Elegance in Structures 1

7KUHH(IIHFWVRI0HFKDQLVPVLQ7UDGLWLRQDO7LPEHU6WUXFWXUHV

+LGHDNL7$1$+$6+,
9LVLWLQJ5HVHDUFKHU
5LWVXPHLNDQ8QLYHUVLW\
.XVDWVX6KLJD-DSDQ
WDQD#FRXUDQWHSODODRUMS
+LGHDNL7DQDKDVKLERUQ
UHFHLYHG'U(QJGHJUHHIURP
WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R
+HZRUNHG\HDUVIRU1LNNHQ
6HNNHLEHIRUHEHFRPLQJ
3URIHVVRUDW.\RWR3UHIHFWXUDO
8QLYHUVLW\9LVLWLQJ5HVHDUFKHU
DW.\RWR8QLYHUVLW\DQG
5LWVXPHLNDQ8QLYHUVLW\
  <RVKL\XNL68=8., 
3URIHVVRU
 5LWVXPHLNDQ8QLYHUVLW\ 
 .XVDWVX6KLJD-DSDQ
\RVKL\XNLVX]XNL#DUHVHRQHWQHMS
 <RVKL\XNL6X]XNLERUQ
UHFHLYHG'U(QJGHJUHHIURP
.\RWR8QLYHUVLW\+HZRUNHGDW
'LVDVWHU3UHYHQWLRQ5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWH.\RWR8QLYHUVLW\IURP
WKHQPRYHGWR5LWVXPHLNDQ
8QLYHUVLW\LQ

6XPPDU\
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUHV VXFK DV WHPSOHV VKULQHV DQG WRZQ KRXVHV LQ -DSDQ
7KH\ KDYH EHHQ LQKHULWHG DQG HVWDEOLVKHG E\ FDUSHQWHUV IRU PRUH WKDQ WKLUWHHQ FHQWXULHV 7KHLU
VWUXFWXUDO V\VWHPV DUH PXFK GLIIHUHQW IURP PRGHUQ VWUXFWXUHV ZKLFK DUH XVXDOO\ DQDO\VHG E\
PRGHOOLQJ WKHP ZLWK EDU PHPEHUV DQG IL[HG RU SLQ MRLQWV 6XFK WUDGLWLRQDO V\VWHPV VKRXOG EH
XQGHUVWRRG DV LQWHJUDWHG V\VWHPV ZLWK FXELF ZRRGHQ EORFNV 7KXV WKH DXWKRUV VXJJHVW WKUHH
NH\ZRUGV³'LDJRQDO(IIHFW´³(PEHGPHQW(IIHFW´DQG³)ULFWLRQDO(IIHFW´LQRUGHUWRDQDO\VHWKHLU
VWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPVVXFFHVVIXOO\
)ROORZLQJ WKH NH\ZRUGV UHILQHG DQG HOHJDQW PHFKDQLVPV RI WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUHV DUH
UHYHDOHGDQGWKHLUUHVWRULQJIRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHDQDO\VHGDQGIRUPXODWHGEDVHGRQWKH(ODVWR
SODVWLF3DVWHUQDN0RGHOSURSRVHGE\WKHDXWKRUV 
.H\ZRUGV 7UDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUH UHVWRULQJ IRUFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV MRLQW ZHGJH GLDJRQDO
HIIHFWHPEHGPHQWIULFWLRQ

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUHV VXFK DV
WHPSOHV VKULQHV DQG WRZQ KRXVHV LQ -DSDQ 7KH\ KDYH
EHHQLQKHULWHGDQGHVWDEOLVKHGE\FDUSHQWHUVIRUPRUHWKDQ
WKLUWHHQ FHQWXULHV 6RPH RI WKHP DUH UHJLVWHUHG DV :RUOG
+HULWDJH $V D VDPSOH WKH *UDQG *DWH RI ,WVXNXVKLPD
6KULQHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ6XFKWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHVVKRXOGEH
SUHYHQWHG IURP SUREDEOH GDPDJHV FDXVHG E\ JUHDW
HDUWKTXDNHV LQ WKH QHDU IXWXUH ,Q WKHVH GHFDGHV LQ -DSDQ
WKH VHLVPLF HYDOXDWLRQ PHWKRGV RI WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU
VWUXFWXUHV KDYH EHHQ UHVHDUFKHG DFWLYHO\ E\ PDQ\
LQVWLWXWLRQVDQGUHVHDUFKHUVDQGXVHIXOILQGLQJVKDYHEHHQ
REWDLQHG +RZHYHU WKH\ KDYH QRW EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG VR IDU
EHFDXVH WKHLU VWUXFWXUDO V\VWHPV DUH PXFK GLIIHUHQW IURP )LJ7KH*UDQG*DWHRI,WVXNXVKLPD
PRGHUQ VWUXFWXUHV ZKLFK DUH XVXDOO\ DQDO\VHG E\ 6KULQH+LURVKLPD-DSDQ
PRGHOOLQJWKHPZLWKEDUPHPEHUVDQGIL[HGRUSLQMRLQWV
6XFK WUDGLWLRQDO V\VWHPV VKRXOG EH XQGHUVWRRG DV LQWHJUDWHG V\VWHPV ZLWK FXELF ZRRGHQ EORFNV
7KHUHIRUHWKHDXWKRUVVXJJHVWWKUHHNH\ZRUGV³'LDJRQDO(IIHFWDEEUHYLDWHGWR '(´³(PEHGPHQW
(IIHFW((´DQG³)ULFWLRQDO(IIHFW)(´LQRUGHUWRDQDO\VHWKHLUVWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPVVXFFHVVIXOO\
)ROORZLQJ WKH NH\ZRUGV UHILQHG DQG HOHJDQW PHFKDQLVPV RI WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUHV DUH
UHYHDOHGDQGWKHLUUHVWRULQJIRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHDQDO\VHGDQGIRUPXODWHGVXFFHVVIXOO\EDVHGRQ
WKH(ODVWRSODVWLF3DVWHUQDN0RGHO>@SURSRVHGE\WKHDXWKRUV


