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sociologia
SOCIOLOGY
Tbilisi 2008
am wigniT sociologiis ZiriTad sakiTxebs gaecnobiT. mniSvnelovani soci
ologiuri sakiTxebis kritikuli ganxilva Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi
Caxedvis saSualebas mogcemT da srulfasovani adamianisaTvis arsebiTi kriti
kuli azrovnebis unaris CamoyalibebaSi dagexmarebaT. saSualeba geqnebaT kriti
kulad SevafasoT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi da sociologiuri azrovnebisa da/an
kvlevisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli unarebi ganiviTaroT.
ISBN 978-99940-58-05-1
saZiebeli
.
avtorTa Sesaxeb
qreg kalhuni (Craig Calhoun) sociologiis da istoriis profesori da Crdi
loeT karolinis Capel hilis (Chapel Hill) universitetis saerTaSoriso kvlevaTa
sauniversiteto centris direqtoria. profesorma kalhunma daafuZna sauniver
siteto programa socialur Teoriasa da kulturaTa kvlevaSi, iyo magistratu
ris dekani. is aswavlida CineTSi, inglisSi, eritreaSi, norvegiasa da sudanSi, kv
levebs atarebda am da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi.
mqadageblis Svili profesori kalhuni kentukis, ilinoisis, indianasa da kali
forniis sxvadasxva TemSi gaizarda; yoveli axali sacxovrebeli adgilis Seswavla
sociologiaSi misi pirveli gakveTili iyo. samxreT kaliforniisa da kolumbiis
universitetebSi swavlis Semdeg man inglisSi swavlis stipendia moipova da doqto
ris wodeba oqsfordis universitetSi miiRo. is Capel hilSi 1977 wlidan aswavlis.
profesor kalhunis bolodroindeli wignebia: `arc RmerTebi da arc impera
torebi: studentoba da demokratiisaTvis brZola CineTSi~ (kalifornia, 1995),
romelic amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis mier politikuri sociologiis
seqciis premiiT dajildovda da `kritikuli socialuri Teoria: kultura, is
toria da gansxvavebulobis sirTule~ (bleksveli, 1995w.). is ramdenime sxva wig
nis avtori da redaqtoricaa, romelTa Sorisaa: `habermasi da sazogadoebrivi
sfero~ (MIT, 1992w.), `burdie: kritikuli perspeqtivebi~ (m. postonTan (M. Post-
one) da e. lipumasTan (E. LiPuma) erTad, Cikago, 1993w.) da `socialuri Teoria da
identobis politika~ (bleksveli, 1994w.). mis statiebs SexvdebiT mraval samec
niero JurnalSi, rogoricaa `sociologiis amerikuli Jurnali~, `sazogadoebisa
da istoriis SedarebiTi Seswavla~ `saerTaSoriso sociologia~, `kvlevis soci
ologiuri meTodebi~ da `Teoria da sazogadoeba~. misi Sromebi ramdenime enazea
Targmnili.
profesori kalhuni amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis Jurnal `sociolo
giuri Teoriis~ redaqtori da asociaciis seqciaTa _ `SedarebiTi istoriuli
sociologia~ da `sociologiuri Teoria~ _ Tavmjdomarecaa. amJamad is Sedar
ebiT istoriul kvlevas atarebs nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis, demokratiisa
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, komunikaciebsa da satransporto teqnologiebSi
globalur cvlilebaTa socialuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
pedagogiur moRvaweobas profesor kalhunis saqmianobaSi arsebiTi adgili
uWiravs. sociologiis mravalferovani kursebis swavlebis garda, is araerTgzis
monawileobda UNITAS _ multikulturuli cxovrebisa da swavlis eqsperimentSi,
romlis damfuZnebeli da samecniero xelmZRvanelia dRemde. 1988 wels CrdiloeT
karolinis universitetis studentebma is sapatio sazogadoeba `oqros verZis or
denis~ wevrad airCies.
namuSevari sociologiaSi Cikagosa da brandeisis universitetebSi Seasrula. pre
zident kenedis `dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis programis~ ganxorcieleba
Si monawileobisas, romelic muSakTa umciresobisken iyo mimarTuli, ganaTlebisa
da jandacvis sferoTi dainteresda. amJamad is amerikis jandacvis sistemaSi mim
dinare sociologiur cvlilebebs ikvlevs.
profesori laiTi Tavdapirvelad prinstonis universitetSi aswavlida Sesa
val kurss sociologiasa da ganaTlebaSi. swored aq Sexvda da daumegobrda suzen
kelers da masTan erTad Seqmna winamdebare wignis pirveli gamocema. man gamoaqvey
na cnobili naSromi medicinaSi _ `fsiqiatroba: me-s profesiuli transforma
cia~ (nortoni, 1980). is jandacvis sistemis Sesaxeb ramdenime naSromis avtori da
redaqtoria. igi avtoria mravali statiisa, romlebic gamoqveynda `sociologiis
amerikul JurnalSi~, `janmrTelobisa da socialuri qcevis JurnalSi~, `adminis
traciul mecnierebaTa kvartalur Jurnalsa~ da `axali inglisis medicinis Jur
nalSi~.
w i n a s i t y v a o b a
sociologiis erT-erTi momxibvleloba isaa, rom mudam axalia. amis mizezi
nawilobriv sociologTa mier socialuri cxovrebis modelebis Sesaxeb axali aR
moCenebia, nawilobriv ki _ axali Teoriebisa da socialuri cxovrebis axleburi
xedvis SemuSaveba. magram ZiriTadi mainc isaa, rom Tavad socialuri cxovrebaa
mudmivad cvalebadi.
globalur da adgilobriv doneTa dakavSireba
10
vizualuri sociologia
es saxelmZRvanelo mxolod Teoriisa da kvlevis Sedegebis krebuli rodia;
is kargi magaliTebiTa da gasagebi axsniT sociologiis gacocxlebis mcdelo
baa. es wignze muSaobisas upirveles da umTavres miznad davisaxeT. unda iTqvas,
rom zogierTi udidesi nabiji sociologiur codnaSi daxvewili vizualuri te
qnikis saSualebiT aris gadadgmuli. wina TaobebisaTvis raodenobrivi informa
ciis udidesi nawili cxrilebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. amJamad, kompiuteruli
grafikis daxmarebiT, amgvari informaciis ufro gasagebi, martivi da mimzidveli
formiT warmodgena SegviZlia. cifrebis garda, wignSi mravalgvar grafiks nax
avT, Tumca es mxolod TvalismomWreli ilustraciebi rodia. rukebi, `namcxvri
seburi~ da `Zeliseburi~ grafikebi da sxv., sociologiuri informaciis vizua
luri formiT warmodgenis saSualebebia. rogorc wesi, isini adamianTa sxvadasxva
jgufisa da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis,
magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebSi an Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebSi saSualo Se
mosavlis Sedarebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas fotoebsa da naxatebzec. es ar aris mxolod mimzidveli
suraTebi, romlebic dekoraciis rols asrulebs, isini sociologiuri informa
ciis wyaroa. maTi saTaurebi dagexmarebaT ufro kargad gaigoT suraTiT `naTqva
mi~, magram vizualuri informaciis `wakiTxvis~ unaris ganviTarebaze Tavad unda
izrunoT. axali fotoebi ferTa siuxviT Zvel, xSirad Sav-TeTr fotoebTan da
naxatebTan aris Serwymuli da warsulis socialur pirobebs asaxavs.
madlierebis niSnad
sociologiis mTavari gakveTili is aris, rom individTa miRwevebi, rogorc
wesi, sxvaTa daxmarebasa da TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli. es sruli WeS
maritebaa am wignTan mimarTebaSic. samive avtori erTmaneTisagan swavlobda da
kvlevisa da weris tvirTs iziarebda. Cven mravali sxva adamianic gvedga mxarSi.
makgrei hilSi (McGraw-Hill) wignze muSaobis sxvadasxva safexurze mravalma
adamianma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. wigns, avtorTa garda, mbeWdavi, koreq
tori, dizaineri da gamyidveli sWirdeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmareba, al
baT, araCveulebrivma redaqtorebma gagviwies, romlebic Cveni azris ufro cxa
dad gadmocemaSi, sociologiis gacocxlebaSi gvexmarebodnen da amowmebdnen,
rom raime ar gamogvrCenoda. Cven madlierebi varT ana levinis (Ann Levine),
meri marSalis (Mary Marshall) da gansakuTrebiT roberta meieris (Roberta Mey-
er), romelmac araCveulebrivi redaqtoroba gagviwia. yvelam wina gamocemebzec
imuSava da am wignis warmatebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT. eseni arian fil batCeri
(Phil Butcher) da jil gordoni (Jill Gordon) makgrei hilis gamomcemeli da sociolo
giis redaqtori. aseve gvsurs Tavdauzogavi SromisaTvis madloba gadavuxadoT
redaqtirebaze, dizainsa da fotoebis moZiebaze momuSave niWier TanamSromlebs
_ qeiT Sainmans (Kate Scheinman), karen quiglis (Karen Quigley), nensi daiers
11
(Nancy Dyer), barbara zalcs (Barbara Salz), anete maieskis (Annette Mayeski), emi
smeltzlis(Amy Smeltzley) da joel bernStains (Joel Bernstein).
sociologiis ori niWieri maswavlebeli muSaobis procesSi mudam sasarge
blo rCevebs gvaZlevda. madlobas vuxdiT ted vagenaars (Ted Wagenaar) maiamis
universitetidan da tom gierins (Tom Gieryn) indianas universitetidan. aseve
dagvexmara sociologiis bevri maswavlebeli, romelTac wina gamocemis mixedviT
dagvakvalianes, risi Secvla SeiZleboda studentTa sasargeblod. eseni arian:
Carlz qeisi (Charles Case), avgustas kolejidan (Augusta College); dana dani (Dana
Dunn) texasis universitetidan; jon v. a. ehli umcrosi (John V. A. Ehle Jr.) Crdil
oeT virjiniis adgilobrivi kolejidan; barens v. jonstoni (Barrance V. John-
ston) Crdilo-dasavleT indianas universitetidan; rabi s. levisi (Ruby C. Lewis),
dekalbis kolejidan (Dekalb College); kenet e. mileri (Kenneth E. Miller) dreikis
universitetidan (Drake University); kim d. Sopmaieri (Kim D. Schopmeyer) henri
fordis adgilobrivi kolejidan da avtar singi (Avtar Singh) aRmosavleT karo
linis universitetidan.
SesaZloa daxmarebis lomis wili Cvens studentebze modiodes. sociologiis
Sesavals wlebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT students vaswavliT da mniSvnelovan
wilad maTgan viswavleT sociologiuri Sexedulebebisa da informaciis miwo
debis gzebi. zogierTma maTganma damatebiT am wignis axali gamocemis kvlevis
asistentis rolic Seasrula. stiv pfafma (Steve Pfaff), mark regnerusma (Mark
Regnerus) da met titolom (Matt Titolo) didi daxmareba gagviwies statistikuri
monacemebis ganaxlebis, informaciis moZiebisa da kvlevis procesSi. madlobas
vuxdiT maT da am wigns vuZRvniT yvela Cvens students.
qreg kalhuni
dDonald laiTi
suzen keleri
12
nawili I
sociologiuri perspeqtivebi
sociologiuri warmosaxva
. ZiriTadi koncefciebi
sociologiis safuZvlebi
. sociologia da Tanamedrove epoqa
. klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
15
16
r a SeiZleba iyos ufro bunebrivi, vidre bavSvis dabadeba?
vilma da vilem stiuartebi, 30 wels gadacilebuli holandieli wyvili, Za
lian gaxarebulebi iyvnen: vilmam Soba janmrTeli tyupebi, tuni da koeni. Tavda
pirvelad stiuartebs yuradReba ar miuqceviaT im faqtisTvis, rom tyupebi erT
maneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen, magram Tveebi gadioda da gansxvaveba ufro da ufro
sagrZnobi xdeboda: tuns, iseve, rogorc mis mSoblebs, Ria feris Tma da kani hqonda,
xolo koens _ muqi feris kani da xuWuWa yavisferi Tma.
rodesac stiuartebi TavianT tyupebs saerTo etliT aseirnebdnen, garSemo
myofni gaocebas ver malavdnen: `raa?, eseni tyupebi arian? ki magram, es xom SeuZle
belia?~ xalxi interesdeboda: `koeni hqvia? rogori holandiuri saxelia aseTi eg
zotikuri garegnobis mqone bavSvisTvis!~ bolos, mezobelma vilmas dausva kiTxva,
rac yvelas aeWvebda: `gamimxile Seni saidumlo. or mamakacTan gqonda erTi da imave
dros urTierToba? (niu-iork Taimsi, 28 ivnisi, 1995)~. tyupebis sxvadasxva feris
kani garSemomyofebisTvis im faqtis dadastureba iyo, rom vilma qmars Ralatobda.
sinamdvileSi, `saidumlo~ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi sti
uartebis ojaxSi bavSvis Casaxvis yvela mcdeloba warumateblad mTavrdeboda. bo
los maT `in vitro~ ganayofierebis, anu IVF-is specialur klinikas miakiTxes. `in
vitro~ iseTi proceduraa, romlis drosac qalis kvercxujredebs iReben sakver
cxeebidan da anayofiereben mamakacis spermiT. ramdenimedRiani inkubaciis Semdeg,
rodesac darwmundebian, rom namdvilad moxda ganayofiereba, eqimebi warmoqmnil
embrions danergaven qalis saSvilosnoSi.
rodesac tyupebis kanis feri garSemomyofTa yuradRebis sagani gaxda da
zurgs ukan CurCuli gamZafrda, stuartebma TavianT eqims mimarTes. dnm-s tes
tma aCvena, rom koens sxva mama hyavda. Semdgomma, ufro srulyofilma kvlevam ki
yvelafers naTeli mohfina: rodesac vilem da vilma stiuartebi `in vitro~ klini
kaSi mividnen, im dRes iq ramdenime aseTi procedura Catarda. rogorc gairkva,
teqnikurma personalma wesebi daarRvia da ori proceduris Casatareblad erTi
sawveTuri gamoiyena. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda, rom koenis genebis naxevari ekuTvno
da karibis erT-erT kunZulze, aribaze mcxovreb mamakacs, romelic klinikas Ta
vis colTan erTad swored im dRes ewvia, ra dResac stiuartebi. stiuartebs un
dodaT TavianTi Svilebi daecvaT stigmatizaciisgan, rom maTTvis aravis daeZaxa
`xelovnuri ganayofierebiT Seqmnili bavSvebi~. stiuartebi daiRalnen Tanaso
flelebis kritikiT, maT aseve SeeSindaT, rom koenisTvis SeiZleboda moekiTxa
mis aribel mamas....
aziaSi gogonebis raodenoba biWebTan SedarebiT izrdeba. rogorc wesi, yov
el 100 gogonaze modis 106 biWi. imdenad, ramdenadac mamrobiTi sqesis axalSobi
lebs gadarCenis naklebi Sansi aqvT, vidre mdedrobiTi sqesisas, adreuli bavS
vobis periodSi gogonebisa da biWebis raodenoba Tanabrdeba. magram indoeTSi,
magaliTad, 1991 wels sqesobrivi Sefardeba aseTi iyo: 929 gogona yovel 1000 bi
Wze (balakriSani, 1994). es Tanafardoba SemTxveviTi ar aris.
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevri aziuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo bi
WebisTvis prioritetis miniWeba gogonebTan SedarebiT. indoeTis udides nawil
17
Si am sakiTxis mimarT zogadi damokidebuleba aseTia: `gogonas aRzrda mezoblis
mcenaris morwyvas hgavs~ (kusumi, 1993). qaliSvilis yola finansur tvirTad iTv
leba. wes-Cveulebis Tanaxmad, gogonas mSoblebma mis momaval meuRles sakmaod
didi mziTevi unda SesTavazon; gaTxovebis Semdeg gogona qmris ojaxis nawili
xdeba. qaliSvilebisagan gansxvavebiT, vaJebi agrZeleben ojaxis gvars; da imde
nad, ramdenadac isini memkvidreobiT iReben ojaxis kuTvnil miwas an bizness, iTv
leba, rom isini ojaxis simdidris SenarCunebaze zrunaven. socialuri dazRvevi
sa da moxucebulTa saxlebis ararsebobis gamo, rodesac mSoblebi berdebian, maT
vaJiSvilebi (da maTi colebi) uvlian.
warsulSi mSoblebs mxolod imedi unda hqonodaT da elocaT, rom maT vaJiSvi
li SesZenodaT. dRes ki, axalma teqnologiam SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom vaJiSvilis
dabadeba mSoblebis arCevanze iyos damokidebuli da ara mxolod survilze. am
niocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi qals SesaZleblobas aZlevs
amoicnos jer kidev daubadebeli bavSvis sqesi da gadawyvitos, dabados igi Tu
aborti gaikeTos. qalTa centrebis kvlevam bombeiSi daadgina, rom amniocentez
isis Semdeg gakeTebuli 8.000 abortidan, 7.999 Canasaxi mdedrobiTi sqesis iyo
(msoflio jandacvis organizacia, 1992). rodesac indoeTis mTavrobam Canasaxis
sqesis niSniT abortebis gakeTebis mizniT amniocentezis gamoyeneba akrZala, Sav
ma bazarma es procedura Tavis Tavze aiRo da daakmayofila arsebuli moTxovna
(balakriSani, 1994). bilbordebi iuwyebodnen: `sjobs 500 rupia gadaixadoT axla
(eqoskopiasa da abortis gakeTebaSi), vidre 50.000 rupia mogvianebiT (mziTvisT
vis)~. eqoskopiis mowyobilobiT SeiaraRebuli specialuri manqanebi dadioda
provinciebSi da im ojaxebs sTavazobdnen `arCevans~, romlebic Tanamedrove sa
medicino momsaxurebis centrebisagan Sors cxovrobdnen.
18
rebinaT mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda, 1979 wels CineTis mTavrobam daakanona
mSobiarobis erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri sakontrolo politika, rac odesme yo
fila (kuni da li, 1994, ii da sxvani, 1993). wyvilebs ekrZalebaT iyolion erTze
meti Svili. rogorc indoeTSi, CineTSic aikrZala teqnologiis gamoyeneba sqesis
SerCevis mizniT. Tumca, imdenad, ramdenadac teqnologia bevrgan arsebobs, wyvi
lebs martivad SeuZliaT eqimebis moqrTamva Canasaxis sqesis gasagebad. Sedegad
CineTSi axalSobilTa sqesobrivi Tanafardoba mamrobiTi sqesisaken gadaixara (ii
da sxvani, 1993) (ix. sqema1.1).
xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia, iseve rogorc yvela sxva teqno
logia, zrdis adamianis mier bunebrivi procesebis gakontrolebis SesaZleb
lobas. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna uSvilo
wyvilebis dasaxmareblad, imisaTvis, rom isini mSoblebi gamxdariyvnen. ganayo
fierebis teqnologia aseve exmareboda im wyvilebs, romlebsac genetikuri avad
myofoba aReniSneboda (rogoric aris, magaliTad tai-zaxis avadmyofoba an kidev
namgliseburi anemia) da asakian qalebs (romlebisTvisac ufro maRalia daunis
sindromiT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis riski), imis dasadgenad, rom gaegoT,
janmrTeli daibadeboda Tu ara maTi Svili.
axal teqnologiaTa da sxva movlenaTa gavlenis arsi TviT teqnologiebisa da
maT momxmarebel individTa miRma _ im socialur ZalebSi unda veZioT, romlebic
adamianur qcevas ayalibeben. axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi cariel ad
gilze rodi Cndeba. isini SobadobaSi samedicino Carevis Tanamedrove tendenciis,
ufro zogadad ki _ mecnierebisa da teqnikis bunebaze `sazedamxedvelod~ gamoy
enebis nawilia. gvian Seqmnili ojaxebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva
qveynebSi patara ojaxebis Seqmnis miswrafeba aseve arsebiT rols asrulebs, radgan
potenciuri Semosavlis wyaro xdeba reproduqciuli klinikebisaTvis (yovel Sem
TxvevaSi SeerTebul StatebSi). aziis zogierT kulturaSi vaJiSvilisaTvis myari
tradiciuli upiratesobis miniWebam da CineTis mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis gam
oyenebam waaxalisa reproduqciuli teqnologiebic. wyvilebis mier reproduqci
uli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis arCevanisa da misi Sedegebis gasagebad maT qcevaze
moqmedi socialuri Zalebi unda gvesmodes. amgvari gageba sociologiur warmosax
vas moiTxovs.
es Tavi sociologiis mimoxilviT daviwyeT. rogor gaamdidra sociologiur
ma perspeqtivam axali teqnologiebis, msoflio movlenebisa da TviT cxovrebis
Cveneuli xedva? wignis winamdebare nawili xuT ZiriTad sociologiur kon
cefcias warmogidgenT, romelsac SemdgomSic SexvdebiT. esenia: socialuri
struqtura, socialuri qcevebi, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura. Semdeg sociologias mecnieruli kuTxiT ganvixilavT da aRvwerT,
rogor iyeneben sociologebi mecnierul meTodebs socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb
kvlevebis Casatareblad. dabolos, sociologiis fesvebs gavyvebiT da gavecno
biT klasikur sociologiur Teoriebs, romlebic Tanamedrove Teoriisa da kv
levebis safuZvelia.
19
sociologiuri warmosaxva
20
li biznesia. 1995 wels daaxloebiT 3 milionamde amerikelma mimarTa xelovnuri
ganayofierebis klinikebs (begli, 1995), xelovnuri ganayofierebisTvis wyvilebi
xarjaven sul cota 10.000 dolars; xandaxan es Tanxa 100.000 dolarsac ki aRwevs.
janmrTelobis dazRvevis zogierTi saagento ixdis Sida ganayofierebasTan daka
vSirebul xarjebs, magram bevri sadazRvevo saagentos momsaxurebaSi es xarjebi
ar Sedis. xSir SemTxvevaSi ki qals kerZo janmrTelobis dazRvevac ar gaaCnia,
rac niSnavs, rom ganayofierebis axal teqnologiebze xeli mxolod SeZlebulebs
miuwvdeba.
Cveni piradi cxovrebis mraval aspeqts, _ Tundac Cveni dabadebis garemoe
bebs, Cvengan damoukidebeli Zalebi marTavs: ra xnis arian Cveni mSoblebi; gvy
avs Tu ara da-Zma da ramdeni; Cveni asakisa Tu Taobis ramdeni adamiani gagviwevs
konkurencias vakansiebis dasakaveblad jer sabavSvo baRSi, Semdeg ki _ samsaxur
Si; da isic saTuoa, saerTod, davibadebiT Tu ara. am Sexedulebis gaazreba didi
nawilia im cnebisa, rasac didi amerikeli sociologi raiT milsi `socialur war
mosaxvad~ moixseniebs.
socialuri warmosaxva niSnavs sakuTari gamocdilebis aRqmas socialur sa
myaroSi mimdinare procesebTan mimarTebaSi. es im farTo socialur movlenaTa
aRqmasac gulisxmobs, romlebic araa gamovlenili martooden pirovnul gamoc
dilebaSi. magaliTad, xalxi, visac uSualod hqonia saqme reproduqciul teqno
logiebTan, mozaikis mxolod erT nawils xedavs. mTliani suraTis ageba ki pozi
ciaTa da zne-CveulebaTa sistematur mecnierul Seswavlas moiTxovs sxvadasxva
drosa da adgilas, sxvadasxva socialur garemoebasa da socialur klasebSi,
agreTve socialur qmedebaTa gamiznuli Tu uneblie Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas.
socialuri warmosaxva dagvanaxebs, rom imaze bevrad metni varT, vidre mxo
lod Cvens pirad speqtaklebSi monawile msaxiobebi. is farTo socialuri mov
lenebi, romlebSic CarTulni varT, did socialur scenaze TamaSdeba. rogorc
milsi (1959/70. gv. 3,9) werda:
21
li problema SeiZleba iyos: rogor gadarCes anda rogor daiRupos
gmirulad; rogor gamdidrdes omis pirobebSi; rogor miaRwios maRal,
usafrTxo, samxedro Tanamdebobas, ra wvlili Seitanos omis damTavre
baSi... xolo omis struqturuli sakiTxebi kavSirSia mis socialur
mizezebTan; im xalxis tipTan, romelic mas warmarTavs; mis zegavlenas
Tan ekonomikasa da politikaze, ojaxisa da religiur institutebze;
erTa da saxelmwifoTa qaosur upasuxismgeblobasTan.
ZiriTadi koncefciebi
struqtura
22
SedarebiT mdgrad da xangrZliv interaqtiursa da/Tu ormxriv damokidebule
baSi arian _ magaliTad, qorwineba an samsaxuri _ pirovnebaTSoris doneze,
anda ganaTlebisa Tu jandacvis sistemaTa msgavsi institutebi _ ufro farTo
gagebiT da abstraqtul doneze. poziciebi (zogjer statusebad moxseniebuli)
gansazRvravs adgils socialur urTierTobaTa sqemaSi, rogorc _ deda, prezi
denti, mRvdeli, _ rac, Cveulebriv, qcevis (rols rom uwodeben) mosalodnel
yaidas gansazRvravs. xalxis raodenoba sxvadasxva kategoriis SigniT (rogori
caa: qalTa klubebi Tu eris gansaxleba, martoxela dedebi Tu momuSave qalebi) da
gansakuTrebiT, am kategoriaTa SefardebiTi odenoba (rogoricaa: mosaxleobaSi
samocdaTxuTmets gadacilebuli mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba an armiaSi
momsaxureTa Soris oficerTa proporciuli raodenoba), zemoqmedebas axdens so
cialur struqturaze.
mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT socialuri struqtura da pirovnebebi an `per
sonali~. universitetis struqtura, magaliTadAD, SedarebiT Ystabiluria, Tumca
personali mudmivad icvleba. yovel gazafxulze bolo kursis studentebi am
Tavreben da Semdeg Semodgomaze maT adgils axlad Semosuli kursi Seavsebs. icv
lebian pirovnebebi inglisurisa da qimiis fakultetebze, agreTve fexburTis
gundsa da sauniversiteto gazeTis StatSi. es SeiZleba gansakuTrebul adamianeb
sac Seexos, visac reqtoris, dekanis, kaTedris gamgisa Tu fexburTis mwvrTnelis
Tanamdeboba uWiravs. TanamSromelTagan zogi sruli profesori xdeba, zogic sxva
universitetSi midis. personalSi mimdinare am cvlilebaTa miuxedavad, ZiriTa
di struqtura _ urTierToba administracias, fakultetebsa da studentTa
korpuss Soris, profesorebsa da studentebs Soris, maRal da dabalkurselebs
Soris da a. S. _ Zalze nela icvleba an sulac ucvlelia. struqtura ayalibebs
SesaZleblobebs adamianebisaTvis, Tumca xalxic axdens gavlenas struqturaze.
magaliTad, Tuki Semosul studentTa ricxvi iklebs, SesaZloa, zogi profesori,
daiTxovon an datvirTva Seumciron. rodesac kolejSi Semsvlel qalTa raodeno
ba imatebs, Cndeba qalTa saerTo sacxovreblebis, qalTa saswavlo da sportuli
programebis moTxovnileba.
socialuri struqtura socialuri cxovrebis stabilurobis wyaroa, Tumca
cvlilebaTa gamowveva da warmarTva struqturul faqtorebsac SeuZlia. erT
Sviliani ojaxis politikaSi gamoxatuli ojaxis dagegmvis mkacri programis Se
muSaveba CineTSi mosaxleobis mkveTri zrdiT iyo gamowveuli. CineTis mosaxleo
bis ara mxolod raodenoba, aramed misi mateba Sedegad mohyva komunisturi
xelisuflebis mier gaumjobesebul kvebis sistemasa da janmrTelobis dacvas. es
niSnavs imas, rom CineTis mosaxleobis nawili axalgazrdaa da STamomavlobis Se
qmnis asaks aRwevs. amdenad erT wyvilze bavSvebis raodenobam rom iklos kidec,
dabadebuli bavSvebis raodenoba mainc didi iqneba. ase rom, arsebobda mosaxle
obis mosalodneli swrafi zrdis struqturuli mizezi (Warb mosaxleobaSi STa
momavlobisTvis momwifebuli adamianebis raodenobis maRali procenti). Tu am
qveyanaSi mosaxleobis mateba ar Seferxda, ekonomikisa da soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis Sedegebs `STanTqavs~ mzardi mosaxleoba da cxovrebis xarisxi ar
23
gaumjobesdeba. amitom ojaxis dagegmvis programis farglebSi CineTma Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego teqnologiebis investireba moaxdina.
rogorc vnaxeT, CineTma mosaxleobis raodenobis kontrolisaTvis Zalis
mieri politika SeimuSava. aman gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi gamoiRo _ Cineli
wyvilebi (ultrabgeriTi gamokvlevisa da abortis saSualebiT), tradiciis Ses
abamisad, amjobinebdnen vaJi hyolodaT. amiT gamowveul sqesTa disbalanss mniS
vnelovani struqturuli rRveva mosdevs. rodesac meti biWi ibadeba, oci wlis
Semdeg iqmneba qalebis nakleboba ucolo mamakacebisaTvis. es niSnavs aramarto
imas, rom mamakacebis nawili ver moaxerxebs sacolis povnas, aramed imasac, rom
asakovani mamakacebi iZulebuli iqnebian SedarebiT axalgazrda qalebze iqorwi
non (ramac SesaZloa Seaferxos qalebi, ganaTlebis saSualebiT daimkvidron sta
tusi). garda amisa, naklebi iqneba qaliSvili da rZali, raTa xandazmul adamianebs
mouaros, amitom xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba maTi siberis uzrunv
elsayofad. mTavrobis mier qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelSewyoba da tradici
ulad mamakacur profesiebSi maTi waxalisebasac gamoiwvevs qalebis naklebobas
tradiciul qalur saqmianobasa da socialur rolebSi.
nayofierebis Sablonebi dasavleTis qveynebSic iwvevs socialuri struqturis
Camoyalibebas. Sobadoba iklebs, Tuki wyvilebi naklebi Svilis yolas gadawyveten
(nawilobriv, Sobadobis sakontrolo teqnologiebis saSualebiT). Cveni axali
ojaxuri struqtura, sadac erT-da orSviliani ojaxebi normadaa miCneuli, me
tad cvlis ojaxuri cxovrebis yaidas, skolebze moTxovnilebas, aiolebs profe
siuli karieris Seqmnas qalebisaTvis da cxovrebis mraval aspeqts gansazRvravs
CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi. wyvilebi, vinc patara ojaxis Seqmnas apirebs,
bavSvsac ufro gvian aCenen. SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli mSobiarobis daaxloe
biT meoTxedi ocdaaTi-ormoci wlis asakSia (maranto, 1995). es imas niSnavs, rom
oci wlis Semdeg kolejebsa da universitetebSi Semsvleli axalgazrdebis meo
Txeds sapensio asakis mSoblebi eyolebaT (rac asakovan mSoblebs aiZulebs sam
saxurSi darCenas, xolo mTavrobas _ gauzardos daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebis msurvel axalgazrdebs).
moqmedeba
24
individualurad, aseve jgufebsa da organizaciebSi gawevrianebiT SegviZlia
sazogadoebis Secvlas vecadoT _ SevarbiloT rasobrivi SuRli, gavaumjobe
soT jandacvis sistema, gadavarCinoT saxelmwifo tyeebi anda movaxdinoT revo
lucia. sazogadoebriv qmedebaTagan zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmoqmnis
axal urTierTobebs, vTqvaT, rodesac qorwinebisas nefe-patarZali warmoTqvams:
`Tanaxma var~ an axali saxelmwifosa Tu organizaciis damaarseblebi mis gansaxor
cieleblad da socialuri struqturis misaniWeblad konstitucias SeimuSaveben.
es qmedebani, Tavis mxriv, axal samoqmedo pirobebs qmnis. daqorwinebul mamakacsa
da qals, SesaZloa, Sinaganma da gareganma faqtorebma aiZulos bavSvis gaCena; Svi
lis dabadebis Semdeg, miuxedavad maTi Zalisxmevisa, Tanabrad gainawilon mSoblis
pasuxismgebloba, SesaZloa, isini gaucnobiereblad mainc aRmoCndnen sqesobrivad
stereotipul rolebSi.
xSirad uciloblad migvaCnia Cveni socialuri garemos aspeqtebi, TiTqos isini
yovelTvis arsebobda an axlaxans, saswaulebriv da meyseulad Seiqmna da ar vuwevT
angariSs socialuri moqmedebis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, axali reproduqciuli
teqnologiis SemoReba ar yofila mecnieruli ganviTarebis TavisTavadi nayofi,
romelic aucileblad warmoiSoboda. es iyo `xalxis gansazRvrul jgufTa mier
gansazRvrul drosa da adgilas miRebul sagangebo gadawyvetilebaTa Sedegi,
maT moTxovnilebas rom Seesabameboda~ (uaismeni, 1994). aseTive Zalisxmevas unda
movuxmoT unayofobis mizezTa dasadgenad da Casaxvis aRmkveTi saSualebebis ga
mosaZebnad, agreTve Svilad ayvanis samsaxurebis gasafarToeblad, raTa savarau
do mSoblebi da mitovebuli umweo bavSvebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen.
erTSviliani ojaxis politika CineTSi da bavSvis sqesis SerCeviT aborti indoe
li ojaxebis mier socialuri moTxovnebis mkafio magaliTebia. da mainc, pirovne
baTa mier miRebuli kerZo Ogadawyvetilebebi socialuria. davuSvaT, ocdaCvidmeti
wlis martoxela atlanteli qali xelovnuri ganayofierebis gziT xdeba deda. ra
tomaa misi moqmedeba `socialuri~? pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom igi damokidebu
lia arsebul socialur pirobebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teqnologia ocdaxuTi
wlis winaTac arsebobda (da, udavod, zogierTi imdroindeli `SinaberasTvis~ sa
surveli iqneboda), maSin eqimebis umetesoba uars ityoda daorsulebaSi daxmare
boda martoxela qals. amaTanave, gaTxovili iqneboda Tu martoxela, ocdaaTs
gadabijebuli qalisTvis metad didi iyo daunis sindromiani bavSvis gaCenis riski.
amJamad, martoxela dedoba samarcxvinod aRar iTvleba, xolo Tanamedrove mSobia
robamdel testebs SeuZlia genetikuri problemebi orsulobis periodSive gamoav
linos. garda amisa, qalis moqmedeba socialuria, vinaidan igi sxva adamianebsac
Seexeba: bavSvs, mamas (Tundac anonimur donors, Tuki bavSvi mogvianebiT masTan
Sexvedras isurvebs) da ufro farTod, sazogadoebasac.
amniocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
zogierTi Tandayolili defeqti da genetikuri nakli muclad yofnis periodSive
gamovavlinoT. genetikur tests winaswar SeuZlia gansazRvros col-qmris Sansi,
uaryofiTi genebi gadasces Svils. tai-zaxis genis (nela mimdinare davaadeba, ad
reul asakSi mtkivneul sikvdils rom iwvevs) mqone mSoblebs oTxidan erT SemTx
vevaSi emuqreba am seniT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis saSiSroeba. warsulSi maT
25
an tkivilisa da tanjvis riski unda gaewiaT, an uari eTqvaT Svilis yolaze. amJa
mad mSoblebs winaswar SeuZliaT gaigon, rom tai-zaxis geni aqvT. Tuki es orive
aReniSneba, isini amjobineben bavSvi iSvilon, vidre tai-zaxis genis mqone Svili
moavlinon amqveynad. es arCevani SesaZlo gaxda, radgan teqnologia viTardeba,
eqimebs surT gardaqmnebis danergva da a.S.
kultura
26
istebad da ucnaurebad aRiqvams uSvilo adamianebs. ara mxolod uSvilo wyvili,
aramed martoxela uSvilo qali, lesboseli iqneba Tu heteroseqsuali, normidan
gadaxvevad iTvleba. Tuki Svilebis aryola egoistobadaa miCneuli, mxolod erTi
bavSvis gaCena _ uaris Tqma mis dasa Tu Zmaze _ arcTu bevrad ukeTesad aRiqmeba.
miuxedavad aSkara simcdarisa, fexmokidebulia stereotipi, TiTqos dediserTa
bavSvebi ganebivrebuli da umarTavi arian. metic, Cven rogorc kultura, `bune
briv~ mSobiarobas vamjobinebT bavSvis Svilad ayvanas, Tundac bunebrivi mSo
biaroba maRali teqnologiebis samedicino Carevis Sedegi iyos.
garda amisa, kultura, SesaZlebels xdis axal teqnologiebs socialurad
organizebuli informaciis maragis meSveobiT, romlebzec muSaoben eqimebi, ga
momgoneblebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da maTi mzgavsi Cveulebrivi adamianebi.
amerikul kulturas mravalwilad teqnologiebi ayalibebs. Cven did energias
vandomebT mowinave teqnologiebs. mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebma
ukanaskneli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi Secvala Cveni warmodgena adamianis SesaZle
blobebze. winaparTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa rwmena bunebisa Tu RvTis mier
dawesebul CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli, gvwams, rom yvela problemas gadavWriT, Tuki
xelT teqnologia gveqneba. buneba asaTvisebel da dasamuSaveblad xelmisawvdom
maragad warmogvidgeba da ara sakralurad Zlevamosilad, romlis gardaqmna gve
krZaleba. es adamianis bunebazec vrceldeba, rasac SobadobasTan dakavSirebuli
axali teqnologiebic gvidasturebs.
