxeba. es citata yvela gamom-
svlelma unda gamoiyenos.
daexmareT Jurnalistebs. rogorc nebismieri Cvengani, Jurnalis-
tebi xSirad daRlilebi an samuSaoTi ukmayofiloni arian. miawo-
deT maT mkafiod Camoyalibebuli informacia da SeecadeT, rom
am informacias mSrali faqtebis nacvlad garkveuli ambis forma
hqondes. es mediis warmomadgenlebs Tqveni aqciis gaSuqebas gau-
advilebs.
icnobdeT mediis warmomadgenlebs. JurnalistebTan da redaqto-
rebTan piradi urTierTobebis damyareba ramdenime aspeqtis gamo
aris Tqvens interesebSi. SeecadeT, gaigoT, vin aSuqebs Tqvens Te-
matikas da piradad gaicnoT is. pativi eciT Jurnalistebis pati-
osnebas da profesias. gaxsovdeT, rom maT uSualod axali ambebis
gaSuqeba evalebaT da ara xelovnurad dadgmuli movlenebisa,
romelsac Tqven mxolod mediaSi gaSuqebisTvis awyobT. maSinac
ki, rodesac JurnalistebTan axlo urTierToba gaqvT, gaxsovdeT,
rom araferi ar SeiZleba saidumlod darCes. Tu ar gsurT, rom
raime daibeWdos, ar TqvaT; Tu ar gsurT, rom raime televiziiT
gadaices, ar gaakeToT. Cven, rogorc wesi, vTvliT, rom informa-
cias Jurnalistebs Cven vawvdiT. magram Tu megobruli urTier-

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Tobebis damyarebas SeZlebT da Jurnalistebs Tqveni daxmareba
moundebaT, isini informaciis SesaniSnav wyarod gadaiqcevian
TqvenTvis. gaxsovdeT aseve, rom piradi urTierTobis damyarebis
SemTxvevaSi Jurnalistebi, romlebic Tqvens Tematikas regula-
rulad aSuqeben, xSirad mogakiTxaven xolme komentarisTvis.
informaciaSi CarTeT `adamianis perspeqtiva~. adamianebze radi-
oaqtiuri narCenebis gavlenis kvleva SeiZleba mosawyenad JRer-
des, magram narCenebTan axlos mcxovrebi ojaxis gancxadebiT sa-
kiTxs adamianuri perspeqtiva da gamocdileba daemateba. aseTi
`adamianis perspeqtiva~, sasurvelia, yvela mediamovlenas gaaCn-
des, sadac Cveulebrivi adamianebi TavianT uSualo gamocdilebas
mohyvebian. movlena, romelzec mxolod eqspertebi an politi-
kosebi laparakoben, SeiZleba mediam gaaSuqos, magram savaraudod
mosawyeni da zedmetad oficialuri gamova.
gaiTvaliswineT gamarTlebis mniSvneloba. rogorc yovelTvis,
karg an cud beds mediamovlenebis organizebaSic didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs. SesaZloa, Tqven marTlac Zalian mniSvnelovani axali
ambavi an SesaniSnavad dagegmili aqcia gqondeT, magram Tu qveya-
naSi miwisZvra moxdeba an prezidentis irgvliv raime skandali
agordeba, im dRes media Tqven ar gagaSuqebT. meore mxriv, SesaZ-
loa, Tqveni aqcia arafriT gamorCeul dRes daemTxves da saRamos
sainformacio gamoSvebebis varskvlavad iqceT. es kanonzomieria.
aqcia mudmivad akontroleT. imisaTvis, rom profesionalurad
gamoiyurebodeT, ar aris saWiro sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis
specialisti iyoT. gamoyaviT magida mediis warmomadgenlebisT-
vis, sadac isini monacemebs datoveben (Tqven ki amas mediis sias
daumatebT). daarigeT mediisTvis gankuTvnili saqaRaldeebi, rom-
lebSic uSualod am movlenisTvis momzadebuli Tqveni gancxadeba
da Tqveni organizaciisa da sakiTxis Sesaxeb damatebiTi infor-
macia iqneba moTavsebuli. gamoyaviT erT-erTi wevri, romelic me-
diis warmomadgenlebs Sexvdeba da aqciaze gamomsvlelebs gaac-
nobs. daarigeT gamomsvlelebis saxelebis sia (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
isini sxva organizacias warmoadgenen, miuTiTeT misi saxelwode-
ba).
gaiTvaliswineT Jurnalistebis muSaobis stili. zogierT karg
Jurnalists wera bevrad ukeT exerxeba, vidre uSualo urTier-
Toba. ar ganawyendeT, Tuki isini laparaks Segawyvetineben da axal
SekiTxvas dagisvamen.