 
2 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

 'LDJRQDO(IIHFW
 %DVLFFRQFHSWRI'(RIWUDGLWLRQDOWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHV
7KHPDMRUVHLVPLFUHVLVWLQJHOHPHQWVRIWUDGLWLRQDOWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHVDUHFROXPQURFNLQJUHVLVWDQFHV
RI GHHS FROXPQV URWDWLRQDO UHVLVWDQFHV RI FROXPQWLH EHDP 1XNL MRLQWV DQG VKHDU UHVLVWDQFHV RI
PXGZRRGZDOOVDVVKRZQLQ)LJVa7KHLUUHVLVWLQJPHFKDQLVPVVHHPWREHGLIIHUHQWHDFKRWKHU
KRZHYHU WKH\ DUH JRYHUQHG E\ WKH VDPH EDVLF PHFKDQLVP V\PEROL]HG LQ UHG DUURZV DV '(
7KHUHIRUH ZH VXJJHVW WKLV NH\ZRUG LQ RUGHU WR DQDO\VH YDULRXV W\SHV RI WUDGLWLRQDO UHVLVWLQJ
HOHPHQWVHIIHFWLYHO\
,QWKHIROORZLQJZHH[SODLQWKHEDVLFFRQFHSWRI'(XVLQJDW\SLFDOFDVHRIMRLQWLQ)LJZKLFKLV
XQGHUVWRRGHDVLO\DVWKHVDPHHIIHFWLQ)LJVa

 0
:
1XNL 4
: 4

4
 0
&ROXPQ 0XGZRRGZDOO
 &ROXPQ


 %DVHVWRQH
'

 )LJ&ROXPQURFNLQJ )LJ5RWDWLRQDOUHVLVWDQFH )LJ6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHRI
UHVLVWDQFHRIGHHSFROXPQ RIFROXPQWLHEHDPMRLQW PXGZRRGZDOO

,Q JHQHUDO WUDGLWLRQDO ZRRGHQ MRLQWV DUH
&RQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV FRPSRVHGRIVRPHFXELFZRRGHQEORFNV$%&
HWFLQWHUORFNHGHDFKRWKHULQWKUHHGLPHQVLRQVLQ
)LJ ,I DQ H[WHUQDO ORDG LV DSSOLHG WR WKH MRLQW
%%ORFN
/RDG
HDFKEORFNFRQWDFWVHPEHGVVOLSVDQGVHSDUDWHV
F¶ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV DQG
G
F PDWHULDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI EORFNV 1RZ ZH DLP
'LDJRQDO DW WKH PRYHPHQW RI WKH SRO\JRQ DEFG DQG WKH
D¶ $ %ORFN
E D GLDJRQDOIURPDFWRD¶F¶VKRZQLQWKHUHGGRWWHG
6HSDUDWH &%ORFN DUURZ 7KLV UHG GRWWHG DUURZ UHSUHVHQWV WKH
6OLSHWF (PEHG PDMRU UHDFWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH H[WHUQDO ORDG DQG WKH
NH\SRLQWRIWKHEHKDYLRXURIWKLVMRLQW
&RQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQV
7KH FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV DUH WKH VDPH DV
ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV LQ PHFKDQLFDO DQDO\VHV
)LJ%DVLFFRQFHSWRI³'LDJRQDO(IIHFW´ KRZHYHU WKHUH DUH YHU\ IHZ IL[HG SLQ RU UROOHU
VXSSRUWVLQWKHVHFDVHV,QPDQ\FDVHVMRLQWVDUH
FRPSRVHG RIIUHHFXELFERGLHVDQG ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHFRQWLQXRXVO\ GLVWULEXWLQJ VXSSRUWV RU
FRQWDFWV ZLWK QRQOLQHDULW\ 0RUHRYHU LQ JHQHUDO WKH ZRRGHQ EORFNV DUH DQLVRWURSLF FRQWLQXD DQG
QRQOLQHDU PDWHULDOV ZLWK ODUJH YDULDWLRQV RI PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI
WKHMRLQWVDUHFRPSOLFDWHDQGWKHLUVROXWLRQVDUHYHU\GLIILFXOWWRVROYHLQJHQHUDO
2I FRXUVH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHWKRG )(0 RU GLVWLQFW HOHPHQW PHWKRG '(0 PD\ VROYH VXFK
PHFKDQLFDO SUREOHPV KRZHYHU RQO\ QXPHULFDO VROXWLRQV DUH REWDLQHG DQG FORVHGIRUP H[SOLFLW
VROXWLRQVFDQQRWEHREWDLQHGLQJHQHUDO,QRUGHUWRIRUPXODWHWKHUHVWRULQJIRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
MRLQWVDSSUR[LPDWHPHFKDQLFDOPRGHOVZKLFKFDQJLYHFORVHGIRUPVROXWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHG
%DVHG RQ WKH DERYH GLVFXVVLRQV ZH UHFRQVLGHU WKH PHFKDQLVP RI MRLQWV IURP SULPLWLYH W\SHV WR
GHYHORSHGRQHVDQGZHKDYHVXJJHVWHGWKHEDVLFFRQFHSWIRUWKHPHFKDQLVPVRIMRLQWVIRFXVLQJRQ
'( LQRUGHUWRDSSURDFKWKHVROXWLRQ>@7KLVNH\ZRUGKHOSVXVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHPHFKDQLVPVRI
WUDGLWLRQDOZRRGHQMRLQWV
+HUHZHLQWURGXFHWKUHHPDMRUW\SHV RI WUDGLWLRQDO ZRRGHQMRLQWV1XNL W\SH <DWRLW\SH DQGVWUXW