Zalaufleba
27
indoeTs, indonezias, nigerias, ojaxis dagegmvis efeqturobisaTvis ufro Znelad
gansaxorcielebeli saSualebebis Zieba uwevT.
mTavrobis mier Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba Sobadobis kontrolisaT
vis miuRebelia amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis. Tumca es praqtika amerikisTvis
arc ise `ucxoa~, rogorc gvgonia. 1930 wels bevri amerikeli mecnieri emxroboda
evgenikas _ mosaxleobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas SerCeviTi repro
ducirebis gziT. ocdaaTze met StatSi miiRes kanoni iZulebiTi sterilizaciis
Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis gawmendas `gariyulebis~ _ loTebis,
narkotikebis momxmareblebis, epilefsiiT Sepyrobilebis, sulierad daavadebu
lebis, damnaSaveebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, gonebrivad CamorCenilebisgan, visi
problemebic memkvidreobiTad iTvleboda. evgenikas socialur (da ekonomikur)
sakiTxTa mecnierul gadawyvetad ganixilavdnen. erTi oficialuri warmomad
genlis TqmiT, maTTvis STamomavlobis Seqmnis danebeba `sazogadoebis eqstrava
ganturobas~ niSnavda (larsoni, 1995, gv.120). amdenad, `mecnierebas~ ufro popu
laruli crurwmenebi gansazRvravda, vidre mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
winaswari ganWvretis faqtobrivi unari. ase rom iyos, abraam linkolnis mSoblebi
saTvis, romelTagan erTi fsiqikurad daavadebuli iyo, xolo meore _ loTi, Svi
lis gaCena unda agvekrZala. da mainc, iZulebiTi sterilizacia zogierT StatSi
1970-80-ian wlebamde rCeboda ZalaSi (amJamad zogierTni SiSoben, biogenetikis
miRwevebma evgenikis politika kvlav ar gamoaRviZos).
fuli Zalauflebis erT-erTi formaa. SeerTebul StatebSi ganayofierebaze
momuSave klinikebi metwilad komerciuli dawesebulebebia maTTvis, vinc Se
Zlebs gaistumros dadgenili momsaxurebis safasuri. kanadasa da evropis bevr
qveyanaSi es momsaxureba xalxis umetesobisaTvis xelmisawvdomia, radgan saxelm
wifo jandacvis sistema afinansebs. am sazogadoebaTa farTo jgufebs SeuZliaT
Tavisi politikuri Zalis gamoyeneba, raTa dabegvra mTeli mosaxleobis jandac
vis sasargeblod moxdes da ar emyarebodes mxolod kerZo dazRvevasa da pirad
angariSsworebas, rogorc es SeerTebul StatebSia miRebuli. Tumca am qveyana
Sic ganayofierebis ZviradRirebuli momsaxurebisaTvis gadaxdisas adgilobrivi
xelisufleba gamoyofs Tanxebs. amdenad, am sakiTxSi Tavs iyris mTavrobis Za
laufleba moqalaqeTa dabegvris da amoRebuli Semosavlebis gankargvis gzebis
Ziebisas, da agreTve SeZlebuli (kargad organizebuli) jgufebis Zalaufleba,
romelic zewolas axorcielebs xelisuflebaze, raTa `xalxis fuli~ am jgufebis
sasargeblod daixarjos.
sociologebi mTlianad socialuri sistemis Zalauflebasac Seiswavlian, ro
melic pirovnebaTa, jgufTa Tu organizaciaTa Zalauflebisgan gansxvavebulia.
amerikul sazogadoebas meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre, davuSvaT, eTiopiisas. es
ar niSnavs, rom amerikas aqvs samxedro Zalaufleba, romelic brZolaSi daamar
cxebs eTiopias anda ekonomikuri berketebi eTiopiis Sesaviwroveblad. es ufro
exeba teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis dones, romelic
am sazogadoebebSi xalxis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. amerikelebs umuSevrobisa
da siRaribis gamocdileba aqvT, magram SimSiliT iSviaTad ixocebodnen. eTiopi
aSi, piriqiT, xSiria sastiki SimSiloba, rasac ara mxolod hava, aramed SedarebiT
28
primitiuli teqnologia, ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali done da socialuri
aSliloba iwvevs. Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba xalxs ganrigis, tabe
luri drois, SezRuduli vadebis enaze azrovnebas aiZulebs. eTiopiis msgavs mi
waTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi es droiTi zewola matulobs, rodesac qalaqebis, sam
saxurebis, Tanamedrove industriis ganviTareba iwyeba. droSi gaTvlili amgvari
cxovreba ar aris mimzidveli, magram xalxi iZulebulia miiRos igi. eTiopiaSic
da SeerTebul StatebSic piradi identuroba erovnul identurobasTan ufro
mWidrodaa gadanaskvuli, vidre separatistul eTnikur identurobasTan. Cven
vixdiT gadasaxadebs da umeteswilad vaRiarebT samxedro samsaxuris aucileb
lobas, radgan gvwams, rom Cveni rogorc pirovnebaTa gadarCena da cxovrebiseuli
gza sakuTari qveynis gadarCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. nacionalizmi Zalauflebas
iyenebs patriotul grZnobaTa mobilizebisaTvis. es Zalaufleba damaxasiaTebe
lia ara romelime erTi socialuri SemsruleblisaTvis (Tumca pirovnebebsa da
jgufebs SeuZliaT patriotul grZnobebs mouxmon), aramed sazogadoebisTvis,
rogorc mTlianisaTvis.
funqcia
29
To socialur sistemaSi. funqciurad integrirebuli sistemis yoveli nawili ax
dens zemoqmedebas da Tavadac ganicdis zemoqmedebas sxvebisgan. aseTia skolebis
funqcionireba studentTa mosamzadeblad, vinc SeZlebs damqiraveblisTvis
saWiro samuSao Seasrulos da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi miiRos monawileoba,
rogorc sakuTari qveynis moqalaqem. SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT skolis arss, Tuki mas
gamijnulad SeviswavliT _ aucilebelia sazogadoebis sxva nawilebTan misi kav
Siris gaTvaliswineba. Tavis mxriv, skola funqciurad TviTonac organizebulia:
sxvadasxva sagnis maswavleblebi, administratorebi, moswavleebi, biblioTek
arebi da materialuri obieqtebic ki, dafebisa da wignebis CaTvliT, sxvadasxva
funqcias asruleben. funqciuri integracia xarisxzea damokidebuli _ ramde
nad SeuZlia jgufisa Tu sazogadoebis nawilebs met-naklebad harmoniuli Tanam
Sromloba anu urTierTSewyobili moqmedeba.
zogjer socialuri sistemis erTi nawili ise moqmedebs, rom sistemis, rogorc
mTlianis efeqtur muSaobas aferxebs. am SemTxvevaSi igi `disfunqciuria~. maga
liTad, zogierTis mtkicebiT, axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi disfunqci
uria, radgan sxva, ufro saSur moTxovnilebebs (rogoricaa jandacva, saTanado
kveba da ganaTleba sabavSvo baRebSi, Raribi orsuli qalebis daxmareba) aklebs
resursebs da savaraudo mSoblebs ubiZgebs ganayofierebis xelovnur xerxebs
mimarTon Svilis ayvanis nacvlad, rac obol da mitovebul bavSvebs moyvaruli da
mzrunveli ojaxebis gareSe tovebs.
zogjer SegviZlia reproduqciuli teqnologiis sasikeTo, saswaulebrivi
Sedegebi davinaxoT, roca uSvilobis problemebis mqone wyvilebs bavSvis gaCenis
saSualeba eZlevaT, SegviZlia davinaxoT safrTxec _ zneobrivad saCoTiro Ca
reva bunebisa Tu RvTis nebaSi. es piraduli gansjis gadasawyvetia. magram am axali
teqnologiis gasagebad _ rad ganviTarda igi, rogor mimarTebaSia pirovnebasa
Tu mTlianad sazogadoebasTan, vis exmareba (Tu azaralebs) yvelaze metad da saiT
mivyavarT _ yvela is sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romelzec zemoT visaubreT.
sociologebs, maTi gansaxilveli Tematikisa da Teoriuli perspeqtividan gamom
dinare, SeuZliaT yuradReba mTavar cnebaTagan erT-erTze _ struqturaze, mo
qmedebaze, kulturaze, Zalasa Tu funqciaze gaamaxvilon, Tumca xuTive maTgani
mniSvnelovania sociologiurad azrovnebisTvis.
30
miznad da Cvens pirad gamocdilebas mecnieruli meTodis saSualebiT afarToebs
(burdie, Sambordoni da paseroni, 1991).
mecnieruli meTodi
31
cas da dasavleTiT Cadis (konsensusi). yovelive amis miuxedavad, am SemTxvevaSi sab
olood mecnierebam gaimarjva.
mecnieruli meTodi metad Zlieria. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mas SeuZlia uaRresad
gaafarTovos codna, rasac didi miRwevebi aqvs teqnologiaSi. mecnierebasaviT
Zliers, mas mainc ar SeuZlia `srulqmnili~ codna mogvawodos. pirveli, mecnie
ruli codna dausrulebelia: saTanadod Seuswavlelia mravali fenomeni da axal
Ziebas SeuZlia eWvqveS daayenos is, rac manamde garkveuli gvegona. meore, zogierT
kiTxvas SeuZlebelia mecnierulma kvlevam gasces pasuxi (magaliTad, arsebobs Tu
ara RmerTi). metic, sxvadasxva adamiani, mecnierTa CaTvliT, sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvs sagnebze,
maT aRsawerad gansxvavebul enasa da gamoTqmebs iyenebs da daskvnac gansxvavebuli
gamoaqvs. mecnierTa TanamSromlobas SeuZlia srulyos mecniereba da teqnologia,
warmatebiT ganaxorcielos praqtikuli saqmianoba, xidebis mSenebloba iqneba Tu
kosmosuri xomaldis gaSveba, magram mecnierebi verasodes SeZleben sxvadasxva Tval
sazrisTa Sedegebis srulad gabaTilebasa da erT `WeSmaritebaze~ SeTanxmebas.
rogorc mecniereba, sociologia specifikur winaaRmdegobebs awydeba. rode
sac sociologebi dakvirvebis mecnierul meTods mimarTaven, isini akvirdebian
ara `bunebas~, romelic adamianebis gareT arsebobs da met-naklebad dafiqsire
bulia maTTan urTierTobaSi, aramed ufro im samyaros adevneben Tvals, romelic
nawilobriv adamianTa mier aris Seqmnili da romelsac mecnierebi verasodes gae
mijnebian. socialuri samyaro araa uZravi, igi gamudmebiT icvleba. magaliTad,
ena mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom mas adamianebi iyeneben, magram gamoyenebisas maT
cotaodeni cvlilebac SeaqvT masSi. socialuri samyaro Cveni nawilia, Cven ki misi
nawili varT. socialuri mecnieruli dakvirveba araa ubralod bunebis interpre
tacia, sul cota, igi interpretaciaa xalxisa, vinc Tavad axdens interpretacias
da Tavis samyaroebs qmnis (gidensi, 1984).
empiriuli dakvirveba
32
meteorologebma Rrublebis formebze TavianTi dakvirveba da klasifikacia unda
moaxdinon. socialuri cxovrebis Seswavlisas interpretacia met mniSvnelovneba
sac iZens, radgan adamianTa qmedebis Sesaxeb unda SeviqmnaT warmodgena (teilori,
1958 x, 1955). Tandayolili da memkvidreobiTi defeqtebisa matarebeli bavSvis
gaCenis riskis mqone qalebisaTvis sagangebod Seqmnili mSobiarobamdeli diag
nostikuri testebi amJamad aucilebeli wesia ocdaaT wels gadacilebulTaTvis
qalebisaTvis (rouneri da presi, 1955), radgan qalebs surT darwmundnen, rom jan
saR bavSvs gaaCenen (Tuki ara _ ganixileba abortis SesaZlebloba) da eqimebi am
sinjiT saWiro informacias miiReben dedisa da nayofis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb. da
mainc, orsuli qalebis gamokiTxvam SesaZloa gamoavlinos, rom maT testi, pirvel
rigSi meanis rCeviT Caitares, xolo man, cxadia, ukeT icis. meanTa gamokiTxvam ki
SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom isini pirvel yovlisa, mSobiarobamdeli testis ga
keTebas urCeven Tandayolili defeqtis mqone bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi mSo
blebis mier sasamarTloSi Civilis Tavidan asacileblad. Cveulebrivi dakvirveba
motivebsa da mniSvnelobebs ar gamoavlens.
mesame etapi dakvirvebaTa monacemebad gardasaqmnelad gulisxmobs maT da
fiqsirebas im saxiT, rom SesaZlo iyos maTi ganmeoreba. ganmeoreba niSnavs imave
gamokvlevis xelaxal Catarebas axali obieqtebis TanxlebiT, raTa gairkves, mi
viRebT Tu ara imave Sedegs. yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli
gamokvlevis obieqti tipuri ar aRmoCndes mosaxleobisTvis, romlis warmosaCenad
is SeirCa anda kvlevis meTodebi iyo mcdari. mecnieruli monacemebis wardgenasa
da gamoyenebas yovelTvis unda axldes zusti angariSi im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb,
romlebSic dakvirveba Catarda, mkvlevaris gamoyenebuli abstragirebis xerxis
CaTvliT. agreTve unda aRiniSnos, ra ganasxvavebda mas sxva dakvirvebaTagan da
rogor interpretacias aZlevda mkvlevari dakvirvebas (gamokvlevis meTodebi
ganxilulia meore TavSi da warmodgenilia sagangebo gamokvlevebSi, romlebic
kvlevis grafebis saxiTY gasdevs wigns).
logikuri analizi
33
iziareben, maTi rwmenis, eklesiis (an seqtis) istoriis, saeklesio ritualebisa da
wesebis CaTvliT. analizis Semdegi erTeuli eklesiis formaluri organizaciaa
_ meurveobisa da movaleobebis struqtura, urTierToba moZRvarsa da mrevls
Soris, pasuxismgebelia Tu ara mRvdeli episkoposis winaSe da sxv. analizis yove
li es erTeuli logikurad gansxvavebulia danarCenebisagan, xolo eklesiis er
Tiani suraTi TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb Seicavs informacias.
urTirTobaTa gamovlena analizis erTeulebs Soris, pirovnebebi iqneba, pira
di urTierTobebi, kulturuli midrekilebani Tu organizaciuli struqturebi,
Semdegi etapia logikuri analizis. sociologis mTavari amocanaa gaarkvios, so
ciologiur wyobaSi erTdroulad arsebul saganTagan romelia danarCnenebze me
tad gavlenisunariani. magaliTad, ra faqtori axdens ufro Zlier gavlenas iseT
gadawyvetilebaze, rogorc winamZRvris SerCeva anda diakvnisa Tu uxucesis daniS
vnaa _ wevrTa rwmena (kultura) Tu organizebis wesi (struqtura)? es sakiTxi
mizez-Sedegobriobas ukavSirdeba. sociologebs ainteresebT funqciuri urTi
erTkavSiri sxvadasxva erTeulsa Tu mTelsa da mis nawilebs Soris. saeklesio
gundSi, magaliTad, lotbari da sxvadasxva xmis mqone momRerlebi (sopranoebi,
baritonebi, tenorebi, banebi) saerTo produqtis _ musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesa
qmnelad, rac mxolod socialuri TanamSromlobiT aris SesaZlebeli. maTi gansx
vavebuli rolebi, amrigad, funqciurad SekavSirebulia, arc erTi maTgani araa
swored meoriT gamowveuli (diriJoris CaTvliT), magram TiToeuli damokidebu
lia sxvebze.
mesame safexuri logikur analizSi aris codnis Camoyalibeba Teoriad. Teor
ia urTierTobaTa amokiTxvisa da maTi moqmedebis axsnis mwyobri, logikuri mcd
elobaa. mecnieruli Teoria damyarebulia empiriuli dakvirvebisas mopovebul
garemoebebsa da faqtebze. Teoretikosis winaSe ismeba kiTxva, ratom aqvs faqtebs
swored aseTi mimarTuleba da ara sxvagvari. vTqvaT, ratom irCevs zogi qristian
uli eklesia winamZRvars, xolo sxvagan episkoposi agzavnis? pasuxis gasacemad,
nawilobriv istoriis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro (rodis da rogor daedo saTave ama
Tu im aRmsareblobas), nawilobriv sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa (gansakuTrebiT,
_ ra saxiT iZens pirovneba religiur Sexedulebebs _ locviTa da bibliis Ses
wavliT Tu zemdgom avtoritetebze dayrdnobiT), nawilobriv _ gansxvavebuli
saeklesio struqturisa (ierarqiuloba Tu Tanasworoba). am sakiTxis Teoriuli
gaazreba damokidebulia yoveli calkeuli faqtoris Sekrebasa da erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebaze. magaliTad, mRvdlis arCeviTobis wesi, SesaZloa, individualis
turi azrovnebis aRzevebis Sedegi iyos (Tundac _ protestantuli reforma
ciis dros wamoSobili Sexedulebisa, rom pirovnebas SesaZloa uSualo kavSiri
hqondes RmerTTan) da agreTve SedarebiT demokratiuli azrovnebidan (xalxma
Tavisi lideri Tavad unda airCios) momdinareobdes.
idealuri warmodgeniT Teoriebi sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, raTa em
piriuli dakvirvebisa da informaciis gavrcobiT gamokvlevas daeqvemdebaros.
Tumca, aseTi sizuste da gamokvleva SedarebiT iolia mcire, metad specifikuri
TeoriebisaTvis _ aseTia magaliTad, Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom eklesiis
34
wevrTa Soris piradi urTierTobebi ufro ganmsazRvrelia axali winamZRvris
arCevisas, vidre sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebani. xolo zogadi, farTomasStabiani
TeoriebisaTvis sizustis dacva da gamokvleva ufro rTulia _ vTqvaT, Teor
iisa, romelic acxadebs, rom socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis social
uri struqtura ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre pirovnuli arCevani. aseTi vrceli
Teoriebi, _ Tundac, karl marqsis Teoria, romlis mixedviT istorias, umTavres
ad, klasobrivi brZola ayalibebs an adam smiTis Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom
pirovnuli arCevani sayovelTao keTildReobas gansazRvravs (orives qvemoTaa
ganxiluli) _ safuZvels uyris SedarebiT specifikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas,
romelTa sizuste ufro advili Sesamowmebelia.
socialuri faqtebi
35
kvidrebiT. zogierTni (saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebaTa avtorebi, msxvil kor
poraciaTa meTaurebi) mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen sameurneo ganviTarebis
tendenciebze, sxvani (miusafarni) zRvars miRma arseboben. magram yoveli Cven
gani, raimenairad, monawileobs ekonomikaSi. faqtobrivad igi mxolod mravali
adamianisa da jgufis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad arsebobs. ekonomikis mdgomareoba
_ aRmavlobis gzas adgas, Tu daqveiTebulia _ Tavis mxriv, pirovnebebs Seexeba
maRali Tu dabali saprocento ganakveTis, umuSevrobisa Tu sxva formiT.
zogierTi socialuri faqti socialuri movlenebis maCvenebeli anu mosaxleo
baSi yovelwliurad (an sxva droiT SualedSi) momxdar SemTxvevaTa procentuli
xarisxia. danaSaulis maCvenebeli socialuri faqtia. igive iTqmis qorwinebis, So
badobisa Tu SidsiT (HIV) inficirebis maCveneblebze. igi irRveva mxolod mravali
kerZo SemTxvevis Sekrebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad da Seexeba imaTac, visac saerTo
araferi hqonia danaSaulTan, qorwinebasTan, dabadebasa Tu Sids-iT daavadebas
Tan mocemuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. zogadi maCveneblebi im socialur modelebs
avlens, rac calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizisas ar Cans. magaliTad, ganayofiere
baze momuSave klinikebis swrafi mateba adasturebs, rom amerikelebi unayofobis
epidemiaa. faqtobrivad, Sobadobis maCvenebeli ucvlelia, magram radgan bavS
vebis `bumis~ Taoba ricxobrivad winamorbed Taobebs aRemateba, nayofierebis
problemebis mqone pirTa raodenobac metia.
komunikaciis iseTi saziaro saSualeba, rogoricaa ena, agreTve socialuri
faqtia. axali sityvebis, frazebis, mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis
asaxsnelad sociologebi im socialur Zalebs eZeben, romlebsac axali sityvebis
Semotana SeuZliaT. isini Seiswavlian, axali sityvebi prestiJul sazogadoebriv
figurebTan asocirdeba Tu ara, Tu imeoreben maT MTV-ze da filmebSi, Tu aita
cebs maT sazogadoebis erTi jgufi da Semdeg Tu vrceldeba sxva jgufebSi da a.S.
SedarebiT stabiluri da xangrZlivia socialuri faqtebi, Tumca mTlad
ucvleli mainc araa. am mizezis gamo, sociologia ar emsgavseba fizikur mec
nierebebs. socialur cxovrebas srulad verasodes aRwers mecnierul kanonTa
rigi, romelic yvela adamianze, yvela adgilsa da dros gavrceldeba. urTierT
damokidebuleba masasa da mizidulobas Soris msoflios erT nawilSi meoresTan
SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ar icvleba da aguri CineTSic imave siCqariT vardeba,
rogorc kanzasSi, magram urTierTmimarTeba samuSaosa da anazRaurebas Soris
gansxvavebulia. CineTSi taqsis mZRoli xSirad met Tanxas gamoimuSavebs, vidre
eqimi; kanzasSi es ase araa. amasTanave, adamianma SeiZleba saqmianoba da cxovrebis
wesi Seicvalos. amis gamo sociologebi mudam axal-axal movlenebs awydebian aR
werasa da axsnas rom moiTxovs.
36
sociologiis safuZvlebi
37
sias hqonda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, protestantul reformaciamde mainc, romelmac
xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis dadgomas).
am industriamdel soflebsa da qalaqebSi cxovreba Sors iyo idiliurisagan.
miwaTmflobelebi eqspluatacias uwevdnen moijareebs da xSirad ise begravdnen
maT, rom SimSilobamdec ki mihyavdaT. mezobeli mezobels edaveboda da xandaxan
sagvareulo SuRli Taobebze vrceldeboda. sanitariuli pirobebi cudi iyo,
samedicino momsaxureba _ primitiuli, naadrevi sikvdili ki _ xSiri. magram
miuxedavad aseTi rTuli mdgomareobisa, socialuri cxovrebisgan msazRvreli
faqtorebi da konturebi cnobili iyo. industriulma revoluciam Secvala orive
landSafti _ fizikurica da socialuric. me-19 saukuneSi fabrika-qarxnebma,
qvanaxSiris sabadoebma, rkinigzam da satelegrafo xazebma moSala is izolacia,
romelic tradiciuli soflis meurneobis Temebis TavSesafari iyo. TiTqmis
erT RameSi gaCnda saqarxno qalaqebi da qalaqis mosaxleobac swrafad gaizarda.
1850 wlisaTvis did britaneTSi ufro meti xalxi cxovrobda didsa da patara qa
laqebSi, vidre soflad (me-20 saukunemde SeerTebuli Statebi ar gamxdara upi
ratesad urbanuli). am procesis dros moiSala tradiciuli socialuri urTier
Tobebi. kapitalist mewarmeTa axalma klasma, romlis specializacia warmoeba da
vaWroba iyo, gverdze gaswia miwebis mflobeli Zveli aristokratia. xalxis didma
nawilma datova (an iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina) soflebi, raTa xelfasiani sa
muSao mieRo samrewvos qalaqebSi. am procesSi ikargeboda TviTkmari cxovrebis
wesi. industriulma revoluciam Seqmna rogorc axali samuSao adgilebi, umuSev
robac gamoiwvia. qalaqSi areulobebma da sibinZurem masobrivi, SemaZrwunebeli
siRatake moitana da danaSaulisa da daumorCileblobis saSiSroeba warmoSva ev
ropuli sazogadoebis SigniT.
Tanamedrove epoqis warmoSobisaTvis meore gadamwyveti faqtori iyo kul
turuli gansxvavebebis Tavidan aRmoCena. mogzaurobebma dedamiwis `Soreul
mxareebSi~, qalaqebSoris vaWrobis zrdam da koloniuri imperiebis damkvidre
bam aiZula evropelebi dapirispirebodnen msoflios gansxvavebul kultura
Ta uzarmazar wyebas _ Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli eniT, adaT-wesebiT, mrwamsiT,
mmarTvelobis sistemiTa da cxovrebis wesiT. evropelebsa da araevropelebs So
ris kontaqtis zrdam orive maTganis cxovreba Secvala _ yvelaze TvalnaTliv
kolonializmisa da monobis meSveobiT. zogierTi Sedegi iyo materialuri, ro
goricaa simdidris zrda, zRvaosnobis gaZliereba iseT savaWro qveynebSi, ro
goricaa britaneTi. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom am kontaqtebma eWvqveS daayena
gabatonebuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. evropelebis umetesoba
darwmunebuli iyo, rom maT sakuTar kulturas aSkara upiratesoba hqonda sx
vebTan SedarebiT, Tumca kulturis nairgvarobam sagonebelSi Caagdo swav
lulebi. saidan iyo mosuli evropuli civilizacia da saiT miemarTeboda igi?
swavlulebma daiwyes dakvirveba sxva qveynebsa da epoqebze, ara mxolod imisaT
vis, rom es xalxebi da adgilebi SeeswavlaT, aramed imisTvisac, rom saTanado
daskvnebi gaekeTebinaT Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Ta
vis Sesaxeb (kalhuni, 1995).
38
mesame faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis aRmocenebas, politi
kuri da inteleqturi qaosi iyo. amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma Secvala
Zveli warmodgenebi movaleobebze, tradiciebsa da xelisuflebisadmi morCile
baze anu axali ideebis mixedviT _ individis uflebebze, Tanasworobasa da Tavi
suflebaze da yvela SemTxvevaSi es iyo muqara monarqebisadmi.
amis msgavsadve, protestantulma reformaciam, samecniero revoluciam da
ganmanaTleblobam eWvqveS daayena didi xnis win damkvidrebuli warmodgenebi
bunebaze, religiasa da adamianis cxovrebaze. am kulturulma moZraobebma ara
mxolod warmoSva axali nairgvaroba evropis farglebSi (rogoricaa gansxvave
buli religiuri mimdinareoba qristianobis SigniT), aramed gamoiwvia codnis
safuZvliani zrda da kulturuli diskusiac. me-15 saukuneSi sabeWdi wnexis
gamogoneba, romelic pirvelad iohanes guTenbergma gamoiyena luTeranuli bib
liis dasabeWdad, daexmara azrovnebis axali gzebis gavrcelebas da axali disku
siebis dawyebas.
warsulis gamocdilebebze damyarebuli keTilgonivruli ganmartebani aRar
gamodgeboda. socialurma filosofiam, romelic ganixilavda rogori unda yo
filiyo sazogadoeba, ver SeZlo aexsna, ra xdeboda imJamindel realur samyaro
Si. xalxs esaWiroeboda momavalze gaTvlili faqtobrivi informacia, romelic
daeyrdnoboda Teoriebs, romlebic sistematurad Semowmdeboda da daexmare
boda maT Tanamedrove epoqis gagebasa da misdami adaptaciaSi (nibeTi da perini,
1977). ase Seiqmna codnis axali dargi _ sociologia.
revoluciuri epoqis dros fesvgadgmuli sociologia jer kidev awydeba im
dros wamoWril iseT gamowvevebs, rogoricaa socialuri cvlilebebi, sazogadoe
bis SekavSirebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi da maT Soris arsebuli cvlilebebic ki,
sxvadasxvaoba da kiTxvebi sazogadoebaTa Soris msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze,
da daZabuloba, romelsac qmnis erTi mxriv, socialuri cxovrebis mecnieruli
axsna da, meore mxriv ki _ tradicia, saRi azri da sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi.
39
logiaSic da sazogadoebaSic _ cvlilebebi struqturasa da funqciebSi para
lelurad xorcieldeba. evoluciis Teoriam darvinamde da darvinis Semdeg _
uzarmazari zegavlena iqonia adreul sociologiaze. swored spenserisagan is
esxa darvinma umTavaresi fraza `bunebrivi gadarCeva~. adam smiTi, romelic av
toria uaRresad gavleniani wignisa erebis simdidre (1776/1976), dResdReobiT
ekonomistad moixsenieba. magram imis gamo, rom smiTis moRvaweobis periodSi ar
iyo gamijnuli sociologiisa da ekonomikis disciplinebi, mis naSromebSi aseve
uxvadaa sociologiuri mignebebic (ganixileba qvemoT).
mxolod me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan bolomde, ufro Rrma mecnierul codnasa
da ganaTlebaze sayovelTao moTxovnebis Sedegad, rogorc am moTxovnebis erT-
erTi nawili, sociologia aRiarebul iqna damoukidebel akademiur disciplinad
evropul universitetebSi, sociologebi ki _ specialistebad (da ara zogadi so
cialuri dargebis mecnierebad). saukuneTa gasayarze amerikelebi seriozulad
CaerTnen sociologiur kvleva-ZiebaSi da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes mis
ganviTarebaSi. me-20 saukuneSi sociologia, rogorc kvlevisa da momzadebis spe
cializebuli sfero, mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda.
qvemoT gavecnobiT sociologiis umniSvnelovanes fuZemdeblebs. maTi gavlena
dResac didia Teoriisa da kvlevis gansxvavebuli tradiciebis damkvidrebis Tval
sazrisiT da amitom sociologebi (da sxva socialur mecnierebaTa specialistebi)
amJamadac ganagrZoben maTi Sromebis Seswavlas axleburad gaazrebisaTvis.
40
minimumamde daiyvanon tkivili. is ar iziarebda smiTis Sexedulebebs imis Sesaxeb,
rom individualur gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic angarebas emyareba, avtomatu
rad moaqvs udidesi sikeTe mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. benTamisaTvis saxalxo si
keTe (romelsac igi gansazRvravda, rogorc udides sargebels adamianTa udidesi
nawilisaTvis minimaluri xarjebiT) yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba iqnes mopovebuli mec
nierulad dagegmili samTavrobo qmedebiT _ rasac is `xilul xels~ uwodebda.
sazogadoebis moqmed pirTa Soris TanamSromloba avtomaturi ar aris maSinac
ki, roca mas meti sargebeli moaqvs meti xalxisTvis. benTami amtkicebda, rom, Tu
mTavroba, romelsac unari Seswevs moiTxovos TanamSromloba, am procesSi ar Cae
ria, SeiZleba ifeTqos konfliqtma moqmed pirTa Soris, romlebic ecdebian gamdi
drdnen sxvebis xarjze.
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, romelic smiTma da benTamma pirvelebma wamo
ayenes, dResac mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. racionaluri arCevanis Teoria xazs
usvams individualur gadawyvetilebaTa rols socialuri faqtebis formirebaSi
(qoulmani 1990). swored es midgoma iqna gamoyenebuli imis dasadgenad, rogor
iReben saqmiani wreebi sabazro gadawyvetilebebs, rogor akeTeben adamianebi
dabandebebs ufro met ganaTlebaSi da imis dasadgenadac ki, rogor wyveten axal
gazrdebi _ visTan iaron paemanze da visze iqorwinon (ix. Jurnali racionaluro
ba da sazogadoeba). racionaluri arCevanis Teoria gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova
nia saxalxo politikis analizisaTvis, sadac igi xels uwyobs imis dadgenas, vin
moigebs an waagebs axali saxalxo programis ganxorcielebis Sedegad.
amasTanave, racionaluri arCevanis Teoria mniSvnelovani iyo nawili im damkvi
drebuli Sexedulebebisa, romelTa winaaRmdegac gailaSqres sxva sociologiuri
Teoriebis _ maT eWvqveS daayenes idea, rom sazogadoebis socialuri modelebi
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc individualur qmedebaTa jami. sociologiis sxva moaz
rovneni ki xazs usvamdnen jgufebis, socialuri struqturis, kulturisa da is
toriuli cvlilebebis rols socialuri qmedebisaTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
41
li krizisisgan, ekonomikuri vardnisa Tu depresiisgan. kapitalistebi SeiZleba
ocnebobdnen wminda ekonomikuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, sadac mTavroba umniS
vnelo rols iTamaSebda, sinamdvileSi maT WirdebodaT saxelmwifo Zala, rom ae
muSavebinaT ekonomikuri sistema da Tavidan aecilebinaT konkurenciis Sedegad
dazaralebulTa janyi.
marqsis socialuri Teoriis mTavari Tema iyo sazogadoebis dayofa dapiris
pirebul klasebad. es klasebi ubralod erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli ki ar iyvnen,
aramed Rrmad winaaRmdegobrivi interesebi hqondaT da maT Soris konfliqti
(magaliTad, monebsa da monaTmflobelebs Soris) ganapirobebda yvelanairi so
cialuri cxovrebis bunebas.
or yvelaze mniSvnelovan da winaaRmdegobriv klass kapitalistur sazoga
doebaSi warmoadgendnen kapitalistebi anu burJuazia, romelic flobda miwas,
qarxnebs, manqanebs, da proletariati an muSebi, romlebic uSualod awarmoebdnen
ekonomikur produqts TavianTi SromiT.
sazogadoebis es struqturuli dayofa dapirispirebul klasebad Zlier gav
lenas axdenda Zalauflebriv urTierTobebze. marqsisTvis, kapitalistebis in
teresebi da proletariati arsobrivad upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs. kapitali
stebi mogebis gazrdas muSebis eqspluataciis xarjze cdilobdnen da jamagirs
ar umatebdnen. muSebi itanjebodnen da amitom iZulebulni iyvnen daeTmoT kapi
talisturi sistema, dauflebodnen warmoebis saSualebebs da daefuZnebinaT
uklaso sazogadoeba, sadac simdidres Tanabrad gaanawilebdnen. rasakvirve
lia, kapitalistebi da mTavrobebi, romlebsac isini mxars uWerdnen, yvelanair
Zalas gamoiyenebdnen, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT muSebis mier socialuri wesri
gis Secvla. muSebs, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gasawevad dasWirdebodaT Zala,
romelic maT simravleSi iyo. amisaTvis, albaT isini unda CarTuliyvnen TavianT
mCagvrelebTan xangrZliv konfliqtSi maTi Tavidan moSorebis mizniT. revo
lucia SeiZleba momxdariyo an ar momxdariyo, magram daZabuloba da brZola so
cialuri Rirebulebebisa da miznebis garSemo gardauvali iyo. marqsis mixedviT,
klasobrivi konfliqti kapitalisturi sistemis Sinagani Tvisebaa.
marqss sjeroda, rom socialuri struqtura, romelic ekonomikur warmoe
basa da klasobriv urTierTobebs efuZneboda, ganapirobebda socialur moqmede
basa da kulturasac ki. amgvarad, Sua saukuneebis sasoflo-sameurneo ekonomikam
xeli Seuwyo Zlieri sazogadoebrivi erTobebisa religiuri rwmenis gaCenas, maSin
rodesac Tanamedrove epoqis industriulma kapitalisturma ekonomikam dabada
individualizmi da mecnieruli xedva. marqsi aseve Tvlida, rom klasobrivi kon
fliqti aris `istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala~, socialuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi
wyaro. misi azriT, adgili rCeba socialuri moqmedebisTvis, magram es moqmedeba
arasdros aris Tavisufali wina moqmedebebisgan da, miT umetes socialuri struq
turisgan. `adamianebi qmnian TavianT istorias~, _ werda marqsi, _ `magram isini
ar qmnian istorias Tavis mierve arCeuli pirobebis mixedviT, aramed im pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic pirdapir aris mocemuli da gadmocemuli warsulidan~
(marqsi 1852/1979, gv. 103).
42
mniSvnelovani iyo marqsis Sexeduleba koleqtiuri brZolis, rogorc so
cialuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb. radgan patara elita akontrolebs sazogadoe
bis ZiriTad simdidres, adamianebis umetesoba SedarebiT nakleb Zalauflebas
flobs. magram, muSebi socialuri struqturis Sesacvlelad moipovebdnen Za
lauflebas, Tuki isini gaerTiandebodnen kavSirebsa da politikur partiebSi.
es midgoma moiTxovda ara mxolod moqmedebas, aramed kulturul cvlilebas.
muSebi unda ganTavisuflebuliyvnen kapitalizmis ideisgan, rom yvela adamiani
ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc individi; maT unda ganeviTarebinaT klasobrivi
cnobiereba, saerTo interesebisa da problemebis gancda. sanam klasobrivi cno
biereba ganviTardeboda, kapitalistebi gamoiyenebdnen TavianT Zalas, Camoeya
libebinaT muSebis religiuri Sexedulebebi, moegonebinaT Tavisufal drosTan
dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi da momxmarebluri prioritetebi, rac gamoiwvevda
`yalbi cnobierebis~ warmoSobas proletariatSi – anu mcdar kulturul orien
tacias, romelic muSebs xels SeuSlida imis gacnobierebaSi, rom maT eqspluata
cias uwevdnen. amgvarad, kultura aZlierebda elitis Zalauflebas kapitalizmis
klasobriv socialur struqturaSi. manamde, sanam muSebi ar Secvlidnen struq
turas, marqsis azriT, isini ver SeZlebdnen Zalauflebis mopovebas. amitom, is
mouwodebda revoluciisken, marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebisken da mopovebu
li Zalauflebis socialuri struqturis Sesacvlelad gamoeyenebisken.
bevri Tanamedrove sociologi ganicdis marqsis gavlenas. cota maTgani aris
marqsisti, rac gulisxmobs misi mTeli doqtrinis da politikis aRiarebas, gansa
kuTrebiT axlo warsulSi, komunizmis dacemas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aRmosavleT
evropasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi. Tumca, bevri iziarebs marqsis Sexedulebas kapi
talizmis, rogorc socialuri struqturis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic war
moqmnis araTanabar ekonomikur Zalauflebas. bevri aseve eTanxmeba mis azrs, rom
adamianebi, romlebic susti arian, rogorc calkeuli individebi, Zlierdebian
socialuri organizebulobis Sedegad.