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 SeqmeniT mediisTvis saintereso vebgverdi. rac ufro aqtiuri
iqneba Tqveni organizacia, miT ufro meti Jurnalisti naxavs
Tqvens vebgverds organizaciis istoriisa da qmedebebis gasacno-
bad. veb-gverdi mediasTan Tqveni muSaobis zogadi strategiis
aucilebeli komponentia.
Tavi aarideT sasamarTloSi Civilis SesaZleblobas. yvelaze mar-
tivi, rac SeiZleba gaakeToT imisaTvis, rom ar giCivlon, fraze-
bis `viRacis mixedviT~, `rogorc amboben~ gamoyenebaa maSin, ro-
desac iciT, rom marTals ambobT, magram isic iciT, rom amis dam-
tkiceba rTuli iqneba. arasodes TqvaT iseTi ram, rac SeiZleba
araswori an Wori iyos.

gamomsvlelebis momzadeba mediamovlenebisTvis

rogorc wesi, adamianebs uyvarT, rodesac maTi saxeli presaSi
ibeWdeba; da gansakuTrebiT siamovnebT, rodesac sakuTar fotosu-
raTebs an gamosaxulebas xedaven gazeTebsa Tu televizorSi. aqti-
vistebs da liderebs sakuTari Tavis mediaSi warmoCenis msgavsad ara-
feri aniWebT Tavdajerebulobasa da Rirebuli saqmis keTebis gan-
cdas. mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, Tu vin iZleva interviuebs da vis
uReben mediis warmomadgenlebi fotosuraTebs. mediis winaSe Tqveni
organizaciis liderebi unda wardgnen xolme _ adamianebi, romlebic
realur saqmes akeTeben da mxolod gamarTuli laparakis niWiT ar
gamoirCevian. mediis winaSe nu gamoiyvanT iseT `moxaliseebs~, romle-
bic kampaniaSi arc ise bevr saqmes akeTeben.
SesaZlebelia, zogierT liders Tavdapirvelad eridebodes an
rcxvenodes mediis winaSe gamosvla. aseT SemTxvevebSi maT sakuTar
Tavze muSaoba da varjiSi mouwevT, SesaZlebelia, videokameris wina-
Sec. gaxsovdeT, rom TiTqmis yvela pirovnebas, visac kargad gamosdis
mediasTan urTierToba, Tavdapirvelad rcxvenoda da eSinoda amis.
aqciis dawyebamde sasurvelia, gamomsvlelebTan repeticia gaiaroT.
romelime Tqvenganma Jurnalistis roli iTamaSos da gamomsvlels
SekiTxvebi dausvas. CamoayalibeT mokle da mkafio pasuxebi, romleb-
Sic aqciis mTavar lozungebs da sakiTxebs gaimeorebT. mediis winaSe
gamomsvlelebs auxseniT, rom isini organizaciis saxeliT ilapara-
keben da, Sesabamisad, mxolod organizaciis pozicia unda `gaaxmova-
non~. Tu maTTvis es pozicia bolomde misaRebi ar aris, maSin gamoms-
vlelis funqciaze uari unda Tqvan. repeticiis dros SeecadeT, yvela
mosalodneli SekiTxva dasvaT, rom gamomsvlelebma winaswar SeZlon