 
Elegance in Structures 3

W\SH ,I ZHDQDO\]HWKHVH WKUHHW\SHV ZHFDQHDVLO\DFFHVV PRUHFRPSOLFDWHW\SHV RIMRLQWV ZKLFK

DUHFRPELQHGZLWKEDVLFW\SHV7KHUHIRUHZHVKRZWKHPRVWEDVLFPHFKDQLVPRIMRLQWVDVIROORZV

 1XNLW\SHMRLQW
7KH1XNLLVDNLQGRIWLHEHDPZKLFKPHDQVD³SHQHWUDWLQJEHDP´LQ-DSDQHVH7KLVW\SHLVUDWKHU
VLPSOHDQGLWFRQVLVWVRIDFROXPQZLWKDPRUWLVHDQGD1XNLSHQHWUDWLQJWKURXJKWKHPRUWLVH7KH
ZHGJHVDUHXVHGXVXDOO\LQRUGHUWRWLJKWHQWKHMRLQWDVVKRZQLQWKH1XNLW\SHVSHFLPHQLQ)LJ
7KHPHFKDQLVPLVVKRZQLQ)LJ


 &ROXPQ

1XNL +

1XNL

'/ '/


 )LJ/DUJHGHIRUPDWLRQRI1XNLW\SH )LJ0HFKDQLVPRI1XNLW\SHMRLQW
VSHFLPHQZLWKZHGJHV

,IDPRPHQWLVDSSOLHGWRWKHMRLQWWKHFROXPQLQFOLQHVDQGHPEHGPHQWWDNHVSODFHPRVWO\RQWKH
1XNLVXUIDFHEHFDXVHWKH<RXQJ¶VPRGXOXVRIWKHFROXPQSDUDOOHOWRWKHJUDLQLVVHYHUDOWHQWLPHV
ODUJHUWKDQWKDWRIWKH1XNLSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHJUDLQ7KHUHGWULDQJOHVVKRZHPEHGGHGVHFWLRQV
DQGWKHGRWWHGUHGDUURZVKRZVWKH'($GGLWLRQDOO\WKHHPEHGPHQWWDNHVSODFHRXWVLGHWKHFROXPQ
HGJH EHFDXVH RI ZRRG DV D FRQWLQXXP DQG WKH UHDFWLRQ 5 EHFRPHV ODUJH LQFOXGLQJ WKH RXWVLGH
UHDFWLRQV 7KLV LQFUHDVLQJ HIIHFW LV LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH QH[W FKDSWHU 7KH ODUJH GHIRUPDELOLW\ RI WKH
1XNLW\SHKDVEHHQFRQILUPHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJ


 <DWRLW\SHMRLQW
7KH <DWRL W\SH MRLQW FRQVLVWV RI WKH FROXPQ VDQGZLFKHG ZLWK VHSDUDWHG DQG FRQVWUDLQHG EHDPV DV
VKRZQ LQ )LJ ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV WKH VHSDUDWHG EHDPV DUH FRPELQHG E\ WKH <DWRL ZKLFK PHDQV DQ
³HPSOR\HG WHQRQ´ PDGH RI DQRWKHU ZRRG SLHFH 7KH <DWRL LV DOVR FRQQHFWHG ZLWK ERWK EHDPV
WKURXJKWKHJURRYHE\³6KDFKLVHQ´DNLQGRIVKHDUFRQQHFWRURUDFRWWHU7KHPHFKDQLVPLVVKRZQ
LQ)LJ>@ZKHUHWKHUHGGRWWHGDUURZLVDOVR'(

 6KDFKLVHQ

 &ROXPQ
&ROXPQ
 6KDFKLVHQ 6KDFKLVHQ
5
 <DWRL K
+
 6KDFKLVHQ
%HDP
*URRYH
 &URVVLQJ<DWRL 5
'/ '/



 )LJ'HWDLOVRI<DWRLW\SHMRLQW )LJ0HFKDQLVPRI<DWRLW\SHMRLQW
,IDPRPHQWLVDSSOLHGWRWKHMRLQWWKHFROXPQLQFOLQHVDQGHPEHGPHQWWDNHVSODFHRQWKHFROXPQ
VXUIDFHPDLQO\GXHWRWKHWHQVLOHIRUFHRIWKH<DWRLFRQQHFWLQJERWKEHDPVZLWKWKH6KDFKLVHQRU
FRWWHU +RZHYHU WKH HPEHGPHQW GHSHQGV RQ WKH HPEHGPHQW VWLIIQHVV RI FROXPQ VXUIDFH DQG WKH