43
lebebs, Rirebulebebsa da adaT-wesebs. es akavSirebs patara, martiv da tomobriv
sazogadoebebsa da tradiciul sameurneo dasaxlebebs, sadac samyaros yvela
erTnairad ganixilavs da erTi da imave aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, didi, kompleqsuri da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi Sekrulia imiT,
rasac durkhaimi organul solidarobas uwodebda, esaa urTierddamokide
buleba, romelic Sromis rTul ganawilebas emyareba. Tanamedrove sazogadoe
baSi, TiToeuli adamiani fuls Soulobs specializebuli samuSaodan da Semdeg
im fuls iyenebs produqtebisa da momsaxurebis sayidlad, romlis warmoebaSic
aTasobiT sxva adamiani asrulebs specializebul rols. socialuri kavSirebi,
romelsac es sistema qmnis, Zalian Zlieria. adamianebi urTierTdakavSirebuli
arian imitom, rom unarebsa da rolebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo, erTmaneTi
sWirdebaT, gadasarCenad. funqciuri integracia yvelaze didia im Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, romlebic efuZnebian organul solidarobas.
durkhaimi (19\895/1982) Tvlida, rom sazogadoeba qmnis erT mTlianobas, ro
melic ufro didia, vidre misi nawilebis raodenoba da sazogadoebis kvleva, in
dividebis kvlevisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva doneze unda Catardes. am sakiTxebis gas
arkvevad man gamoiyena cocxali organizmis analogia, romelsac zemoT SevexeT
(aqedan wamovida termini organuli solidaroba).
mTliani adamiani ufro metia, vidre misi sxeulis Semdgeneli ujredebisa da
organoebis jami. esaa urTierTdakavSirebuli cocxali sistemis maxasiaTeblebi,
rac araa ubralod nawilebis Tavmoyra. asevea sazogadoebebSic, Tumca SegviZlia
warmatebiT SeviswavloT nawilebi da TiToeulis mniSvneloba mTlianad sistemis
funqcionirebisTvis. durkhaimi xazs usvamda, rogor Tanaarseboben sxvadaasx
va socialuri aqtivobebi da institutebi (magaliTad, ojaxebi, skolebi da sa
samarTloebi) da erTmaneTs exmarebian – miuxedavad imisa, rom aravin marTavs
mTlian organizms. mTliani organizmi, durkhaimis funqcionalisturi xedviT,
Sekrulia misi nawilebis urTierTdakavSirebuli funqcionirebiT.
igive funqcionalisturi xedvidan gamomdinare, durkhaimi ambobda, rom
gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi da praqtika, romelic kulturidan gamomdinareobs,
sazogadoebis SekvraSic TamaSobs rols (durkhaimi, 1912/1965; aleqsanderi,
1988). magaliTad, religiuri wirva ara mxolod RmerTis sadidebeli movlenis
funqcias asrulebs, aramed, kongregaciis wevrebsa da kongregaciasa da mTlia
nad sazogadoebas Soris socialuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebas uwyobs xels. reli
gia da kulturis sxva elementebic funqcionireben imisTvisac, rom adamianebs
miawodon wesebisa da sazRvrebis SegrZneba da molodinis sistema Camouyalibon.
swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis periodebSi, rogoric iyo industriuli revo
lucia, es ideebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac realoba Sordeba molodins,
sazogadoeba ganicdis anomias _ mdgomareobas, sadac xdeba socialuri normebis
an wesebis rRveva da adamianebs uWirT naTlad moiazron sakuTari Tavi rogor
ganviTardeba maTi cxovrebis Semdgomi etapebi da yvelaferi es ras niSnavs.
durkhaimis mTavari wvlili sociologiaSi is iyo, rom man farTod gansazRvra
socialuri cxovrebis sazogadod gaziarebuli Tvisebebi – kultura, social
44
uri struqtura da gansakuTrebiT funqciuri integracia – rogorc socialuri
faqtebi, romlebic TavisTavad unda Seiswavlon.
maqs veberi (1864 – 1920) Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino germaneli
inteleqtuali iyo. rogorc sxva sociologebi, veberic (1904/1958) Tvlida, rom
socialuri faqtebi unda gaanalizdes mecnieruli meTodis gamoyenebiT. durkhai
misgan gansxvavebiT, veberi ambobda, rom socialuri faqtebi sxva araferia, Tu
ara individebis socialur moqmedebaTa dajamebuli Sedegi. sociologiuri ax
sna-ganmartebebi, veberis azriT, unda modiodes imis gagebidan, ratom irCeven da
axorcieleben calkeuli adamianebi am moqmedebebs, sadac racionaluri AarCevnis
Teoria xazs usvamda momqmedi pirebis `obieqturi~ interesebis analizs, veberi
maT subieqtur gagebasa da motivacias aniWebda prioritets. sociologebma moq
medeba momqmedi piris perspeqtividan gamomdinare unda gaanalizon, unda gascd
nen obieqtur qcevas da ganixilon is subieqturi azrebi da grZnobebi, romlebic
konkretul moqmedebebs ganapirobebs anu unda gaukeTon interpretacia da ara
mxolod daakvirdnen. veberi am midgomas verstehen (gagebas) uwodebda (germanu
lad niSnavs empaTiur gagebas).
rogorc marqss da durkhaims, vebersac surda ganemarta mis garSemo mimdin
are swrafi socialuri cvlilebebi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani ten
dencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi socialuri moqmedebisa da socialuri institutebis
mzardi racionalizacia iyo anu tradiciuli orientaciebidan (rodesac adamian
ebi warsulidan gadmocemul sibrZnes momavlis saxelmZRvanelod aRiqvamdnen da
cdilobdnen winaprebis kvalze evloT) ufro logikur orientaciebze gadasvla
(rodesac adamianebi moqmedebis gadawyvetilebis miRebamde afaseben moqmedebis
SesaZlo Sedegebs) (veberi, 1922/1968, ix., aseve brubakeri, 1984, roti da Sluxteri,
1979). mecnierebis, rogorc codnis SeZenis ZiriTadi wyaros gaZliereba, mTav
robebis dabadeba, romlebic emyarebodnen kanonis uzenaesobas da kapitalizmis
ganviTareba _ yvela es fenomeni miuTiTebda midrekilebaze racionalizmisken.
magaliTad, kapitalizmi xalxisgan moiTxovs, rom analizi gaukeTos bazris, maqsi
malurad gazardos warmoebis efeqturoba, gamoTvalos investiciebze mogeba da
Seqmnas finansuri institutebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben ekonomikur eqspansias.
yovelive es samyarosadmi logikur, gonier midgomas moiTxovs. racionalicazia,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevda formaluri organizaciebis mniSvnelovan zrdas mTavrobebi
dan _ uzarmazar korporaciebamde.
magram veberi grZnobda, rom kapitalizmi ufro meti iyo, vidre mxolod ra
cionaluri gamoTvla. misi azriT, marqsma zedmetad didi mniSvneloba mianiWa
ekonomikur struqturas da uyuradRebod datova kulturis gavlena socialur
moqmedebaze. ufro zustad, veberi kapitalizms ganixilavda, rogorc kulturu
li cvlilebebis produqts, gansakuTrebiT ki cvlilebebs religiur Sexedule
45
bebsa da RirebulebebSi. igi Tvlida, rom protestantulma reformaciam, ro
melic individebs aniWebda pirad pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze
da wina planze ayenebda Sromis eTikas, safuZveli Cauyara kapitalizms (ix. Tavi
15). veberis SexedulebiT, adamianTa kulturuli ideebi damoukidebel da mniS
vnelovan rols asrulebs TavianTi moqmedebebis CamoyalibebaSi da ase gansaz
Rvraven sazogadoebis struqturas, romelic moicavs ekonomikur sistemasac.
amgvarad, ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xandaxan kulturul cvlilebebs mohyveba da
ara piriqiT, rogorc amas marqsi Tvlida.
rogorc marqsi, aseve veberi, miiCnevda, rom Zalaufleba da konfliqti so
cialuri cxovrebis fundamentur Semadgenel nawilebia. magram, is aseve miiCnev
da, rom adamianTa ekonomikuri poziciebi maincdamainc ar gansazRvravs rogori
iqneba ZalauflebisTvis brZolis monaxazi. rogorc is ambobda, xSirad yuradRe
bas vaqcevT sxva socialur faqtorebs, rogoric aris rasa, religia, da piradi
gemovneba _ imis gansasazRvrad, adamianebi socialuri ierarqiis romel safex
urs miekuTvnebian. es sxva socialuri faqtorebi statusjgufebis safuZvelia.
statusjgufebi iseve mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc ekonomikuri klasi politikuri
aqtivobis gansazRvraSi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, muSaTa kla
sis TeTrkaniani wevrebi imis magivrad, rom gaerTianebuliyvnen politikurad da
gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Seecdebodnen Savkanian
muSebze ufro maRali statusi SeenarCunebinaT. statusjgufobrivi interesebi,
rogorc wesi elitebis sakeTildReod muSaobs. rodesac adamiani unda wavides
konkretul skolaSi, ilaparakos konkretuli swori aqcentiT da hqondes swori
manerebi, raTa maRal safexurs miekuTvnebodes, bevri axlad gamdidrebuli ada
miani moklebuli iqneba elitarul statuss da elitaruli jgufebi patara da
privilegirebuli darCeba.
46
mianebi situacias iReben rogorc namdvils, maSin isini namdvilia TavianTi Sede
gebis mixedviT (tomasi da tomasi, 1928, gv. 572). warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
Tqven amerikuli qalaqis quCebs miiCnevT saxifaTod Rame siarulisTvis. amis gamo
arasdros gadixarT gareT dabnelebis Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi obieqturi faqti
(realuri danaSaulis done) ki ar gansazRvravs Tqvens qcevas, aramed danaSaulis
donis Tqveneuli gageba. es gageba TqvenTvis realuria imitom, rom amis Sede
gad saxlSi rCebiT. xandaxan situaciis Cveneuli gansazRvra iwvevs Tavisi Tavis
gamamarTlebel winaswarmetyvelebas (mertoni, 1928a). Tu umetesoba adamianebisa
dabnelebis Semdeg gareT gasvlas Zalze saxifaTod miiCnevs da isini saxlSi rCe
bian, quCebSi adamianebis aryofnam SeiZleba situacia marTla saxifaTo gaxados,
radganac quCebSi naklebi xalxi iqneba, romlebic SeiZleba danaSaulis mowmeebi
gamxdariyvnen an xeli SeeSalaT danaSaulis CadenisTvis.
rodesac midi ufro vrclad saubrobda Cvens mier socialuri situaciebis
gagebaze, igi fiqrobda, rom qcevasa da movlenebs sxvebTan urTierTobis Sedegad
vswavlobT. aseTi urTierTobiT vswavlobT Cveni `adgilebis~ Sesaxeb socialur
samyaroSi da SevimecnebT im rolebs, romlebic unda viTamaSoT sxvadasxva situ
acia. Cveni identobis, an kidev, sakuTari `me-s~ moazrebac ganpirobebulia so
cialuri urTierTobebiT (1934). amiT midi gulisxmobda, rom adamianebi sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb Sexedulebas iqmnian imaze dakvirvebiT, sxvebi rogor reagireben
maTze, Tumca adamianis fiqrebi da gancdebi pirdapir xelmisawvdomi ar aris sx
vebisTvis. aramed, urTierTobas vaxdenT simboloebis saSualebiT _ sityvebiT,
JestebiT, saxis gamometyvelebiT, sxva xmebiTa da moqmedebebiT, romlebsac saer
To, sayovelTaODOod gaziarebuli interpretaciebi aqvs. amrigad, adamianuri qce
vis umetesi nawili simboluri interaqcionizmiT aris ganpirobebuli.
simboluri interaqcionistebi Seiswavlian yoveldRiur qcevas; magaliTad,
ra xdeba, rodesac gindaT gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebels mi
marToT kiTxviT _ jer daakvirdebiT maswavleblis moqmedebas masTan saubris
yvelaze xelsayreli drois amosacnobad. Tu maswavlebeli elaparakeba sxva
students, mixvdebiT, rom dakavebulia da Cumad iqnebiT. rodesac laparakobT,
akontrolebT rogorc sakuTar sityvebs da moqmedebebs, aseve maswavleblis pa
suxebs. Tu maswavlebeli gaiRimebs da odnav Tqvensken gadmoixreba, ifiqrebT,
rom is giwonebT SekiTxvas da agrZelebT Tavdajerebulad saubars. Tumca, Tu
is xSirad iyureba fanjridan an saaTs uyurebs, roca laparakobT, maSin mis moq
medebebs mouTmenlobis niSnebad miiRebT da swrafad daasrulebT imas, risi Tq
mac gindodaT.
gacvliT sasinj signalebs da Sedegad miiRebT sakuTari socialuri qcevis
Sefasebas. amis Sedegad gvevlineba situaciis mniSvnelobis gaziarebuli gageba.
aseTi saerTo gagebis arseboba aucilebelia socialuri cxovrebisTvis da inter
aqcionistebis did interess iwvevs (blumeri, 1969/1986). (Cven am midgomas ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT mesame TavSi.)
47
v. e. b. dubua ormagi cnobierebis Sesaxeb
48
li da zangi; ori suli, ori azri, ori Seurigebeli ltolva; ori meomari
idea erT Savkanian sxeulSi, romlis siZlierec icavs mas gaxleCvisgan
(1903, gv. 2).
49
strategiebs: teqnologiebis formebs, socialuri organizaciebis tipebsa Tu
religiur SexedulebaTa sistemebi. mniSvnelovania viswavloT erTmaneTisgan da
interesiT movekidoT, Tu rogor avlenen SemoqmedebiTobas sxvadasxva jgufebis
brZolisas. rogorc pol gilroi werda (1993) dubuas azris kvaldakval, ameri
kis SeerTebuli Statebis Savkaniani, karibuli da britanuli _ gansakuTrebuli
da urTierTdakavSirebuli kulturaa. afro-amerikulma jazma gavlena moaxdina
reges ganviTarebaze iamaikaSi, orivem erTad ki _ hip-hopze, repze da sxva musi
kalur mimdinareobebze amerikasa da britaneTSi. musikosebi asaxaven ara mxolod
erT kulturas, aramed mraval sxvadasxva gavlenas; maTi SemoqmedebiTobis nawili
devs am yvela gavlenis erTad moqcevaSi da axali mTlianobis SeqmnaSi.
mogvianebiT sociologebi efuZnebodnen dubuas naazrevs ara mxolod im miz
niT, rom ukeT gaegoT rasis gavlena afro-amerikul cxovrebaze, aramed imisaT
vis, rom ukeTesad SeeswavlaT sxva sakiTxebic. magaliTad, ormagi cnobierebis
idea da identobis ufro vrceli sakiTxi mniSvnelovani resursebia kulturuli
mravalferovnebis moazrebis procesSi, iseve, rogorc bevri SesaZlo `gaormage
ba~, romlebic ganapirobeben socialur da individualur identobebs.
samyaroSi, romelsac axasiaTebs masobrivi migracia, kulturis globalizacia
da socialuri moZraobebi, romlebic efuZnebian identobasa da cxovrebis stils
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, aman gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani problematikis
saxe miiRo (kalhuni, 1994w.).
50
bebisgan). arc me-19 saukunis bolos da arc me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mamakaci
sociologebi aqcevdnen saTanado yuradRebas qalebis cxovrebas an kidev imas,
rogor formirdeboda genderi socialuri urTierTobebis, kulturisa da so
cialuri moqmedebis Sedegad. sityva kacis zogadi gamoyeneba, romelic qalebis
daqvemdebarebul kategoriasac moicavda, Cveulebriv movlenad iyo miCneuli.
mkvlevarebi da Teoretikosebi, rogorc wesi, werdnen socialuri rolebis,
magaliTad, moqalaqis, ekonomikuri subieqtis da kulturuli prodiuseris ro
lis Sesaxeb, TiTqos isini avtomaturad miukuTvnebodnen mxolod kacebs (Tu es
gansxvavebulad ar iyo aRniSnuli). arc erTma damaarsebelma sociologiurma
Teoretikosma ar dauTmo saTanado yuradReba qalebis cxovrebis Seswavlas an
kidev genderul sxvaobaTa rolis ganxilvas sazogadoebaSi.
mxolod 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi qalTa moZraobisa da qal socialur mec
nierTa mzardi ricxvis kombinaciam daiwyo arsebuli mikerZoebulobis Secvla.
rodesac qalebi (da naklebi xarisxiT kacebi) mouwodebdnen socialur mecniere
bas, eRiarebina genderis mniSvneloba socialur cxovrebaSi, isini damaarsebeli
Teoretikosebis naSromebs mimarTavdnen konceptualuri cnebebisTvis; ganixi
lavdnen, rogor ganapirobebda genders socialuri klasi, marqsis mixedviT da
rasa _ dubuas mixedviT. aseve ganixilavdnen qalebis rols socialuri soli
darobis miRwevaSi, rasac durkhaimma gausva xazi – qalebs eniWebodaT ZiriTa
di pasuxismgebloba ara mxolod bavSvebis aRzrdaSi, aramed ojaxSi da ojaxebs
Soris konfliqtebis gadaWraSi, agreTve ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTierTobebis
SenarCunebaSi. im periodSi, ojaxebi gafantuli iyvnen migraciisa da samuSao adg
ilebis Secvlis Sedegad, rac axasiaTebda Tanamedrove epoqas. midis naSromebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnieri qalebi ikvlevdnen, rogor ganapirobebs genderi
socialuri interaqciis formebs; maT gamoavlines mamakacis da qalis saubris
gansxvavebuli stili (Tanen, 1994). veberze daydnobiT, isini Seiswavlidnen `ra
cionalizaciis~ gavlenas genderul rolze. me-20 saukuneSi profesionali spe
cialistebis gamoCena _ dawyebuli medicinidan socialur samsaxuramde da dam
Tavrebuli balzamirebiT, masobrivi produqciis zrdam da sakvebis marketingma,
tansacmlis biznesma tradiciulad jamagiris gareSe myofi `qalis samuSao~ ko
merciul ekonomikad gadaaqcia; amave dros `diasaxlisebis~ samuSao naklebad
mniSvnelovani gaxda. axla xalxs ukve SeeZlo produqtebisa da momsaxurebis
yidva, maSin, rodesac adre isini ufasod iyo mowodebuli colebis, dedebisa da
qaliSvilebis mier.
feministi Teoretikosebi swavlobdnen damaarsebeli sociologebis Teo
riebs – da xSirad ar eTanxmebodnen maT. es uTanxmoeba ar aris iSviaTi mecniere
baSi. sociologebs sWirdebaT xelmZRvaneloba da winapar mecnierTa SemoTava
zebuli analitikuri iaraRi, magram maT aseve sWirdebaT am maswavleblebis miRma
gasvlis gambedaoba, rodesac isini kvlevas awarmoeben.
feministi sociologebi dainteresebuli arian qalebTan dakavSirebiT ufro
iseTi tipis kvlevebi Caataron, romlebic ukve Catarebula mamakacebs Soris.
pirvel rigSi, feministebi moiTxoven sociologiaSi _ mecnierebs mouwodeben,
51
rom aRiaros da seriozulad moekidos genderuli gansxvavebis rols da socialuri
cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqtis struqturirebaSi genderul urTierTobebs.
pirovnuli identobisa da intimuri urTierTobebis, ganaTlebisa da samsaxu
ris sferoebSi da moxucebulobis procesSic ki, mamakacebisa da qalebis cxovre
ba ara mxolod gansxvavdeba, aramed orive ganpirobebulia imiT, rogor gansaz
Rvraven kulturebi genders. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qalebi, rogorc wesi,
cxovroben ufro didxans, vidre kacebi (es ganpirobebulia mamakacis genderuli
roliT, rac ganapirobebs adreuli sikvdilis maRal maCveneblebs _ omis, dana
Saulisa da infarqtebis gamo).
arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalebma TavianTi Tavi mamak
acebTan mimarTebaSi unda ganixilon (rogorc colebma an sayvarlebma); es Sexed
uleba ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom qalebis umetesoba Tavisi darCenili cxovrebis
10 weliwads an ufro mets TiTqmis eqskluziurad qalTAa garemocvaSi gaatarebs.
feministebma gamoavlines mikerZoebuloba da damaxinjebebi sociologiis
pirvelad TeoriebSi. rogorc doroTi smiTma (1992) aCvena, sociologia Ca
moyalibda mamakacebis specialuri interesis safuZvelze im sferoebSi, sadac
maT yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT anu mTavrobaSi, bazarze, religiur
ierarqiaSi, korporaciebsa da msgavs adgilebSi. magaliTad, sociologebma ufro
meti yuradReba miaqcies formalur organizaciebs, vidre ojaxur cxovrebas.
tradiciulad, qalebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas CamoSorebuli iyvnen; magram
amave dros, mamakacebma cota ram Tu icodnen piradi samyaros Sesaxeb – magali
Tad, rodesac qalaqgareT mcxovrebi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli mamakacebi
samsaxurSi wasvlisas ukan moitovebdnen am kerZo samyaros.
aman gamoiwvia Seuswavleli sakiTxebis arseboba da mikerZoebuloba cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, ekonomistebi iyenebdnen sityvas `samuSao~ mxolod xel
fasian samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT da yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen saxlis samuSaos eko
nomikur fass, rasac ZiriTadad qalebi asrulebdnen. smiTis mixedviT, sociolo
giis ganxorcieleba qalebis perspeqtividan, Tundac genderuli rolebis codna,
ara mxolod gaaumjobesebs Cvens mier qalebis gagebas, aramed migviyvans zogadad
piradi urTierTobebis ufro Rrma gagebamde, rac tradiciulad qalebis sferoa.
feministurma Teoriam iseve moigo sociologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ro
gorc sociologia ganviTarda da gaumjobesda feministuri Teoriebis gaTva
liswinebis Sedegad. afro-amerikelma sociologebma, iseve rogorc sxvebma,
aRniSnes mikerZoebulobis faqti smiTis naSromebSi (kolinsi, 1990). igi ZiriTadad
saubrobda qalaqgareT mcxovreb qalebze, romelTa ricxvs TviTon ekuTvnoda da
ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani saSualo fenis Qqalebis cxovrebas aRwerda; man Sesworeba
Seitana genderul mikerZoebulobaSi, Tumca Semoitana rasobrivi mikerZoebulo
ba. feradkaniani qalebis gamocdileba – qalad yofnis maTi gamocdilebis CaTv
liT – sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba TeTrkaniani qalebis gamocdilebisgan.
axali Sexedulebebis safuZvelze, sociologebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes
klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriis ZiriTadi amosavali wertilebi _ kerZod is,
52
rom SesaZlebelia socialuri qcevis universaluri kanonebisa da principebis aR
moCena, romlebic SeiZleba mivuyenoT kulturul garemosa da socialur moqmed
pirebs drois periodis miuxedavad.
sociologiisadmi ufro kritikuli midgoma Tvlis, rom yovelTvis unda mi
eqces yuradReba Teoriis istorias, mis kulturul fesvebs, socialur moqmed
pirebsa da maT moqmedebebs, romlebmac is gamoiwvia (an Seaviwrova). TeoriaSi
cvlilebebis Setana ara mxolod Teoretikosebis mier garkveuli aspeqtebis sx
vanairad moazrebis Sedegia, aramed socialur samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebaze
refleqsiisa, ris axsnasac Teoria cdilobs. gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aris ara
gadauwyvetlobis niSani, aramed SemoqmedebiTobis wyaro. dRes feministuri so
ciologia kritikuli socialuri Teoriis albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
mokled rom vTqvaT, sociologia ganagrZobs Tavisi safuZvlebis miRma ganvi
Tarebas _ Teorias ubrundebian, SeaqvT Sesworebebiv da cvlilebebi ufro didi
codnisa da axali problematikis gaTvaliswinebiT. amitomaa sociologia cocxa
li mecniereba.
53
vels individebSi ki ar iRebs, aramed individebsa da jgufebs Soris urTier
Tobebidan gamomdinareobs.
5. sociologia Caisaxa me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi, swrafi socialuri cvlile
bebis periodSi. `Tanamedrove epoqis~ safuZveli urbanuli, kapitalisturi,
industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaa; gansxvavebuli (ara evropuli)
kulturebis aRmoCenasa da politikur da inteleqtualur qaosSi im perio
dis sociologiuri moazrovneebis Sexedulebebi dResac aqtualuria.
6. adam smiTi racionaluri arCevnis Teoriis fuZemdebelia. am Teoriis mi
xedviT, adamianebi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros irCeven moqmedebis iseT
gzas, romelic maTTvis yvelaze xelsayrelia. jeremi bentemma gaafarTova es
Sexeduleba. igi Tvlida, rom saWiroa samTavrobo Careva, raTa sazogadoebam
ukeTesad ifunqcioniros da rac SeiZleba met adamians misces sazogadoebis
resursebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba.
7. karl marqsma aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistema ganapirobebs
socialuri cxovrebis yvela sxva aspeqts da warmoqmnis mudmiv socialur
konfliqts. marqsis SexedulebiT, kapitalistur sistemaSi Zalaufleba kap
italistebis xelSia da am Zalauflebas muSebze axorcieleben. erTaderTi
gza muSebisTvis, gadalaxon es Cagvra, aris dagegmili socialuri aqtivoba
da revolucia.
8. emil durkhaims ainteresebda is socialuri Zalebi, romlebic kraven sazoga
doebas anu fenomeni, rasac is socialur solidarobas uwodebda. meqanikuri
solidaroba efuZneba Rirebulebebis, wesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaziarebas.
organuli solidaroba aris urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic efuZneba
Sromis kompleqsur ganawilebas. durkhaimi xazs usvamda sazogadoebis sx
vadasxva nawils Soris urTierTobas da werda im safrTxeebis Sesaxeb, rom
lebic anomias moaqvs.
9. maqs veberi mniSvnelovani figuraa imiT, rom man sociologiaSi Semoitana
socialuri cxovrebis subieqturi bunebis cnobiereba; amiT man daabalansa
is, rom marqsi ekonomikur Zalebs zedmetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da
miiCnia, rom kulturas Tanabari gavlena aqvs, aseve durkhaimis funqciuri
integraciis ganxilvis dros Zalauflebis cneba Semoitana. veberisTvis, Ta
namedrove epoqis yvelaze fundamenturi tendencia socialuri moqmedebisa
da socialuri institutebis mzardi racionalizacia iyo.
10. jorj herbert midi da simboluri interaqcionistebi xazs usvamdnen yovel
dRiur urTierTobas da ara farTo, didmasStabian socialur formebs. isini
ambobdnen, rom adamianebi mimarTaven da reagireben sxvebis qcevis gaTva
liswinebiT da aqedan aviTareben socialuri situaciis gaziarebul gansaz
Rvrebas.
11. v.e.b. dubua – novelisti, aqtivisti da sociologi – Semoitana ormagi cno
bierebis cneba da identobebis Camoyalibeba, gaanaliza koleqtiuri brZolis
roli socialur cvlilebaSi da xazi gausva adamianis ltolvas, miaRwios
idealebs.
54
12. feministma sociologebma reagireba moaxdines genderis mimarT didi xnis
uyuradRebobaze da xazi gausves rogorc kulturul procesebs, romlebic
ganapirobeben genderul sxvaobebs, aseve maT Sedegebsac. feministebi ara mx
olod atareben empiriul kvlevebs qalebis Sesaxeb, aramed aviTareben axal
Teoriebs da amgvarad cvlian zogadad socialuri procesebis Cveneul moaz
rebas; isini mTavar yuradRebas aqceven genderis da socialur aqtivobebs,
aseve im sferoebs, sadac kacebi naklebad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen,
vidre qalebi.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
55
kapitalisti _ burJuaziis wevri. kapitali aris qoneba, romelic SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes momavali simdidris sawarmoeblad.
klasobrivi cnobiereba _ socialuri klasis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibebuli
interesebisa da problemebis saerTo SegrZneba.
kultura _formireba, met-naklebad saintegracio gza azrovnebis, gagebis,
Sefasebis da komunikaciisa, romelic ayalibebs xalxis cxovrebas.
monacemi _ mecnierebaSi dasmul kiTxvebze specifikurad drouli infor
macia.
ormagi cnobiereba _ Seusabamoba pirovnebis sakuTar identobasa da imas So
ris, rasac mas sazogadoeba aniWebs.
empiriuli dakvirveba _ samecniero monacemebSi sensoruli informaciis
organizacia abstraqciis, interpretaciisa da replikaciis procesisa.
Sesawiri _ romelsac socialuri urTierToba, pozicia, organizacia, Rire
buleba, an sxva fenomeni ukeTebs ufro did socialur erTeuls.
funqciuri integracia _ SeTanxmeba, sadac socialuri sistemis gansxvave
buli nawilebi ise mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, rom rac xdeba erTSi, gavlenas ax
dens meoreze.
logikuri analizi _ Teoriis Camoyalibeba analizis gansxvavebuli sferoe
bis identificirebiTa da maT Soris urTierTkavSiriT.
meqanikuri solidaroba _ solidaroba, romelic dafuZnebulia saerTo rw
menaze, Rirebulebebsa da Cveulebebze.
organuli solidaroba _ adamianTa Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba, ro
melic damyarebulia muSaobis rTul danawilebaze.
Zala, SesaZlebloba _ movlenis, formis an socialuri organizaciis struq
turis gasnazRvra.
proletariati _ kapitalisturi sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebsac ara aqvT
kontroli produqciaze. termini uSualod muSaTa klass ganekuTvneba.
mecniereba _ bunebaze dakvirvebis sistemuri gza. mizez-Sedegobrivi kav
Sirebis Zebna da codnis TeoriaSi Camoyalibeba.
socialuri _ ganzraxuli da ara instinqturi qcevaa. damokidebulia sx
vebis mier Seqmnil socialur kondiciebze da zemoqmedebas axdens sxva socialur
pirebze.
socialuri faqtebi _ socialuri cxovrebis damkvidrebuli wesebi, romelic
individs moqmedebis garkveuli formisken ubiZgebs.
socialuri solidaroba _ mdgomareoba, romlis Sedegad gansazRvruli so
cialuri Zalebi xalxs erTad kravs.
socialuri struqtura _ SedarebiT myari, socialuri urTierTobebis Tu
socialuri poziciebis mtkice paradogmebi, romlebzec individebs aqvT mcire
kontroli.
sociologiuri warmodgena _ piradi gamocdilebebis aRqmis gza samyaroSi
mimdinare procesebis mixedviT. socialuri urTierTobebis ufro Rrmad Semec
neba, romelic ara mxolod pirad gamocdilebas eyrdnoba.
56
sociologia _ mecniereba adamianTa sazogadoebaze. moicavs rogorc so
cialur qmedebebs, aseve socialuri urTierTobebis organizacias.
statusis mqone jgufi _ arian rasaze, religiaze, pirad gemovnebasa da sxva
araekonomikur faqtorebze dafuZnebuli jgufebi, romelic socialuri ierar
qiis daarsebas uwyobs xels.
simboluri urTierTqmedeba _ adamianis qcevis gageba, rogorc kulturaSi
Seqmnili da ganmartebuli socialuri cxovrebisa, sadac xazgasmulia koleqti
urobis mniSvneloba.
Teoria _ sistemuri mcdeloba imisa, rogor SeiZleba iyos ori an meti feno
meni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
gageba _ veberis termini imis gasagebad, ras fiqroben da grZnoben adamianebi.
57
58
Tavi 2
kvlevis strategiebi
. kvlevebi
. eqsperimentebi
. eTnografia, savele samuSao da CarTuli
dakvirveba
. kontent analizi
. SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvleva
CanarTi
. ZiriTadi statistikuri koncefciebi
. rogor wavikiTxoT cxrili
59
60
e leqtrikosma igi sisxlis gubeSi mwoliare aRmoaCina, Tofic iqve egdo:
kurt kobeini, rok-jguf `nirvanas~ 27 wlis lideri, romelsac xSirad axa
siaTebdnen, rogorc `ucnobi Taobis gvirgvinosan princs~ (niusuiqi, 18 aprili,
1995). `nirvanas~ elviseburi aRmasvla didebisa da simdidrisaken, rogorc Cans,
erTdroulad miuRebelic iyo da moulodnelic. kobeinsa da misi jgufis wevrebs
sZuldaT gadapranWuli, `em Ti vi~-s gavlenis qveS moqceuli rokis samyaro Tavis
madonasa da maikl jeksonisnair yalb kerpebianad. jgufis musika mizandasaxulad
sazizRari da sadavo iyo, maTi daZonZili tansacmeli da aburZgnili Tma ki _ gan
zrax binZuri. da mainc, jgufis saxelwodebiani maTi pirveli albomis TiTqmis 10
milioni cali gaiyida mTel msoflioSi. iseTi strofebiT, rogoricaa `oh, kargi
erTi, rac unda iyos, ara uSavs~ _ kobeini 90-iani wlebis gaucxoebis ideis gamx
movaneblad iqca.
ganqorwinebulTa Svili, susti janmrTelobis kobeini, xSirad iyo garicxuli
skolidan, ar iyo bednieri da Tavs narkotikebiT irTobda. kobeinis sikvdilis
Semdeg, mamamisma, romelsac igi 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dalaparakebia, ganacxada:
`kurtis Sesaxeb rac ki ram vicodi, yvelaferi Jurnal-gazeTebSi amovikiTxe~.
megobrebi kobeins axasiaTebdnen, rogorc keTil da mzrunvel adamians da amas
Tanave rogorc sakuTari Tavis damRupvel narkomans, romelic xSirad ganicdida
depresiis Semotevebs.
rodesac axali ambavi kobeinis TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb mediaSi moxvda, ra
diosadgurebi (gansakuTrebiT mis mSobliur qalaq sietlSi) ubedurebisagan
Tavzardacemuli fanebis zarebiT aivso. erT-erTma disk-Jokeim gadacemebi dai
wyo sityvebiT `es ar gaakeTo~ da Semdeg xSirad imeorebda cxeli xazis Setyobine
bebs TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis Sesaxeb.
Cven TviTmkvleloba migvaCnia qmedebaTagan yvelaze piradulad, rogorc
gadawyvetileba, romelsac calkeuli piri iRebs sasowarkveTilebis, sulieri
tanjvis Tu cxovrebisadmi interesis dakargvis gamo. rodesac kobeinis sikvdi
lis Semdeg araerTma axalgazrdam amgvaradve daasrula sicocxle, es adamian
ebisTvis iyo Sexseneba, rom TviTmkvlelobaze gavlenas axdens socialuri faq
torebi _ cnobili magaliTebis CaTvliT. TviTmkvlelobaTa sixSire Cveulebriv
ufro maRalia im raionebSi, sadac radiosadgurebi gadascemen musikas, romelSic
xazgasmulia, rogoricaa ojaxuri ganxeTqilebis, alkoholizmisa da Sromisadmi
gaucxoebis problemebi (staki da ganlaCi, 1992w.). ufro metic, TviTmkvlelobis
sixSire TineijerebSi sul ufro da ufro izrdeba (ix. sqema 2.1). 15-24 asakis ada
mianebSi, TviTmkvleloba sxva tipis mkvlelobebs Soris mesame adgilzea. (aSS-s
janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis samsaxuri (1995w.).
calkeuli TviTmkvleloba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dasaqmebis perspeq
tivebis cvlilebiT, socialur RirebulebebTan SeusabamobiT ojaxuri da bevri
sxva piraduli problemiT, magram sociologebi mainc cdiloben moiazron TviT
mkvleloba, rogorc socialuri modeli. isini ganixilaven ara calkeul Sem
Txvevebs, aramed TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebs, e.i. TviTmkvlelobaTa pro
61
TeTr-
kaniani
Sav-
kaniani
62
garkveul jgufebSi metad iyo gavrcelebuli, vidre sxvebSi da gauCnda eWvi, rom
es gamowveuli iyo socialuri faqtorebiT da ara SemTxveviTobiT. igi iyenebda
monacemTa sistemur krebuls Tavisi eWvis Sesamowmeblad, agrovebda ra informa
cias TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, weliwadis sxva
dasxva droisaTvis da im adamianTa Soris, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen sxvadasxva
socialur kategoriebsa da jgufebs; iyenebda saxelmwifo arqivebSi arsebul
masalasac, sadac aRnusxuli iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi da msxverplis asaki,
sqesi, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, erovneba, religia da a.S.
am informaciis gaanalizebiT durkhaimma aRmoaCina, rom Cveulebrivi axsna
sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebi (da ara mxolod
raodenoba) gansxvavdeboda qveynebis, weliwadis droisa da jgufebis mixedviT.
Tu TviTmkvleloba gamowveuli iyo mxolod da mxolod piradi problemebiT,
maSin riTi iyo gamowveuli aseTi didi cvalebadoba mis koeficientebSi? man sa
gangebod Seamowma, rom darwmunebuliyo _ xom ar iyo es ubralod imiT gamowveu
li, rom zogierT jgufSi fsiqikuri daavadebis koeficientis maCvenebeli ufro
maRali iyo, magram kavSiri sulieri daavadebisa da TviTmkvlelobaTa koefici
entebs Soris ar iyo Tanmimdevruli. zogierT jgufs hqonda sulieri daavadebis
maRali, magram TviTmkvlelobis ufro dabali koeficientebi, sxva jgufebs ki
orive koeficientis maCveneblebi maRali hqonda. durkhaimma isic SeniSna, rom qa
lebs mamakacebze xSirad usvamdnen suliT avadmyofobis diagnozs, magram isini
ufro iSviaTad amTavrebdnen sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT. amotivtivda sxva,
moulodneli informaciac: durkhaimma SeamCnia, rom adamianTa umravlesoba si
cocxles TviTmklelobiT amTavrebda weliwadis ufro Tbil da mzian dros da ara
zamTris civ, pirquS dReebSi, rogorc es bevrs SeiZleba hgoneboda.
amgvarad, Tavmoyrilma faqtebma da statistikam durkhaimi miiyvana im daskv
namde, rom TviTmkvleloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv mainc, damokideb
uli iyo socialur viTarebaze. rogorc is werda Tavis klasikur gamokvlevaSi
`TviTmkvleloba~ (1897/1951 da gv. 145), TviTmkvleloba emyareba `socialur mize
zebs da TavisTavad koleqtiuri movlenaa~. im socialuri jgufis maxasiaTeblebi,
romelSic adamianebi aRmoCndebian gaerTianebulni, met-naklebad SesaZlebels
xdis TviTmkvlelobas; TviTganadgureba ar aris ubralod piraduli qmedeba.
durkhaimi aSkarad individualur, piradul qmedebebs xsnida koleqtiuri mizeze
biT, pirobebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia, individual-moqmed pirebs arc ki hqon
daT Segnebulad gacnobierebuli.
63
sas durkhaims mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili eCvenebina: pirveli _ samecniero
meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes socialuri qcevis kvlevisas da meore _ so
ciologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi axal ganzomilebas matebs Cven mier garesamyarosa
da sakuTari Tavis wvdomas.
kvlevis procesi
problemis gansazRvra
64
pirdapir an arapirdapir gamomdinareobs TviT msxvreplis im pozitiuri an nega
tiuri qmedebisagan, romelic amgvar Sedegebs gamoiwvevs da es man icis~. rodesac
orives _ `Cadenas~ da `ar Cadenas~ azustebda, durkhaimma gaafarTova TviTmkvl
elobis gavrcelebuli ganmarteba, masSi heroikuli qmedebebis (jariskacis mier
altruizmis pozitiuri aqtis qmedeba) da aseve, bedTan Serigebis, daavadebis an
zianis Tavidan ar acilebis CarTviT.
iseve, rogorc sxva mecnierebi, sociologebic cvladi sidideebis pirobebSi
azrovneben. cvladi sociologiuri sidide aris socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri
aspeqti, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba meryeobdes an icvlebodes, an Tavs
iCendes sxvadasxva odenobiTa da sixSiriT. TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti cvladi
sididea, radgan igi meryeobs sxvadasxva periodSi da icvleba sxvadasxva socialur
jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. durkhaimi miiCnevda, rom TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti
damokidebuli iyo sxva cvlad sidideebze da maTi dadgena miznad hqonda dasaxuli.
amgvarad, durkhaimis kvlevaSi TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti iyo damokidebuli
cvladi sidide. is faqtorebi ki, romlebic masze moqmedebdnen _ damoukidebuli
cvladi sidideebi (es is faqtorebia, romlebic meryeoben sxva mizezebis gamo, e.i.
TviTmkvlelobis koeficientis cvlilebisagan damoukideblad).
mkvlevarebma ara marto unda gansazRvron is cvladi sidideebi, romelTa Ses
wavlac swadiaT, aramed aseve unda daazuston, risi gageba surT maT Sesaxeb. sxva
sityvebiT, maT unda Camoayalibon kvlevis problema. durkhaimis problema _ is,
rasac igi mTeli yuradRebiT moekida _ ar gaxldaT kiTxva, ras niSnavs TviTmkv
leloba maTTvis, vinc Tavs iklavs da arc is, rogor ganicdian amas maTi ojaxebi.
misi problema iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebSi variaciis socialuri mod
elebis axsna. ratom xasiaTdeba wlis garkveuli sezonebi, garkveuli adgilebi da
garkveuli socialuri jgufebi TviTmkvlelobaTa ufro maRali an dabali koefi
cientebiT, vidre sxvebi?
literaturis mimoxilva
65
SesaZloa, nawilobriv raRac roli iTamaSos, magram es albaT ar aris TviTmkvle
lobis mTavari mizezi. amrigad, durkhaims Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad mieca rogorc
TviTmkvlelobis zogierT Zveli Teoriis Sefasebis, aseve axali Teoriebis mniS
vnelobis dadgenis saSualeba.
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba
66
monacemTa mogrovebaSi Semdegi nabiji aris kvlevis gegmis arCeva anu faqto
brivi gegma saWiro informaciis mosagroveblad. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs
gamokiTxvebs da kiTxvebs usvams bevr gansxvavebul adamians. zogi ki, raki cxov
robs da muSaobs Sesaswavl adamianTa Soris, amjobinebs dakvirvebas monawilee
bze, raTa uSualod pirvelwyarodan daadginos, rogor fiqroben da iqcevian
isini. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs eqsperimentebs; magaliTad, isini xelovnurad
qmnian iseT situacias, romelSic SesaZlebloba eZlevaT daakvirdnen adamianebis
reagirebas sxvadasxva stimulze. arian iseTi mkvlevarebic, romlebic istoriul
saarqivo Canawerebs iyeneben monacemTa Sesagroveblad. problemaTa umravleso
bis Sesaswavlad saukeTeso midgoma gulisxmobs ramdenime kvleviTi strategiis
kombinirebas: gamokiTxvebi plus dakvirveba, plus dokumentebis moZieba. amave
TavSi ganvixilavT yvela am specifikur monacemTa mogrovebis meTods.
kvlevis romel gegmasac unda iyenebdnen, mkvlevarTa mizania mogrovdes sak
mao informacia 1 _ problemis siRrmiseuli gagebiT damuSavebisaTvis da 2 _ sa
kuTari hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba es martivi da sworx
azovani Candes, magram xSirad Zalian rTuli gasakeTebelia. mkvlevari SeiZleba
waawydes problemas ara mxolod monacemTa Segrovebisas, aramed SesaZlebelia
ramdenadme gansxvavebulad iqnes interpretirebuli ukve arsebuli monacemTa
erTobliobac ki. magaliTad, durkhaimma arCia dayrdnoboda im oficialur sam
Tavrobo saarqivo monacemebs, romlebSic sikvdilis mizezebis CamonaTvali xvde
boda. es imas niSnavda, rom mas unda mieRo is interpretaciebi, rasac mTavrobis
oficialuri pirebi, eqimebi da ojaxis wevrebi asaxelebdnen sikvdilis mizezad.
Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xSirad naTesavebs uWirT TviTmkvlelobis
faqtis aRiareba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom oficialuri statistika albaT saTanadod
ver asaxavs TviTmkvelobaTa zust raodenobas.
monacemTa gaanalizeba da
daskvnebis gakeTeba
67
durkhaims miaCnda, rom TviTmkvlelobis sixSire ufro maRalia, roca adamiani
socialur jgufTan an TemTan mcired an sustad dakavSirebulad grZnobs Tavs. am
individualistur models man egoisturi TviTmkvleloba uwoda. ebrauli Temi
ufro mWidrod aris Sekruli, vidre kaTolikuri, kaTolikuri ki ufro mWidrod,
vidre protestantuli. daqorwinebulebs, gansakuTrebiT bavSvianebs, ufro myari
socialuri kavSirebi aqvT, vidre martoxelebs.
saRi azri TviTmkvlelobebs siRaribes ukavSirebs, magram durkhaimma aCvena,
rom es sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. ufro metic, ekonomikis swrafi gaumjobese
ba, iseve, rogorc dacema TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdasTan asocirdeba. durkhaimi amt
kicebda, rom nebismierma swrafma cvlilebam, SeiZleba moSalos an Ziri gamouTxa
ros im socialur da kulturul normebs, romlebic azrs mateben sicocxles da
individs aniWeben pirovnulobas, saTanado miznisa da survilTa sazRvrebis Zlie
rad SegrZnebis unars (ix. Tavi 1 _ anomiis Sesaxeb). normebisa da mniSvnelobis
amgvar danakargs mivyavarT anomiur TviTmkvlelobasTan.
durkhaimma aseve gamoyo ori sxva tipis TviTmkvlelobac. Zalian Zlierma so
cialurma jgufebma SeiZleba waaxalison altruistuli TviTmkvleloba, romlis
magaliTia jariskacis mier ueWveli sikvdilis arCeva brZolis mosagebad, Taname
brZolTa gadasarCenad an tyved Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi Ralatis Tavidan asacile
blad. es, garkveul azriT, egoizmis sapirispiro movlenaa. fatalisturia TviTm
kvleloba, roca sasikvdilo daavadebiT an sxva mizezebiT Sepyrobili adamianebi
TavianT `namdvil~ cxovrebas ukve ganvlilad aRiqvamen, momavals ki _ imdenad
uRimRamod, rom urCevniaT Tavi moiklan.
pirveli nabiji kvlevis procesSi aris analizis Sedegebze damyarebuli
daskvnebis gakeTeba. daskvnebis gasakeTeblad mniSvnelovania imis Cveneba, ro
gor aSuqebs Teoriul kiTxvebs kvlevis romelime gansakuTrebuli nawili (mag.
kulturisa da struqturis fardobiTi mniSvneloba TviTmkvlelobaTa axsnaSi)
an rogor amowmebs igi arsebul Teorias (magaliTad, zogierTi TviTmkvleloba
mibaZvis Sedegia), an gvTavazobs axal Teorias (magaliTad, TviTmkvleloba aris
mosaxleobaSi socialuri integraciis donis funqcia). durkhaimis analizi adas
turebs mis hipoTezas, rom TviTmkvlelobis sixSire matulobs, roca adamianTa
kavSiri mniSvnelovan jgufebTan dasustebulia da klebulobs, rodesac social
uri kavSirebi Zlierdeba.
mecnierebaSi daskvnebi arasodes miiCneva sabolood, isini yovelTvis Riaa
kiTxvebisa da xelaxali gamokvlevisaTvis. roca gamokvleva mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs sociologiuri codnis gaRrmavebaSi, Cveulebriv igi qveyndeba, raTa
sxva sociologebma SeZlon am daskvnebis damoukideblad Sefaseba.
Semdgomi kvleva
68
kiTxvebi da moagrovon damatebiTi monacemebi. sociologiuri codna amgvari
mudmivi kvlevis procesis meSveobiT izrdeba, romlis drosac bevri gansxvave
buli mkvlevari swavlobs erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul problemebs. maga
liTad, durkhaims ar uTqvams saboloo sityva TviTmkvlelobaze. amerikelma
sociologma deivid filifsma gviCvena, rom socialuri imitaciis Teoria _ Teo
ria, romelsac durkhaimma miagno literaturis mimoxilvisas, magram CaTvala,
rom misi kvleva am Teoriis usafuZvlobas amtkicebda _ ufro faseulia, vidre
durkhaimi fiqrobda. am Teoriis mixedviT TviTmkvlelobis waxaliseba xdeba ST
agonebis ZaliT _ zogjer adamianebi Tavis mokvlis gadawyvetilebas maSin iRe
ben, roca sxvebis TviTmkvlelobis ambavs Seityoben xolme.
69
_ yvelaze uaxloesi, uaxloesidan meore da ase Semdeg. sxva magaliTSi variaciis maRali done
SeiZleba gamoixatos aseTi SeniSvniT: `Seswavlil ojaxTa umravlesoba saSualo mniSvnelobis
standartuli gadaxris farglebSia.~
korelaciebi
70
vevaSi, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi ar unda gaizardos ambis pirvel gverdze dabe
Wdvis Semdeg da reklamis raodenoba ar unda Seesabamebodes TviTmkvlelobaTa
zrdas. magram TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvma imata, da cvladma sidideebmac _ Sesa
bamisad. sabolood, zrda SesaZloa, gamowveuli iyo ara mibaZviT, aramed _ mwuxa
rebiT. filifsma nimuSad SearCia is popularuli xalxi, vis TviTmkvlelobasac
unda gamoewvia didi mwuxareba, magram aRmoaCina, rom gaxmaurebul mkvlelobebs,
TviTmkvlelobaTa maCvenebelze, ar mouxdenia ufro meti gavlena, vidre naklebad
cnobili adamianebis mkvlelobebs. (CarCoSi Casmul statias `rogor wavikiTxoT
cxrili~ mohyveba filifsis gamokvlevebis ori cxrili).
filifsma ar Sewyvita mibaZvaTa nimuSebis kvleva-Zieba. man aRmoaCina, rom
gamoqveynebuli TviTmkvlelobebis Semdeg, fataluri avariebis ricxvmac imata,
imis varaudiT, rom zogierTi sagzao SemTxveva SeiZleba SeniRbuli TviTmkvle
lobac yofiliyo (filifsi, 1986). filifsma aRmoaCina, rom am sazogadoebriv
mibaZvas yvelaze metad Tineijerebi axorcieleben. cnobili pirovnebis TviTmkv
lelobaze momdevno kviris satelevizio reportaJma gazarda TviTmkvlelobaTa
koeficienti axalgazrdebs Soris 22%-dan saSualo maCveneblamde (filifsi da
karsensteni, 1988).
filifsis aRmoCenebi mimbaZvelobiT TviTmkvlelobebze, ar uaryofs durk
haimis daskvnas, rom TviTmkvlelobaTa Akoeficienti dakavSirebulia sazogado
integraciis donesTan. es aRmoCenebi, ubralod, gviCvenebs, rom durkhaimis Teo
ria am sakiTxs srulad ver pasuxobs, iseve, rogorc Teoria, rom TviTmkvleloba
mibaZvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT socialuri integraci
is kombinirebul gavlenasa da mibaZvas, isini ufro met kiTxvas pasuxoben TviTm
kvlelobaTa koeficientTan dakavSirebiT, vidre marto erTi faqtori. calkeuli
sagnis SeswavliT sociologebma SeiZleba Seafason mxolod erTmaneTTan dakav
Sirebul cvlad sidideTa patara jgufis urTierTqmedeba. adamianTaA saqcielze
gavlena imdenad kompleqsuri da mravalferovania, rom yvelafris gaTvaliswine
ba SeuZlebelia. es SeiZleba gamoixatos monacemTa uzustobasa an maT SemTxveviT
damaxinjebaSi. yovelTvis arsebobs ufro meti kvlevis SesaZlebloba, ufro meti
mcdeloba Cveni codnis dasaxvewad.
xSirad erTi mkvlevaris samuSao badebs SekiTxvebs, romlebic ainteresebs sx
vebs da undaT, rom upasuxon. magaliTad, filifsis samuSao badebs ramdenime axal
kiTxvas momavali gamokvlevebisaTvis: sxvanairad rogor iqceva xalxi? iwvevs Tu
ara es prosocialur, iseve rogorc antisocialur qmedebebs? mimarTavs Tu ara
mTavroba sajaroobis mowesrigebas Zaladobisken Tu es Seamcirebs mimbaZvelo
bas? rodesac sxva mkvlevarebi cdiloben upasuxon amdagvar kiTxvebs, isini eyrd
nobian filifsis aRmoCenebs. ase izrdeba sociologiuri codna.
71
rogor wavikiTxoT cxrili
72
cxrili 2.1.
TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis zrda NEW YORK TIMES –is pirvel gverdze
gamoqveynebuli ambebis Semdeg
gamokvleul ambis gamoqvey ambis gamo
TviTmkvle nebidan erT qveynebidan
lobaTa TveSi mosa erT TveSi
koeficienti lodnel TviT TviTmkvle
mkvlelobaTa lobaTa
koeficienti koeficientis
saxelebi TariRi
cvlilebebi
TviTmkvlelTa
lokriji, avtori 8 marti,1948 1510 1521,5 _11,5
landisi, kinovarskvlavi 6 ivlisi,1948 1482 1457,5 +24,5
bruksi, finansisti 18 agvisto,1948 1250 1350,0 _100,0
holtsi, moRalate qmari 10 marti,1948 1583 1521,5 +61,5
porestali
Tavdacvis yofili ministri 22 maisi,1949 1549 1493,5 +55,5
bakeri, profesori 26 aprili,1950 1600 1493,5 +106,5
langi, policiis mowme 20 aprili,1951 1423 1519,5 _96,5
monro, kinovarskvlavi 6 agvisto,1962 1838 1640,5 +197,5
graami, gamomcemeli da uardi
profumos saqmeSi
gareuli piri 4 agvisto,1963 1801 1604,5 +160,5
burosi, ku kluqs klanis
lideri 1 noemberi,1801 1710 1652,0 +58,0
morisoni, sabrZolo
kritikosi 3 noemberi,1965
cxrili 2.2.
dReebis raodenoba
0 1 2 3 4
TviTmkvlelobebi, romlebic gamoqveyndnen New York Times-Si da romlebic CamoTvlilia cxrilSi 2.2
miekuTvnebian Semdeg kategoriebs: 0 dRe _ lokriji, beikeri, langi, gaami, morisoni; 1 dRe _ landidi, bruqsi,
forestali, burosi; 2 dRe _ holti,; 3 dRe – uardi; 4 dRe _ monro
uardi da grahami erTsa da imave dRes gardacvalnen, 4 agvisto, 1963. 1963 wels TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdis
naxevari uardsa da grahams miewera. msgavsi ram mohyva burosa da morisonis sikvdils, romlebic
1965 wels1 noembersa da 3 noembers gardaicvalnen.
naklebad `high brow~ gazeTi News –ma amdagvari ambebi pirvel gverdebze ufro didxans gaaCera, vidre
Times- ma ise, rom mas gamofenis xangrZlivoba hqonda.
wyaro: filipsidan (1974), gv. 345) yvelanairi uflebiT. TviTmkvlelobaTa statistikis pirveladi wyaro:
aSS-s jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da keTildReobis departamenti,sazogado
jandacvis servisi.
73
sociologiuri kvlevis sirTuleebi
validoba da sandooba
74
ganqorwinebis sixSire) gvxvdeba sxva maxasiaTeblis maRal maCveneblebTan erTad
(vTqvaT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire), niSnavs, rom orive aris pozitiurad kore
laciuri.
miuxedavad amisa, maxasiaTeblebs Soris korelaciis kvleva ar adasturebs, rom
maT Soris aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. ori maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos korel
aciuri, magram ar hqondes mizezobrivi jaWvi erTimeoresTan. es cnobilia, rogorc
yalbi korelacia da aris kvlevaSi cdomilebis mizezi. sociologiuri analizis
gadamwyveti momentia mniSvnelovani da yalbi korelaciebis gansxvaveba. magaliTad,
vinmes SeuZlia dasvas kiTxva, durkhaimis mier aRmoCenil kavSirs TviTmkvlelobis
sixSiresa da religiur kuTvnilebas Soris hqonda mizezobrivi safuZveli, Tu iyo
yalbi. SesaZloa orive maxasiaTebeli aris raRac mesame faqtoris Sedegi, rogori
caa qonebrivi gansxvaveba an geografiuli regioni. durkhaimma icoda, rom romeli
me mesame maxasiaTebels SeeZlo aexsna misi monacemebi da cdilobda daedgina, rom
es ar iyo damajerebeli.
Teoria da kvleva
75
gvetyoda yvelafers, TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris Sesaxeb, magram SesaZleblobas
mogvcemda Cagvexeda, ramdenad dakavSirebulia TviTmkvlelobi socialur integ
raciasTan da ramdenad Seavsebda durkheimis Sromas.
eTikuri sakiTxebi
sociologebi, arsiT TiTqmis arian `isini, visac sxvis saqmeSi cxviris Cayofa
uyvars~. marTalia, durkhaimis Sroma TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb eyrdnoboda isto
riul Canawerebs, magram mravali sociologiuri kvleva iwvevs sxva adamianebis
realur cxovrebaSi Carevas. amis gamo, sociologebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli eTi
kuri valdebulebebi TavianTi subieqtebis mimarT.
pirvel rigSi, sociologebma unda daicvan subieqti dazaralebisagan. soci
ologiuri kvleva zogjer subieqts ayenebs fsiqiuri travmis riskis qveS, magram
sociologebi xSirad iReben nebarTvas subieqtisgan maTi piradi informaciis
gaxmaurebis Sesaxeb. msgavsi informacia SesaZloa ar iyos cnobili subieqtis
ojaxisTvis, megobrebisTvis, TanamSromlebisTvis, aman SesaZloa uxerxul mdgo
mareobaSi Caayenos subieqti, ziani miayenos mis samuSaos, naTesavebs an sulac
daakisros kriminaluri pasuxismgebloba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi potenciuri ziani umniSvneloa. arli hokSildma Seiswavla
Sromis ganawileba msgavs ojaxebSi da gamoaqveyna Sedegebi Tavis wignSi _ meore
cvla (The Second Shift) (1989 w.). hokSildma gamoikvlia, rom zogierTi wyvili axa
siaTebs TavianT Tavs, rogorc Tanabar partniorebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom faq
tobriv coli asrulebs gacilebiT met samuSaos saxlSi, vidre qmari. amgvarad,
miTi Tanabaruflebian partniorobaze exmareba wyvilebs Seurigdnen TavianT
gansxvavebul Sexedulebas `warmatebuli qorwinebis~ Sesaxeb (hokSildi, 1989 w.).
Tu gansazRvruli wyvili amoicnobs Tavis Tavs gamoqveynebul SromaSi, SesaZloa
pirovnebebi daupirispirdnen faqts, rom arc erTi maTganisTvis ar aris qorwineba
bednieri, rogorc eubnebodnen erTmaneTs an gaTavisebuli hqondaT Tavad. amgvari
SesaZleblobis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT, hokSildma Secvala wyvilebis ar
amxolod saxelebi, aramed iseTi saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebic ki, rogoricaa
garegnoba da profesia.
subieqtis dacvis pirveli gza aris anonimuri gamokiTxva. kiTxvari miwodebu
li da Sedgenilia iseTi saxiT, rom mkvlevars ar SeuZlia amoicnos gansazRvruli
respodentis gansazRvruli pasuxi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, xSirad sociologebs
sWirdebaT subieqtebis gamokiTxva pirispir an naxva maT sacxovrebel garemoSi,
samuSaoze an laboratoriaSi. am SemTxvevaSi sociologi icavs konfidencialo
bas anu mkvlevarma icis subieqtis saidentifikacio monacemebi, magram pirobas
debs, rom ar gamoaqveynebs am informacias. konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT
sociologi Cveulebriv Slis saxelebs da misamarTs kiTxvaridan, samuSao SeniSv
nebidan da sxva Canawerebidan; cvlis maT saidentifikacio nomrebiT da inaxavs
76
saxelebisa da nomrebis damakavSirebel ZiriTad dokuments usafrTxo adgilas.
ZiriTadad, usafrTxoebis amgvari zomebi sakmarisia. magram sasamarTloebi ar
cnoben sociologebis monacemebs, rogorc `xelSeuxebel informacias~, gansx
vavebiT advokatis, mRvdlis an Jurnalistisagan, sociologs SeiZleba daevalos
Tavisi Canawerebis sasamarTlosTvis gadacema an mowmed gamocxadeba.
magaliTad, vaSingtonis Statis universitetis sociologiis fakultetis
gamosaSvebi kursis studenti, rik skarsi ikvlevda garemosa da cxovelTa ufle
bebis dacvis radikal aqtivistebs, romlebic xandaxan arRvevdnen kanons Tavi
anTi saqmianobis warmosaCenad (moneheni (Monaghan), 1993a, 1993b, 1993c). marTa
lia jgufi TavisTavs uwodebda cxovelTa gaTavisuflebis fronts, magram mas
daekisra pasuxismgebloba universitetis laboratoriis darbevisTvis, sadac 23
wavi, Tagvi da tura iyo gaTavisuflebuli da kompiuterebze marilmJavas dasxmi
saTvis (zaralma daaxloebiT 150 000 $ Seadgina); skarsi gamoZaxebul iqna nafic
msajulTa winaSe, romelTac unda gadaewyvitaT saqmis sasamarTloSi gadacemis
sakiTxi. skarsma aRiara, rom icnobda mTavar braldebuls sakmaod kargad, magram
Semdgom kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaze uari ganacxada. man es imiT daasabuTa, rom
Cvenebis micema Tavisi wyaroebis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvevda aramxolod garemos dac
vis aqtivistebis mxridan masTan saubarze uaris Tqmas, rac daazaralebda mis
sakuTar kvlevas, aramed iqoniebda gavlenas sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze
zogadad. kvlevis wyaroebi SesaZloa gamxdariyo naklebad sarwmuno sxva socia
luri mecnierisTvis an socialuri mecnierebi Tavs aarideben sakamaTo kvlevas,
romelic moiTxovs konfidencialobas. mosamarTleebi ver daarwmuna motanilma
argumentebma da skarsi moxvda cixeSi, radgan man uari ganacxada daerRvia piroba
konfidencialobis Sesaxeb.
meore eTikuri movaleoba isaa, rom sociologma arasodes ar unda aiZulos
an moisyidos adamianebi, monawileoba miiRon kvlevaSi. sociologiur kvlevaSi
monawileoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi. es moTxovna pirdapiria, Tumca SesaZloa
aRiniSnebodes ZneladSesamCnevi gadaxrebi. magaliTad, moxucebulTa saxlis bi
nadari aris `uneblie msmeneli~, is uyurebs sociologs, rogorc eqims an admi
nistrators da Tavs valdebulad Tvlis, iTanamSromlos. sociologiis damwyebi
kursis studentebma SesaZloa igrZnon, rom maTi Sefaseba ver iqneba saTanado, Tu
ar miiReben monawileobas TavianTi xelmZRvanelis Catarebul kvlevaSi. amasTan,
zog SemTxvevaSi, moxaliseebisadmi ndobam SeiZleba Secvalos kvlevis Sedegebi.
magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebian monawileobaze seqsualur gamok
iTxvebSi, aris Tavisuflad SerCeuli jgufi, romelic, SesaZloa, nawilobriv
eqshibicionistebisgan Sedgebodes, amdenad ver iqneba zogadi populacia.
mesame, mkvlevari patiosani unda iyos subieqtis mimarT. idealur variant
Si sociologi iRebs subieqtisagan aramarto Tanxmobas, aramed informirebul
Tanxmobas. es punqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac xalxi, romelTa
Seswavlac surs mkvlevars, aris gaunaTlebeli, aqvs dabali socialuri statusi
an ver erkveva socialur kvlevaSi. Zalian Znelia an SeuZlebeli dafaro kvleva.
77
monawileebma laboratoriul eqsperimentSi an respodentebma, romlebic avseben
grZel kiTxvarebs, ician, rom maT Seiswavlian. amasTan zogjer mkvlevarebi iReben
rTul gadawyvetilebas, ar uTxran monawileebs kvlevis realuri miznis Sesaxeb,
raTa miiRon ufro zusti informacia. magaliTad, sociologi, romelic Seiswav
lis genderul diskriminacias musikis industriaSi, SesaZloa uTxras subieqts,
rom swavlobs menejmentis stils an marketingis strategias. SesaZloa, piradi
dakvirvebiT momuSave (Field researchers) mkvlevarebs gansakuTrebiT ar undodeT
uTxran xalxs yvela idea, rac amoZravebs maT dakvirvebas, radgan amis codna iwvevs
im socialuri procesebis cvlilebas, romelTa Seswavlasac isini apireben.
amgvarad, sociologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian religiur organizaciebs,
saerTo interesebiT gaerTianebul jgufebs, erTgvarovan sazogadoebebs, Sesa
Zloa, TavianTi kvlevis proeqtebis mizani saidumlod Seinaxon. simarTlis da
farva gamarTlebuli unda iyos gadaulaxavi samecniero an humanuri interesebiT,
magaliTad, narkotikebis intravenurad momxmarebelTa faruli gamokvleva, gan
kuTvnili qcevis modelis dasadgenad, rac zrdis Sidsis gavrcelebis albaTobas,
SesaZloa gamarTlebuli iyos.
sociologebs aqvT agreTve eTikuri valdebulebebi TavianTi kolegebisa
da samecniero sazogadoebis, agreTve sazogadoebis mimarT, zogadad. idealur
SemTxvevaSi sociologebi akeTeben yvelafers, raTa daicvan obieqturoba da pa
tiosneba TavianT kvlevebsa da publikaciebSi. amgvari midgoma gulisxmobs, ara
mxolod sizustesa da sandoobas gamokvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgenisas, aramed
kvlevis SezRudvebis gansazRvris drosac, unda iqnes gamoqveynebuli rogorc
dadebiTi Sedegebi, aseve uaryofiTi da anomaliuri monacemebi, sando iyos kv
levis da finansebis yvela wyaro da yvela adamiani (studentebis CaTvliT), vinc
wvlili Seitana Sromis SesrulebaSi. rodesac saWiroa profesiuli daskvnis ga
keTeba, iqneba es sasamarTloSi, sajaro gamosvlaze, Tu sainformacio saSuale
bebSi, sociologebma unda gansazRvron TavianTi eqspertizis xarisxi da Tavi Sei
kavon daskvnis gakeTebisagan, romelic araa mecnieruli WeSmariteba da SeiZleba
araswored iqnes aRqmuli.
rogorc medicina, iurispudencia da sxva dargebi, sociologia cdilobs
iyos TviTkontrolirebadi. amerikis sociologTa asociacia (ASA) profesio
nali sociologebisTvis aris mTavari organizacia, romelmac daadgina dawvri
lebiTi eTikuri normebi (1989 w.) _ zemoT CamoTvlili principebis erToblio
ba. asa-s profesiuli eTikis komiteti pasuxismgebelia ganixilos pretenziebi,
iSuamdgomlos konfliktur situaciaSi da Sesabamisi proceduris dacviT gas
ces rekomendaciebi. garda amisa, universitetebisa da kolejebis umravlesoba
iTxovs, rom yvela didi kvlevis proeqti ganixilos komitetma, raTa iyos sruli
usafrTxoeba imisa, rom kvlevis procedurebi ar arRvevs adamianis, rogorc
subieqtis uflebebs.
78
kvlevis strategiebi
gamokiTxvebi
79
dents SeuZlia gasces pasuxebi kiTxvarebs fostiT, telefoniT an pirispiri sau
bris dros. gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia, roca sociologs surs in
formaciis miReba didi populaciisagan movlenaze, romlis Sefasebac maT Riad ar
SeuZliaT. magaliTad, seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb kvlevam aCvena, rom amerikelebi
bevrad ufro konservatiulebi arian, vidre maT Sesaxeb masmediaSi gavrcelebuli
azri, TiTqos isini seqsualurad Tavisuflebi arian da xSirad mimarTaven seqsis
alternatiul formebs, rac SesaZloa bevrisTvis damajerebelic iyos (ixileT
Tavi 3). gamokiTxvaSi SesaZloa dasmuli iyos kiTxvebi socialur-ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis irgvliv (asaki, Semosavali, ganaTleba, profesia da misTanani). radgan
gamokiTxvisas respondentma SeiZleba gasces an ar gasces kiTxvebze damajerebe
li pasuxi, gamokiTxvis Sedegebi ganixileba, rogorc miaxloebiTi.
sociologiur gamokiTxvaSi monawileobs bevri xalxi, romelic ubralod
svams kiTxvebs. maTi Sedegebi sando da dasabuTebuli, rom iyos sociologebi
unda iyvnen garkveuli, visTvisaa SekiTxva da rogor unda gaices pasuxi. satele
vizio interviuebis dros satelefono gamokiTxva iwvevs farTo masebis CarT
vas da aqvs gavlena saxalxo liderebze, magram xalxi, romelic uyurebs, amgvar
Sous da aqvs dro, rom darekos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli swored amerikeli
mosaxleobis tipuri warmomadgeneli iyos. sakontrolo jgufis saguldagulo
SerCeva aris swori mecnieruli gamokiTxvis sawindari. gamokiTxvaTa umravleso
bis mizani aris raodenobrivi monacemebis miReba, interviuebis Sedegic raode
nobrivi monacemebia.
80
_ warmodgenili iyos sakontrolo jgufSi aRebul populaciaSi iseve, rogorc
iqneboda ufro did populaciaSi. rac ufro warmomadgenlobiTia sakontrolo
jgufi, miT ufro sarwmunod asaxavs miRebuli Sedegebi mTliani populaciis
damokidebulebas.
bevrs miaCnia, rom didi sakontrolo jgufi ufro warmomadgenlobiTia, vid
re mcire, magram es yovelTvis ase ar aris. SesaZloa amis yvelaze cnobili mag
aliTi iyo 1936 wels prezidentis arCevnebis Sedegebis prognozis mcdeloba.
popularulma Jurnalma `Literary digest~ (`literaturuli mimoxilva~) daugzavna
saarCevno baraTi 10 milion amerikels, romlebic SerCeul iqnen satelefono da
manqanebis ragistraciis cnobarebidan. dabrunebuli 2 milioni baraTis mixed
viT Jurnalma gaakeTa prognozi, rom alfred landoni daamarcxebda franklin
d. ruzvelts xmaTa mniSvnelovani upiratesobiT. amasobaSi, vinme jorj gelapma
sul raRac 312 551 adamianis gamokiTxviT sruliad zustad iwinaswarmetyvela
ruzveltis gamarjveba. am SemTxvevaSi ufro mcire sakontrolo jgufi iyo ufro
warmomadgenlobiTi, vidre didi populacia. jer erTi, 1936 wels didi depre
siis SuaSi, mraval amomrCevels ar hqonda manqana an telefoni. es adamianebi _
romelTa umravlesobam xma misca ruzvelts _ saerTod ar iyvnen warmodgenili
`Literary digest~-is sakontrolo jgufSi. galupma gamoiyena SemTxveviT SerCeuli
sakontrolo jgufi, romelSic saarCevno asaks miRweul yovel amerikel moqa
laqes hqonda moxvedris Tanabari Sansi. warmomadgenlobiTi sakontrolo jgufis
Seqmna aris realuri amocana. kampusis gazeTebi da organizaciebi xSirad awyoben
gamokiTxvebs kiTxvarebis darigebis gziT erT an or adgilas. aseTi gamokiTxve
bi iSviaTadaa warmomadgenlobiTi. magaliTad, pirveli 100 studenti, gamosuli
sociologiis institutis Senobidan, SesaZloa, naklebad warmoadgendes mec
nierebisa da xelovnebis fakultetis studentebs da ufro warmomadgenlobiTi
iyos, rogorc qali studentebi, romlebic metad arian ganwyobili sociologiis
Seswavlis mimarT, vidre mamakaci studentebi. jgufi iqneboda ufro warmomad
genlobiTi, Tu organizaciebi SearCevdnen SemTxveviTi 100 studentis gvars
fakultetis studentTa mTliani siidan.
81
bulma Statebma unda akrZalos gamosvlebi demokratiis winaaRmdeg?~; sxvas ki
kiTxva: `xom ar fiqrobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda dauSvas gamos
vlebi demokratiis winaaRmdeg?~. pasuxebi ar emTxveoda erTmaneTs: mxolod 21,4
procentma upasuxa, rom maT unda `aekrZalaT~ gamosvlebi, magram 47,8 procentma
upasuxa, rom maT ar unda `daeSvaT~ gamosvlebi (Sumani da preseri 1981 w. ). zogjer
mkvlevarebi atareben kiTxvarebis winaswar Semowmebas, raTa darwmundnen, rom
kiTxvebis formulireba da formati ar iqoniebs gavlenas pasuxebze.
pasuxis forma. gamokiTxvis dros adamians SeuZlia gasces pasuxi oridan erT-
erTi formiT. daxuruli pasuxis kiTxvebSi respondentma unda airCios erT-erTi
CamoTvlili pasuxebis variantebidan, romelic mkvlevaris mieraa SemoTavazebu
li. Ria pasuxis kiTxvebSi respondenti pasuxobs sakuTari sityvebiT. magaliTad,
sociologebs SesaZloa surT icodnen, ras aniWeben adamianebi yvelaze met upi
ratesobas TavianT samuSaoSi. isini svamen kiTxvas daxuruli formiT: `gadaxedeT
am baraTs da miTxariT, ras aniWebT yvelaze met upiratesobas saqmeSi?~ baraTSi
CamoTvlilia xuTi savaraudo pasuxi: maRali Semosavali, samuSaos usafrTxoeba,
mokle samuSao dRe, ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba, damakmayofilebeli samuSao, rac
Tavs gagrZnobinebs warmatebul pirovnebad. daxuruli pasuxis mqone kiTxvis sxva
varianti mocemuli pasuxebis seriis Sefasebas Seicavs. magaliTad, 1 = `srulad
veTanxmebi~-dan 5 = `sruliad ar veTanxmebi~-mde. kiTxva SeiZleba daisvas Ria
formiTac: `adamianebi samuSaos sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben, Tqven ras aniWebT
yvelaze met upiratesobas samuSaoSi?~ faqtobriv, rodesac ismeboda es SekiTxva,
pasuxebi gansxvavdeboda kiTxvis dasmis sxvadasxva formis dros. magaliTad, 17.2
procenti respondentebisa irCevda `ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas~, rodesac isini
xedavdnen am pasuxs CamoTvlil variantebSi; maSin, rodesac mxolod 1,8 procenti
asaxelebda am mizezs Ria pasuxis formiT dasmuli SekiTxvis dros. sociologebma
82
unda icodnen, rom gamokiTxvisas SekiTxvebis formulireba, Tanmimdevroba da
forma gansazRvravs kvlevis Sedegebs.
rodesac gamokiTxvisis mkvlevars sWirdeba meti informacia, vidre mokle
kiTxvari iZleva, maT SeuZliaT Caataron iterviu telefoniT an piradad. inter
viu aris gasaubreba, romlis drosac mkvlevari svams kiTxvebis serias an ganixi
lavs Temas sxva pirovnebasTan. Tu isini gamoiyeneben Ria pasuxis formis kiTxvebs,
interviuers SeuZlia ganasxvavos, rodis SeiZleba meti informaciis miReba da
rodis gadavides Semdeg kiTxvaze. kargma interviuerma agreTve icis, rom inter
vius dasabuTebuloba da sandooba damokidebulia interviuersa da respondents
Soris urTierTobaze. isini swavloben intervius tonisa da tempis gansazRvras
sxvadasxva tipis respondentebisaTvis.
eqsperimentebi
83
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi
84
sidide). yvela studentma icoda, rom monawileobas iRebda eqsperimentSi, faqto
brivad, `TamaSobda TamaSs~ tusaRsa da mcvelze, magram erT kviraze mokle xanSi
eqsperimenti zedmetad daemsgavsa sinamdviles.
zimbardos eqsperimentma win wamoswia subieqtebTan mopyrobis eTikuri sa
kiTxebi. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axla ufro mkacri wesebi moqmedebs. es
wesebi mkvlevarebs avaldebulebs subieqtisaTvis eqsperimentis an proceduris
axsnas; subieqtisTvis mxolod simarTlis Tqmas; subieqtis gafrTxilebas raime
xifaTis Sesaxeb; aRweras, rogor unda gamoiyenon monacemebi; subieqtis konfi
dencialurobis dacvas; da subieqtis Tanxmobamde mis xelT arsebuli informa
ciis sisrulis garkvevas.
savele eqsperimentebi
85
jgufebma cvlilebebi ganaxorcieles da politika ucvleli darCa, mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines, rom Tu bavSvis movlis efeqturi programebi iqnebAaA, gaizrdeba im
martoxela dedaTa raodenoba, romlebsac aqvT unari samsaxuri moZebnon socia
luri uzrunvelyofis daxmarebis gareSe.
86
vinmes poziciis dakavebis survili gamoTqvan. imedis gacruebis SemTxvevaSi maTi
mwvave reaqciaa SesaZlebeli. sociologebma, romlebic savele samuSaoebs atare
ben, saWiroa iswavlon sakuTar emociaTa marTva (sakuTari TavisaTvis SekiTx
vebis dasmiT, ratom hqondaT konkretuli reaqcia da imis SemowmebiT sxvasac ms
gavsi reaqcia hqonda Tu ara), radgan savele muSaki sakuTari kvlevis erT-erTi
subieqti xdeba.
Cveulebriv, iseve rogorc korsaros kvlevaSi, savele muSakebi amJRavneben sa
kuTar vinaobas; Tumca, kvlevis subieqtTa moaxloebisas SeiZleba SeniRbon Tavian
Ti vinaoba. es niSnavs imas, rom sociologebi ubralod Tvalyurs adevneben jgufs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis WrilSi, magram ar dominireben maT cxovrebaSi, ar uerT
debian jgufur RonisZiebebs. magaliTad, sociologebi, romlebic seqsualur qce
vas ikvlevdnen, homoseqsualTa abanoSi pasiurad akvirdebodnen iq myofi kacebis
qcevas. sociologebi axerxebdnen maT Soris SeumCnevlad Serevas, imis gamo, rom
iq myof homoseqsual kacTa umravlesoba TviTonac idga da akvirdeboda, da imi
tomac, rom abanos klientebs Soris maTi seqsualuri gamocdilebebis miuxedavad,
isini emociurad da piradad gancalkevebuli rCebodnen. SeniRbvis mizniT, isini
dakvirvebis Sedegebs abanos dafarul adgilas an wasvlis Semdeg iwerdnen. soci
ologebis mier dakvirvebis Sedegebis interpretacia eyrdnoboda seqsualuri qce
vis Seswavlis mravali wlis gamocdilebas. cxadia, isini siamovnebis misaRebad ki
ar wasulan, aramed dadiodnen rogorc mecnierebi, romlebic situacias araerTi
Teoriis saSualebiT aanalizebdnen.
sociologiur gamokvlevaTa misiis saidumlod Senaxvam SeiZleba gadaWras
ucxo piris SeWris problema sxvaTa pirad sivrceSi (is, rom sociologebis das
wrebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos jgufis saqcielze), magram es win wamoswevs
zneobriv sakiTxs kvlevis subieqtis piradi uflebebis Sesaxeb da sociologTa
pasuxismgeblobas, iyvnen gulwrfelni.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sazogado fsiqologma, filip zimbardom Seqmna in
scenirebuli cixe, sadac tusaRebisa da mcvelebis rolebze moxalise studentebi
damtkicdnen. `zedamxedvelebma~ TavianTi rolebi zedmetad seriozulad miiRes
da patimarTa umetesobas, romlebic umoqmedoni gaxdnen da dasustdnen, agresi
ulad eqceodnen da Cagravdnen. zimbardos meTodma gamoamJRavna bevri ram sazoga
doebis Sesaxeb, magram, ra Tqma unda, wina planze wamoswia adamianTan mopyrobis
zneobrivi sakiTxi. axla ZalaSia ufro mkacri wesebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac
unda moawyon mkvlevarebma eqsperimentebi.
kontent analizi
87
is, gazeTebis, naxatebisTvisac ki SeiZleba. komunikaciis es formebi bevrs gveubneba
adamianuri qcevis Sesaxeb. kvlevis amgvari meTodi komunikaciis manifesturi (anu
aSkara da dagegmili) da latenturi (anu faruli da, SesaZloa, gauTvaliswinebeli)
Sinaarsebis sistematizebisa da Sejamebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. kompiuteri, ro
melic mkvlevarebs Sinaarsis mravali rakursiT gaanalizebis saSualebas aZlevs,
kvlevis mZlavri iaraRia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, mkvlevarTa jgufma rok-musikis klipebSi qalisa da ma
makacis saxis Seswavla gadawyvita. raki yvela arsebuli klipis Seswavla SeuZle
belia, mkvlevarebi rokis videoklipebis reprezentaciuli amonakrebiT iwyeben.
Semdeg adgenen Sinaarsis yvela SesaZlo kategoriis _ lirikul simRerebs, Cacmis
stils, Jestikulaciasa da a.S. nusxas. Semdeg swavloben klipebis nakrebs da iniS
naven Sinaarsis SeZlebisdagvarad bevr specifikur nimuSs. dRemde mkvlevarebi
ZiriTadad xarisxobriv analizs _ interpretaciaze damokidebul kvlevas eyrd
nobodnen. sakmaris monacemTa Tavmoyris Semdeg maT statistikaze dafuZnebuli
anu raodenobrivi analizis meTodis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT, magaliTad, daiTvalon
ra sixSiriT warmogvidgebian qalebi mamakacisadmi daqvemdebarebul rolSi da
Semdeg Seamowmon, aris Tu ara aseTi SemTxvevebi sxva cvladebTan korelaciaSi.
ori amgvari kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom musikalur klipebSi qalebi xSirad
daqvemdebarebul rolSi, seqsualur obieqtebad an Zaladobis samizneebad war
mogvidgebian (brauni da kempbeli, 1986; Sermani da dominiki, 1986).
88
sakiTxebis sakvlevad iyeneben, rogoricaa nacionalizmi, klasTa struqtura an
socialuri uzrunvelyofis politika. SedarebiTi analizis zogierTi proeqti
mravali SemTxvevis farTomasStabiani Sedarebaa, zogi ki, mxolod erT an ramde
nime SemTxvevas eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT nacionalizmis, erovnuli identurobisa da
masze dafuZnebuli teritoriisa da avtonomiis Sesaxeb politikuri moTxovnebis
sakiTxi. am sakiTxis Seswavlisas antoni smiTma (1993) mTeli msoflios masStabiT
TiTqmis asi SemTxveva gaaanaliza. amis sapirispirod, laia grinfildma (1992) gul
dasmiT mxolod xuTi qveyana ganixila. sxva mkvlevarebma (mag., Colley, 1992) detal
urad mxolod erTi qveynis sxvadasxva regioni Seadares da sxva qveynebis mxolod
mokle an savaraudo Sedareba warmoadgines. amgvari gansxvavebuli strategiebis
gamoyeneba nebismieri empiriuli Temis – Sobadobis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,
danaSaulisa da a. S. Sesaswavlad SeiZleba. arsebobs kompromisi mravali SemTx
vevisa da Sesaswavli cvladis socialuri da kulturuli Sinaarsis saxesxvaobaTa
yuradRebiT ganxilvas Soris. rac metia SemTxveva, miT ufro savaraudoa, rom so
ciologi statistikas sakuTari daskvnebis Sesajameblad da cvladebs Soris kav
Siris analizisaTvis gamoiyenebs.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi swrafad viTardeba saerTaSoriso SedarebiTi (anu
kros-kulturuli) analizi. amgvari kvlevis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mizezia adamia
nur kulturaTa da socialuri organizaciis formaTa didi mravalferovneba.