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maTze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom ar aris
aucilebeli, gamomsvlelma yvela SekiTxvas gasces amomwuravi pasuxi.
Tu konkretul SekiTxvaze pasuxi ar aqvT, dasaSvebia, ase upasuxon:
`ar vici, am sakiTxis Taobaze mogvianebiT gagcemT pasuxs~; an `Cvens
organizacias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT jer ar SeumuSavebia pozi-
cia~.
sasurvelia, Tu liderebis pasuxebi aqciis ZiriTad sakiTxebze
koncentrirebuli darCeba iseT SemTxvevebSic, roca Jurnalistis
SekiTxva sxva mimarTulebiT aris dasmuli. yvela mzad unda iyos, rom
pasuxebSi organizaciis saxelwodeba iyos naxsenebi. SekiTxvaze `ra-
tom xarT aq?~ organizaciis yvela gamomsvlelma unda upasuxos:
`(mag.) `mravalferovani saqarTvelo~ dRes aq imisTvis aris, rom...~
organizaciis saxelwodebis xSiri xseneba amcirebs imis SesaZleblo-
bas, rom aqciis Sesaxeb statiebsa Tu siuJetebSi Tqven `erT-erT ara-
samTavrobo organizaciad~ mogixsenion.

3.9. saganmanaTleblo aqciebi

araformaluri leqciebi da saubrebi kampaniis erT-erT formad
yvelaze aqtiurad 1960-iani wlebis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ga-
moiyeneboda, rodesac eklesiebsa Tu klubebSi Sekrebili axalgazr-
debi hovard Turmanisa da martin luTer king-umcrosisgan rasobrivi
diskriminaciis sakiTxebsa da rasizmis winaaRmdeg organizebis gzebs
swavlobdnen. es, SeiZleba iTqvas, gasul saukuneSi ganxorcielebuli
yvelaze warmatebuli araformaluri leqciebis cikli iyo. es forma
Tqvenc SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT.
gansazRvreT, ris gakeTeba gsurT. es Tqvens auditoriaze da Tqve-
ni aqciis masStaburobaze iqneba damokidebuli. SegiZliaT, aCve-
noT filmi, moiwvioT gamomsvleli, moawyoT studentebisa da leq-
torebis forumi, CaataroT vorkSopi konkretuli sakiTxisa Tu
meTodis irgvliv. Tqven am yvelafris erTad ganxorcielebac da
movlenisTvis konferenciis darqmevac SegiZliaT. zogierTi stu-
denturi dajgufeba ori nawilisgan Semdgar saganmanaTleblo aq-
ciebs awyobs: jer films uCvenebs, Semdeg ki interaqtiur semi-
nars awyobs aqtivizmis praqtikis Sesaxeb.
dajavSneT oTaxi, SeipireT gamomsvlelebi (iqonieT alternati-
uli gegma im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu gamomsvlelebi ar gamocxadde-
bian), SeamowmeT, rom Tqveni aqcia koncerts, fexburTis matCs an
sxva raime popularul movlenas ar emTxveodes, moiZieT vizualu-

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 ri masalis aparatura (televizori, video), moamzadeT an iSoveT
saganmanaTleblo broSurebi da moimarageT sasmeli da sakvebi.
leqciis Tu seminaris Sesaxeb informacia farTod gaavrceleT.
Tqveni saganmanaTleblo aqcia azrs dakargavs, Tu msmenelebis
moyvanas ver SeZlebT. skolebSi, institutebSi, universitetebSi
Tu sxva axalgazrdul dawesebulebebSi gaakariT plakatebi sagan-
manaTleblo aqciis Sesaxeb. Tu amis saSualeba ar gaqvT, SegiZliaT
informacia dafebze carciT daweroT. SeatyobineT megobrebs da
amxanagebs; daeswariT sxva aqciebs da potenciurad dainterese-
bul adamianebs Tqven mier dagegmili movlenis Sesaxeb uTxariT.
leqcia Tu seminari winaswar dagegmeT da SeecadeT, rom mxiaruli
da interaqtiuri iyos. moifiqreT saxaliso dasawyisi, rom audi-
toriam Tavidanve kargad igrZnos Tavi.
saganmanaTleblo aqciis dasrulebis Semdeg SeecadeT, mas gagrZe-
leba misceT. damswre auditorias sakontaqto monacemebi gamoar-
TviT da Semdgomi nabijebis Sesaxeb informacia miawodeT. Seeca-
deT, maT myisieri qmedebis saSualebac misceT, magaliTad, saganma-
naTleblo aqciaze garCeul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul werilebis
weris kampaniaSi CarTva SesTavazeT.
saganmanaTleblo aqciebis efeqturi formebia agreTve arafor-
maluri debatebisa Tu diskusiebis mowyoba. es axalgazrdebs saka-
maTo sakiTxebze sakuTari poziciis gamovlenas aswavlis da gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebis uflebis gamoyenebaSi daexmareba. amisaTvis uni-
versitetis kafe, baRi an sxva saerTo sivrce SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT.
SeecadeT, diskusiebSi mravalferovani da gansxvavebuli xmebi Car-
ToT. moiwvieT sxvadasxva interesebis, miswrafebebisa Tu Sexedule-
bebis mqone adamianebi. gaxsovdeT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi aucilebe-
lia problemis mkafiod dasma; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi diskusia SesaZ-
loa ukontrolo da zogadi gamovides. gaiTvaliswineT, rom aseTi
Sekrebebi xmauriani iqneba da darwmundiT, rom amiT xels aravis uS-
liT.