 
4 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

WHQVLOHVWLIIQHVVRIWKH<DWRLLQFOXGLQJWKH6KDFKLVHQRUFRWWHU,QJHQHUDOWKHHPEHGPHQWWULDQJOH
FRORXUHG LQ SXUSOH LV UDWKHU VPDOO GXH WR WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQ RI <DWRL WKXV WKH UHDFWLRQ 5
EHFRPHVVPDOOHUWKDQ5RIWKH1XNLW\SHFRPSDUDWLYHO\
7KH KHLJKW RI <DWRL LV KDOI FRPSDULQJ WR WKH EHDP DQG LWV ZLGWK LV WKLQ LQ JHQHUDO WKXV LW FDQ
SHQHWUDWH HDVLO\ DFURVV WKH ORZHU <DWRL ZLWKRXW WRR ODUJH PRUWLVHV RI FROXPQV &RPSDULQJ WR WKH
1XNL WKH GHWDLOV DUH ILW IRU ODUJH FROXPQV ZLWK WLH EHDPV FURVVLQJ LQ WZR ZD\V LQ ODUJH WHPSOHV
$OVREHDPVFDQEHSUHSDUHGIRUHDFKVSDFLQJRIFROXPQVDQGWKHIUDPHLVEXLOWXSHDVLO\
7KH PHFKDQLVP RI <DWRL W\SH VKRZQ LQ )LJ LV EDVLFDOO\ XQGHUVWRRG KRZHYHU LW LV QRW SHUIHFWO\
DQDO\]HG\HWVRIDUEHFDXVHRIFRPSOLFDWHGHWDLOV

 6WUXWW\SHMRLQW
7KHVWUXWW\SHMRLQWLVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KLVW\SHLVIRXQGLQDVWUXWRUDVKRUWFROXPQVXSSRUWLQJWKH
EHDPHYHQLIWKHUHDUHQRVKHDUFRQQHFWRUV7KLVPHFKDQLVPLVDOVRDSSOLHGWRPXGZRRGZDOOVDQG
EUDFNHW FRPSOH[HV DOWKRXJK WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI GHSWK DQG KHLJKW DQG FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQV PD\ EH
GLIIHUHQW7KHUHGGRWWHGDUURZLVDOVR'(RIWKHVWUXWW\SHRIMRLQWV
7KHVWUXWURWDWHGRQWKHEDVHRUEHWZHHQWKHEHDPVHPEHGGLQJLQWRWKHEHDPVXQGHUWKHFRQVWUDLQWV
RI WKH VWUXFWXUH LQ )LJ ZKLFK DUH VRPH UHVXOWV RI VKDNLQJ WDEOH WHVWV RU VWDWLF ORDGLQJ WHVWV RI
WUDGLWLRQDOWLPEHUEXLOGLQJV

1
 NE 4 )ORRU%HDP 8SSHU%HDP
8SSHU%HDP +


6WUXW +7 6WUXW 6WUXW

 4 %DVH
/RZHU%HDP /RZHU%HDP

NE
 1
)LJ0HFKDQLVPRIVWUXWW\SH )LJ'HIRUPDWLRQRIVWUXWRQWKHEDVHRUEHWZHHQEHDPV
 MRLQW

*HQHUDOPHFKDQLFDOPRGHORIMRLQWV ,QFUHDVHGFRQWDFWOHQJWK  G/ + WDQ T  

6XPPDUL]LQJ DERYH GLVFXVVLRQV ZH VXJJHVW WKH

JHQHUDO PHFKDQLFDO PRGHO RI MRLQWV LQ )LJ 8SSHU&ROXPQ
7KLV PRGHO LQFOXGHV WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI WKUHH
PDMRUW\SHVRIMRLQWVZKHUHWKHFRQWDFWOHQJWK/ȟ 4% & $ 3 %HDP %㽢+
GHSHQGV RQ WKH FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQ RI FROXPQ % 5RWDWLRQș
H[SUHVVHG E\ VSULQJ FRQVWDQW NF ,Q WKH FDVH RI 4
4¶
+
0%
1XNLNFLVDOPRVWLQILQLWHDQG/ȟEHFRPHV/G/ %¶ 4%
,QWKHFDVHRI<DWRLNFEHFRPHVVPDOOHUDQG/ȟ 3¶ $¶ &¶
EHFRPHV VKRUWHU WKDQ /G/ 7KH FRQWDFW OHQJWKV '/
'/
ZHUHDURXQG KDOI RI / LQ WKH SDVW WHVW UHVXOWV>@
,QWKHFDVHRIWKHVWUXWNEGHSHQGVRQWKHEHQGLQJ /RZHU&ROXPQ

VWLIIQHVVRIEHDPVDQGYHUWLFDOORDGV
 )LJ*HQHUDOPHFKDQLFDOPRGHORIMRLQWV
 (PEHGPHQW(IIHFW
(PEHGPHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIZRRGSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHJUDLQ
((LV WKHHPEHGPHQW HIIHFWZKLFK JRYHUQV WKHFRPSUHVVLYH EHKDYLRXUV RI ZRRGHQ EORFNV ,I RQH
EORFNFRQWDFWWRWKHRWKHUSDUWLDOFRPSUHVVLRQRUHPEHGPHQWRFFXUVPRVWO\ZLWKVRPHLQFUHDVHRI
VWLIIQHVV DQG VWUHQJWK 7KLV VWLIIQHVV LQFUHDVLQJ EHKDYLRXU LQ SDUWLDO FRPSUHVVLRQ LV IRUPXODWHG LQ


 
Elegance in Structures 5

(TXDWLRQE\3DVWHUQDN0RGHODEEUHYLDWHGWR30>@

   HJ'/
 6WLIIQHVV LQFUHDVLQJ UDWLR ] 3   䚷䚷䚷 䚷 䚷 䚷 㻌㻌 㻌㻌 
䚷
J/
 ZKHUH J  &KDUDFWHULVWLFYDOXHRI30  /  &RQWDFWOHQJWK RI ORDGLQJ '/  (QG GLVWDQFH