Tu amerikuli religiuri, saganmanaTleblo an politikuri sistemebis msgavsebas
`bunebrivad~ miviCnevT da ver SevZlebT maT Sedarebas sxva qveynebTan, Zalze mwiri
warmodgena Segveqmneba adamianTa socialuri organizaciis farTo speqtrze.
socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebTan erTad kulturuli Rirebulebebi ga
naTlebisaTvis `formis micemaSi~ gvexmareba. kros-kulturuli kvlevebi avlens,
rom roca iaponeli bavSvebi uaxles kompiuterul teqnologiebs swavloben da
ocdameerTe saukuneSi cxovrebisa da karierisaTvis emzadebian, egvipteli bavS
vebi egvipturi kulturis uZveles teqstebs swavloben sainformacio saukunis
moTxovnaTagan Zalze Sors mdgom saklaso oTaxebSi.
saerTaSoriso anu kros-kulturul SedarebaTa gamoyenebis meore mizezi
isaa, rom adamianebs Soris mTels msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro axlo urTier
Tobebi myardeba, TandaTan yvela qveynis ekonomika erT globalur sistemaSi
iyris Tavs. media ufro da ufro saerTaSoriso xdeba: braziliaSi Seqmnili sapnis
operebi Zalze popularulia CineTSi; indur filmebs mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi
uyureben; laTinoamerikeli da indoeli mwerlebi yvelaze popularulni SeerTe
bul StatebSi arian; CNN-s mTel msoflioSi gadascemen. arsebiTia, rom adamia
nebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs realoba _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqti msoflios erT
nawilSi safrTxes yvelas uqmnis. SedarebiTi analizi sociologebs globaliza
ciis procesTa Seswavlis saSualebas aZlevs. winamdebare wignSi mocemuli kvl
eva, globalizaciis SeswavliTa da sxva sazogadoebaTa socialuri formebis aR
weriT, Cvens warmodgenas gaafarToebs.
yvela SedarebiTi kvleva rodi moicavs Tanamedrove SemTxvevebs. xangrZliv
socialur cvlilebaTa da uCveulo movlenaTa gasagebad sociologebi isto
riul Seswavlas iyeneben. magaliTad, Tanamedrove samrewvelo sawarmoTa zrda
89
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Semswavleli sociologisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani
Temaa, magram zrdis procesi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da
misi axsna mxolod istoriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am mizniT socio
logebi aanalizeben rogorc istorikosTa, aseve sakuTari ZalebiT Tavmoyril
monacemebs. es mravalgvari monacemebia: aRwera, policiis angariSi, sagazeTo
statia, saeklesio da saqmiani Canawerebi. istoriuli SedarebebisaTvis aseve
mniSvnelovani wyaroa Zveli sociologTa naSromebi.
Tavis klasikur naSromSi `saxelmwifoebi da socialuri revoluciebi~ Teda
skopolma (Theda Skocpol, 1979) SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebi gaaerTiana. imis
gamo, rom revoluciebi arc ise xSirad xdeba, mas istoriuli SemTxvevebi unda gamo
eyenebina. skopols ar surda mxolod erTi SemTxvevis safuZvelze gaekeTebina gan
zogadeba da amitom gansxvavebul kulturul da istoriul garemoebebSi momxdari
sami revolucia airCia. SedarebaTa saSualebiT mas surda aRmoeCina, ra saerTo hqo
nda am revoluciebs da ra ganasxvavebda warumatebeli revoluciebisagan.
skopolma namdvili sociologiviT daiwyo: gansazRvra Sesaswavli movlena – am
SemTxvevaSi, socialuri revolucia. `ajanyebuli klasis mier ganxorcielebuli
sazogadoebis mdgomareobisa da Sesabamisi klasis struqturis swrafi, safuZv
liani transformacia~ (Skocpol, 1979, gv. 33). am gansazRvris Tanaxmad, socialuri
revolucia moiTxovs rogorc politikuri institutebis (saxelmwifo struqtu
ris), aseve ekonomikuri institutebis (klasis struqturis anu dovlaTisa da sa
kuTrebis ganawilebis) Zireul transformacias. Coup d’état, romelSic erTi to
talitaruli mmarTveli meores cvlis; ajanyeba, romelic yoveldRiur rutinas
anadgurebs, magram arsebiTi cvlileba ver moaqvs; an iseTi `revoluciuri~ cvli
leba, rogoricaa industrializacia, romelic ver cvlis politikur struqtu
ras, mocemul mkacr kriteriums ar Seesabameba.
skopoli unaklo istoriul ambavs rodi eZebda movlenaTa detaluri aRweriT.
piriqiT, is socialuri revoluciis ganzogadebis unaris mqone mizezobriv Teorias
eZebda. am miznis misaRwevad skopolma analizis SedarebiTi meTodologia gamoi
yena sami revoluciis saerTo da gamorCeuli elementebis dasadgenad. amas garda,
skopolma es sami warmatebuli socialuri revolucia sxva istoriul situaciebs
Seadara, roca warumatebelma revoluciebma ver SeZles sazogadoebis politikuri
da ekonomikuri struqturebis arsebiTi Secvla.
skopolma sami warmatebuli SemTxvevis _ safrangeTis, ruseTisa da CineTisa
– calkeuli elementebi gansazRvra. gamonaklisi iyo warumatebeli revoluciebi:
(1) avtokratuli (anu diqtatoruli) monaqriis damxoba, romelic saerTaSoriso
wnexTan da krizisTan saxelmwifo meqanizmis gamklavebis uunarobiT iyo gamowveu
li; (2) glexobis masobrivi amboxi, rogorc uSualo da windauxedavi faqtori; (3)
elitas Soris konfliqtebi Zveli damxobili reJimis (romelic winamorbediviT
gardauvalad centralizebuli xdeboda) nangrevebze axali saxelmwifo struq
turis Camoyalibebis Taobaze. am dakvirvebebma safuZveli Seuqmna mis Teoriul
daskvnas, rom socialuri revoluciis warmateba an kraxi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo
Si arsebuli struqturuli problemebiT ganisazRvreba da ara revolucionerTa
ideologiiTa da qmedebiT.
90
kvlevis sxva proeqtebis msgavsad, skopolis mier socialuri revoluciebis
Seswavla im uwyveti mcdelobebis nawilia, romelsac dasasruli ara aqvs. socia
luri samyaros Secnoba mraval sxvadasxvagvar meTods, perspeqtivasa da Teorias
moiTxovs, aseve saWiroa, mkvlevarebma, rogori gamorCeulebic ar unda iyvnen,
aRiaron, rom momavalma kvlevebma SesaZloa kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenon an Secva
lon maTi daskvnebi. skopolis erT-erTma moswavlem jek goldstonma (1991w.) aT
wleulebis Semdeg igive SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi gamoiyena socialuri rev
oluciebis Sesaswavlad. man axali cvladebi da axali SemTxvevebi miamata da axal
daskvnamde mivida _ mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrda xSirad saxelmwifo
krizisisa da revoluciis mizezi xdeba.
mecniereba yovelTvis siaxleebzea orientirebuli da ara dadgenil WeS
maritebebze. amis gaxseneba sociologebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radgan socialuri samyaro, romelsac isini swavloben, adamianuri aqtivobebis
Sedegia. socialur samyaros aramarto sxvadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT, aramed is
icvleba kidec.
Sejameba
91
8. arsebobs sociologiuri kvlevis ori ZiriTadi tipi: raodenobrivi analizi,
romelic statistikas efuZneba da xarisxobrivi analizi, romelic verbalur
aRweras efuZneba.
9. anketireba mosaxleobis farTo jgufis Sesaxeb monacemTa Segrovebis siste
maturi gzaa, roca SerCeul jgufs kiTxvebs vusvamT. reprezentaciuli nimu
Si mTeli mosaxleobis socialur Taviseburebas asaxavs. SemTxveviTi SerCevis
dros mosaxleobis nebismier wevrs arCevis erTnairi Sansi aqvs. anketirebis
pasuxebze SesaZloa gavlena kiTxvis wyobam, kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobam da pa
suxebis dasaSvebma formebma iqonios.
10. sociologiaSi SedarebiT iSviaTi eqsperimentebis dros sxvadasxva cvladis
gavlenis gamosacalkeveblad mkvlevari subieqtebs specialurad Seqmnil da
kontrolirebad mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. laboratoriul eqsperimentSi xe
lovnurad Seqmnil pirobebSi sociologebi frTxilad marTaven adamianebs.
savele eqsperimentSi mkvlevari subieqtebis garemoSi kontrolirebadi cv
lilebebis realur gavlenas swavlobs.
11. eTnografiuli Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufebs yoveldRiur garemoSi ak
virdebian, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. sociologebma Sei
Zleba gaamxilon an ara, rom mkvlevarebi arian da monawileoba miiRon an ara
jgufur aqtivobebSi.
12. Sinaarsis analizi komunikaciis manifesturi da latenturi Sinaarsis siste
maturi organizebisa da Sejamebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
13. SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs sociologebs, aRmoaCinon is zogadi
formebi, romlebic ar aris damaxasiaTebeli erTi sociluri jgufis an kat
egoriis, an erTi sazogadoebisa da droisaTvis. amgvari kvlevis dros Sesa
Zloa Sedarebul iqnes sxvadasxva qveynebisa da kulturebisa da sxvadasxva
periodebis monacemebi. saerTaSoriso, anu kros-kulturuli kvleva glo
balizaciis gamo ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba: msoflios xalxebs So
ris sul ufro da ufro mWidro urTierTobebi myardeba. istoriuli kvleva
mniSvnelovania iSviaTi da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare movle
nebis Sesaswavlad.
14. xSirad sociologebi strategiaTa kombinacias _ magaliTad, SedarebiT-is
toriul analizs iyeneben iseTi arsebiTi sakiTxebis sakvlevad, rogoricaa
socialuri revoluciebi.
imsjeleT
92
5. daasaxeleT efeqtiani anketis Sesadgenad saWiro romelime rCeva.
6. CamoTvaleT sakiTxebi, romelTa Sesaswavlad saukeTesoa Semdegi ZiriTadi
meTodebi: anketireba, eqsperimenti, eTnografia, istoriuli kvleva, Sinaar
sis analizi, SedarebiTi meTodebi da kros-kulturuli kvlevebi.
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
93
damokidebuli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori, romelzec eqsperimentis dros gav
lenas axdens erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladi.
egoisturi TviTmkvleloba _ durkheimis termini iseTi TviTmkvlelobis aRsa
niSnavad, romelic socialuri izolaciisa da individualizmis Sedegia.
eTnografiuli kvleva _ romlis drosac mecnierebi adamianebs TavianT yovel
dRiur garemoSi, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivad akvirdebian.
eqsperimenti _ kvlevis meTodi, roca subieqtebs specialurad Seqmnil garemo
Si akvirdebian. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gaakontrolon faqtorebi,
romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonios Sesaswavl cvladebs Soris hipoTezur
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze. eqsperimentis Catareba SesaZlebelia labora
toriaSi da savele garemoSi.
fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba _ TviTmkvleloba im mizniT, rom adamianma Tavi
daaRwios gardauvlad mZime momavals.G
globalizacia _ procesi, romlis ZaliTac mTeli msoflios xalxebs Soris
mWidro urTierTkavSirebi ibmeba.
istoriuli kvlevebi _ warsulis movlenebis, cxovrebis wesisa da cvlilebaTa
formebis sociologiuri kvleva.
hipoTeza _ sacdeli debuleba, romelic winaswarmetyvelebs, ra urTierTgav
lena an kavSiri eqneba or an met cvlads.
damoukidebeli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori, romelzec eqsperimentis dros
gavlenas axdens erTi an meti damokidebuli cvladi.
indikatori _ is, rac SesaZloa zustad gaizomos, rogorc ufro rTuli cvladis
aproqsimacia (miaxloeba).
interviu _ saubari, romlis drosac mkvlevari sxva adamians usvams kiTxvaTa se
rias an msjelobs garkveul Temaze.
saSualo _ saSualo maCvenebeli, romelic monacemTa seriis cifrebis SekrebiT
da miRebuli jamis monacemTa raodenobaze gayofiT miiReba.
mediana _ ricxvi, romelic cifrTa rigis SuaSia.
meTodologia _ kvlevis warmarTvis procedura.
mniSvneloba _ cifri, romelic monacemTa seriaSi yvelaze xSirad Cndeba.
operaciuli gansazRvreba _ naTlad gansazRvruli indikatorebis nakrebi,
romelmac analizis dros erT-erTi cvladi unda warmoadginos.
populacia _ kvlevis dros im adamianTa mTliani raodenoba, romlebsac Sesas
wavli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebT.
xarisxobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic konkretuli SemTxvevis Rrmad Sesas
wavlad ZiriTadad verbalur aRweraze, pirveli xelis (pirvelad) dakvirve
bebze an aRwerazea damokidebuli.
raodenobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic monacemTa statistikur analizs
emyareba.
SemTxveviTi meTodi _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic dros nimuSis arCeva imgvarad
xdeba, rom Sesaswavli populaciis nebismier wevrs arCevis Tanabari Sansi
aqvs.
94
sandooba _ erTi da imave an sxva mkvlevaris mier ganmeorebiTi kvlevis dros
miRebuli Sedegebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
nimuSi _ Sesaswavli populaciidan adamianTa SezRuduli raodenobis arCeva mo
cemuli populaciis warmomadgenlebad.
meoreuli analizi _ kvleva, romelic wina kvlevaTa Sedegad miRebul monacemTa
xelaxal analizs axdens.
moCvenebiTi korelacia _ or cvlads Soris korelacia, romelsac gamoxatuli
mizezobrivi safuZveli ara aqvs.
standartuli gadaxra _ statistikuri sazomi imisa, ramdenad Sordeba aRricx
uli nimuSi saSualo an sxva centralur maCvenebels.
anketireba _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic kiTxvarebs an interviuebs, an orives er
Tad iyenebs imis dasadgenad, rogor fiqroben, ganicdian da moqmedeben ada
mianebi. kargi anketirebisas maRali sandoobisa da validobis misaRwevad Sem
TxveviT nimuSebsa da winaswar gamocdil kiTxvebs iyeneben.
validoba _ xarisxi imisa, rogor SeuZlia mecnierul kvlevas imis gazomva, ris
gazomvasac cdilobs.
cvladi _ nebismieri faqtori, romelsac cvlileba SeuZlia.
95
96
nawili II
individi da sazogadoeba
97
98
Tavi 3
socialuri urTierTqmedebis
struqtura
pirveladi urTierTobebi
. megobrebi da Seyvarebulebi
interaqcia samsaxurSi
. kavSirebi
. normebi da SeTanxmebuli wesebi
. qvejgufebi organizaciebSi
. lideroba da samuSao adgilis kultura
99
socialuri interaqciis struqturis axsna
. simboluri interaqcia
. dramaturgiuli midgoma
. eTnomeTodologia
. saubris analizi
. socialuri gacvla
. emociebis sociologia
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: seqsi amerikaSi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
amerikelebi tokioSi: gasaubrebis mniSvneloba
100
s eqsi yvelgan aris. amerikaSi seqsualuroba gamovlenilia popularuli
rok- musikis teqstebsa Tu videofilmebSi, mxatvrul filmebsa Tu satele
vizio warmodgenebSi da Tan sdevs TiTqmis yvelafers. mas vxvdebiT Jurnal–
gazeTebis daTvalierebisas. is aris leitmotivi `Toq Souebisa~ da satelevizio
serialebisa, Cndeba kibersivrceSi. SeiZleba ifiqro, rom amerikaSi dRe da Rame
yvela `amas akeTebs~.
SesaZlebelia, rom Cveni religiuri moZRvrebis mixedviT vicodeT, rom seq
si aris codva da is daSvebulia mxolod qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis mizanic
gamravlebaa. SeiZleba seqsze vifiqroT, rogorc iseT bunebriv fiziologiur moT
xovnilebasa Tu instinqtze, rogoric aris SimSili da wyurvili, romelic unda dai
kmayofilo. an Cven SegviZlia mivyveT froidiseul mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac
seqsi hgavs dauokebel cxens, romelic awyvetili miqris da misi sakuTari `me~ mud
miv WidilSia daokebasTan. am mimarTulebiT zedmeti kontroli iwvevs daTrgunvas.
piradi gamocdilebebi xSirad sakmaod sxvadasxvagvaria. Cveni kultura Sesa
Zlebelia, rom seqsis reklamirebas akeTebdes, magram bevri adamianisaTvis seqsi
aris intimuri, Zalze piraduli. igi SeiZleba, rom hormonebiT imarTebodes, ma
gram ar modis bunebrivad. mozardebis pirvel seqsualur urTierTobebSi sakma
od aris eqsperimentuli Ziebis SemTxvevebi. axalgazrdebisTvis saukeTeso seqsi
SeiZleba `komfortuli~ ufro iyos, vidre kataklizmuri. magram iSviaTad vsau
brobT seqsze, gansakuTrebiT ki _ Cvens partniorebTan.
sociologebisaTvis seqsi aris mxolod erTi forma mravali, rogorc wesi,
Zalze piraduli, magram dRemde arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis socialurad Ca
moyalibebuli formebidan. socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebi qmnis Sesa
Zleblobas seqsisaTvis, imisaTvis, rasac Cven erotikulad miviCnevT, visac vuax
lovdebiT, Cveni molodinisaTvis, imisaTvis, rasac vakeTebT faqtobrivad da ra
Sexedulebac gvaqvs masze. seqsis bevri aspeqti, rasac `mxolod bunebis~ boZebu
lad vTvliT, faqtobrivad aris Cveni kulturisa da drois gamoZaxili. meCvidmete
saukunis evropaSi eqimebi qalis orgazms normad da Cveul movlenad miiCnevdnen;
qalebs, visac hqonda daorsulebis problemebi, urCevdnen, rom ufro xSirad
hqonodaT orgazmi. mecxramete saukuneSi ki qalebis orgazmi CaiTvala uCveulo
da aranormalur movlenad. eqimebis (romelTaganac yvela mamakaci iyo) msjelo
bis sagnad iqca sakiTxi _ arsebobda Tu ara es movlena saerTod. meoce saukuneSi
medikosebma `Tavidan aRmoaCines~ mdedrobiTi sqesis orgazmi, magram amasTanave
daaskvnes, rom misi `miRweva~ sakmaod did sirTules warmoadgenda da gaavrceles
rCeva gaumjobesebuli teqnikis Sesaxeb (lakeri, 1990 w.).
kulturuli codna seqsis Sesaxeb sakmaod meryeobs. dasavleTis medikosebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tvlidnen, rom masturbacia, sxva darRvevebTan erTad,
iwvevs xalebs, gamonayars, xelis gulebis Tmianobas, sibrmavesa da SeSlilobas.
aseTi mosazrebebi dRes ignorirebulia. gansxvavebuli kulturis xalxs gansx
vavebuli gemovneba aqvs seqsualuri partnioris sakiTxSi. maSin, rodesac Taname
drove amerikuli kultura aidealebs TiTqmis mamakacis msgavsi figuris mqone
qalebs, dasavleTafrikeli mamakacebi, adreuli xanis evropelebis msgavsad, upi
101
ratesobas aniWeben ufro msxvil, formian qalebs. yvela kulturaSi seqsualur
urTierTobebSi aris zogi ram miuRebeli, zogi ki _ misaRebi. magaliTad, Cvens
qveyanaSi miRebulia iseTi saxis urTierToba, rodesac mamakaci ufrosia qalze,
xolo rodesac piriqiT aris anu mamakaci qalze umcrosia, es naklebad misaRebia.
zogierT kulturaSi ukanono seqsi SesaZlebelia, rom Zalian mkacrad daisajos,
calkeul SemTxvevebSi ganxilvis sagnad iqces an institucionalizebulic ki
iyos. igive SeiZleba iTqvas homoseqsualizmTan dakavSirebiTac.
ojaxuri da naTesauri sistemis mTavari funqciaa seqsualuri aqtivobis reg
ulireba, raTa bavSvebisaTvis uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTze mzrunveli mSoblebi.
cvlilebebi seqsualuri qcevis modelebSi, rogorebicaa: Tineijerebis orsu
loba, qorwinebamde Tanacxovreba, gaSoreba da xelmeored qorwineba _ mogva
rebuli unda iyos sxva sferoebSi: saskolo programebSi Tineijeri dedebisaTvis,
kanonebSi, romlebic exeba araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi myofi partniorisaT
vis alimentis dawesebas, gacnobis saagentoebSi da `personalur~ grafebSi, aseve
didi mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili ojaxebis aRiarebas.
SesaZlebelia, seqsi Zalismieri iaraRi gaxdes. mamakacebis seqsualuri Za
ladobis faqtebi qalebis _ ucxoebis, meZavebis, Seyvarebulebisa Tu colebis
mimarT, kargad aris cnobili mraval kulturasa da sxvadasxva droSi. magram
ZaladobaSi xSirad ar igulisxmeba fizikuri Zala. Cvens sazogadoebaSi mamak
acebi garkveulwilad dRemde iTvlebian seqsis iniciatorebad, qalebma ki, sanam
`danebdebian~, mosalodnelia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwion an saerTod Tavi Seika
von. zogierTi mamakaci Tvlis, rom mas aqvs ufleba cols mosTxovos seqsualuri
urTierToba sadac unda da rogorc unda. Tanasworuflebianobis momxreebis
urTierTobebSic ki wyvilebi TamaSoben Zalismier TamaSebs, gacnobierebulad
Tu gaucnobiereblad iyeneben (an uaryofen) seqss upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad,
mSvidobis dasamyareblad an raime dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.
partniorebis SerCeva da gamodgoma damokidebulia socialur struqturaze.
warmoidgineT Tqveni saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli klasis diagrama, sadac
yoveli ori adamiani, romlebsac erTmaneTisaTvis odesme mainc ukocniaT, erT
maneTTan xaziT iqnebian dakavSirebulebi. Cven SegviZlia winaswar ganvsazRvroT,
sad wava is xazebi sxva socialuri faqtorebidan. fexburTis varskvlavebi albaT
ufro gundis gulSematkivrebs akoceben (an ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi, paemani eqne
baT), vidre Wadrakis klubis wevrebs. xalxi iswrafvis, rom paemani hqondes Ta
visi rasis warmomadgenlebTan, magram ra Tqma unda, aris gamonaklisebic. xazebis
umetesoba gavlebuli iqneba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris, magram yvela ara. es dia
grama unda aRwerdes socialur qsels _ mosaxleobis wevrebs Soris arsebuli
kavSirebis models.
mosaxleobaSi yvela potenciuri mewyviledan qseli Semofarglavs im xalxs,
vinc faqtobrivad Seesabameba erTmaneTs. rogorc wesi, isini akavSireben erTma
neTTan xalxs, romlebsac aqvT erTi da igive asaki, ganaTleba, rasa, socialuri
klasi da sxva sicialuri maxasiaTeblebi. SeiZleba SegiyvardeT ucxo adamiani
xalxiT savse oTaxSi, magram imis albaToba, rom es oTaxi savse iqneba Tqveni msgavsi
xalxiT _ sakmaod maRalia (levini, 1994 w.).
102
ra Tqma unda, seqsi mxolod erT-erTia mravali saxis socialuri urTierTobe
bidan (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli). am Tavs daviwyebT ameri
kaSi seqsis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilviT. Semdeg gadavalT urTierTqmedebebisa
da urTierTobebis ZiriTad modelebze megobrebs, Seyvarebulebs, ucxoebs da im
xalxs Sorisac ki, romlebic pirispir arasodes ar Sexvedrian erTmaneTs. amis
Semdeg yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT urTierTqmedebebze samuSao adgilebze, sadac
ikveTeba piraduli da sazogado interesebi, xolo Semdeg ki ganvixilavT kompleq
suri organizaciebis struqturas _ rogor xdeba organizaciebis cvlileba da
gavlena xalxis cxovrebaze. Tavs davasrulebT socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
struqturis axsniT.
kvlevis meTodebi
seqsi amerikaSi
1 930-ian wlebSi, rodesac Aalfred kinseim daiwyo seqsSi Tavisi pioneruli kvlevebis Cat
areba, mas egona ( da albaT marTalic iyo), rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs Seikavebda
saubrisagan Tavisi seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. amitom kinseis moxaliseebis imedi hqonda.
moxaliseTa jgufi TviTSerCeuli iyo, visac TiTqos ufro meti interesi aqvs sakiTxTan mimarTe
baSi _ da SesaZlebelia ufro mravalferovani gamocdilebac, vidre farTo sazogadoebas. Ses
aZlebelia isini gulwrfel pasuxebs iZleodnen dasmul SekiTxvebze, magram maTi pasuxebiT ver
moxdeba mTeli sazogadoebis azris gamoxatva. kinseim, seqsualuri qcevis ufro farTo speq
103
triT gasaSuqeblad Semoitana mamakacebi erTi sqesis garemoSi da homoseqsualuri qselebi.
aqedan kinsim miiRo Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac amerikaSi ganusazRvreli raodenobiT arakanon
ieri seqsisa da homoseqsualizmis faqti dafiqsirda. miuxedavad amisa, es Sedegebi ormoci
wlis ganmavlobaSi problematuri rCeboda. faqtobrivad, kinsi nawilobriv aris pasuxismgebe
li im mosazrebis Camoyalibebaze, rom amerikelebi ufro metad `erTobian~, vidre aRiareben am
faqts.
dRemde seqsis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis umetesoba _ dawyebuli masters end jonso
n-is laboratoriuli kvlevebiT da damTavrebuli fleiboiSi (Playboy), redbuqsa (Redbook) da
sxva JurnalebSi ganTavsebuli werilebis mimoxilviT _ moxaliseebis monacemebs eyrdnoba. Sem
deg, 1980-ian wlebSi moxda Sidsis afeTqeba. janmrTelobis dacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi
mixvdnen, rom maT ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi mecnieruli monacemebi imisaTvis, rom ganesazRvraT
Sidsis gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba. konservatorebi mTavrobaSi uxalisod aRiarebdnen SidsTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevaTa SesaZlo mniSvnelobas, magram isini daJinebiT iTxovdnen garkveuli
saxis SezRudvebis dawesebas. janmrTelobis dacvis erovnulma institutebma (NIH) gaakeTes
moTxovna samecniero-kvleviT winadadebebze, romlis teqstic iseTi sifrTxiliT iyo daweri
li, rom sityva seqsic ki arsad ar iyo naxsenebi. eduard laumanma da misma kolegebma waradgines
ramodenime saproeqto winadadeba janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli
mimoxilvisaTvis (NHSLS). janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwifo institutma daamtkica, magram sen
atma uari ganacxada maTi kvlevebis dafinansebaze.
mTavrobis uarSi iyo rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi momentebic. mkvlevarebs hqondaT
SesaZlebloba, rom mieRoT dafinanseba kerZo fondebidan. es ki gulisxmobda, rom mkvlevarebi
ar iyvnen valdebulni SezRuduliyvnen mTavrobis mier damtkicebuli sakiTxebisa da kiTxvebis
gaTvaliswinebiT amasTanave, es niSnavda imasac, rom bevrad ufro mciremasStabiani kvlevis Cat
arebas moaxerxebdnen. mkvlevarebi varaudobdnen 20.000 adamianis gamokiTxvas. samTavrobo da
finansebis dakargvam ki iZulebuli gaxada, es ricxvi 3.500-mde SeemcirebinaT. magram, mTavari
aris is, rogor xdeba modelis SerCeva da ara modelis zoma.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebi iyenebd
nen kargad gamocdil meTods, rasac albaTobiT SerCevas uwodebdnen. muSaobdnen ra Sefasebis
erovnul kvleviT centrTan (NORC), isini iyenebdnen kompiuterebs subieqtebis SemTxveviTi
meTodiT SesarCevad. arc erT kvlevas ar SeuZlia miaRwios imas, rom yvela SerCeul subieqt
Tan xdebodes TanamSromloba, magram, rac ufro metia pasuxebis raodenoba, miT ufro didia re
aluri suraTis miRebis albaToba. janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnulma
mimoxilvam gamoxmaurebis rekordul cifrs miaRwia: im xalxidan, visac daukavSirdnen, xuTidan
oTxi adamiani daTanxmda interviuze.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebi eqsperi
mentis dros iyenebdnen kombinirebul meTods: isini atarebdnen pirispir interviuebs da, amav
droulad, maTve avsebinebdnen konfidencialur kiTxvarebs, romlebic iluqeboda `saidumlo
konvertebSi~. kiTxvarebis Sedgena da Semdgom maTi damuSaveba mTeli xelovnebaa. iman, rogor
aris kiTxvebi Camoyalibebuli, ra formiT aris dasmuli da, agreTve, interviueris maneram Sesa
Zlebelia gavlena iqonios saboloo Sedegebze. janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis
erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufs undoda, rom kiTxvebi ar yofiliyo dawerili teqnikuri eniT, ro
melic bevri adamianisaTvis SeiZLeba gaugebari yofiliyo. amave dros arc slengis gamoyeneba ar
undodaT, romelic maT garkveulwilad daukargavda pativiscemas xalxis TvalSi. magaliTad,
isini iyenebdne oralur seqss, nacvlad filaciisa da kunilingusisa. maT aRmoaCines, rom bevr
adamians uWirda, rom Tavisi eniT aexsna seqsualuri qceva da amitom Seadgines kiTxvebi, rom
lebsac mxolod iseTi konkretuli pasuxebis gacema sWirdeboda, rogorebicaa: `diax~, `ara~,
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`ramdeni~ da `ramdenjer~. miRebuli pasuxebis nawilobriv Semowmebis Semdeg, sadac ufro metad
`socialurad misaRebi~ pasuxebi iyo mocemuli, vidre gulwrfeli, saWiro gaxda, rom zogierTi
SekiTxva sxvadasxvanairi formiT kidev ramdenimejer dasmuliyo.
Zalze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis
erovnul mimoxilvas garantirebuli hqonda konfidencialuroba. respodentebisagan miRebuli
informacia, sadac dafiqsirebuli iyo monacemebi TavianT Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia, rom maTive
sawinaaRmdegod yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metic,
zogi farTomasStabiani kvlevis dros aucilebelia, rom moxdes respodentebis Cawera, rac
qmnis araganzraxuli gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. am mizniT, interviuerebi personalur mona
cemebsa da intervius pasuxebs werdnen calkeul, gansxvavebuli feris formebSi. samsaxuris
TanamSromlebi, romlebsac saqme hqondaT erTi saxis formebTan, arasodes da aranairi Sexeba ar
hqoniaT sxva formebTan. Semdeg identifikatorebic nadgurdeboda. es niSnavda, rom janmrTe
lobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebs ar unda efiqraT kv
levebis gagrZelebis gegmebze, magram SeeZloT daecvaT anonimuroba.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnul mimoxilvas, iseve rogorc sxva
kvlevebs, hqonda gansazRvruli SezRudvebi. SesaZlebelia, respodentebs gadaeWarbebinaT an
saerTod ar eTqvaT raime mniSvnelovani faqti; dasmul kiTxvebze sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
pasuxebi gaecaT, gansakuTrebiT iseTi intimuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, rogoric aris seqsualuro
ba. kvlevebi ganixilaven mxolod imas, ras ambobs xalxi da ara imas, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi.
respodentebma SeiZleba, rom araswori informacia miawodon ara marto interviuerebs, aramed
Tavic ki moityuon raime konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad, informacia imis Ses
axeb, ra sixSiriT mimarTaven masturbacias. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis dacvisa da social
uri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilva iyo mniSvnelovani pirveli nabiji Tanamedrove amerikaSi
seqsualuri qcevisa da damokidebulebis meTodur, samecniero kvlevis sakiTxSi.
105
Zlebelia meore variantic _ mamakaci misma protestma aRagzno kidevac da CaTvala
(arasworad), rom qalsac igive gancda hqonda.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgu
fis daxmarebiT bolo moeRo didi xnis debatebs, romelic exeboda mosazrebas
homoseqsualizmis farTod gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi
oficialuri wyaro gaxldaT 1948 wlis kinsis angariSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, aTidan
erTi amerikeli mamakaci homoseqsualisti iyo. janmrTelobis dacvisa da social
uri cxovrebis erovnulma mimoxilvam aRmoaCina, rom proporcia iyo bevrad ufro
dabali: mamakacebis mxolod 2.8 procentma uwoda Tavs mamaTmavali da qalebis
1.4-ma procentma lesboseli Tu biseqsuali (sqema 3.1). magram miTi 10 procentis
Sesaxeb, mainc ZalaSia. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom? imitom, rom mamaTmav
lebi ZiriTadad cdiloben icxovron niu-iorkSi, san-franciskosa da sxva did qa
laqebSi _ iq, sadac mravalricxovani homoseqsualuri Temebia Tavmoyrili. amis
Sedegad qalaqebSi homoseqsualebis raodenoba didia, xolo soflebSi ki _ cota
(da/an gasaidumloebuli). aseTi geografiuli modeliT SeiZleba aixsnas, ratom
amtkiceben mamaTmavlebis uflebebis damcvelTa jgufebi, rom 10 procenti aris
zusti monacemi (zogierT qalaqSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mimdebare teritoriebze, sa
varaudod asea) maSin, rodesac religiis mimdevrebi (romlebic ufro xSirad so
flebSi cxovroben) Tvlian, rom homoseqsualizmis gamovlena bevrad ufro iSvia
Tia, vidre arsebuli monacemebiT aris dafiqsirebuli. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
bevri adamiani, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis garkveuli momentebiT CarTulia raime
homoseqsualur aqtivobaSi an urTierTobaSi, Tavis Tavs srulebiTac ar miiCnevs
homoseqsualad.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufma
aRmoaCina, rom amerikelebi SedarebiT naklebad TavSekavebulni arian seqsTan da
kavSirebiT. ori mwvave sakiTxi, raze pasuxis gacemazec mudmivad Tavs ikavebdnen,
iyo ojaxis Semosavali da masturbacia. masturbacia Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis
dRemde tabudadebulia. bevri adamiani ganixilavs masturbacias, rogorc cod
vas, Tavisi Tavis kontrolis uunarobas, fiziologiuri an socialuri SeuTavse
blobis simptoms an misaRebs, mxolod garkveuli kategoriis adamianebisaTvis
da gansakuTrebul situaciebSi (ymawvili biWebisaTvis an axalgazrdebisaTvis,
romelTa mSoblebic didi xniT arian saxlidan wasulebi). magram masturbacia jer
jerobiT Cveul movlenad iTvleba. mamakacebis umravlesoba da bevri qali aRniS
navs, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi isini `uSveben~ masturbaciis SesaZleblobas _
magram maTi umetesoba aRniSnavs, rom amis Semdeg isini Tavs damnaSaved Tvlian.
Camoyalibda pasuxebis modeli. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azris Tanax
mad, martoxelebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven masturbacias, vidre daojaxebulebi
an is xalxi, vinc vinmesTan cxovrobs. am mosazrebas amtkicebs is varaudi, rom
TiToeul adamians aqvs garkveuli raodenobis `fiziologiuri moTxovnileba
seqsze~, romelic unda gamovlindes. Tu garkveuli pirovneba ver axerxebs, rom
hyavdes partniori, maSin es pirovneba `mimarTavs~ masturbacias. faqtia, rom amis
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba simarTles Seesabameba: rac ufro xSirad aqvs adamians
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seqsi mis partniorTan, miT ufro iSviaTad mimarTavs masturbacias. `Tu xSirad
gaqvT seqsi, e.i. bevrs fiqrobT masze~ (ganoni, Taimi, 17 oqtomberi, 1994 w., gv. 68).
107
narkomanebi. am kategoriis xalxi cdilobs, rom socialurad da seqsualurad
izolirebuli iyos cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebidan. monogamiis SemTx
vevaSi, rodesac pirovnebebi usafrTxo seqsiT arian dakavebulni, SesaZlebelia,
maRali riskis winaSe aRmoCndnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT socialur qselSi arian
daavadebis matarebeli adamianebi (Tu maTi partniorebi ar arian patiosnebi 100
procentiT). pirovnebebs, romlebsac Tvisufali seqsiT aqvT mravalricxovan
partniorebTan, SesaZlebelia, rom dabali riskis winaSe aRmoCdnen, Tu maT so
cialur qselSi cota adamiania SidsiT daavadebuli. jer kidev aravin ar aris
socialurad daculi. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianTa umetesoba seqsualur
partniors irCevs Tavisi socialuri qselidan, zogi pirovneba mainc riskavs da
sxvagan eZebs partniors, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isini dakavebulni arian
arakanonieri seqsiT (magaliTad, rodesac daqorwinebuli wyvilidan erT-erTs
sxvasTan aqvs urTierToba an biseqsualuri aqtivobis dros). erTjeradi urT
ierTobis akrZalvis mcdelobebma SesaZlebelia, Sidsi SedarebiT ufro dacul
qselSi Seiyvanos. mTavaria is, rom Sidsis virusi pirdapiri gziT gadadis seqsua
luri kontaqtis dros da, radganac seqsi socialurad stuqturirebulia, Sid
sis epidemia socialuri problemaa, romelic ver SeCerdeba mxolod pirovnebis
qcevaze koncentrirebiT. socialuri modelebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaTval
iswinebuli (ix. Tavi 14).
pirveladi urTierTobebi
108
1. mudmivi pirispir urTierTobebi
2. mZafrad gamoxatuli personaluri identifikacia jgufTan
3. mZafrad gamoxatuli kavSiri jgufis wevrebs Soris
4. mravalmxrivi urTierTobebi
5. mdgradobis tendencia
109
tebisaTvis xurdis micema an rigSi dgoma, rom icis, es normebi unda daicvas da
ara imitom, rom mas aqvs piradi kavSirebi sxva xalxTan an raime safasurs elodeba
am saqcielisaTvis. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba warmatebuli iqneba manamde, sanam
ucxoebTan Tavaziani urTierTqmedebisa da gacnobis normebi iqneba mkacri. rode
sac es normebi miviwyebas eZleva an ignorirebulia, maSin Tavazianobis normebi
irRveva da cxovrebis done ecema.
megobrebi da Seyvarebulebi
romantiuli siyvaruli
110
siyvaruls moaqvs bedniereba, tanjva an orive erTad; da siyvaruli STagvagonebs
da gvakeTilSobilebs (skolniki, 1978 w.). miuxedavad amisa, aristokratuli si
yvaruli ar iyo qorwinebis Semadgeneli nawili (braini, 1976 w.). piriqiT, Seyvare
buli adamiani yovelTvis sxvaze qorwindeboda da misi siyvaruli an akrZaluli,
an miuwvdomeli, ganuxorcielebeli fantaziis nayofi iyo. Zalian xSirad es vneba
ar cxreboda. Seyvarebulebi amis Semdeg ara Tu `arasodes aRar iyvnen bedniere
bi~, aramed ganwirulni iyvnen sasikvdilod. zogjer maT sdevnidnen da xSirad
Wkuidanac ki iSlebodnen.