3.10. demonstraciebis mowyoba

axalgazrdebs masobrivi demonstraciebis organizebasa da Cata-
rebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT. dasavleTis qveynebis
universitetebSi TiTqmis yoveldRiurad imarTeba SedarebiT mcire-
masStabiani studenturi aqciebi. demonstraciis forma imis mixedviT
unda gansazRvroT, Tu ra aris Tqveni mTavari mizani _ raimes emxro-

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biT Tu protests gamoxatavT. demonstraciis ZiriTadi formebi ki
Semdegia:
sanTlebi: rogorc wesi, es forma wynari saRamos demonstraciisas
gamoiyeneba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daRupuli adamianebis an raime
tragikuli movlenis xsovnas eZRvneba.
mjdomare aqcia: es forma sazogadoebrivi an kerZo sivrcis daka-
vebas gulisxmobs _ romelic, rogorc wesi, gadawyvetilebis mim-
Rebis ofisia xolme. aqciis monawileebi moTxovniT gamodian da
sivrces manamde ar toveben, sanam maTi moTxovna ar dakmayofil-
deba an mis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi ar daiwyeba.
msvleloba: es forma gulisxmobs jgufs, romlis wevrebsac pla-
katebi moaqvT da xmamaRali SeZaxilebiT modian. msvleloba konk-
retul adgilas iwyeba da sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis adgilas
mTavrdeba. igi miznad gzavnilis sazogadoebamde da gadawyveti-
lebis mimRebebamde mitanas isaxavs.
piketireba: aq igulisxmeba jgufi, romelic konkretuli Senobis
an ofisis irgvliv moZraobs da SigniT myof adamianebs gadaadgi-
lebis saSualebas ar aZlevs konkretuli moTxovnis dakmayofi-
lebamde an molaparakebebis dawyebamde.
demonstraciis yvela forma winaswar Catarebul did samuSaos _
dagegmvas, administrirebas da organizebas _ moiTxovs. demonstracia
yovelTvis farTo strategiis erT-erTi komponenti unda iyos.

ramdenime rCeva demonstraciebis organizebisTvis:

CamoayalibeT organizatorebis birTvi. kampaniis monawileebs kon-
kretuli funqciebi mianiWeT, rogoricaa mediasTan urTierToba,
informaciis gavrceleba, nebarTvebis koordinireba Tu sxv.
izruneT demonstraciaze mosuli xalxis ricxvze. es mniSvnelo-
vani sakiTxia, vinaidan sazogadoebac da mediac Tqven mier mobi-
lizebuli adamianebis ricxvs Tqveni kampaniis popularobasTan
aigivebs. SeimuSaveT demonstraciis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrce-
lebis gegma da SeecadeT maqsimalurad bevri adamiani moizidoT.
moipoveT nebarTvebi. gaarkvieT, gesaWiroebaT Tu ara oficialu-
ri nebarTva Tqven mier arCeul adgilas demonstraciis gasamar-
Tavad da SeecadeT mis mopovebas. es Tavidan agacilebT unebarT-
vobis sababiT demonstraciis daSlis SesaZleblobas. Tu Tqveni
aqcia dapatimrebis risks gulisxmobs, demonstraciaze gamocdili
iuristebi moiwvieT damkvirveblebad. icodeT Tqveni uflebebi
da movaleobebi.