$V IRU HODVWRSODVWLF EHKDYLRXUV RI HPEHGPHQW
1RPLQDO 6WUHVV
1PP
3 6WUDLQ+DUGHQLQJ ZH PDGH FOHDU WKH VRIWHQLQJ \LHOGLQJ 

KDUGHQLQJ PHFKDQLVP RI HPEHGPHQW RI ZRRG
D
/75D
SHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHJUDLQE\SDUWLDOFRPSUHVVLRQ

E
/75E
䃗
 P P WHVWV >@ :H VKRZ WKH VWUHVVVWDLQ GLDJUDP RI

/75F F ODWHUDO FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVWV RI -DSDQHVH F\SUHVV
PP
 /75G
&KDPDHF\SDULV REWXVD DG LQ VWUDLQ OHYHOV XS
G G WR   LQ )LJ ZKHUH VSHFLPHQ D LV D

6WUDLQ6RIWHQLQJ F IXOO FRPSUHVVLRQ VSHFLPHQ DQG EG DUH SDUWLDO

E D RQHV $OO VSHFLPHQV SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH JUDLQ
KDYHODUJHGHIRUPDELOLW\DQGDUHYHU\VWDEOHDIWHU

UDG \LHOGLQJ 0RUHRYHU WKH\ JHW KDUGHQLQJ LQ ODUJHU
      
1RPLQDO 6WUDLQ VWUDLQV WKDQ WKH VWUDLQ OHYHO  DQG VHWWOH DW WKH


)LJ6WUHVVVWUDLQGLDJUDPVRIFRPSUHVVLRQ VWUDLQV DURXQG  7KHVH EHKDYLRXUV DUH

RIZRRGSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHJUDLQ VLJQLILFDQW IRU HODVWRSODVWLF UHVWRULQJ IRUFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIMRLQWV>@
2Q WKH EDVLV RI DERYH UHVXOWV WKHHODVWRSODVWLF HPEHGPHQW PHFKDQLVP RI ZRRG SHUSHQGLFXODUWR
WKHJUDLQLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJZKHUHWKHVWUHVVVWUDLQGLDJUDPLQFRPSUHVVLRQLVFRPELQHGZLWK
WKH VWUDLQ SURILOH DQG GLVSODFHPHQW SURILOH 5HIHUULQJ WR WKH VWUDLQ SURILOHDV WKH ORDG LQFUHDVHVLQ
SDUWLDOFRPSUHVVLRQWKHSRUWLRQIURPWKHWRSWRWKHGHSWK + \ \LHOGVDQGWKHVWUDLQVLQFUHDVHXSWR
WKH VWUDLQ OHYHOV RI  DQG VHWWOH DW WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI VWUDLQV H K  ]   7KHQ WKH HODVWRSODVWLF
VWUDLQ GLVWULEXWLRQ EHFRPHV
6WUHVV 6WUDLQ'LDJUDP :I 
0D[>:I
 H K  ]@ LQFOXGLQJ WKH
V 3ODVWLF6WUDLQ
SODVWLF VWUDLQV 'H   7KH VXUIDFH
(ODVWLF6WUDLQ H  ' H H PK GLVSODFHPHQW :
LV REWDLQHG E\
V 
6  \

V LQWHJUDWLQJWKHVWUDLQSURILOH :I
DORQJ
[
+ :
] D[LV 7KLV PHFKDQLFDO PRGHO ZDV
䠍
5 GHYHORSHG IURP WKH HODVWLF 30 DQG
+ 3V \
]
GHQRWHG ³(ODVWRSODVWLF 3DVWHUQDN
3 4
)V \ 0RGHO´DEEUHYLDWHGWR(30>@
'/ / '/
)XOO&RPSUHVVLRQ
(PEHGPHQW7HVW :H DOVR H[WHQGHG WKH IRUPXODWLRQ WR
WKH URWDWLRQDO HPEHGPHQW RI MRLQWV LQ
3H \ H3
2
)H\ H (TXDWLRQV  EDVHG RQ WKH
H
2 :  :
: 2 H W HPD[ H JHQHUDO PHFKDQLFDO PRGHO RI MRLQWV LQ
:I   + \
H K ]  )LJ 7KHQ ZH YHULILHG WKH
:I : I
' H  >H  ]   : I
@G]
㹆 IRUPXODWLRQZLWKVRPHH[SHULPHQWVRI
+³
 
EDVLFW\SHVRIMRLQWV>@
 
 K  

H E
㹸 ,W LV QRWHG HVSHFLDOO\ WKDW WKH VWUDLQ
㹸
'LVSODFHPHQW3URILOH KDUGHQLQJ HIIHFW RI FRPSUHVVLRQ RI
6WUDLQ3URILOH
ZRRGSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHJUDLQLVWKH
)LJ0HFKDQLVPRIHODVWRSODVWLFEHKDYLRXUVRI EDFNJURXQG RI VWDEOH DQG ODUJH
HPEHGPHQWLQZRRGSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHJUDLQ GHIRUPDELOLW\ RI WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU
VWUXFWXUHV
(PEHGHGVXUIDFHGLVSODFHPHQW: RI30LQWKHHODVLFVWDWH UHIHUULQJWR)LJ 
­T  [  /+   /+ d [ d /T  /+ ½ 
: ® J  [  /T  /+  ¾ 
¯/TT H  [ t /T  /+ ¿