Tavdapirvelad, romantikuli siyvarulis ideologia diTirambebs umReroda
uiRblo varskvlavze dabadebul Seyvarebulebs _ Seyvarebulebs, romelTa urTi
erTobac akrZaluli iyo. aseTi yvelaze cnobili Seyvarebulebi arian romeo da
julieta _ ori mtrulad ganwyobili gvaris Svilebi. es istoria warmoaCens si
yvarulis romantikul mxares, rogorc uZlieres emocias, romelic akavSirebs
or pirovnebas, miuxedavad socialuri da kulturuli normebisa. sociologiuri
ganmartebiT es aris pirovnebis vnebasa da sazogadoebriv wyobas Soris konfron
taciis SemTxveva.
pirdapiri kavSirebi pirovnebebsa da socialur struqturas Soris aris sta
tusebi da rolebi. statusi aris mdgomareoba sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, romelic
gansazRvravs, vin varT Cven sxvebTan mimarTebaSi, da amgvarad ZiriTad rols Ta
maSobs socialuri identurobis Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi. magaliTad, `mSoblis~ sta
tusi gansazRvravs garkveul uflebebsa da valdebulebebs SvilebTan mimarTebaSi.
mSoblebi valdebulni arian daicvan da mouaron Svilebs da aqvT ufleba miiRon
gadawyvetileba Svilebis ganaTlebis, sarwmunoebisa da maTi qmedebebis Taobaze.
amave dros, Svilebs aqvT ufleba, rom daculni da uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mSob
lebis mier da valdebulni arian, rom pativi scen da daemorCilon maT. `mSobeli~
agreTve aris socialuri identuroba, romelic gulisxmobs zrdasrul asaksa da
pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac SeuZlia uTxras sxvebs _ magaliTad, maswavleblebs
_ ras warmoadgens es pirovneba. TiToeul Cvengans erTdroulad bevri statusi
aqvs; pirovnebis yvela statuss, erTad aRebuls, vuwodebT statusebis nakrebs
(status set). amgvarad, mSobeli SesaZlebelia iyos Tavisi colis qmari, Tavisi Tanam
Sromlebis xelmZRvaneli, Tavisi axloblebis megobari da a.S. vinaidan pirovneba
izrdeba da aRwevs garkveul asaks, Sedis skolaSi da amTavrebs mas, eZebs samsaxurs
da icvlis mas, qmnis ojaxs da ganqorwindeba, met-naklebad CarTuli xdeba poli
tikasa da sportSi, amitom misi statusebis simravle icvleba.
roli aris im xalxis qcevasa da damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli kul
turuli molodini, visac ukavia mocemuli pozicia, iseve, rogorc periodu
lad ganmeorebad situaciebTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli principebi. mSobeli
aris socialuri roli. amerikelTa umravlesoba mSoblebisagan elodeba, rom
isini uzrunvelyofen Svilebs sacxovrebliT da zrunaven maT janmrTelobaze.
aseve mSoblebs uyvarT isini da amayoben maTi miRwevebiT (maTi pirveli nabije
biT, warmatebebiT kolejSi). Cvevebi, rogoricaa maTi daZineba, iarebis moSuSe
ba, pampersis gakeTeba da dabadebis dReze saCuqris Cuqeba, exmareba mSoblebs am
111
miznebis miRwevasa da gamoxatvaSi. ra Tqma unda, mSoblebi TavianT rolebs sxva
dasxvagvarad asruleben. gansxvavebul mosazrebebs, romlebic dakavSrebulia
Svilebis gaCenasTan (damokidebuli eTnikasa Tu religiaze), social-ekonomikur
saSualebebTan (Semosavali, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, ganaTleba, komunaluri momsa
xureba) da rolis konfliqtTan (erTmaneTis gadamfaravi moTxovnebi mSoblebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic muSaoben), mivyavarT mSoblis rolis sxadasxvagvarad
ganxorcielebamde.
zogierTi statusi dominirebs. davubrundeT romeosa da julietas: TiToeu
li maTganisaTvis umTavresi statusi _ master statusi (master status), romelic
Crdilavs yvela sxvas _ aris dasaqorwinebeli Svili. egreT wodebuli Cveu
lebrivi roli aris is, rom daemorCilo mSoblebis nebas da daqorwinde, magram
ara ojaxis mtris romelime wevrze (montegebi da kapuletebi). maTi statusis
Sesabamisi rolebis Sesrulebis winaaRmdegobiT, romeo da julieta arRveven
sazogadoebriv wyobas.
romeo da julieta istoriis erTi mimarTuleba aris, rogorc gamafrTxile
beli: rodesac adamianebi TavianT emociebs aZleven srul Tavisuflebas da Ta
vianT rolebs ar asuleben, maSin sazogadoebrivi wyoba gamoxatavs winaaRmdego
bas da, rogorc wesi, imarjvebs. magram Seqspirma, romelmac es nawarmoebi dawera
ramdenime aswleulis Semdeg, rac es istoria moxda, msubuqad Secvala am istoriis
morali: dadebiTi kuTxiT daanaxa sazogadoebas es ganwiruli Seyvarebulebi, maTi
istoria ki _ tragediad. dRes romeo da julietas aRviqvamT, rogorc suleli
ojaxebisa da zedmetad mkacri socialuri sistemis usamarTlo msxverpls. Cveni
kultura pirovnebas socialur valdebulebebze ufro maRla ayenebs.
Cven, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, did mniSvnelobas vaniWebT im statusebs, rasac
CvenTvis virCevT da rasac individualuri ZalisxmeviT vaRwevT. SeZenili sta
tusebi (achieved statuses) aris niSnebi warmatebisa da individualuri miRwevebisa.
(aseTi statusebis magaliTebia kolejdamTavrebuli adamiani, eklesiis diakvani,
saxlis mflobeli da zogierTi dajgufebis lideri). warmomavlobiTi statuse
bi (ascribed statuses) ki, amis sapirispirod, sxvebis mier aris miniWebuli, is xSirad
damokidebulia memkvidrul an biologiur faqtorebze, rogoricaa rasa, sqesi,
asaki da erovneba. warmomavlobiTi statusi xSirad xdeba master-statusebi. mag
aliTad, Tineijerebi (warmomavlobiTi statusi) xSirad saeWvod miiCneven maTi
individualuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebis miuxedavad. coli da qmaric, aseve,
iswrafvian master-statusisaken. radganac qorwineba aseTi mniSvnelovani so
cialuri urTierTobaa, is xazs usvams kulturul gansxvavebas warmomavlobiTsa
da SeZenil statusebs Soris arsebul RirebulebebSi.
112
qorwineba garigebiT
siyvaruli da qorwineba
113
romantiulma siyvarulma versad ver moikida ise fexi, rogorc amerikaSi (lis
tra, 1989 w.). werilebis mixedviT, rac im dros komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualeba iyo,
mecxramete saukunis romantiuli urTierToba TviTgamorkvevisa da Tavisi Tavis
aRmoCenis procesi iyo Seyvarebulebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTSi msjelobdnen
TavianTi `Sinagani mes~ gamovlenisa da `namdvili~ grZnobebis gamoxatvis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. erTis mxriv, aseTi gacvlebis funqcia iyo qorwinebamde wyvilebis
erTmaneTTan Seguebis Semowmeba, Semdegi ki is, rom sasiyvarulo urTierToba emo
ciur gantvirTvas iwvevda saSualo fenis sazogadoebis mamakacebSi da ufro da
ufro metad iyo mosalodneli, rom isini gamoavlendnen TavianT gulgril da gaTv
lil qcevebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mxolod sasiyvarulo urTierTobis dros
SeuZlia mamakacs, rom `iyos is, rac aris~. sasiyvarulo istoria agreTve aris xidi
mamakacisa da qalis samyaroebs Soris arsebul mzard ufskrulze.
amerikaSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi siyvarulis ideam _ gansakuTrebiT
Seyvarebul mamakacebSi _ garkveuli cvlileba daiwyo (sTernsi da nefi, 1993 w.).
mamakacuri siyvarulis `deromantizaciis~ naxva SesaZlebeli iyo esqvairSi (Es-
quire) _ fleibois (PPPlayboy) winamorbedSi. es iyo pirveli Jurnali, romelic spe
cialurad iyo Seqmnili kacebisaTvis, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis. iTvleboda ra
qalebis `tkbili da msubuqi~ Jurnalebis antipodad, esqvairi ilaSqrebda Taname
drove qalebis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac aragonier, Tavqarian, eWvian da wuwuna ar
sebebad Tvlida; aqveynebda statiebs omis, Tavgadasavlebisa da sportis Sesaxeb
(mamakacTa interesis sferoebi); qalebis suraTebs, ara rogorc raime idealebis,
aramed rogorc samomxmareblo saqonlis (manqanebisa da mamakacebis tansacmlis
gverdiT); sasiyvarulo situaciebs ganixilavda, rogorc TavSesaqcevs drois ga
sayvanad da igi sportul interesamde ufro dahyavda, vidre cxovrebis Tanamgza
vris Zebnis Temamde.
esqvairSi asaxuli iyo mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa cva
lebadi urTierTobebi. mecxramete saukunis sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi agebuli
iyo misteriaze: martoxelebi drois umetes nawils atarebdnen sxva martoxeleb
Tan da itanjebodnen ararsebuli siyvaruliT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gogone
bi da biWebi erTmaneTs yoveldRiurad xedavdnen skolaSi; damaluli siyvaruli
da Soridan trfoba saxalxo paemnebiT Seicvala, ramac gamoiwvia pozioroba bi
WebSi da Sejibri gogonebSi. mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis siyvaruli niSnavda `beWebze
dadebas~ (gv. 790).
magram garkveulwilad, kavSiri siyvarulsa da qorwinebas Soris yovelTvis
miTi iyo. maSin, rodesac Cveni kultura mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom xalxma unda
eZebos `mxolod erTaderTi~ da rCeuli ZiriTadad fiziologiuri Sewyobis sa
gania, sociologia gviCvenebs, rom Cveni arCevani ar aris iseTi Tavisufali, ro
gorc gvgonia.
amerikelebi cdiloben, rom daojaxdnen cxovrebis garkveul periodSi, gansa
kuTrebiT adreul asakSi, rodesac yvelaferi uzrunvelad eCvenebaT. Cveni arCev
ani meuRlis Taobaze, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, vis SevxvdebiT am period
Si. SesaZlebelia moxdes ise, rom pirvelive arCevanTan viyoT urTierTSewyobili,
114
romelsac Tineijerobisa Tu Suaxnis asakSi SevxvdebiT. drois SerCevas gadamw
yveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
Cveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, vis vxvdebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, damokide
bulia socialur struqturasa da qselebze, romlebic adre ganvixileT. axalgaz
rdebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic dadian kolejSi da urTierToba aqvT kolejis sxva
studentebTan, didia imis albaToba, rom daqorwindnen amave kategoriis farg
lebSi. es aseve niSnavs, rom didia albaToba vinmes daojaxebisa imave socialur
klasSi (radgan vinc dadis kolejSi da romel kolejSic isini dadian, formird
ebian socialuri klasis saSualebiT).
sociokulturuli msgavseba Tavis mxriv iwvevs `Sewyobis~ grZnobebs. Sesa
Zlebelia, rom gansxvavebuli socialuri da kulturuli warmomavlobis xalx
sac gauCndes erTmaneTisadmi garkveuli grZnobebi, magram maTi urTierTobebis
SenarCuneba Zalian Znelia. erTi da imave warmomavlobis xalxs sxvadasxva sakiTx
Tan dakavSirebiT msgavsi Sexedulebebi aqvs _ magaliTad, bavSvebis gaCenis, poli
tikur orientaciasa da gemovnebis Sesaxeb. msgavseba ganamtkicebs Cvens rwmenasa
da poziciebs da gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom komfortulad vigrZnoT Tavi. amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflad SegviZlia davqorwindeT im pirovnebaze vizec
gvinda, is visac virCevT, damokidebulia sociokulturul msgavsebaze, struqtu
rul SesaZleblobebsa da drois SerCevaze (kalmijini, 1994 w.).
`Seyvarebas~ yovelTvis hqonda praqtikuli mxare. romantikuli siyvarulis
ideologia ar gamoricxavs sxva maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvasac, magram es prio
ritetebis sakiTxia. imis SeswavliT, ras aniWeben partniorebi upiratesobas, si
yvaruli da mimzidveloba pirvel adgils ikavebs dasavleTis yvela sazogadoebaSi
(garda frangi qalbatonebisa, romlebic pirvel adgilze `saimedoobas~ ayeneben)
(busi da sxvebi, 1990 w.). mamakacebi karg garegnobas ufro metad afaseben, vidre qa
lebi, maSin, rodesac qalebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben ambiciasa da gulmodgine
bas. orive sqesi afasebs emociur stabilurobas da srulyofas, sasiamovno ganwyo
bas, ganaTlebasa da inteleqts.
romantikuli siyvaruli garkveul safasurs moiTxovs. im sazogadoebaSi, sa
dac sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi formirebas axdenen qorwinebis mosalodnel
Sedegebze, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre im qveynebSi,
sadac qorwinebebi garigebiT xdeba da pirovnul mimzidvelobas minimaluri mniS
vneloba aqvs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. ufro metic, daqorwinebulTa axlo me
gobroba sxvebTan _ erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebTanac ki _ aRiqmeba qorwinebis
konkurentad da xdeba daZabulobis wyaro (vidre mxardamWeri) im sazogadoebaSi,
romelic aidealebs romantikul siyvaruls.
megobroba
115
leT afrikaSi, megobrobis miniWeba xdeba. mamakacebi, romlebic erTad gaivlian
sasicocxlo ciklis sawyis da sxva formulirebul stadiebs, mosalodnelia, rom
gaxdnen megobrebi da ZiriTadad, es asec xdeba. asakobriv jgufebs aqvT saxelebi da
iseve mniSvnelovnad iTvlebian, rogorc sisxliT naTesavebi da klanebi; Tanatole
bi iyofen yvelafers (TavianTi colebis `seqsualuri stumarTmoyvareobasac~ ki).
Zvel saberZneTSi megobroba `SeZenili~ an arCeuli iyo, da ara miniWebuli.
aristotele da sxvebi aidealebdnen megobrobas, rogorc yvelaze faseul da
wminda saxis urTierTobas (sterni-jileti, 1995 w.). isini mas qorwinebaze bevrad
ufro maRla ayenebdnen. qorwineba ganxiluli iyo, rogorc pragmatuli urTier
Toba, moculi gamravlebisa da saxlis SenarCunebis saWiroebebiT, SeboWili sta
tusebiT (ojaxis ufrosi, coli da deda) da rolis valdebulebebiT. qorwineba
aucilebloba iyo; megobroba _ alali da namdvili megobruli urTierTobebis
TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. mecxramete saukuneSic ki dasavleTis saSualo
fenis sazogadoebis zeda fenebSi mainc prevalirebda megobrobis berZnuli
idealebi.
romantiuli saiyvarulis aRmavlobasTan erTad, megobroba garkveulwilad
daeca. sul gvyavs megobrebi da vafasebT maT, magram ar vaidealebT Cvens ur
TierTobebs maTTan, rasac vakeTebT SeyvarebulebTan. magram SeyvarebulebTan
ar viqceviT ise, rogorc mozardebi. megobroba mozard gogonebs Soris, maTi
gatacebebiT, maradiuli erTgulebis ficiT, aRiarebiTa da eWvianobiT sasiyvar
ulo urTierTobebis msgavsia da namdvilad meordeba zrdasrul asakSic (saimoni,
ederi da evansi, 1992 w.). magram gatacebebi iSviaTad grZeldeba erTi weliwadi,
isini Zalian xanmoklea.
kolejisa da samsaxuris megobrebi TiTqos ufro xSirad rCebian megobrebad
sicocxlis bolomde, vidre bavSvobis megobrebi. magram amerikelTa umeteso
bis cxovrebaSi megobroba ar asrulebs centralur rols, rasac ver vityviT
sxva sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb. amis mizezi nawilobriv gamowveulia struqturiT.
amerikelebi Zalian mobilurebi arian; magaliTad, Cven swavlis periodSi mSob
lebis saxlebidan ki ar davdivarT kolejSi, aramed xSirad gadavdivarT kolejSi
droebiT sacxovreblad, rasac iSviaTad akeTeben evropelebi; Cven, gansxvavebiT
evropelebisagan, sxvadasxva kolejebis SerCevaze ufro vfiqrobT, vidre mego
brebis amorCevaze. gamomdinare am garemoebebidan, bavSvobisa da skolis mego
broba male qreba. amerikelebi, evropelebisagan gansxvavebiT, xSirad TavianTi
sacxovrebeli Temidan samuSaod sxvagan midian da amitom maTi samsaxuris mego
brebi ar arian maTi mezoblebi, rac ufro gaamyardebda maT kavSirebs.
SeerTebul StatebSi megobroba ikavebs gaurkvevel pozicias, rogoric aris
`arainstitucionalizebuli instituti~ (roulinsi, 1992w.). yvela aRiarebs `me
gobris~ statuss, magram pirovnebebma erTmaneTSi TviTon unda moilaparakon,
ra rols Seasruleben erTmaneTis cxovrebaSi. es gulisxmobs garkveuli saxis
kompromisebs _ magaliTad, damoukideblobis survilsa da vinmeze damokidebu
lad yofnis survils Soris (da damokidebulad yofnas), `megobroba megobrobis
gulisaTvis~ idealsa da im realobas Soris, romelic materialur da aramateri
alur sargebelsa da garkveul safasurs gulisxmobs. nacnoboba SesaZlebelia
116
gadaizardos droebiT megobrobaSi, xolo droebiTi megobroba _ axlo megobro
baSi an piriqiT, rac damokidebulia personalur midrekilebebze, sasicocxlo
ciklis stadiasa da socialur mdgomareobebze (magaliTad, zogi qorwindeba an
ganqorwindeba, an gadadis sxvagan).
avstraliaSi, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebis megobroba _ kavSirebi `am
xanagebs~ Soris _ garkveulwilad orazrovan elementebsac Seicavs. amxanagoba
aq adreul asakSi yalibdeba da grZeldeba ara individualuri simpaTiebis gamo,
aramed imitom, rom is Serwymulia avstraliis sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi
(braini, 1976 w.). Tu avstraliel mamakacs daayenebT arCevanis winaSe, ra urCev
nia _ maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri sxva regionSi, Tu amxanagis gverdiT yofna
_ igi aucileblad am ukanasknels airCevs. colebi aRiareben amxanagebis mniSvn
elobas da maT ar ugulebelyofen qorwinebis Semdeg. erTi mizezi imisa, rom amxa
nagoba qorwinebis Tanamdevia, aris is, rom urTierTobebi agebulia sxvadasxva
modelze. avstralieli anTropologis, robert brainis sityvebiT:
`amxanagoba iwyeba mindorSi momuSave ori mamakacis urTierTpativiscemisa da
ndobis safuZvelze, mamakacebisa, romelTa izolacia da urTierTTanamSromlobis
saWiroeba uxmobs ormxrivi daxmarebisaken. urTierTTanamSromloba iyo ZiriTadi
gadarCenisaTvis . . . [da] ndobis mTavari momenti iyo is, rom amxanagebi `erTmaneTis
gverdiT~ unda yofiliyvnen~ (1976 w., gv. 68).
amxanagoba formirdeba erTgulebisa da rwmenis gmiruli idealebiT da ara emo
ciuri siaxlovis romantikuli idealebiT. amxanagebma SesaZlebelia, rom Zalze
cota ram Tqvan, magram maT ician, rom SeuZliaT erTmaneTze dayrdnoba.
gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul StatebSi qalebi ufro Zlier
kavSirebs amyareben, vidre mamakacebi; Cveulebriv qalebi saubroben, mamakacebi
ki ubralod regularulad xvdebian erTmaneTs erTsa da imave adgilas. zogierTi
sociologi (kansiani, 1986, 1987 ww.) Cvens mosazrebas megobrobis Sesaxeb `femi
nizebulad~ Tvlis. es niSnavs, rom megobrobis Zala ganisazRvreba grZnobebis
gamoxatviT anu im TvisebiT, rac qalebs aRmatebulad aqvT. intimurobis `qal
urobis~ standartTan SedarebiT, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa urTierTo
ba ususursa da zedapiruls hgavs.
avstraliasa da SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli modelebis SedarebiT socio
logma barbara bankma (1995 w.) daadgina, rom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qalebi
orive qveyanaSi ufro met Zalisxmevas iCenen sakuTari Tavis aRmoCenasa da si
yvarulis gamovlenis sakiTxSi, vidre mamakacebi. miuxedavad amisa, amerikeli ma
makacebi ufro metad afaseben intimurobas, vidre avstralieli mamakacebi, rac
gvafiqrebs, rom gansxvaveba aris rogorc kulturis, aseve sqesis gamovlinebis
Sedegi. banki aRniSnavs, rom amerikaSi megobrobis `feminizacia~ gadaWarbebuli
iyo. am qveyanaSi mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa megobroba erTgulebis, ndo
bisa da urTierTTanadgomis elementebs moicavs, rac avstraliuri amxanagobis
ganmsazRvreli Tvisebebia; magaliTad, rodesac mamakacebi erTad muSaoben avto
manqanis SesakeTeblad. mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa megobrobis agresiu
li elementebi _ gamaRizianebeli gamowveva, jibri, fizikuri metoqeoba, damci
reba _ xSirad aixsneba, rogorc intimurobis Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi da
117
amgvarad _ megobrobis barierebi. banki amas ar eTanxmeba: sibrazisa da uTanxmoe
bis gamoxatva megobris mimarT Tanadgomisa da rwmenis maRal doneze miuTiTebs.
sxva sociologma, K karen uolkerma, (1994 w.), Caatara interviuebi muSaTa
klasisa da inteleqturi profesiis amerikel wyvilebTan. orive klasis warmo
madgenel qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT Camoyalibebuli stereotipi, rom qalebi
grZnobas ufro win ayeneben, mamakacebi ki upiratesobas qmedebas aniWeben, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ideaSi mainc. Tumca, rodesac kiTxvas svam maTi megobrebis Sesaxeb,
gansxvavebuli suraTi ikveTeba. axlobelTan erTad sportul sanaxaobebze sia
ruls mamakacisaTvis simboluri datvirTva hqonda, magram SedarebiT iSviaTad
xdeboda (weliwadSi erTxel an orjer). maSin, rodesac mamakaci uaryofs mego
brebTan saubris mniSvnelobas, umetesoba ambobs, rom isini intensiurAad sau
brobdnen intimur sakiTxebze. magaliTad isini saubrobdnen imis Sesaxeb, ras
aniWebdnen maTi colebi seqsSi upiratesobas; SobadobasTan dakavSirebul prob
lemebze; saubrobdnen aseve, rogor daxmarebodnen megobrebs sakuTAr grZnobebSi
garkvevaSi, rodesac isini gaSordebodnen TavianT colebs an rodesac `gamoTa
visufldebodnen~ (coming out of the closet).
isev stereotipebis sapirispirod, qalebi siamovnebas iReben mamrobiTi sqe
sis megobrebTan erToblivad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT _ muSaobiT an sa
yidlebsa Tu koncertebze, klubebsa Tu sportul sanaxaobebze erTad siaruli.
inteleqturi profesiis mqone qalebi amboben, rom isini axlo urTierTobaSi
iyvnen TavianT kolegebTan, magram ar siamovnebdaT, rodesac TavianT problemebs
sxvebs axvevdnen Tavs da amitom, intimur sakiTxebs mxolod meuRleebTan ganixi
lavdnen (klasikuri `mamrobiTi~ modeli). bevri guldawyvetiT aRniSnavda, rom
maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ar iyvnen mdedrobiTi sqesis mesaidumleebi. muSa
qalebi naklebad mogzauroben, TiTqmis ar icvlian adgils, ufro iSviaTad muS
aoben mTel ganakveTze an saerTod saxlSi arian TavianT SvilebTan da amitom
erTmaneTTan saubris ufro meti saSualeba aqvT. imave mizezebis gamo, maTi mo
zardebi skolis megobrebi da mezoblebi arian. struqturuli faqtorebi cvlis
aseve wyvilebis erTobliv socialur cxovrebas. inteleqturi profesiis mqone
wyvilebi ufro met xalxs icnoben, magram ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom
ganaviTaron Zlieri, mWidro, xangrZlivi megobruli kavSirebi, rac mTavar da sta
bilur rols asrulebs maT cxovrebaSi. muSaTa klasis naklebmobilur qalebsa da
mamakacebs cota megobari hyavT, magram isini maT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi icnoben
da ufro xSirad naxuloben.
megobrobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba cxovrebis bolo periodSi
(o’konori, 1995 w.). axalgazrda da saSualo asakis mozardebi CarTulni arian mra
vali saxis urTierTobebSi (maT meuRleebTan, SvilebTan, mSoblebTan, TanamSrom
lebTan da sxv.) da maTTvis megobroba garkveulwilad damatebiTi urTierTobaa,
romelic Tavisufal dros aRiniSneba. asakovan adamianebs naklebad aqvs aseTi
saxis urTierTobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg. aqedan gamom
dinareobs, rom megobroba aris aucilebeli socialuri kavSiris SesanarCune
blad (jonsoni da troli, 1994 w.). maTi zrdasruli Svilebisagan gansxvavebiT,
asakovani xalxi megobrebis wreSi ufro metad erToba, vidre ojaxis wevrebTan
118
(romelTa Zalisxmevac SesaZlebelia maT Semawuxebelad da damamcirebeladac ki
moeCvenoT).
Tumca, moxucebulebi garkveul problemebs awydebian megobrobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. isini, vinc rCeba gareubnebsa Tu samezobloebSi, sadac yvela, vi
sac icnobdnen an wavida an gardaicvala, eqcevian izolaciaSi. isini ki vinc icvlis
sacxovrebels _ Tbili klimatis adgilebisaken, pensionerTa Temebis an TavianT
SvilebTan axlos _ xalxTan damegobreba Tavidan unda daiwyon. rac dro gadis, miT
ufro met megobars kargavs adamiani. am dros axlo megobrebis SeZena SeiZleba dam
Trgunvelic ki iyos, gansakuTrebiT im qvrivebisaTvis, romelTa colebic maT so
cialur cxovrebas marTavdnen. moxucebul adamianTa susti janmrTeloba xSirad
uSlis xels maT megobrebis monaxulebaSi. moxucebulebi am SezRudvebs sxvadasx
vanairad agvareben (jonsoni da troli, 1994 w.). bevri megobris cnebas avrcelebs
nacnobebsa da maT momvlelebze da am dros isini nakleb Zalisxmevas iCenen emo
ciur intimurobasa da ormxriv urTierTobebze (rogoric aris saCuqrebis Cuqeba
erTmaneTisaTvis). maT urTierToba aqvT werilebis, satelefono saubrebisa da,
ufro da ufro metad, eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT.
119
ki ar gvboWavs, aramed es aris Cveni urTierTdamokidebuleba, rac gvinarCunebs
aseTi saxis kavSirebSi~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 7).
ucxoebi
120
maT gansxvavebuli urTierToba aqvT TviTmfrinavis momsaxure personalTan
(romlebic Tvlian, rom isini xSiri mogzaurebi arian) da ufro xSirad esaubre
bian erTmaneTs, vidre dedebs, romlebic bavSvebs mwyemsaven an grZelTmian axal
gazrda kacebs, romlebsac xelSi gitara uWiravT. rodesac mgzavrobisas saqmiani
adamianebi saubroben, isini exebian ramdenime ZiriTad Temas, magaliTad spor
tis, biznesis, kinosa da televizias. gamoikvlio mosaubris politikuri Sexed
uleba, piradi cxovreba an religuri mrwamsi, cud tonad iTvleba. zogadad, isi
ni ekiTxebian erTmaneTs, saidan arian, ra saxis saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni,
romel kompaniaSi muSaoben da, SesaZlebelia ikiTxon, romel kolejsa Tu biznes
_ skolaSi swavlobdnen. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, isini cdiloben aRmoaCinon
raime saerTo (`oh, gana Tqven samxreT kaliforniis universitetSi ar swavlob
diT? icnobdiT bil martins?~). mokled, gvaqvs kulturuli normebi ucxoebTan
urTierTobisaTvis _ Cven veZebT Cvens msgavs xalxs; saubris dros vexebiT uwy
inar Temebs da varkvevT, ra statusi aqvs am ucxoebs da varT Tu ara maTTan rai
meTi dakavSirebulni.
TanamSromloba da ndoba
Tqven marto xarT ucxo qalaqis bnel da ukacriel quCaSi da gindaT, rom
fuli gamoitanoT bankomatidan. rodesac moaTavsebT baraTs bankomatSi, guli
baga-bugs iwyebs. . . SiSi, rasac ganvicdiT garkveul situaciebSi, xazs usvams ndo
bis im maRal xarisxs, rasac xSirad ganvicdiT. telefoniT veubnebiT telemaRa
ziis gamyidvels sakredito baraTis nomers; Svilebs skolaSi vayolebT mZRols,
romelsac arasodes ar SevxvedrivarT; vaZlevT avtomobilis gasaRebs manqanebis
gasaCerebeli adgilis meTvalyures da mivdivarT. maSasadame, Cveni ndobis faq
tori kargad muSaobs.
xSirad gvesmis sazogadoebriv adgilebSi kriminalis Sesaxeb, gvainteresebs
Tvalyuri mivadevnoT, ra sixSiriT urTierToben ucxoebi. devid brauni (1995 w.) aR
wers rigs bankSi. rodesac ramdenime adamiani erTsa da imave dros midis bankSi, isini
qmnian rigs da elodebian TavianT jers. gamocdilebidan da dakvirvebidan viciT,
rom rigi aris mizanmimarTuli; is gvexmareba mravalricxovani momxmareblisa da
bankis mcirericxovani molareTa urTierTobis problemis gadalaxvaSi; da `sab
olood is. . . yvelasaTvis muSaobs~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 24).
sagangebo situaciebSic ki, rodesac mosalodnelia, rom xalxma mxolod Ta
vis Tavze izrunos, TanamSromloba ufro maRla dgas (brauni, 1995 w.). 1993 wels,
rodesac niu-iorkSi msoflio savaWro centri afeTqda, adgilobrivi policiis
marTvis centri, romelic sagangebo situaciebisaTvis iyo Seqmnili, teroristTa
afeTqebis Sedegad daingra. aTasobiT ucxo adamiani SeTanxmebulad axorcieleb
da evakuacias. sainteresoa, rogor xorcieldeboda es. Catarebuli interviuebiT
gairkva, rom `namdvili ucxoebi~ erTmaneTs exmarebodnen, ixsenebdnen ra skola
Si naswavls sagangebo situaciebis Sesaxeb, TviTmfrinavSi usafrTxoebis wesebs,
romlebisTvisac arasodes ar miumarTavT da teleprogramebSi nanax situaciebs,
121
rogor unda moiqce sagangaSo situaciaSi. maTi qceva ar iyo SemTxveviTi; erTo
blivma normebma SesaZlebeli gaxada aseTi aSkara spontanuri koordinacia.
umetesad ucxoebTan Cveni urTierTqmedeba an emociurad neitraluria an
megobruli. rasakvirvelia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri cxovreba
moiTxovs sabaziso ndobis dones im xalxs Soris, romlebic ar arian CarTulni mim
dinare socialur urTierTobebSi (fukuiama, 1995 w.). saxalxo geto gviCvenebs, ra
xdeba, rodesac sabaziso ndoba qreba. ojaxi, megobrebi da axlo mezoblebi erTma
neTs aqceven yuradRebas, magram sazogadoebrivi ndoba ikargeba. maRaziis mflo
belebi ayeneben tyviagaumtar minebs maTsa da momxmareblebs Soris; xalxi umetes
dros saxlSi atarebs; visac SesaZlebloba aqvs, tovebs iqaurobas. maT ki, visac
ar SeuZliaT, unda aitanon quCis kanonebi, romlebic ukeTesia arsebobdes, vidre
saerTod ar iyos. ironiulad rom vTqvaT, rac ufro met adamians eSinia quCisa da
saxlidan ar gamodis, miT ufro saSiSi xdeba quCa. kampaniebi, romlebic imarTeba
deviziT _ `davibrunoT quCebi~ _ aris organizebuli mcdeloba, raTa bolo moe
Ros izolacias da gamococxldes sazogadoebrivi cxovreba.
konfliqti
122
mianebs. maSvelTa razmebi, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, nebayoflobiT daxmarebas
uwevdnen 1995 wels oklahomaSi federaluri Senobis afeTqebis Sedegad dazara
lebulebs _ keTili samaritelis tradicia ar gamqrala.
123
korporaciisa da mewileebis fulis dazogvisaken. miuxedavad amisa, mTavari aR
masrulebeli direqtori socialur qmedebebsac mimarTavs, akeTebs ra erT saqmes
ufro enTuziazmiT, vidre meores, raki icis, rom misi qmedeba gamoiwvevs zemoq
medebas uamrav adamianze.
msgavsi situaciaa mewarmis SemTxvevaSi, romelic agrZelebs saxifaTo pro
duqtis gayidvas. 1970-ian wlebsa da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, a. h. robinsi
agrZelebda dalkon Sildis ginekologiuri spiralis gayidvas mas Semdegac ki,
rodesac cnobili gaxda, rom saSoSi am spiralis Cadgma iwvevda seriozul infeq
ciasa da zogjer _ uSvilobasac ki. ufro mogvianebiT diu ponti da sxva mwarmoe
blebi agrZelebdnen mkerdis implantantebis gayidvas, miuxedavad braldebisa,
rom isini saxifaTo iyo janmrTelobisaTvis. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi korporaciis
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi axorcielebdnen qmedebebs, romlebsac zemo
qmedeba hqondaT aTasobiT ucxo adamiani. mxolod sasamarTlo procesebis Sem
deg, romlebmac maT daakisres kompensaciis gadaxda, am korporaciebma aRiares,
rom maTi qmedeba moicavda socialur urTierTobebs momxmareblebTan _ da so
cialur pasuxismgeblobas.
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba ojaxTan, megobrebTan, TanamSromlebTan da
ucxoebTanac ki, ver gvamzadebs arapirdapiri urTierTobebisaTvis (kalhouni,
1992 w.). Cven vagrZelebT fiqrsa da qmedebas ise, TiTqos aseTi urTierTobebi iyo
pirdapiri da personaluri; gvavs siZneleebi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs araperson
alur socialur ZalebTan da urTierTobebTan.
jerjerobiT, arapirdapiri urTierTobebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda iseTi
msxvili socialuri organizaciebis Seqmna, rogorebicaa Tanamedrove mTavrobe
bi, bizneskorporaciebi da universitetebi. rom gavigoT, ras warmoadgens Taname
drove samuSao adgilebi da socialuri institutebi, gvWirdeba gaviazroT, ro
gor Tanaarseboben pirovnebaTaSorisi pirispir urTierTobebi arapersonalur,
arapirdapir urTierTobebTan. sadac ar unda vmuSaobdeT _ `jeneral motors
Si~, ai-bi-em-sa Tu SeerTebuli Statebis jarSi, Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba
efuZneba pirdapir urTierTobebs TanamSromlebTan, momxmareblebTan, klien
tebTan da sxv. magram Cveni saqmianobis mizani, organizaciis struqtura, rogorc
erTi mTlianisa, da kariera didwilad damokidebulia im xalxis qmedebebze,
visTanac Cven mxolod arapirdapiri urTierTobebi gvakavSirebs.
interaqcia samsaxurSi
124
rom is pirvel adgilze ayenebs xelfass, rogorc muSaobis mizezs. isini siamovne
bas iReben TavianTi samsaxurebidan imitom, rom maT moswonT urTierTobebi.
xSirad megobroba samsaxurSi viTardeba. rodesac Zalian datvirTulni ar
varT samsaxurSi, Sesvenebebze, sadilze an samsaxurisaken mimaval gzaze, iqm
neba saubrisa da aseve mravali saerTo interesisa Tu sasaubro Temis gamonaxvis
SesaZlebloba, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli samsaxurTan (SesaZlebelia maT hyavT
erTi asakis bavSvebi, romlebsac ueWvelia, rom raRac saerTo eqnebaT). miliono
biT adamiani, visac ar hyavs vinme, visTanac SeuZlia saxlSi mivides an saxlSi marto
cxovrobs, samsaxurSi uaxlovdeba sul mcire erT TanamSromels mainc. masTan isini
ganixilaven pirad gasaWirs, iTvaliswineben mis mosazrebebs mniSvnelovani gadaw
yvetilebebis miRebisas da mas samsaxuridan socialurad ganyenebulad Tvlian
(marqsi, 1994 w.).
faqtobrivad megobrebs samsaxurSi vpoulobT. megobrebi, ojaxi da nacno
bebi ki gvexmarebian samsaxuris moZebnaSi. dawyebuli gasaubrebebidan, romlebic
samsaxurSi misaRebad tardeba, damokidebulni varT sakuTar unarze, anu ucxo
pirovnebebTan urTierTqmedebis Cvensave unarze. ramdenad kargad varTmevT Tavs
am socialur process, SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovani iyos Cvens misaRebad sam
saxurSi, rogorc ganaTleba, piradi gamocdileba da rekomendaciebi. samsaxurSi
misaRebad Catarebuli gasaubrebebi ganawilebis mxriv araerTgvarovania: gasau
brebaze misuli pirovneba gansasjelia, xolo gamsaubrebeli ki _ mosamarTle an
nafici msajuli. gasaubrebaze misuli unda iyos Tavaziani da mowiwebuli; gam
saubrebeli unda Semoifarglebodes samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT da
ar unda hqondes mcdeloba, rom gamoikvlios gasaubrebaze mosuli pirovnebis
piradi cxovreba Tu politikuri an religiuri mrwamsi. Tumca, is verbaluri in
formacia, rasac isini erTmaneTSi cvlian, aris mxolod `testis~ nawili. yvela
urTierTqmedeba, romelic ucxosTan gvaqvs, moicavs swrafi Sefasebebis gakeTe
bas, rac damokidebulia garegnobaze, Cacmulobaze, metyvelebasa da manerebze.
gasaubrebaze dagvianebiT misvlam (am SemTxvevaSi kargia bodiSis moxda mainc),
arasaTanado Cacmulobam an zedmetad Tavisufalma qcevam SesaZlebelia, rom gas
aubrebis dawyebamde gansazRvros misi saboloo Sedegi.
kavSirebi
125
menejerebiTa da xelmZRvanelebiT, asaxavs formalur organizaciul ierarqias.
magaliTad, jariskacebis kavSirebi samxedro ierarqiasTan iwyeba kapraliT, ser
JantiTa da leitenantiT da grZeldeba polkovnikamde an generalamde, visTanac
jariskacs iSviaTi urTierTqmedeba akavSirebs. mesame qseli _ TanamSromelTa
umetesobas aqvs samsaxuris megobrebis qseli, romelic moicavs ramdenime (magram
ara yvela) TanamSromels. jariskacis megobrebis qseli moicavs ramdenime adami
ans Tavisive SenaerTidan da ramdenimes _ sxva SenaerTidan, magram maTi umete
soba erTi da imave rangisaa. korporaciaSi an universitetSi, rogorc jarSi, iS
viaTia megobroba ufro maRali (an dabali) Tanamdebobis pirebTan.
ra Tqma unda, yvela momsaxure personals ZiriTadad ar aqvs urTierTkavSiri
mxolod mis kolegebTan. maswavleblebi TavianTi samuSao drois umetes nawils
studentebTan atareben. gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad momxmareblebTan urTierToben;
eqimebi da meddebi _ pacientebTan; iuristebi _ klientebTan, mosamarTleebTan
da sxva firmebis iuristebTan. isini agreTve arapirdapiri urTierTobiT arian
dakavSirebulni skolis sabWoebTan, mewarmeebTan, romelTa saqonliTac vaWro
ben, saavadmyofoebis direqtorTa sabWoebTan an sakanonmdeblo organoebTan,
romlebic kanonebs gamoscemen. amgvarad, kompleqsuri organizaciis struqtura
aris is, rom moaxdinos uSualod pirovnebaTaSorisi da pirovnulis Sereva.