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 moimarageT saWiro aRWurviloba. darwmundiT, rom yvelaferi
gaqvT, rac SeiZleba dagWirdeT (mikrofonebi, megafonebi, plaka-
tebi, broSurebi, sawvimari gadasafareblebi da pirveli samedi-
cino daxmarebis sagnebi).
Tan iqonieT mediisTvis gankuTvnili informacia. erTad moaTav-
seT faqtebis monacemebi, Tqveni jgufis mier mTavari redaqto-
rebisTvis miwerili werilebi, presrelizebi da Tqven mier dasmu-
li sakiTxis gadaWris rekomendirebuli gzebi.
moifiqreT lozungebi da SeZaxilebi. SeadgineT advilad dasamax-
sovrebeli lozungi da demonstraciaze xmamaRla iyvireT. gax-
sovdeT: Tqveni lozungi TviTmiznurad agresiulad da zedmetad
gamomwvevad ar unda JRerdes, vinaidan es xalxis gaucxovebas ga-
moiwvevs. Tqveni mTavari mizani ki maTi informireba da mxardaWe-
ris mopovebaa.
SeadgineT plakatebi da bairaRebi. SeecadeT, isini maqsimalurad
mkafio iyos da rac SeiZleba didi asoebiT eweros. quCaSi gamvle-
lebis umetesobas arc survili eqneba da arc dro imisaTvis, rom
demonstrantebs uSualod gamoelaparakos. amitom maTi yuradReba
swored plakatebiT unda miipyroT.
gaakeTebineT da gamoiyeneT didi Tojinebi. adamianis zomis To-
jinebs Tqven mier dasmuli sakiTxis kidev ufro mwvaved warmoCena
da mediisTvis SesaniSnavi vizualuri masalis miwodeba SeuZliaT.
SeecadeT, gamoiyenoT isini.
SekribeT gamomsvlelebi. SeadgineT demonstraciaze gamomsvleli
adamianebis mravalferovani jgufi. sxvebTan erTad am jgufSi,
ecadeT, aucileblad SeiyvanoT adamianebi, romlebzec Tqven mier
dasmuli sakiTxi uSualo gavlenas axdens. SeecadeT, gamomsvle-
lebi sxvadasxva socialur, asakobriv Tu eTnikur jgufs ekuTv-
nodnen. TiToeul gamomsvlels drois mokle reglamenti dauwe-
seT, vinaidan es demonstraciaa da ara saganmanaTleblo aqcia.
gaiTvaliswineT drois faqtori. demonstracia iseT dros daamT-
xvieT, rodesac gadawyvetilebis mimRebebi axlos iqnebian, magali-
Tad, Sekrebaze an sxdomaze.
gaiTvaliswineT amindi. Tu demonstracia Ria cis qveS ewyoba,
SesaZlebelia, wvimam SegiSaloT xeli. sasurvelia, aseTi SemTxve-
vebisTvis an raime sivrce gagaCndeT, an darigebul broSurebze
daweroT wvimis gamo gadadebuli demonstraciis xelaxali gamar-
Tvis TariRi.

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 maqsimalurad ecadeT, CandeT. demonstracia iseT adgilas gamar-
TeT, sadac didi moZraoba iqneba (rogorc manqanebis, ise fexiT
mosiaruleebis).

3.11. SemoqmedebiTi aqciebi

Cveni dRevandeli cxovreba mudmiv stressa da drois naklebobas
ukavSirdeba, rac sakmaod arTulebs Tqveni kampaniisadmi adamianebis
yuradRebis mopovebas. SemoqmedebiTi aqciebis mowyoba erT-erTi yve-
laze efeqturi gzaa ara marto yuradRebis miqcevisTvis, aramed ada-
mianebis informirebisTvis ama Tu im sakiTxze.
SemoqmedebiTi aqciebis mowyobisas, sasurvelia, Semdegi rCevebi
gaiTvaliswinoT:
aqcia konkretul mizans an sakiTxs miuZRveniT.
aucilebeli ar aris, Teatralizebuli sanaxaoba moawyoT. SegiZ-
liaT, didi zomis plakati an sxva vizualuri nivTi moamzadoT da
am process SemoqmedebiTad miudgeT.
gaecaniT istorias _ samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis brZolas (martin
luTer king-umcrosi), araZaladobriv aqciebs (gandi), aparTeidis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqciebs (samxreTi afrika) da sxva. Seiswav-
leT warsulSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi da gaiTvaliswineT rogorc
maTi warmateba, ise sirTuleebi.