 
6 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

ZKHUH /T /  G/  / +  䚷/+ G +  WDQ T  G/ + WDQT   U  /  /T   /T 

䚷
%  :LGWKRIEHDP + 'HSWK RIEHDP  /  %UHDGWK RI FROXPQ ' /  (QG GLVWDQFH ,QILQLW\䠅 㻘
(  /DWHUDO <RXQJ
V PRGXOXV RIEHDP J +䠖 1RQGLPHQGLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVLWFVYDOXHRI
䚷 30 
P  &RHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQ N (  +  &RPSUHVVLYH VWLIIQHVV
f (%/T  
1RUPDOORDG䠖 5 ³ /+
N:%G[
+
 
J /T
T .1  ] 1T 

0RPHQWGXHWRURWDWLRQDOHPEHGPHQW䠖
f  (%/T   
05  ³ N:%[G[ >   U    U  @T . 5 ] 5T 
/+ + J /T J /T
0RPHQWGXHWRIULFWLRQ䠖
(%/T  G +
0) P 5  +  G +  P  +  G + ] )T P . ) ] )   T 
+ +
(%/T 
ZKHUH .1   %DVLF VWLIIQHVV LQ FRPSUHVVLRQ   
+

]1  䠖 6WLIIQHVVLQFUHDVLQJIDFWRULQFRPSUHVVLRQ 
J /T
 (%/T 
.5  %DVLF VWLIIQHVV LQ URWDWLRQ 
+
 
]5    U  >  U  @ 䠖 䚷
6WLIIQHVVLQFUHDVLQJIDFWRULQURWDWLRQ 
J /T J /T
(%/T 
.)  %DVLF VWLIIQHVV LQ URWDWLRQDO IULFWLRQ    


])  6WLIIQHVVLQFUHDVLQJIDFWRULQURWDWLRQDO IULFWLRQ 
J /T
7KHHODVWRSODVWLFURWDWLRQDOHPEHGPHQWZDVIRUPXODWHGLQWKHVLPLODUZD\DVVKRZQLQ)LJ


 )ULFWLRQDO(IIHFW
 )(DWWKHFROXPQEDVHV
/ /
:HFRQVLGHUWZRFDVHVRI )(2QHLVDW WKHFROXPQ EDVHV ,Q :HGJH
5F ,QVHUWLRQ
WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUHV FROXPQV DUH SXW RQ EDVH VWRQHV ǻ+3
ZLWKRXW DQ\ IDVWHQHUV LQ )LJ 7KH FROXPQ EDVHV GR QRW VOLS :HGJH
GXULQJ PRGHUDWH OHYHO RI HDUWKTXDNHV KRZHYHU LI DQ +
1XNL %㽢
㽢+ P+P +Pǻ+3
XQH[SHFWHGJUHDWHDUWKTXDNHKDSSHQVWKH\VOLSDWWKHFROXPQ 30䜑䜚㎸
ERWWRPVRQWKHEDVHVWRQHVDQGPRYHWRVRPHGLVWDQFHV7KXV 䜏཯ຊ5&
WKH PD[LPXP VKHDU IRUFHV RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV LQGXFHG E\ WKH 5F ǻ+3
HDUWKTXDNHDUHOLPLWHGE\WKHFRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQDWWKHEDVH
7KLVHIIHFWLVLQWHUSUHWHGDVDSULPLWLYHW\SHRIEDVHLVRODWRUV
)LJ0HFKDQLFDOPRGHORI
 )(LQWKHMRLQWV HPEHGPHQWRIMRLQWZLWKZHGJHV
$QRWKHU)(LVIRXQGLQWKHMRLQWV7KHIULFWLRQDOIRUFHVWDNHSODFHRQWKHFRQWDFWVXUIDFHRIMRLQWV
(VSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH MRLQWV ZLWK ZHGJHV WKH IULFWLRQDO IRUFHV EHFRPH ODUJH EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH
SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH EHDULQJ IRUFHV 5F LQWURGXFHG E\ ZHGJH LQVHUWLRQ LQ )LJ $OVR WKHIULFWLRQDO
IRUFHV DUH UHVRXUFHV RI HQHUJ\ DEVRUSWLRQ RI HDUWKTXDNHV 7KHUHIRUH )(LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IRU WKH
HYDOXDWLRQRIUHVWRULQJIRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIMRLQWV


 
Elegance in Structures 7

:HPDGHFOHDUWKHPHFKDQLVPRIWKHMRLQWVZLWKZHGJHVLQWKHIXOOFRQWDFWDQGSDUWLDOFRQWDFWVWDJHV
WKURXJKORDGLQJWHVWVRIMRLQWVZLWKZHGJHVLQ)LJDQG)LJ>@



$
 ' ( & 3
0 3 ǻ+
0 3 $ :HGJH :HGJH
 4% 4% %
5RWDWLRQș +P
+Pǻ+
5RWDWLRQ ș +Pǻ+ 0%
0%
 +P 0䇻
䇻 %¶ %HDP 4%
0¶ %HDP 4% %㽢+
 3¶ ǻ+
%㽢+
$¶
$¶
3¶ ǻ+ &¶ &¶
&¶ '/
'/
 '/ '/