126
globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi
127
imaT gverdiT, vinc maswavleblis gulis mogebas cdilobs an gamoiwvion disku
sia maT komentarebze. Tu Tavis gamoCenis survilis mqone studentebi kvlavac
cdiloben diskusiaSi mTavari roli Seasrulon, maSin maswavlebels SeuZlia, rom
sTxovos maT, sxvebsac miscen azris gamoTqmisa da pasuxis gacemis saSualeba; da
Tu isini SeewinaaRmdegebian, maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoxatos ukmayofileba,
gaakritikos maTi komentarebi da aSkara ignorireba gaukeTos maT aweul xelebs.
es, Tavis mxriv, stimuls miscems sxva studentebs, rom meti Zalisxmeva gamoiCinon.
am gziT maswavlebeli da sxva studentebi Tanxmdebian potenciurad wina planze
myofi studentebis qmedebaTa misaReb doneze. amis msgavsad, ofisisa Tu qarxnis
momsaxure personali Tanxmdeba, rom Seamciron Worikana TanamSromlebis gamo
Seqmnili xelSemSleli faqtorebi, moaxdinon zewola im mosamsaxureze, romelic
epirfereba ufross an `moarjulon~ axali TanamSromeli Tu xelmZRvaneli.
qvejgufebi organizaciebSi
128
formaluri Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb, regularulad tardeba Tu specalurad aris
mowveuli, rogorc wesi, Setyobineba xdeba werilobiT, rasac mohyveba dRis wes
rigi. formalur Sexvedras hyavs daniSnuli Tavmjdomare da CarTulia is xalxi,
romelTa poziciebic organizaciaSi aZlevs uflebas, rom wardgenilni iyvnen Sex
vedraze dasaswrebad. rogorc wesi, Sexvedris Tavmjdomare uZRveba diskusias,
irCevs gamomsvlelebs, gansazRvravs maTi sityviT gamosvlis xangrZlivobas,
icavs ganawess da akeTebs gancxadebas Sexvedris daxurvis Sesaxeb. bolos Sexve
dris Tavmjdomare ajamebs Sedegebs. gadawyvetilebebis miReba iSviaTad xdeba
TviTon Sexvedris dros; magram SesaZlebelia wamoiWras sakiTxebi, romlebic
moiTxoven gadawyvetas an gamocxadebul iqnes ukve miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.
formaluri Sexvedra aris `dokumenturad dasturebuli faqtebi~ oqmebis an ofi
cialuri angariSebis saxiT.
araformaluri Sexvedra aris ufro patara da metad orientirebulia sakiTxze.
is aris sityvierad mowveuli, ar hyavs Tavmjdomare, ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli dRis
wesrigi da ar hyavs mudmivi wevrebi da arc daswrebaa savaldebulo. gamosvlis dro
SezRuduli ar aris. aseT Sexvedrebze oficialuri angariSebi ar aris, Tumca Sesa
Zlebelia, rom individualurad gakeTdes sakiTxebis CaniSvna da mogvianebiT ki _
Canaweri. araformaluri Sexvedrebi tardeba maSin, rodesac organizaciis SigniT
garkveul jgufs surs gaarkvios, ra pozicia daikavos sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ase
Ti Sexvedrebi xSirad mTavrdeba saqmianobis ganawilebiT _ vin moiZiebs saWiro
informacias an vin awarmoebs molaparakebebs sxva departamentebis wevrebTan an
organizaciis ufro maRali Tanamdebobis pirebTan.
rogorc Sexvedrebi gviCvenebs, samsaxurSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani urTier
Tobebidan bevri moicavs jgufebSi zemoqmedebas. georg zimeli (1902a, 1902b)
iyo erT-erTi pirveli sociologi, romelmac aRiara jgufuri urTierTqmedebis
sirTule da moaxdina misi meToduri analizi. man dainaxa, rom jgufis sididezea
damokidebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, rogorc mis Sida organizebaSi, aseve
gare urTierTobebSi. Seswavla daiwyo or (diada) da samkacian (triada) jgufebs
Soris arsebuli kontrastis analiziT. sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT diada aram
dgradia. Tu erTi wevri tovebs mas, maSin jgufi wyvets arsebobas. amasTanave, ar
aris mesame mxare, romelic kamaTis dros mediatoris rols Seasrulebda. miuxe
davad amisa, diadis xarisxi zrdis stimuls partniorebisaTvis, rom SeaTanxmon
TavianTi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi. samkaciani jgufi mravali kuTxiT gansx
vavdeba orkacianisagan. Tu erTi wevri midis, jgufi ar iSleba. mesame mxares Seu
Zlia awarmoos urTierToba am ors Soris an am ors SeuZlia `SeTqmuleba moawy
on~ mesames winaaRmdeg. meore mxriv ki, koaliciebma SesaZlebelia gadainacvlon
erTi sakiTxidan meoreze solidarobis gaZlierebiT. rodesac wevrTa raodenoba
izrdeba, zemoqmedebebis Sida modelebis potenciuri ricxvi da urTierTobebi
eqsponencialurad izrdeba (ix. grafiki 3.1).
did jgufebSi SezRudulia komunikaciis raodenoba da xarisxi jgufis yvela
wevrs Soris, informacia vrceldeba arapirdapiri gziT, formaluri arxebisa
da gagonili araformaluri informaciis saSualebiT. problemebis gadawyveta
aseve icvleba jgufis zomis mixedviT. didi jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
129
resursebisa da unarebis mravalferovneba, razec is aris awyobili. magram aq sa
Sualod individualuri wevrebis wvlili ufro naklebia, vidre patara jgufebSi.
mokled rom vTqvaT, jgufebis dinamika zomis zrdasTan erTad icvleba.
grafiki 3. 1.
Tu jgufis sidide ariTmetikulad izrdeba, maSin urTierTobebis
raodenoba geometriulad izrdeba
grafikis aRwera:
2 1
3 6
4 25
6 301
7 966
wyaro: pol heari (Paul Hare), mcire jgufuri kvlevis cnobari (Free Press,
Glencoe, III., 1976), gv. 218.
130
lideroba da samuSao adgilis kultura
131
iyo da amasTanave orives hqonda krizisic, magram es krizisebi gamowveuli iyo
sxvadasxva mizeziT. efl-ma Tavisi stili kaliforniaSi ganaviTara personaluri
kompiuterebis _ axali tipis produqciis _ SeqmniTa da gayidviT, romlebic mx
olod individualuri pirovnebebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. ai-bi-em-ma stili daim
kvidra niu-iorkSi didi, ZviradRirebuli, universaluri kompiuterebis gayid
viT, romlebic biznesisa da biurokratiuli struqturis organizaciebisaTvis
iyo gankuTvnili. amgvarad, gansxvaveba or kompanias Soris aisaxa, rogorc maTi
gayidvebis konteqstSi, aseve _ gansxvavebul menejerul strategiebsa da TanamS
romlobis stilSi. sxvadasxva samuSao adgilebis stuqturebis zegavlena rom da
vinaxoT, unda gadavxedoT organizacias, rogorc erT mTlians.
132
vice-prezi TeTri saxlis
dentis ofisi prezidenti ofisi
vice-preziden
tis oficialu
ri rezidencia
wyaro: federaluri reestris samsaxuri (OOffice of the Federal Register), 1989 w., federaluri
reestri, vaSingtoni, gv. 86.
biurokratiis buneba
133
gvamaxvilebinebs im ZiriTad sakiTxebze, romlebic gvexmarebian yvela tipis bi
urokratiis gansazRvraSi:
134
mxare. formaluri struqtura Sedgeba oficialuri poziciebis, valdebule
bebis, wesebisa da dadgenilebebisagan, romlebsac umaRlesi mmarTveli rgoli
ayalibebs. araformaluri struqtura ki Seqmnilia araoficialuri normebisgan,
romlebic momsaxure personalis mier aris SemuSavebuli.
135
biurokratiis miRma
iaponuri korporacia
136
dganan samsaxuris dakargvis safrTxis winaSe. Tu erT ganyofilebaSi raime
saxis samuSao saWiro aRar aris, maSin am saqmiT dakavebuli xalxi gadahyavT
im ganyofilebebSi, romlebic farTovdebian;
137
zogierTi ufro axalgazrda iaponeli momsaxure personali miesalmeba cvli
lebebs. maT ufro meti individualuri Tavisufleba surT, vidre amis saSuale
bas aZlevda Zveli sistema. sxvebi SiSoben, rom SesaZlebelia dakargon Zveli
sistemis kargi mxare menejerebisadmi dasavluri midgomis wyalobiT, romelic
gulisxmobs ara mxolod konvenciur biurokratias (rac ukve tipuria iaponiis
mTavrobisaTvis), aramed organizaciul struqturebsac, sadac loialoba nakleb
rols TamaSobs da momsaxure personalis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba Cveuli
movlenaa.
138
aSkara negatiuri kuTxiTac, aris ai-bi-emi. efl-i warmatebis gasaRebs cvlile
baSi xedavs da is amayobs Tavisi SesaZleblobiT, rom mimdinare cvlilebebis Ses
abamisad SeuZlia produqciis gardaqmna Tu reorganizeba ekonomikaSi, socialur
yofasa da momxmareblis interesebSi. es Canda rogorc radikaluri gamosvla
`industriis xanis~ kompaniebidan, rogoric aris ai-bi-emi, sadac ZiriTadi yu
radReba gamaxvilebulia stabilurobaze, wesebisadmi damorCilebaze, saxelsa da
rangze (skuli, 1987 w.). efl-is korporaciuli kulturis Tanaxmad, stabiluro
bas mivyavarT adre daSvebuli Secdomebis gameorebamde an, rogorc misi wevrebi
amboben, `velosipedis Tavidan gamogonebamde~. saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis da Semo
qmedebiTobis xelSesawyobad, efl-i xSirad axorcielebs xalxis, funqciebisa da
produqciis reorganizebas.
zogi momsaxure personali Tvlis, rom efl-Si ocneba realobad iqca; sxvebi
dabneulni arian maTTvis nacnobi niSnulebis naklebobiT, rogoricaa dasaxelebebi,
departamentebi, da aseve karieris Seqmnis advilad gasagebi gzebiT. metic, efl-is
`antibiurokratia~ moicavs CaSenebul problemebs. pirveli, xSiri reorganizacia
spobs TanamSromlebs Soris loialobas, ramac SesaZlebelia Seasustos erTguli
damokidebuleba korporaciis mimarT (hovardi (Howard), 1985 w.). meore, valdebule
bam, rom samuSao gaxado saxaliso, SesaZlebelia sawinaaRmdego efeqti moitanos:
`xalisi~ aRar aris saxaliso, rodesac valdebulebad iqceva. aseTi politika asus
tebs momsaxure personalis avtonomiurobas, moagvaron sakuTari urTierTobebi
da araformaluri gansazRvruli reJimi. da bolos, xelmZRvanelebi Tvlian, rom
maT mier damatebiTi moTxovnebis _ magaliTad, samsaxurSi gvianobamde darCena
samuSaos Sesasruleblad _ samsaxurebSi bavSvebis movlisa da sxva amgvari arasam
saxurebrivi Tanadgomis samagieroa. efl-is `uzrunveli~ atmosfero sinamdvileSi
niRbavs stresis maRal xarisxs.
novatoruli korporaciebic ki damokidebulni arian bazris warmatebaze.
vinaidan mogebis moculoba Semcirda kompiuterul warmoebaSi, ekonomikis ze
wolam efl-is gamorCeuli stili safrTxis qveS daayena.
139
xurebidan daTxovili, romelTaganac bevri maRalkvalificiuri, kargad anaz
Raurebadi profesionali, menejeri da teqnikuri personali iyo (herberti (Her-
bert) , 1995 w.). 1996 wlis pirvel samuSao dRes ai-Ti end Ti-m ( AT&T) gamoacxada,
rom moxdeboda 40.000 TanamSromeli permanentuli gaTavisufleba, rac Tavisi
masStabiT istoriaSi udidesi iyo.
berou velqomi, Sidsis sawinaaRmdego cnobili ei-zet-Ti (AZT) abebiT da
glaqso, wylulis sawinaaRmdego preparati zantakiT, farmakologiur mrewvelo
baSi ori yvelaze warmatebuli da momgebiani korporacia iyo. 1994 wlis martSi
glaqsom STanTqa berou uelqomi da msoflioSi udidesi farmacevtuli kompania
gaxda. am procesis Sedegad 15 miliardi aSS dolari gadavida erTi mflobelidan
meoris xelSi, ori korporaciis kultura Seejaxa erTmaneTs da 5.000 adamiani mox
vda gaugebrobaSi (ieumeni, 1995 w.). am kompaniaTAa gaerTianebamde, londonis baza
ze Seqmnil or kompanias mTel msoflioSi 62.000 adamiani hyavda dasaqmebuli. maT
ricxvSi iyo samxreT karolinis reserC Triangl parki Research Triangle Park (RTP).
ori kompaniis samuSao adgilebis kultura Zalze gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisa
gan. berou velqomi ufro akademiur samecniero-kvleviT centrs hgavda, vidre
komerciuls. korporaciis ZiriTadi principi iyo daeqiravebina Rirseuli xalxi
da maT saSualebas aZlevda maqsimalurad gamoevlinaT sakuTari Tavi. mecnierebs
raime specifikuri saqmis keTeba ar evalebodaT, isini TavianTi interesis mixed
viT axorcielebdnen samecniero kvleviT muSaobas. rodesac raime idea perspeqti
uli aRmoCndeboda, mecniers unda Seeqmna gundi sxvadasxva departamentis Tanam
Sromlebisagan, Caetarebina ZiriTadi kvlevebi da waredgina Tavisi winadadeba
komitetisadmi. `es iyo patara samecniero sawarmos samflobelo~ (ieumeni, 1995
w., gv. 12). xelmZRvanelebi mecnierebs piradad icnobdnen da did dros atarebdnen
maT laboratoriebSi `samecniero saubrebSi~. berou velqomi ganTqmuli iyo ara
marto mecnieruli TavisuflebiT, aramed dasaqmebis garantiiTac.
glaqso ufro tradiciuli biurokratiuli struqturiT xasiaTdeboda. umaR
lesi mmarTveli rgolis warmomadgenlebs (visac mecnierebi iSviaTad xedavdnen)
unda aerCiaT raime konkretuli daavadeba, daevalebinaT Sesasruleblad kvlevi
Ti samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva departamentebisa da jgufebisaTvis
da emarTaT informaciis dineba. TiToeul mecniers hqonda Tavisi saqme, romlis
dasrulebis Semdegac misi naSromi gadaecemoda sxva departaments. glaqso cno
bili iyo imiT, rom qiraobda uniWieres xalxs da uxdida Zalian karg anazRaurebas,
magram miuxedavad amisa, momsaxure personalisaTvis samuSao mZime iyo. muSaobis
stimulisa da energiis amowurvis Semdeg maT samsaxuridan uSvebdnen. rodesac
glaqsom gaxsna samecniero-kvleviTi centri reserC Triangl parkSi, miuxeda
vad maRali anazRaurebisa, SeuZlebeli gaxda berou uelqomisgan mecnierebis
gadmobireba. amitomac man sxva strategias _ korporaciul Serwymas mimarTAa.
glaqsos mier berou velqomis mierTebas am ukanasknelis momsaxure perso
nalisaTvis igive Sedegi hqonda, rac SesaZlebelia bunebriv katastrofas moh
yoloda. gakeTda gancxadebebi uamravi samuSao adgilis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. momsa
xure personali aRmoCnda uimedo situaciaSi, rodesac daayenes arCevanis winaSe:
an nebayoflobiT daetovebinaT samsaxuri (fuladi kompensaciiTa da janmrTelo
140
bis dacvis sakiTxebSi arsebuli daxmarebis gagrZelebiT), an darCeniliyvnen Tavi
anT poziciebze, oRond aranairi garantiiT samsaxuris SenarCunebaze. bevrs daew
yo depresiuli simptomebi: xerxemlis tkivili, Tavis tkivili, Zilis problemebi,
madis dakargva, agzneba, isterika da col-qmruli problemebi. protestis, mrisx
anebisa da Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis talRa gancdis im klasikuri stadiebiT,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ojaxis wevris gardacvalebis dros, departamenti
dan departamentSi gadadioda. berou velqomis TanamSromlebi ganicdidnen ara
marto samsaxuris dakargvas an korporaciis gansakuTrebuli kulturisagan Camo
Sorebas, aramed imas, rom dairRva socialuri kontraqti, rac gulisxmobda Sem
degs: `me Tu kargad vmuSaob (gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu kvalificiuri muSaki var)
da Cemi kompania warmatebulad viTardeba (rogorc berou velqomi), samsaxuri
garantirebuli maqvs~.
msgavsi reaqciebi dafiqsirda, rodesac daixura qarxana da daiketa magistra
li. magram samsaxurebidan masobrivi daTxovna da `Semcirebebi~ aRar aris erTeu
li SemTxvevebi, romlebic mxolod problemebis mqone kompaniebis an `sikvdilis
piras myofi mrewvelobisaTvis~ aris damaxasiaTebeli. aravis SeuZlia dRes iyos
mSvidad da ar iRelvos an ar ifiqros imaze, rom misi kompania SesaZlebelia Sem
degi iyos. ironiulad rom vTqvaT, grZelvadiani valdebulebebi damqiravebelsa
da daqiravebulebs Soris im martorqis gziT midis, romelic korporacia berou
velqomis logo iyo.
socialuri interaqciis
struqturis axsna
141
simboluri interaqcia
142
bebiebi da babuebi, rogorc wesi, arian distanciuri, avtoritetuli figurebi,
romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian moralur Rirebulebebsa da ojaxur memkvidreo
baze. rodesac SviliSvilebi bebiasTan midian, maT kargad unda ecvaT da kargadac
unda iqceodnen. kulturul cvlilebebs 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, xSirad mihy
avda konfliqtebamde mSoblebi da bebia-babuebi bavSvebis socializebasTan da
kavSirebiT. da bolos, amJamad bevri adamiani ormoci da ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi
ukve bebia an babua xdeba, da Semdgom asakSi _ samoci, samocdaaTi wlisa da ufro
metisac ki _ eweva ufro aqtiur cxovrebas. Sedegad, bebiebisa da babuebis roli
ufro araformaluri gaxda. dRevandel dRes isini imedovneben, rom SviliSvilebi
maTSi `mxiarul xalxs~ xedaven.
1950-ian wlebSi mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris roli iyo, rogorc sa
xelmwifo moRvawisa, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo SeenarCunebina `wonasworoba
da samuSao balansi uSualod dainteresebuli jgufebis . . . mewileebis, daqirave
buli personalis, momxmareblebisa da farTo sazogadoebis mier wamoyenebuli
moTxovnebis fonze~ (frenk abramsi, niu-jersis standart oilis Tavmjdomare, 1951
w., 1996 w.). kritikosebi amkiceben, rom globalurma konkurenciam, `eleqtronul
ma kapitalizmma~ (SesaZleblobam, rom fulis moZraoba mTels msoflioSi wamebSi
xdebodes) da sxva cvlilebebma gamoiwvies mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris
rolis xelmeored gansazRvra, rogorc mxolod mewileebis agentebisa, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian mxolod sufTa mogebaze da ara daqiravebuli personalis,
momxmareblisa Tu sazogadoebis winaSe.
dramaturgiuli midgoma
143
dramaturgiuli midgomis lideri, amerikeli sociologi irvin hofmani (1959,
1974 ww.) socialur cxovrebas xedavda, rogorc improvizebuli TamaSebisa da
sketCebis seriebs. TiToeul socialur situacias aqvs Tavisi scenari, romelic
xazs usvams im zogad pirobebs, ra aris mosalodneli da romeli rolebis TamaSia
saWiro. Tumca, namdvili Teatris sapirispirod, ar arsebobs raime direqtiva.
amitom moqmedma pirebma (monawileebma) erTmaneTSi unda moilaparakon, vin ra
rols Seasrulebs, rac ise unda gaakeTon, rom sxvebisagan sasurveli sapasuxo
reaqcia gamoiwvion da amrigad, TamaSs `keTili dasasruli~ eqneba.
namdvil TeatrSi msaxiobebi cdiloben daarwmunon mayurebeli, rom swored is
moqmedi gmirebi arian, rasac TamaSoben. TiTqmis amave gziT, socialur urTierTq
medebaSi monawileebi iqcevian ise, rom daarwmunon audiencia (sxva monawileebi)
maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebis bunebriobaSi. hofmanma Semoitana termini STabe
WdilebaTa marTva, raTa aRewera adamianTa mcdeloba _ ekontrolebinaT, ras
fiqroben sxvebi maTze. magaliTad, samsaxurSi misaRebad gasaubrebaze misuli
pirovneba cdilobs, rom Tavi warmoaCinos, rogorc gawonasworebulma, gonierma,
megobrulma da dinamikurma pirovnebam (da `kargad Cacmulma~).
hofmanis mniSvnelovani gamWriaxoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man ganaviTara
Semdegi mosazreba: STabeWdilebebis marTva mxolod iseTi formaluri situa
ciebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, rogoric gasaubrebaa samsaxurSi mis
aRebad, aramed igi yovelTvis aREiniSneba. Cveni gadawyvetilebebi Tu ras vicvamT,
sad vcxovrobT, rogor avtomobils viZenT rodesac hamburgersa Tu makarons mi
virTmevT, yvelaferi es STabeWdilebis marTvis aspeqtebia, rac im identurobis
`gamyarebas~ exmareba, rac Cven gvaqvs dagegmili.
socialuri urTierTqmedebis erTi Tavsatexi aris is, ratom mihyvebian Cvens
`qmedebas~ sxvebi miuxedavad imisa, rom ician (roca gaaanalizeben) _ es yvelaferi
gamogonilia. hofmanis azriT, amis pasuxi aris is, rom STabeWdilebebis marTvaSi
TiToeuli adamianis warmateba damokidebulia sxva xalxis damatebiT rolebze.
TviTon ver warmoadgenT sakuTar Tavs iseve warmatebulad, magaliTad rogorc
restornis mepatrone, Tu oficiantebi da klientebi Tqvens ignorirebas moax
denen. sanaxaoba rom ar SeCerdes, xalxi ise moqmedebs, TiTqos TiToeulis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedeba bunebrivi iyos. Tu vinme seriozul Secdomas dauSvebs
_ magaliTad, Tu SemTxveviT daaboyinebs, rodesac xvdeba klientebis jgufs _
monawileebi ise iqcevian, TiTqos araferi ar SeumCneviaT (rasac hofmani uwodebs
`ganzrax arSemCnevas~). sadilze sxva magidebidan sxvebs daJinebiT ar umzeren da
arc erevian maT saubarSi. piriqiT, ise iqcevian, TiTqos maT garda iq sxva aravin ar
iyos (modeli, romelsac hofmani uwodebs `civilur uyuradRebobas~).
qmedebaTa umetesoba moulodneli Sexvedris dros SeiZleba gagebul iqnes,
rogorc mcdeloba TiToeulis mxridan, rom monawileTa Soris urTierTobis gaw
yvetis gareSe warmatebulad daamTavron yvela daugegmavi da arasasurveli mov
lena, romlebsac SeuZlia monawileebi arasasurvel mdgomareobaSi Caagdon (hof
mani, 1967 w., gv. 41).
144
Zalian Znelia mudmivad scenaze yofna. amitomac aris, rom socialur cxovre
bas aqvs ori mxare _ `wina plani~ da `kulisebi~. wina planze xalxs moeTxoveba,
rom rolebi iTamaSon mTeli TavianTi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT. sasadilo
oTaxi aris wina plani oficiantebisaTvis. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, eCqarebaT maT,
gaRizianebulni arian Tu gadaiRalnen _ isini mainc Tavazianebi da yuradRebi
anebi unda iyvnen klientebis mimarT. Tumca, oficiantebi arian kulisebSic. aq
maT SeuZliaT modundnen, ixumron TvalTmaqc klientebze da moemzadon Semdegi
gamosvlisaTvis. faqtobriv, pirovnebas yvela rolis Sesrulebisas aqvs SesaZ
lebloba, kulisebSi ganmartovdes. eqimebis mosasvenebeli oTaxi hospitalSi ku
lisebia iseve, rogorc samaswavleblo skolaSi. studentebi kulisebSi _ TavianT
saerTo sacxovreblebSi _ dascinian TavianT profesorebs, xolo profesorebi
ki aseve kulisebSi _ TavianT ofisebSi _ xumroben studentebze. kompiuterul
qsels aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom kulisebSi saWoraod gamoyos `adgili~ (ras
museni, 1996 w.).
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom wina planze qcevaTa umetesoba mxolod warmodgenaa da
samyaroSi arsebuli adamianebis saxeebi ubralod _ niRbebi? es ar aris saval
debulo. rac ufro xSirad vTamaSobT rols, miT ufro bunebrivi xdeba is CvenT
vis manam, sanam moulodnelad iseve, rogorc Cveni auditoria, ar davrwmundebiT,
rom swored is pirovneba varT, visac vcdilobdiT rom vyofiliyaviT. gaixseneT
Tqveni pirveli dReebi da kvirebi kolejSi. pirvelad uxerxulad da garkveul
wilad TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi igrZeniT Tavi, Tavs aCvenebdiT, TiTqos mS
venivrad icodiT, rasac akeTebdiT. Tumca, masaCuseTis pirveli kolonistebis
xsovnis oficialuri sadResaswaulo dasvenebis (Thanksgiving vacation) periodSi
Tqven igrZeniT, rom gaxdiT kolejis studenti sakuTar azrovnebaSic da sxvebis
TvalSic. asea yvela rolis SemTxvevaSi. policiis axalbeda oficers ainteresebs,
aRiarebs Tu ara xalxi mis Zalauflebas; pirvelad deda wuxs Tavis SesaZleblo
bebze sanam `raRac ar gadautrialdeba~ da uceb ar grZnobs, rom dedaa. es trans
formacia didwilad damokidebulia socialur sarkeSi Caxedvasa da danaxvaze,
rom sxva adamianebi rols ise iTviseben, rogorc namdvils.
eTnomeTodologia
145
qaniT siarulis dros), rom sxva gamvlelebs ar daejaxos. es aris sayovelTaod
miRebuli qcevis mxolod erTi im milioni avtomaturi, damtkicebulad CaTvlili
formidan, rac uzrunvelyofs Cveni socialuri urTierTqmedebaTa wyobasa da
struqturas. eTnomeTodologia exeba im meTodebsa Tu gzebs, riTic xalxi qmnis
wyobas yoveldRiur urTierTqmedebebSi.
garfinkelma Seqmna meTodi, romelsac breeching eqsperiments eZaxda: kulturis
Zalisa da yoveldRiuri socialuri aRqmis sademonstraciod, is da misi studen
tebi specialurad arRvevdnen normebs da iwerdnen xalxis reaqcias. erT-erTi eqs
perimentisas, studentebi TavianT ojaxebSi stumrebiviT iqceodnen; cdilobdnen,
SeZlebisdagvarad didxans SeenarCunebinaT Tavaziani distancia _ saubrobdnen
mxolod zogad sakiTxebze da ara personalurze; iRebdnen nebarTvas saabazanoSi
Sesvlaze, Wiqa wyals; gamoxatavdnen TavianT guliTad madlobas maspinZlebis
mimarT. da ra iyo Sedegi?
ojaxis wevrebi iTxovdnen axsnas: raSia saqme, ra dagemarTa? xom ar gamogag
des? avad xom ar xar? amiT risi damtkiceba ginda? ram gagagiJa? SeiSale, Tu
ubralod suleliviT iqcevi? (garfinkeli, 1967 w., 47-48 gv.).
normaluri urTierTobebis aRsadgenad, ojaxis wevrebma TavianTi mosazrebebi
ojaxur urTierTqmedebaTa Taobaze gakvirvebuli SekiTxvebis saxiT gamoxates.
sxva breeching eqsperimentebSi garfinkelis studentebma daiwyes maRazieb
Si vaWroba (amas amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, ar akeTeben); daarRvies jvrebisa da
nulebis TamaSis wesi (rodesac mowinaaRmdeges uSli pirvel svlas); saubris dros
uceb agresiulad uaxlovdebodnen mosaubres, romlisTvisac es Zalian moulod
neli iyo. TiToeuli da darRveva iwvevda dabneulobas da aRelvebas _ rogorc
studentebSi, aseve maT `msxverplSic~ _ da xSirad mwvave kritikasac imsaxureb
da. aseTi daZabuli reaqciebi asabuTebs xalxis damokidebulebis xarisxs im av
tomatur, xSirad gaucnobierebeli urTierTqmedebis kanonebze, romliTac maTi
moulodneli socialuri Sexvedrebis formireba xdeba.
saubris analizi
146
gor wyvetda xalxi visTan, rodis da ramden xans elaparaka. es aris mniSvnelovani
ara mxolod araformaluri urTierTqmedebisaTvis, aramed biurokratiuli
struqturebis muSaobisTvisac (bodeni, 1995 w.). saCsma aRmoaCina, rom yvela sau
bars hqonda garkveuli saerTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba: xan erTi pirovneba sau
brobs, xan _ meore; gadasvla erTi mosaubridan meoreze aris xSiri da swrafi da
iSviaTadaa pauza an erTdrouli laparaki. Sua saubarSi Cndeba `rigis dakavebis~
koncefcia. rigi moqmedebs, rogorc mbrunavi kari, romelic akontrolebs saub
ris dros Semosul da gasul mosaubreebs. pauzebi, Zalian xangrZlivi rigebi da
rigis daTmobac ki dasabuTebuli unda iyos.
debora tanenma (1990, 1994 ww.), imis safuZvelze, rom gansxvavebuli sqesi sxva
dasxvagvarad iyenebs zogad sasaubro teqnikas, gaaanaliza gaugebroba mamakacsa
da qals Soris. mamakaci saubars ganixilavs, rogorc garkveul Sejibrs, sadac
arian gamarjvebulebi da damarcxebulebi; maTi mTavari mizania daicvan Tavi, rom
ar iyos vinme maTze win da TviTon ar damarcxdnen. qalebi saubars ganixilaven,
rogorc urTierTTanamSromlobas, romlis mizanic socialuri kavSirebis xelax
la damtkicebaa. Sedegad, mamakacebi da qalebi saubrisas zogjer ver axerxeben
erTmaneTis bolomde gagebas. ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic mocemulia sqema
ze 3.3. zoi gulnatkenia, rom erli ar gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas misi janmrTelobis
gamo da Tan awyvetinebs kidevac saubars. erli ki guldawyvetilia imis gamo, rom
misi romantiuli urTierToba (siyvarulis Temis wamoWra, mis saxesTan Sexeba) ase
kategoriulad aris ignorirebuli. SesaZlebelia, rom isini sulac sxvadasxva
enaze saubroben! saubris bevri Tanamedrove analitikosi dainteresebulia ara
mxolod saubris struqturiT, aramed saubris funqciiT, SinaarsiTa da inter
pretaciiTac.
147
socialuri gacvla
148
dakavSirebiT _ maTi Sejibri megobruls ufro emsgavseba. amgvarad, gacvlis
qmedebebi gansazRvravs qselebs; amave dros, poziciebi qselSi faqtobrivi gacv
lebis formirebas axdens (kuki da viTmeieri, 1992 w.).
gacvla yovelTvis ar aris `civi da angariSiani~. mSoblebs SeuZliaT, rom sa
kuTari interesebi gawiron TavianTi Svilebis sakeTildReod da maTi bednieri
momavlisaTvis ise, rom sulac ar ifiqron amisaTvis raime jildos miRebaze (em
ersoni (Emerson), 1976 w.). mokled, daxmareba maT siamovnebT.
emociebis sociologia
149
Seuracxyofa, kritika, upasuxo siyvaruli, Ralati Tu upasuxismgebloba Cvenda
mi, iwvevs araraobis, aravisTvis saWiros an gariyulis SegrZnebebs.
`socialur urTierTqmedebaSi socialuri kavSiri SesaZlebelia damyardes,
SenarCundes, aRdges an dairRves~ (sCifi da reTzingeri, 1991 w., gv. 64, italikebi
waSlilia). sircxvilis (da sxva emociebis) funqcia aris is, rom mzad viyoT so
cialur garemoze, socialuri kavSirebis mdomareobaze da, SesaZlebelia sxva
gvarad cvlilebebzec ki informaciis Sesaxeb. emociebi uzrunvelyofen komuni
kaciis mniSvnelovan saSualebebs da SeuZliaT ufro metic ki gadmogvcen, vidre
es SesaZlebelia sityviTa da saqmiT.
sircxvilma SeiZleba an SegvzRudos raime qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi, an gvibi
Zgos raime garkveuli gziT qmedebisaken. sCifma da reTzingerma (1991 w.) Seiswav
les col-qmruli uTanxmoebebi. ojaxuri usiamovneba iwyeba upativcemulobis
signalTan erTad: erTi meuRle pirdapir an arapirdapir amcirebs meores. Tu
sircxvili ignorirebulia _ anu arc erTi meuRle ar acnobierebs am mtkivneul
grZnobas _ uTanxmoeba Zlierdeba. mrisxaneba SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes, ro
gorc mcdeloba mosalodneli Setevebis mosagerieblad da `reputaciis gadasar
Cenadac~. mrisxanebas mivyavarT ufro met damcirebamde, met sibrazemde da a. S.
wyvili SesaZlebelia CixSi moeqces (`civi omis~ pirovnebaTaSorisi ekvivalenti)
an, SesaZlebelia, erTi partniori `gamoeTiSos~ mimdinare kamaTs, an giJiviT ga
vardes oTaxidan da daamTavros urTierTqmedeba. miuxedavad amisa, Tu partnio
rebi acnobiereben mtkivneul grZnobebs da gamoxataven pativiscemas, maSin kama
Ti, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebelia ise dasruldes, rom minimaluri zarali miayenos
urTierTobas. msgavsi ZiriTadi principebi exeba mezoblebsa da eTnikur jgufebs,
politikur partiebsa da erovnebebs Soris mimdinare uTanxmoebebsac.
sanam emociebs fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli biologiaSi, fsiqologiasa da socialur
urTierTobebSi, adamianebs SeuZliaT marTon TavianTi emociebi saWiroebisame
br an situaciis Sesabamisad. rogorc wesi, stumrebi wveulebaze maspinZelTan
erTad mxiaruloben maSin, rodesac Wirisuflebi dakrZalvaze TavianT dards
gamoxataven. `Tavisi grZnobis gamoxatviT yvelas Seaqvs wamieri wvlili koleq
tivis sakeTildReod~ (hoCsCildi, 1983 w., gv 18). uamrav urTierTqmedebaSi _
mSoblebsa da Svilebs, colebsa da qmrebs, megobrebs, Seyvarebulebsa da ucxoe
bs Sorisac ki _ xalxi malavs Tavis sibrazes, isini simulireben pativiscemas an
faraven siZulvils.
zogierT situaciaSi emociebi masobrivad aris gamomuSavebuli. es imitom
xdeba, rom specifikuri saqmianoba an socialuri roli xalxisagan moiTxovs,
miRebuli gziT gamoxaton garkveuli saxis emociebi. klasikuri magaliTi, ro
melic Rrmad gaaanaliza sociologma erli hoCsCildma (1983 w.), aris stiuardesa.
misi saqmianobis nawils Seadgens is, rom stiuardesa, miuxedavad imisa, rogor
grZnobs Tavs, unda iRimebodes da iqceodes xalisianad da Tavdajerebulad. mg
zavrebma SesaZlebelia Seawuxon, Seuracxyofa miayenon an seqsualur Zalado
basac ki mimarTon mis mimarT. stiuardesam SeiZleba icodes, rom pilots raRac
problemebi aqvs an mgzavrs, romelic F rigSi zis, mSobiaroba ewyeba. rac ar unda
moxdes, man simSvide da Rimili unda SeinarCunos. amis msgavsad, kompiuteruli
150
da sxva `axali Taobis~ kompaniebis TanamSromlebs moeTxovebaT iyvnen bednieri
gamometyvelebiT, TvianT saqmeSi cotaTi xumarebi da mTlianad CarTulni. am wyo
bebSi grZobebi komercializebulia. stiuardesas Rimili aris nawili imisa, rasac
klienti `yidulobs~, TviTmfrinavis bileTis SeZeniT. efeli iyenebs kompiuter
is `ucnauri~ hakeris imijs kompaniaSi samuSaod personalis mosazidad. rac ufro
meti xalxi muSaobs momsaxurebis sferoSi da saqmiani kavSiri aqvs klientebTan
da momxmarebelTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, emociebis gamomuSavebas moiTxovs, ufro
meti xalxi midis religiaSi, TviTdaxmarebis jgufebSi da etanebian sasuliero
literaturasa da filmebs sakuTari Tavis xelaxla aRmosaCenad. magram es Sina
gani moZraobac ki damokidebulia socialur urTierTqmedebasa (eklesiasTan, me
gobris maZieblebTan, avtorTan da direqtorTan) da socialur mxardaWeraze.
urTierTqmedeba aris socialuri cxovrebis erTi-erTi yvelaze Semoqmedeb
iTi aspeqti `gansxvavebebis gakeTebis~ potencialiT. amave dros, urTierTq
medeba damokidebulia Zlier struqturul da kulturul modelebze, romlebic
TiToeul Cvengans garkveulwilad winaswar ganmWvretelebad warmogvaCens sx
vebis mimarT da, Tavis mxriv, erTmaneTis ndobis saSualebas gvaZles. es modelebi
uzrunvelyofs stabiluri socialuri cxovrebis fundaments.
Sejameba
151
wina planze ayeneben. zogi statusi aris warmomavlobiTi (romelic maTi mcd
elobis gareSe aqvs xalxs miRebuli), zogi ki SeZenili (romelic, ufro xSir
SemTxvevaSi, miRweulia individualuri ZalisxmeviT). xSirad master-statu
si dominirebs yvela sxvaze.
5. zog sazogadoebasa da droSi megobrebi ufro axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan da
megobrobasac metad afasebdnen, vidre qmars an cols. dasavleTis sazoga
doebaSi romantikuli siyvarulis zrdasTan erTad megobrobis mniSvneloba
Sesustda. megobrebis mniSvneloba icvleba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi,
socialur klasebSi da mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs
Soris.
6. meoreuli urTierTobebi aris sajaro, arapersonuli, SezRuduli, emociu
rad civi da saerTod _ xanmokle. amis klasikuri magaliTebia gamyidvelebi
da momxmareblebi, profesionalebi da klientebi.
7. Tanamedrove cxovrebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli Tviseba aris is, rom gai
zarda ucxoebTan urTierTqmedebaTa raodenoba (da mniSvneloba). urTier
Tobebi ucxoebs Soris sdevs kulturul principebs da isini, rogorc wesi,
Zalian guliTadia. marTlac, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba damokidebulia civi
lizaciis, Tavazianobisa da urTierTndobis normebze.
8. mesameul anu arapirdapir urTierTobebSi SesaZlebelia, mxareebi arasodes
ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram dakavSirebulni arian mediisa Tu mesame mxaris
saSualebiT (magaliTad, erTis mxriv _ mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori
da meores mxriv ki _ momsaxure personali da momxmarebeli). maTi qmede
bebi SesaZlebelia motivirebul iqnes sayovelTao socialuri modelebiT
(rogoricaa sabazro Zalebi) miuxedavad imisa, ra zemoqmedeba aqvs TiToeul
maTgans sxvaze. arapersonaluri, arapirdapiri urTierTobebi arsebiTia msx
vili socialuri organizaciebisaTvis.