gTavazobT SemoqmedebiTi aqciis ramdenime magaliTs:

100 skami
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobas Soris ekonomikuri mdgomare-
obis uTanasworobis demonstrirebisTvis erT-erTma jgufma aqcia
moawyo. universitetis ezoSi, xalxmraval adgilas, 100 skami dadges;
aTi adamiani 70 skamze wamowva, danarCeni 90 ki 30 skamze cdilobda
moTavsebas. amiT jgufs statistikuri monacemebis Cveneba surda,
romlis mixedviTac, amerikis mosaxleobis 10 procenti simdidris 70
procents flobda, rodesac yvela danarCens (90 procents) mxolod
30 procenti gaaCnda.
SegiZliaT, es modeli SecvaloT da asis magivrad aTi skami da aTi
monawile gamoiyenoT; an imave modeliT sxva statistikuri monacemebi
gadmosceT.

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 adamianebis diagrama
erT kuTxeSi asi aqtivisti dgas, meoreSi ki mxolod erTi. plakati
an aqciaze gamomsvleli aqtivisti gvixsnis, rom asi adamiani minist-
ris xelfasis simboloa, xolo erTi _ pensioneris Semosavlis.

interaqtiuri Teatri
moifiqreT mokle, xuTwuTiani sketCi raime sakiTxze (magaliTad,
SimSilze, usaxlkarobaze, Seuwynareblobaze, qsenofobiaze). Seeca-
deT, sketCi provokaciuli iyos. auditorias sketCi mTlianad aCve-
neT. mere Tavidan daiwyeT da mayurebels saSualeba mieciT, nebismier
momentSi gagaCeroT. is, vinc sketCs gaaCerebs, misi monawile xdeba
da Sinaarss ucvlis. aqciis bolos diskusia gamarTeT da sketCis war-
modgenili variantebi gaaanalizeT.

partizanuli Teatri
moifiqreT dadgma, romelic Tqvens sakiTxs dramatulad warmo-
aCens, da `warmodgena~ moulodnel adgilas moawyveT. 1980-ian wlebSi
es meTodi SeerTebul StatebSi xSirad gamoiyeneboda da sadamsjelo
razmebis mier centralur amerikaSi ganxorcielebuli adamianebis
gatacebebisa da mkvlelobebis winaaRmdeg protestis gamoxatvas isa-
xavda miznad. studentebi `gatacebis~ inscenirebas universitetis
kafeebSi awyobdnen da scenis dasrulebis Semdeg auditorias mis
mniSvnelobas uxsnidnen. am sanaxaobam bevri studenti CarTo centra-
luri amerikis solidarobis moZraobaSi.

124
 gamoyenebuli masalebi
1. Ackerman, Peter and Kruegler, Christopher (1994) Strategic Nonviolent
Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century,
Westport: Praeger

2. Bobo, Kim, Kendall, Jackie and Max, Steve (1991/2001) Organizing for
Social Change: Midwest academy Manual for activists, Santa ana: Seven
Locks Press

3. Helvey, Robert (2004) On Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: Thinking about

the Fundamentals, 2004, Boston: The albert Einstein Institution

4. Miller, Chris (2005) Understanding Strategic Nonviolent Struggle: Case

analysis of the Georgian “Rose Revolution”, unpublished paper

5. Sharp, Gene (1973/2000) The Politics of Nonviolent action, Boston: Por-

ter Sargent Publishers

6. Just add Consciousness: a Guide to Social activism, document created

by Oxfam, Campus Outreach Opportunity, and Bread for the World, at
http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/fast_materials/
add_consciousness

7. “Political Power” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power

8. Materials provided by CANVAS, Centre for applied Non Violent action and
Strategies, Belgrade, at http://www.canvasopedia.org

125
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