 )LJ0HFKDQLFDOPRGHORIWKHLQLWLDO )LJ0HFKDQLFDOPRGHORIWKHSDUWLDO
IXOOFRQWDFWVWDJH FRQWDFWVWDJH

㻝㻜㻜㻜
,Q WKH LQLWLDO IXOO FRQWDFW VWDJH WKH URWDWLRQDO
㻤㻜㻜
0N1PP UHVLVWLQJ PRPHQW LV WZLFH RI WKDW RI MRLQWV
ZLWKRXWZHGJHVEHFDXVHWKHFRQWDFWOHQJWK / T LV
㻢㻜㻜
/ $OVR WKH IULFWLRQDO PRPHQW LV FRQVWDQW
㻠㻜㻜
EHFDXVHWKHDGGLWLRQDOUHDFWLRQGXHWRURWDWLRQLV
㻞㻜㻜
șUDG
]HUR ,Q WKH SDUWLDO FRQWDFW VWDJH LQ )LJ WKH
㻜
㻙㻜㻚㻜㻜㻤 㻙㻜㻚㻜㻜㻢 㻙㻜㻚㻜㻜㻠 㻙㻜㻚㻜㻜㻞 㻜 㻜㻚㻜㻜㻞 㻜㻚㻜㻜㻠 㻜㻚㻜㻜㻢 㻜㻚㻜㻜㻤 㻜㻚㻜㻝 㻜㻚㻜㻝㻞 㻜㻚㻜㻝㻠 㻜㻚㻜㻝㻢
VHSDUDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH DW WKH SRLQW $
㻙㻞㻜㻜 DQG /T EHFRPHV VKRUWHU WKDQ / 7KXV WKH
㻙㻠㻜㻜 URWDWLRQDO UHVLVWLQJ VWUHQJWK DQG VWLIIQHVV
㻙㻢㻜㻜 +.7 +.7)
GHFUHDVH
㻙㻤㻜㻜 (30+.7 (30+.7) ,QVSHFLDOWKHLPSRUWDQWHIIHFWVRIIULFWLRQRQWKH
㻙㻝㻜㻜㻜 K\VWHUHVLVORRSVZHUHVKRZQLQ)LJLQWKHFDVH
RI WKH VSHFLPHQ +.7 ZLWKRXW 7HIORQ VKHHWV
)LJ+\VWHUHVLVORRSVRIMRLQWVZLWKDQG DQG+.7)ZLWK7HIORQVKHHWVZKLFKDUHLQVHUWHG
ZLWKRXW7HIORQVKHHWVDQG(30VLPXODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH FRQWDFW LQWHUIDFHV RI MRLQWV 7KH
ȣ IRU+.7ȣ IRU+.7) VLPXODWHG ORRSV E\ (30 ILW ZHOO WR WKH WHVW
UHVXOWVZKHUHWKHDVVXPHGFRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQ
LVIRU+.7DQGIRU+.7)
)XOOFRQWDFWVWDJH 3DUWLDOFRQWDFWVWDJH +HUH 7HIORQ LV D SURGXFW QDPH RI 37)(
SRO\WHWUDIOXRURHWK\OHQH 7KH GHSWKRIWKH VKHHW
0 LV PP DQG WKH FRHIILFLHQW RI IULFWLRQ LV
'
6 ǻ0 'HFUHDVHGPRPHQW
UHGXFHG WR DERXW  ZKLFK LV DURXQG 
<
6OLSRXW
6HSDUDWLRQ ' FRPSDULQJWRWKHFDVHVZLWKRXW7HIORQVKHHWV
% <LHOGLQJ 0)&KDQJHRIIULFWLRQDO
0 $ PRPHQWGXHWRXQORDGLQJ 7KXVZHVXPPDUL]HGWKHFRQFHSWXDOGLDJUDPRI
)¶ ) ) ) ǻ0)'HFUHDVHGPRPHQW UHVWRULQJ IRUFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI MRLQWV ZLWK
(
= ș) * ( GXHWRVOLSRXWRIZHGJHV ZHGJHVLQ)LJZLWKVRPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFSRLQWV
2
ș $ % & HWF RQ WKH K\VWHUHVLV ORRSV RI WKH
ș
& )ULFWLRQDOPRPHQW0) UHVWRULQJIRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
)¶
$¶
) $EHJLQQLQJ RI IULFWLRQDO VOLS IURP WKH LQLWLDO
KLJKHODVWLFVWLIIQHVV
%EHJLQQLQJRIXQORDGLQJDQGUHERXQGLQJRIWKH
)LJ&RQFHSWXDOGLDJUDPRIUHVWRULQJ LQLWLDOKLJKHODVWLFVWLIIQHVV
IRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIMRLQWVZLWKZHGJHV & EHJLQQLQJ RI IULFWLRQDO VOLS WR WKH UHYHUVH
 GLUHFWLRQLQDQHODVWLFVWDJH
<HPEHGPHQW\LHOGLQJ


 
8 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

㻤㻜㻜
6EHJLQQLQJRIVHSDUDWLRQ 㻣㻜㻜
0 N1PP

)EHJLQQLQJRIVOLSRXWRIZHGJHV 㻢㻜㻜
''XQORDGLQJSRLQWDIWHU\LHOGLQJRUVHSDUDWLRQ 㻡㻜㻜
( ( FKDQJLQJ SRLQW RI IULFWLRQDO VOLS WR WKH 㻠㻜㻜 %<
6
'
UHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ 㻟㻜㻜 $
*FURVVLQJSRLQWDFURVVWKHKRUL]RQWDOD[LVZKHUH 㻞㻜㻜
WKHPRPHQWLV]HUR 㻝㻜㻜
0IULFWLRQDOPRPHQWGXHWRWKHEHDULQJIRUFH * ( ș UDG
㻜
㻙㻜㻚㻜㻝 㻜 㻜㻚㻜㻝 㻜㻚㻜㻞 㻜㻚㻜㻟 㻜㻚㻜㻠 㻜㻚㻜㻡 㻜㻚㻜㻢
7KH F\FOLF ORDGLQJV PDNH GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI 㻙㻝㻜㻜
&
K\VWHUHVLV ORRSV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI 㻙㻞㻜㻜
$¶
77HVW (30ZLWKRXW:HGJHV

WKH WLPLQJ RI XQORDGLQJ EHDULQJ IRUFH GXH WR 㻙㻟㻜㻜 (30)XOO&RQWDFW (303DUWLDO&RQWDFW

ZHGJH LQVHUWLRQ \LHOGLQJ RI HPEHGPHQW FRQWDFW 㻙㻠㻜㻜

VHSDUDWLRQ IULFWLRQDO VOLS UHVLGXDO FRPSUHVVLYH )LJ6LPXODWHGUHVXOWRIVSHFLPHQRI

GHIRUPDWLRQDQGVRRQ WKHMRLQWZLWKDQGZLWKRXWZHGJHV
:H DOVR SRLQWHG RXW WKDW WKH MRLQWV ZLWK ZHGJHV
EHKDYH DV D IULFWLRQDO GDPSHU GXH WR WKH IULFWLRQDO IRUFHV RI WKH EHDULQJ IRUFHV DQG URWDWLRQDO
HPEHGPHQW
+HUH WKH VLPXODWHG UHVXOW RI WKH MRLQW ZLWK ZHGJHV LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ ZKHUH WKH GLIIHUHQFHV RI
UHVWRULQJIRUFHVRIMRLQWZLWKDQGZLWKRXWZHGJHVDUHODUJH7KXVWKHIULFWLRQDOHIIHFWRIZHGJHVRQ
WKHUHVWRULQJIRUFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVPDGHFOHDUDQG(30VLPXODWLRQLVYHULILHG

 &RQFOXVLRQV
:H SRLQW RXW WKDW WKH WUDGLWLRQDO WLPEHU VWUXFWXUDO V\VWHPV DUH PXFK GLIIHUHQW IURP PRGHUQ
VWUXFWXUHV DQG VKRXOG EH XQGHUVWRRG DV LQWHJUDWHG V\VWHPV ZLWK FXELF ZRRGHQ EORFNV 7KHQ ZH
VXJJHVWHGWKUHHNH\ZRUGV³'LDJRQDO(IIHFW´³(PEHGPHQW(IIHFW´DQG³)ULFWLRQDO(IIHFW´LQRUGHU
WR DQDO\VH WKHLU VWUXFWXUDO V\VWHPV VXFFHVVIXOO\ $V D UHVXOW RI VRPH GLVFXVVLRQV IROORZLQJ WKH
NH\ZRUGVWKHPHFKDQLVPVRIWUDGLWLRQDOWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHVDUHUHYHDOHGDQGWKHLUVWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPV
ZKLFKKDYHEHHQUHILQHGWKURXJKORQJWUDGLWLRQVDQGKLVWRULFDOH[SHULHQFHVDUHSURYHGWREHHOHJDQW
E\PRGHUQVWUXFWXUDOWHFKQRORJ\

 $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVVXSSRUWHGLQSDUWE\5LWVXPHLNDQ8QLYHUVLW\*OREDO&2(3URJUDPIRU(GXFDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK DQG 'HYHORSPHQW RI 6WUDWHJ\ RQ 'LVDVWHU 0LWLJDWLRQ RI &XOWXUDO +HULWDJH DQG +LVWRULF
&LWLHV0(;7-DSDQ

 5HIHUHQFHV
>@ 7$1$+$6+, + 22.$ < ,=812 . DQG 68=8., < ³<LHOGLQJ 0HFKDQLVP RI
(PEHGPHQWRI:RRGDQG)RUPXODWLRQRI(ODVWRSODVWLF(PEHGGHG'LVSODFHPHQWV´-RXUQDO
RI 6WUXFWXUDO DQG &RQVWUXFWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO  1R   SS LQ
-DSDQHVH
>@ 7$1$+$6+,+DQG68=8.,<³&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI(ODVWRSODVWLF5RWDWLRQDO(PEHGPHQW
RI 7UDGLWLRQDO:RRGHQ -RLQWV DQG )RUPXODWLRQRI&URVVSLHFH -RLQWV´-RXUQDO RI 6WUXFWXUDO
DQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSSLQ-DSDQHVH
>@ 7$1$+$6+, + DQG 68=8., < ³%DVLF &RQFHSW DQG *HQHUDO )RUPXODWLRQ RI 5HVWRULQJ
)RUFH &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 7UDGLWLRQDO :RRGHQ -RLQWV´ :RUOG &RQIHUHQFH RQ 7LPEHU
(QJLQHHULQJ$XFNODQG1HZ=HDODQG6HVVLRQ&RQQHFWLRQSS
>@ 7$1$+$6+, + 22.$ < ,=812 . DQG 68=8., < ³6HLVPLF 5HVLVWLQJ 0HFKDQLVP
DQG)RUPXODWLRQVRI7UDGLWLRQDO:RRGHQ-RLQWVZLWK:HGJHV´:RUOG&RQIHUHQFHRQ7LPEHU
(QJLQHHULQJ4XHEHF&LW\&DQDGD3$3
>@ 7$1$+$6+, + DQG 68=8., < ³(PEHGPHQW 0HFKDQLVP DQG )RUPXODWLRQ RI 0DMRU
7\SHV RI -RLQWV RI 7UDGLWLRQDO :RRGHQ -RLQWV LQ -DSDQ´ WK :RUOG &RQIHUHQFH RQ
(DUWKTXDNH(QJLQHHULQJ/LVERQ3RUWXJDO:&((