9. urTierqmedebebi samsaxurSi formirebulia erTmaneTis gadamfaravi qse
lebis, molaparakebebis saSualebiT miRebuli sayovelTao kulturuli
normebisa da jgufuri dinamikis safuZvelze. jgufuri cxovrebis ormagi
buneba iTxovs rogorc instrumentul (sakiTxze orientirebuli), aseve
eqspresiul (emociaze orientirebul) liderobas, magram eseni SesaZlebe
lia, rom sxvadasxva gziT ganaxorcieles (magaliTad, efli ai-bi-emis wi
naaRmdeg).
10. vinaidan organizaciis sidide da misi miznebis sirTule izrdeba, saWiro xdeba
formaluri organizacia. maqs veberis `idealuri tipis~ Tanaxmad, biurokra
tias aqvs xuTi Tviseba: (1) Sromis zustad gansazRvruli ganawileba specia
lizebuli davalebebiT; (2) oficrebis ierarqia brZanebebis jaWvis mixedviT;
(3) detalurad SemuSavebuli wesebi da normativebi; (4) arapirovnuloba da
emociuri gancalkeveba racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis asamaRleblad
da (5) jildo damsaxurebis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, arcerTi biurokratia
zustad ar misdevs veberis idealur tips; garkveulwilad qcevis formireba
ufro metad araoficialuri normebiT xdeba, vidre oficialuri wesebiTa da
instruqciebiT.
152
11. socialuri pirobebis cvlilebam migviyvana organizaciuli struqturebis
Secvlamde. tradiciuli biurokratiis erTi alternativa gamovlenilia
msxvil iaponur korporaciebSi, romelic samuSao adgilebis SenarCunebis
garantias aZlevs momsaxure personals maTi Sromisunarianobis bolomde,
aqcents akeTebs jgufur miRwevebze, awinaurebs samuSao staJis mixedviT,
gadawyvetilebebs ar iRebs erTpirovnulad da momsaxure personalis mimarT
yovelmxrivi mzrunvelobis demonstrirebas axdens. meore alternativa
gaxlavT `korporaciuli kampusis modeli~, romelic aqcents akeTebs mo
qnilobaze, individualobasa da araformalobaze, romelic tradiciul bi
urokratiaSi gamoxatuli stabilurobis, Sesabamisobisa da formalobis sa
pirispiroa. korporaciaTa Serwymam (rac sul ufro da ufro Cveuli movlena
xdeba) SesaZlebelia SeaerTos sxvadasxva samuSao adgilis kulturis mqone
kompaniebi, rasac TiTqmis yovelTvis mosdevsa xalxis Semcireba, rasac mom
saxure personalisaTvis seriozuli socialur-fiziologiuri da ekonomi
kuri Sedegebi mosdevs.
12. socialuri wyoba damokidebulia imaze, rogor SeeTvisebian, marTaven da Sev
clian socialur struqturas socialuri moqmedi pirebi (pirovnebebi, orga
nizaciebi Tu institutebi). sociologebma SeimuSaves eqvsi ZiriTadi midgoma
socialuri urTierTqmedebis struqturis asaxsnelad.
13. simboluri urTierTqmedeba fokusirebas axdens socialuri urTierT
qmedebis simbolur aspeqtebze da imaze, rogor aZlevs xalxs saSualebas sim
boluri Jestebi da rolis aReba, rom sakuTari qcevis koordinireba moaxdi
non.
14. dramaturgiuli midgoma socialuri urTierTqmedebaa, rogorc Teatraluri
warmodgena Tavisi sceniT, kulisebiTa da uamravi rekvizitiT. garkveul
wilad, yvelani CarTulni varT STabeWdilebebis marTvaSi.
15. eTnomeTodologia socialur urTierTqmedebas Signidan ganixilavs da iye
nebs breeching eqsperimentebs, raTa moaxdinos sxvadasxva situaciaSi urT
ierTqmedebisaTvis saerTo da xSirad gaucnobierebeli wesebis mniSvnelobis
ilustrireba.
16. saubris analizi gansazRvravs, rogor iyenebs xalxi struqturas (gan
sakuTrebiT rigis dakaveba), rogorc saubris wasayvanad, aseve sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevadac.
17. socialuri gacvlis Teoria nacvalgebas arsebiTad miiCnevs adamianebis
urTierTqmedebisaTvis. adamiani, imis gadawyvetis dros, ra moimoqmedos,
afasebs potenciur sargebelsa da xarjs da cdilobs daabalansos social
uri aRricxvis wigni.
18. emociebis sociologia grZnobebis gamoxatvas Tvlis komunikaciis sasicocx
lo saSualebad, romelic gvamzadebs socialuri urTierTobebis pirobebi
saTvis. magram amasTanave mas miiCnevs Sualedur rgolad, romelic SesaZle
belia marTuli da komercializebulic ki iyos.
153
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
154
breeching eqsperimenti _ harold garfinkelis teqnika, gamoyenebuli sxvada
sxva gaucnobierebeli kulturuli varaudis gamosavlenad, normebis ganz
rax darRveviTa da xalxis reaqciis CaweriT.
biurokratia _ organizaciuli struqtura, romelic xasiaTdeba Sromis special
izaciiTa da misi mkafiod ganawilebiT, oficerTa ierarqiiT, detalurad Se
muSavebuli wesebiT, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi miukerZoeblobiTa
da damsaxurebis mixedviT dajildoebiT.
dramaturgiuli midgoma _ sociologiuri perspeqtiva, sadac socialuri ur
TierTqmedeba ganixileba Teatraluri warmodgenis analogad da xalxi Tavi
si qcevis `inscenirebas~ imgvarad axorcielebs, rom maT iseTi gamoxmaureba
gamoiwvion, rogoric TviTon surT.
diada _ orkaciani urTierToba an jgufi.
eTnomeTodologia _ Sexeduleba socialur urTierTqmedebaze, romelic ga
naviTara harold garfinkelma da fokusirebas axdens im gzebze, riTic xalxs
garkveuli mosazrebebi uyalibdeba yoveldRiuri urTierTqmedebidan.
eqspresiuli lideroba _ lideroba imisaTvis, rom jgufis wevrebs Soris kargi
ganwyoba da urTierTobebi SenarCundes.
formaluri struqtura _ oficialauri poziciebi, valdebulebebi, wesebi da
instruqciebi, romlebic dawesebulia organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa mier.
STabeWdilebebis marTva _ irvin hofmanis termini im Zalisxmevis gansasazRvrad,
rasac xalxi axorcielebs imisaTvis, rom akontrolon, rogor xedaven da ex
maurebian maT sxvebi.
arapirdapiri urTierTobebi _ urTierTobebi, rodesac mxareebi pirdapir ar
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan, magram dakavSirebulni arian arapirdapiri
gziT an sakomunikacio teqnologiebs an mesame mxaris saSualebiT.
araformaluri struqtura _ araoficialuri normebi, ganviTarebuli jgu
fis wevrebs Soris im problemebis gadasaWrelad, romlebic wesebSi ar aris
mocemuli arasasurveli Tu arasaWiro Sromis aRmosafxvrelad da jgufis
wevrebis interesebis dasacavad.
instrumentuli lideroba _ jgufis wevrebis xelmZRvaneloba, raTa maT Seas
rulon sxvadasxva davaleba.
jgufuri azrovneba _ jgufis wevrebis tendencia, dakargon kritikuli, indi
vidualuri fiqris SesaZlebloba im Rirebulebis gamo, rasac isini erTmene
Tis mimarT solidarobas aniWeben.
master statusi _ erT-erTi statusi, romelic farTod gansazRvravs pirovnebis
socialur identurobas.
SeTanxmebuli wesi _ saerTo gansazRvra situaciisa, romelic aRmoCndeba `ga
mocdis~ Catarebis Sedegad da cvlis am `gamocdisaTvis~ ganxorcielebul
qmedebebs miRebuli sapasuxo reaqciebis safuZvelze.
qseli _ urTierTobaTa qseli im adamianebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTTan ari
an dakavSirebulni pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri kavSirebiT komunikaciisa da
sxva mravali saSualebiT.
155
pirveladi jgufi _ gansakuTrebiT mWidrod Sekruli jgufi, romelic xasi
aTdeba Semdegi xuTi TvisebiT: uwyveti pirispir urTierTqmedebiT, jguf
Tan mkacri personaluri identurobiT, Zlieri keTilganwyobili kavSirebiT
jgufis wevrebs Soris, mravalmxrivi urTierTobebiTa da mdgradobis ten
denciiT.
roli _ im qcevebis, nebismieri pirovnebisagan mosalodnelia damokidebule
bebis, valdebulebebisa da upiratesobebis erTOBLoblioba, romelic ikavebs
garkveul statuss.
rolis aReba _ sakuTari Tavis warmodgena vinme sxva pirovnebis rolSi da
amgvarad ukeT gageba imisa, ris gamoxatvas cdilobs is `sxva~.
meoreuli jgufi _ araintimuri jgufi, romelic xasiaTdeba SezRuduli piris
piri urTierTqmedebiT; jgufTan TavSekavebuli an susti personaluri iden
turobiT; susti keTilganwyobili kavSirebiT jgufis wevrebs Soris; Sez
Ruduli, meoreuli urTierTobebiTa da aramdgradobis tendenciiT.
statusi _ pozicia sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, romelic gansazRvravs, vin varT Cven
sxvebTan mimarTebaSi da mTavar rols asrulebs socialuri identurobis
Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi.
statusTAa nakrebi _ socialuri poziciebis sruli speqtri, romelic aqvs nebis
mier erT pirovnebas mocemul dros.
ucxo _ pirovneba socialur jgufSi, romelTanac mas (mamakacs an qals) piradi
kavSirebi ar gaaCnia.
simboluri Jesti _ Jesti, romelsac miRebuli aqvs simboluri mniSvneloba,
gavrcelebuli erTi da igive kulturis xalxs Soris.
triada _ samkaciani urTierToba an jgufi.
156
Tavi 4
kultura
kulturis elementebi
. Rirebulebebi
normebi . simboloebi
ena . codna
kulturis Camoyalibeba
. kulturuli kapitali
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: unda uzrunvelyon Tu ara amerikis
skolebma mravalenovani ganaTleba?
. kvlevis meTodebi: kulturis SigniT _ devid holiseuli kvleva
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
telemauwyebloba amazoniaSi
157
158
l udvig van beThoveni kacobriobis erT-erTi udidesi musikosia. Mmis nawar
moebebs sxva kompozitorebis nawarmoebebze gacilebiT ufro xSirad ukraven
xolme. dReisaTvis misi cnobili himnis `oda sixaruls~ garda, arsebobs am musikis
popversiac.E beThovenis biusti _ mWmunvare, mrisxane mzeriTa da Tmaawewili saxiT
_ swored geniosis saxasiaTo dekoraciaa. rodesac pirovnebas gemovnebianad da
kulturulad miviCnevT, vTvliT, rom mas swored iseTi musika esmis da aRiarebs,
rogorsac beThoveni qmnida. beThovenis mexuTe simfoniis Sesavali akordebis sim
Zlavresa da ganumeoreblobas gaunaTlebeli da kulturis armqone adamianic ki
SeigrZnobs. BbeThovenis pirovneba da musika Cveni kulturuli memkvidreobaa. gve
smis Tu ara beThovenis, vigebT Tu ara am kompoziciebis struqturas, yvela Cven
gani udavod Tanxmdeba imaze, rom beThoveni geniaa.
beThovenis, rogorc kompozitoris niWiereba sayoveTaod aRiarebuli WeS
maritebaa. Tumca, misi geniosad aRaiareba aramarto misi talantisa da Sesa
Zleblobebis gacnobas niSnavs; masSi im gamorCeul adamians vxedavT, romelic
dabadebidanve raRac araamqveyniuri RvTiT boZebuli niWiT iyo dajildoebu
li da romelic arafriT hgavs sxvebs. Ggeniosebis originaluroba im Rrma SesaZ
leblobebSia, romlebic maT SemoqmedebiTi samyaros ganWvretisa da gardaqmnis
saSualebas aZlevs. eqscentrulobis maRali done, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli wese
bidan amovardna, gamorCeuloba _ `geniosis SefuTvis~ nawilebia. saidan modian
geniosebi? saidan Cndeba geniis idea?
Cveni kultura gveubneba, rom geniosebad ar yalibdebian _ geniosebad ibade
bian. Rrma ganswavlulobisa da muxlCauxreli Sromis daxmarebiT bevrs ZaluZs
warmatebis mwvervalze asvla. Mmagram geniosebs gamoarCevs `raRac eqstra~, ise
Ti ram, risi swavlac SeuZlebelia da rac maT sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi samyaros
gardaqmnis Zalas aZlevs.
sociologi tia de nora wignSi `beThoveni da geniosis sazogadoberivi
struqtura~ swored am Temas exmianeba. Ggeniis arsis axsna swored Tanamedrove
dasavluri kulturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Aantikur xanasa da Sua saukuneeb
Si xelovanebi ubralo xelosnebisgan arafriT gamoirCeodnen. maTi qmnilebebis
umetesoba _ anonimuria. Ggeniis idea mogvianebiT, meCvidmete saukunis dasasrul
sa da meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda, rodesac pirovnebisa da individis
mniSvnelobam wina planze wamoiwia. gaizarda individualizmis xarisxi da rwmena
pirovnul RirebulebebSi (pleCi, 1992). manamde sityva geniosSi ufro stili an
STagoneba moiazreboda; mecxramete saukuneSi es termini ukve pirovnebasTan iqna
gaigivebuli (gamonakliss warmoadgendnen qalebi, romlebic maSin am kategorias
ar ganekuTvnebodnen). Ggeniosad aRiareba aramamarto Seudarebelobas da unikal
urobas niSnavs, aq is garemo da kulturac moiazreba, romelic individualur da
originalur Semoqmedebas miagebs pativs.
de nora aanalizebs beThovenis moRvaweobis periodis istoriul da sazoga
doebriv konteqsts. beThovenis drois vena, evropis cnobili saxelovnebo
da inteleqturi dedaqalaqi gaxldaT. Aaq gvxvdeboda aristokratTa, naswavl
Ta, kritikosTa da maRali klasis sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. Aam droisTvis
159
instrumentuli musika TandaTanobiT kerZo musikaluri salonebidan did sa
koncerto darbazebSi inacvlebda. musikis dakarguli xiblis aRsadgenad aris
tokratiam seriozuli (Znelad Sesasrulebeli da gamomwvevi)Dda diletanturi
musikis (advilad saswavlisa da gasarTobis) urTierTgamijnva daiwyo. elitis
mier gamoxatulma mxardaWeram seriozuli musikis msmenelTa farTo masebisgan
gancalkevebisa da gamoyofis mcdelobis demonstrireba moaxdina.
swored beThoveni sWirdeboda venis aristokratias. Mmisi emociuri mTliano
ba, teqnikurad rTuli kompoziciebi, merkuris Tanavarsklavedis memkvidreoba,
kidev ufro amyarebda mis gamorCeulobas. beThovenis, am `seriozuli~ kaprizuli
xelovanis gandidebiT venis elita Tavis pirad interesebsac emsaxureboda.
de noras naSromis mizani ara geniis daknineba, aramed ufro misi, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi movlenis axsnaa. BbeThoveni iyo is, vinc sWirdeboda venas, xolo
vena iyo qalaqi, sadac unda dabadebuliyo beThoveni. BbeThovenis genia emyare
boda maRal integrirebul musikalur sazogadoebas, Zlevamosil aristokratias,
kritikosTa baziss, garkveulwilad farTo masebis aRiarebasa da kulturas,
romelmac individualuroba da inovacia daafasa.
rogorc pirvel TavSi vnaxeT, kultura azrovnebis, gagebis, ganviTarebisa
da urTierTobis is met-naklebad integrirebuli formaa, romelic adamianebs
cxovrebis urTierTgaziarebaSi exmareba. musika, mxatvroba, literatura _ kul
turis mxolod mcire nawilia, magram isini moicaven qcevis im normebs, Rirebule
bebs, codnas, qmedebas, enasa da simboloebs, romliTac adamianebi yoveldRiurad
suldgmuloben.
cudisa da kargis garCevis rwmena swored Cveni kulturiTaa ganpirobebuli.
kultura gvaZlevs sxvadasxva movlenis gagebis interpretaciebs. Tanamedrove
dasavluri kulturis mier aRiarebuli xelovneba anu garkveuli tipis litera
tura, mxatvroba, cekva, musika, SesaZloa, sxva kulturebSi xelovnebad arc iyos
miCneuli. xSirad aq Mmusika sulTan damakavSirebeli da sakomunikacio gzaa; ambis
an zRapris moyola _ informaciis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis saSualeba; xeze
kveTa _ lamazi sabrZolo iaraRis dasamSvenebli aucilebeli atributi. dRevan
del muzeumebSi daculi `primitiuli~ xelovnebis mravali nimuSi Tavis droze an
religiuri mniSvnelobis, an yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagani iyo. DdResac, Taname
drove kulturaSi aqtiuria kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris xelovneba da ra _ ara.
zogisTvis repi idealuri musikaa, sxvebi mas uxarisxod Tvlian. dResac xSirad
vbWobT xelovnebis nimuSebis calkeul magaliTebze, magram TiToeul Cvengans
kargad esmis, ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi _ xelovneba.
kulturis sociologia gviCvenebs, rom fiqris, azrovnebisa da kategoriebis
Camoyalibebis Cveneuli gzebi (namdvili xelovnebis ubralo utilitaruli sag
nebisgan gamoyofa da garCeva), Cveni SiSi, imedebi, Cvevebi, rwmena, survili da a.S.,
is sazogadoebrivi qmnilebebia, romlebzec udides gavlenas axdens is dro da ad
gili, romelSic gviwevs cxovreba. virtualurad, xelis CamorTmeviT dawyebuli,
SeyvarebulobiT damTavrebuli, nebismieri Cveni qmedeba SeniRbulia im kultur
iTa da resursebiT, romlebsac Cvenive kultura uzrunvelyofs. Cven vadidebT
160
demokratias, vaRiarebT erT RmerTs, vafasebT konkurentulobas, radgan amas
Cvenive kultura gvaswavlis.
yvelafris miuxedavad kultura ar axorcielebs diqtats Cvens fiqrebsa da
qcevebze. piriqiT, is farTo asparezs uTmobs moqmedebas. Kkultura aris is, ra
sac adamianebi upirobod aviTareben, iyeneben da xvewen. swored es idea aitaca
hovard bekma (1986), roca kultura daaxasiaTa, rogorc `urTierTgaziarebuli
Semecnebebi, romlebsac xalxi sakuTari moqmedebis koordinirebisTvis iyenebs~.
kulturis elementebis SeqmniTa da gamoxatviT, maTi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gatarebiT, erTmaneTs Cveni sazogadoebrivi samyaros gagebas vuziarebT. Kkultu
ris cvla da axal moTxovnebTan misi adaptirebac am procesis Tanmdevia. Sesabam
isad, kultura mudmivad icvleba.
Semdeg Tavs im kulturuli elementebis gacnobiT daviwyebT, romlebsac
yvela kultura iziarebs. Eesenia: Rirebulebebi, normebi, simboloebi, codna da
ena. SevexebiT kulturul integraciasa da kulturul mravalsaxeobas Soris ar
sebul daZabulobas. SevexebiT enis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli faqtoris rols
kulturul integraciasa da politikur identobaSi; kulturuli integraciis
Tanamedrove postmodernistul kritikas. Mmesame nawilSi visaubrebT kultur
aze, rogorc sazogadobrivi produqciis Seqmnis procesze, elituri zegavlenisa
da diqtatisagan gaTavisuflebul gemovnebasa da modaze, romelic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisaTvis dRes identobis mopovebis erT-erT wyarod iqca; Tumca elita
(saxelovnebo nawili) dRemde kulturul codnas kulturuli kapitalis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad aRiarebs. Bbolo TavSi saubari iqneba eleqtronuli me
diis rolze kulturis mzardi globalizaciis procesis ganviTarebaSi.
kulturis elementebi
Rirebulebebi
161
rebulebebi adamianebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri xdeba. `kldovani mTebi momajadoe
belia, maTi dapyroba bunebasTan maaxlovebs~ _ am konkretuli mosazrebis safu
ZvelSi bunebis, rogorc mSvenierisa da saocaris Rirebulebaa xazgasmuli. Tumca
amerikelebi yovelTvis ase ar fiqrobdnen. iyo dro, buneba maTTvis im boroti da
saSiSi Zalis matarebeli iyo, romelsac mudmivad unda ebrZolo da daamarcxo.
rogorc vxedavT, Rirebulebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze Zireuli _ konkurentu
loba da warmatebulobaa. PpolitikaSi, sportSi, biznesSi, skolasa Tu ubralod
yoveldRiur yofaSi vTamaSobT, da vTamaSobT _ mxolod gamarjvebisTvis.
Tuki arCevnebSi gamokveTili gamarjvebuli ar arsebobs, arCevnebi CaSlilia. ga
monaklisi situaciebi gvxvdeba sportSic _ magaliTad, ucabedi sikvdili, rac
avtomaturad gansazRvravs gamarjvebul kandidats. sxva qveynis kulturaSi
konkurentulobis Rirebuleba sruliad ucxoa. MmagaliTad, samxreT amerikaSi Ca
sul Crdiloamerikelebs Zvirad daujdaT laosel frenburTelebSi gamarjvebis
Jinis gaCenis mcdeloba.
162
bisaa. Mmegobroba SesaZloa Zalian mWidro da axlobluric iyos, magram araviTar
SemTxvevaSi _ damamZimebeli. roca garkveuli sirTuleebis winaSe aRmoCndebian,
amerikelebi rCevisaTvis umeteswilad profesiul jgufebs (fsiqologebs, spe
cialur jgufebs) mimarTaven xolme da arCeven sakuTari problemebiT megobrebi
`ar daamZimon~.
zogjer kulturuli fasulobebi funqciurad erTmaneTSia integrirebuli.
konkuretulobis, damoukideblobisa da pirovnuli warmatebulobis Rirebule
bebi erTi meores ejibreba. Ees ufro, amerikulis msgavs, pluralisturi sazoga
doebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; aq kulturuli Rirebulebebi erTmaneTs xSirad
ejaxeba. amerikuli kulturis EerT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli da dRemde aqtualuri
momenti individualursa da sazogadoebriv RirebulebaTa Soris wamoWrili
daZabulobaa (belahi da sxvebi, 1985. gans, 1988). damoukideblobis deklaracia
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, sicocxlisa da bednierebis uflebas efuZneba. CvenT
vis sakuTari Tavisa da cxovrebis gankargvis ufleba umTavresia. Tavad vwyvetT
sakuTar problemebs, viRebT gadawyvetilebebs, erTi sityviT, sxvadasxva val
debulebebisagan Tavisufalni, CvenTvis sasurveli wesiT vagrZelebT cxovre
bas. Mmeores mxriv, CvenSi mudmivad rCeba monatreba im myari fesvebis matarebel
sazogadobebsa da sociumebze, romlebic Taobidan TaobebSi gadadioda da sadac
yvela yvelas cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
robert belasa da misi kolegebis cnobili wignis _ `gulis Cvevebi~, Tanax
mad, amerikelebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis dacvis miuxedavad,
sakraluri mainc pirovnuli, individualuri Rirebulebebi rCeba. wignis av
torebma gamokiTxes sakmaod Zlieri da warmatebuli pirovnebebi, romlebic gan
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben avtonomiurobasa da codnas da Rrmad swamT,
rom warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia rogorc axali, ise Zveli faseuloebi
sagan damoukideblad moqmedeba. maTi azriT, nebismier adamians unda hqondes
sakuTari standartebiT cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis saSualeba da Tavisufleba.
Aamdenad, individualurobis maRali xarisxi – tolerantulobis maRal xarisx
Tan gaigivda. Tumca, individualuroba Zvirad fasobs. robert belas Tanaxmad,
individualistebi ufro metad izolaciisa da simartovisken arian midrekilni.
RirebulebaTa Sejibri xSirad adamianebs sakuTari arCevanis gakeTebaSi ex
mareba. Cveni gadasawyvetia, SevudgebiT pirovnuli warmatebisaken mimaval axal
rTul gzas, Tu davrCebiT im Zvel sazogadoebaSi, im megobrebsa da ojaxis gare
mocvaSi, sadac davibadeT. Aadre Tu gvian nebismieri adamianis cxovrebaSi dgeba
garkveuli arCevanis gakeTebis momenti. Aam SemTxvevaSi, amerikelebi gezs ufro
individualurobis Rirebulebisaken iRebeben. Ees qveyana magnitiviT izidavs sxva
kulturebisa da qveynebis warmomadgenlebs, romelTaTvisac am tipis garemo
misaRebi da sasurvelia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalian bevri amerikeli, da
SesaZloa, umetesobac ki, mtkiced idgams fesvs iq, sadac cxovrebas gadawyvets.
amerikelebi TavianT axladSeqmnil ojaxebze mijaWvulni xdebian da aseve aqtiu
rad erTvebian sxvadasxva socialur jgufebsa Tu organizaciebSi (gans, 1988).
bevr DdRevandeli fasulobas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs. MmaTi nawili jer
kidev im periodidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac SeerTebuli StatebSi dominanturi
163
agraruli meurneoba iyo. idealuri moqalaqe ki – damoukidebeli praqtikuli
gonebis, RvTis moSiSi da sakuTar TavSi dajerebuli mSvidi da sufTa cxovrebis
wesis mimdevari, bunebasTan axlos myofi fermeri (daleki da gogenori, 1992).
dRes fermerobas Zalian cota amerikeli Tu misdevs, miT umetes, cotaa maTSi da
moukidebeli. CvenTvis avtonomiuroba da damoukidebloba, kvlavac faseulia,
magram amJamad amis gamoxatvis sxva gzebi arsebobs – SegiZlia bohemuri cxovre
biT icxovro, stokbrokerobaSi scado bedi an sulac laSqrobebsa da saxelisuf
lebo regulaciebis winaaRmeg gamarTul ekoturizmSi CaerTo.
normebi
164
maTTan es ori sfero erTmaneTisgan arc ise mkacradaa gamijnuli (stiuarti da
beneti, 1991)B. biznesSexvedrebi imave tipis sazogadoebrivi SemTxvevebia, sadac
erTmaneTis ojaxis mokiTxva, sportsa da politikaze azrebis urTierTgaziareba
absoluturad miRebuli normaa. Crdiloamerikelebi xSirad ukmayofilebas ga
moTqvamen amis gamo da Tvlian, rom samxreTelebi bizness saWiro seriozulobiT
ar udgebian. Tavis mxriv, samxreTamerikelebic ar malaven gaocebas CrdiloelTa
simkacrisa da `simSralis~ mimarT.
normebi sazogadoebebTan erTad jgufidan jgufSic icvleba. Ehispanur-ame
rikeli kacebi angloamerikeli qalebis msgavsad, erTmaneTs kocniT egebebian.
Aangloamerikeli kacebi ki Sexvedrisas mxolod xelis CamorTmeviT an mxarze xe
lis `dakvriT~ Semoifarglebian xolme. homoseqsualist amerikelebSi xelixel
Cakidebuli mamakacebis siaruli miRebuli normaa; igive saqcieli heteroseqsual
amerikelebSi ki _ tabudadebuli.
ufro xSirad, adamianebi TavianTi kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel normebs
ubralod meqanikurad misdeven. Ees TavisTavad bunebriv normebs Seexeba, maga
liTad, pasuxis gacema adamianisTvis, romelic SekiTxviT mogmarTavT. Cven amas
sxva adaminebisgan, sakuTari gamocdilebebidan, televiziidan, wignebidan vigebT.
es gaTavisebuli Cvevebi yovelTvis gvexmareba sxvadsxva situaciebisTvis misaRe
bi da miuRebeli normis garCevaSi. umartives situaciebSi pauzis gakeTeba da Ses
aferis qcevaze fiqris dawyeba sazogadoebriv qmedebas ubralod Seaferxebs da
SeuZlebels gaxdis.
marTalia, normebi iseTi myari ar aris, rogorc Rirebulebebi, magram maTi ze
moqmedebis Zala sagrZnoblad mniSvnelovnia. sociologma Harnold garfinkelma
(1967) amis Cveneba erTi eqsperimentis Catarebis daxmarebiT gadawyvita. Mman stu
dentebs sTxova, mSoblebiTvis familaruli mimarTvis magivrad oficialurad mie
marTaT. mister, mis da a.S. da miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi mimarTva siyvarulis da
pativiscemis xarisxs srulebiTac ar akninebs, mSoblemisTvis is srualiad ucxo
da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. es norma ucvleli darCa, SegiZliaT Tavadve darwmundeT.
normebi icvleba adamianebis mxridan maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisa da Za
ladobis mimarT gamoxatuli reaqciis mixedviT. xalxuri zne-Cveulebebi ubralo
yoveldRiuri Cvevebia. damTqnarebisas pirze xels vifarebT, xelis CamorTmeviT
vegebebiT stumars Aimitom, rom es amerikuli wes-Cveulebebia. adamianebi, romle
bic am wes-Cveulebebs uaryofen _ meamboxeebad, eqscentriulebad an snobebad
inaTlebian. Tumca, rogorc wesi, maT mimarT damokidebuleba tolerantulia. Aa
mis sapirispirod, zneobriobis ugulebelyofa yovelTvis mZafr reaqciebs iwvevs.
zneobrioba adamianebiTvis sakraluri da xelSeuxebeli Rirebulebebia. zneobrio
bas ewinaaRmdegeba incesti, kanibalizmi, bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri
Zaladoba. isini, vinc zneobriobis CarCos scildeba, sazogadobisagan gariyulebi,
gankicxulni, dasjilni arian.
zogi norma dRes saxelmwifo ZaliT gatarebul kanonebad, wesebad gadaiq
ca.K kanonebs ZaluZs wes-Cveulebebisa da zneobriobis gardaqmna da ganmtkiceba
(kanonebi mkvlelobisa da Ralatis winaaRmdeg). Ppolitikur avtoritetebs Za
luZT axali normebis damkvidreba maT mier SemoRebuli axali kanonebiT. es Sesa
165
Zloa iyos umciresobaTa uflebis dacva an maTi sruli ugulebelyofa. yvelaze
rTuli ki im kanonebis gatarebaa, romlebic wes-Cveulebebsa da zneobaze ar aris
dafuZnebuli. AaseTia, 21 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis kazinoSi TamaSisa da spir
tiani sasmelis miRebis akrZalva.
simboloebi
166
aramarto produqciis gasaRebis mizniT mogonili bizneselementia, aramed kul
turis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilic~ (leis, klain da Seli, 1986).
zogjer adamianebi garkveul simboloebs Tavisebur axnasac umateben. Sua
xnis pirovnebisTvis, jipis tareba SesaZloa axalgazrdobaSi darCenis erT-erTi
saSuleba iyos. Aaxalgazrda qalaqelisTvis ki _ sakuTari statusis reklamis
sagani. interpretaciebic uamravia. magram Tuki adamianebi TavianT qmedebebs
garSemo myofTa qmedebebs ukavSireben, maT samyaros identuri gageba da aRqmac
unda hqondeT. amitomac, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri
Semoqmedebisa da simboloebis aTvisebis gareSe. Klifor grici werda:
ena
167
`ena qmnis im tipis simdidres, romliTac Tanabrad erTdroulad
sargeblobs nebismieri adamiani da amiT mis codnas aranairi ziani
ar adgeba. Eena qmnis siamovnebis erTobliobas, is Tavisuflad moq
medebs am saganZurSi da gaucnobiereblad exmareba mis dacvas (kon
ti, 1875-77, t.2. gv.213).
codna
168
drois ganmavlobaSi dagrovili infromaciis Senaxvis saSualebas iZleva. inter
netma ki kompiuterisa da telekomunikaciis saSualebiT informaciis miwodebis
nebismier manZilze swrafi da xarisxiani xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyo.
Cvens Tanamedrove `informaciul sociologiaSi~ codnis kontroli uki
duresad mniSvnelovania socialuri zegavlenis mosapoveblad. MmarTalia, Taname
drove teqnologiebma SesaZlebeli gaxada informaciis drouli miReba magram
jer kidev ver uzrunvelyo misi miwodebis YTanabrad ganawileba. Bbevri sociolo
gi aRniSnavs sazogadoebaSi kargad da cudad informirebuli fenebis mkveTri
gansaxvavebis arsebobas.
dRes zrunvis mTavari sagania auarebeli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uz
runvelyofa. imisaTvis, rom faqtebi, movlenebi, TariRebi codnad iqces, saWiroa
adamianebma gaigon isini da SeZlon maTi aTviseba. DdRis ganmavlobaSi momxdar
uamrav faqts Soris, axali ambebis redaqtorebi gadaxarisxebis Sedegad win prio
ritetulad wamoweul Temebs aSuqeben ( garekani, praim taimi); amgvari gafilt
vra adaminebs naxvisa da aTvisebis saSualebas aZlevs; garda amisa, xel-fexs uxs
nis maT, vinc wyvets gazeTisa Tu teleeTeris beds.. mayurebeli ki saWiroebs met
informacias, romlis mopovebis mizniT is internetsa da informaciis sxvadasxva
wyaros mimarTavs xolme.
formuliT an sityviT SeuZlebelia yvela tipis codnis axsna. Ees exeba praqti
kul codnas, romelic ase vTqvaT, araverbaluria (curvis codna, kalaTburTis
kalaTaSi burTis moTavseba). Aaravis ainteresebs, rogor erTveba am moqmedebeb
Si sxeuli da kunTebi. saukeTeso mocuraveebsa da kalaTburTelebsac ki uWirT
warmatebuli TamaSis saidumlos axsna. isini ubralod TamaSiT axerxeben amas.
socialuri yofa praqtikuli codnis gareSe warmoudgenelia, iqneba saubari ge
movnebis gaziarebaze, biznesgarigebasa Tu seqsze (burdie, 1990).
169
vlisas mas sadias naTesavebma kari dauxures da patarZalTan ar uSvebdnen manam,
sanam ar darwmundnen, rom mis mier gadaxdili Tanxa, marTlac sadias Sesaferi
iyo. Famis Semdeg, mubins kari gauRes da man sadias gverdiT daikava adgili. Mmkacri
etiketis Tanaxmad, yvela stumari valdebuli iyo mokrZalebul Tvalebdaxril
patarZalTan misuliyo, raTa misi mSveniereba da sinaze ganedidebina. Mmdumareba
unda SeenarCunebina siZesac manam, sanam stumrebi sxvadasxvagvarad ixumrebdnen
mis momaval saojaxo cxovrebaze. xelmoweril iqna TanxmobaTa qorwinebaze. Mmoi
wvies muslimani mgalobel-mlocvelebi. Mmeore dRes axlad daqorwinebulTa mSob
lebma miReba gamarTes. Nnefe-patarZali fotografebis kamerebis win pozirebda.
mogvianebiT ki, mubinma Tavisi meuRle yvela stumars oficialurad warudgina.
realurad, maqsi/mubini ori cxovrebiT cxovrobs _ EerTis mxriv, ingli
surenovani, amerikanizebuli maqsi, romelic ganaTlebas aSS-Si iRebs da TanamS
romlebisTvisac Cveulebrivi amerikeli maqsia, Mmeores mxriv, pirad cxovrebasa
da ojaxSi is mubinia, romelic mSobliur enaze metyvelebs, tradiciuli samosiT
imoseba, tradiciul sakvebs miirTmevs da Tavisi aRmsareblobis erTguli rCeba.
maqs/mubinis istoria naTlad gamoxatavs im daZabul realobas, rac aSS-Si didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. EerTis mxriv, iyo sazogadoebrivi zewola, romelic
mxars uWerda e.w. asimilacias; mis Tanaxmad, qveyanaSi Camosuli xalxi eqceoda do
minati kulturis zegavlenis qveS da Sesabamisad, Tmobda sakuTar Rirebulebebs,
adaTebsa da mrwamss. Mmeores mxriv, ki aRiniSneboda _ kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis nebas rac TiToeuli pirovnebis memkvidreobiTobasa da misi mrwam
sisa Tu Rirebulebebis pativiscemas gulisxmobs. Mmaqs/mubinis arCevani, misdios
amerikuli cxovrebis wess da amasTanave ojaxSi mSobliuri bengaluri tradiciebis
erTguli darCes, problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi gzaa. aSS-Si Camosuli migrant
ebis umravlesoba swored amgvari dualisturi cxovrebiT cxovrobs.
asimalaciasa da kulturul mravalsaxeobas Soris arsebuli daZabuloba ro
gorc calkeuli individisTvis, ise mTeli sazogadoebriobisaTvisaa nacnobi.
DdRevandeli sazogadoebis mTavari kiTxvac swored amaSi mdgomareobs, ramdenad
`argia~ kulturuli mravalsaxeoba sazogadoebriv wesrigs.
kulturuli mravalsaxeoba gulisxmobs rogorc calkeul sazogadoebebSi, ise
mTels msoflioSi arsebuli gagebis, damokidebulebebis sxvadasxva tipebs, gansx
vavebul Rirebulebebsa da gemovnebas; sanam migrantebi xvdebian axal kulturas
da kulturuli produqcia kulturuli mravalsaxeobis aqtualuri resursia, mra
valsaxeobis garedan Semosvlis saWiroeba namdvilad ar dgas. mniSvnelovania amave
kulturaSi axali identobis mqone sxvadasxva jgufis formireba. magaliTad, dRe
vandeli gei subkulturis msgavsad, kulturuli mravalsaxeobis erT-erTi wyaro
iyo 1960 wlebis studenturi kontrkultura. Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba `Zveli~
erovnuli identobis SenarCunebasTan erTad, `axal~ araeTnikur identobaTa Camo
yalibebasac gulisxmobs.
Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba SemoqmedebiTobis amsaxvelia. is naTeli maga
liTia imisa, rom kulturas Tavad adamianebi qmnian da cvlian. Aamerikelebi ga
nagrZoben cxovrebis axali wesis mosinjvas, axali tipis gaerTianebebis Camoyal
170
ibebas, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis axleburi gzebis Ziebas. Aam TvalismomWreli
mravalsaxeobis Semxedvares, bevrs uCndeba kiTxva, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoe
bas am procesis limitireba.
kulturuli integracia gulisxmobs im dones, romlis arsebiTi funqciuri
sistema aris kultura, sadac yvela nawili urTierTSekavSirebulia. Tavis mxriv,
kulturuli elementebi funqciurad integrirdebian iseT sazogadoebriv mov
lenebTan, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi struqtura da xelisuflebasTan urT
ierToba. vrceli integrirebuli kulturis mqone xalxebisaTvis TiTqmis ucxoa
winaaRmdegoba fiqrsa da saqmes Soris. MmaTi religiuri, ekonomikuri da ojaxuri
cxovreba erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. damkvirdebuli tradiciebis daxmarebiT
maT cxovrebis umtkivneulod, yovelgavri Sinagani konfliqtis gareSe warmarTva
SeuZliaT. Tumca, rogorc anTropologma ralf lintonma (1947) aRniSna, amgvari
sazogadoebebi xSirad mgrZnobiareni arian.F Rirebulebebi, mrwamsi, teqnologiebi
aq erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. EerTi sferos Secvla jaWvuri reaqciiT gadaedeba
meores da xSirad es mTeli sistemis balansidan amovardnas iwvevs. KSesaZloa kul
turulma mravalsaxeobam ganapirobos funqciuri integraciis Sesusteba, magram
mas aseve aqvs Tavisufali arCevanisa da SemoqmedebiTobis damkvidrebis unari.
171
vani, maTgan ar iTxovda _ da arc sTavazobda – gamxdariyvnen romaelebi, maT
enaze elaparakaT, gaeziarebinaT romaelTa Rirebulebebi. Ddidi imperiebi kul
turuli mravalsaxeobisadmi tolerantulni iyvnen. MmaTgan gansxvavebiT, nakle
bi tolerantobiT gamoirCevian Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi (kalhuni, 1995). sa
nam ingliselebi ZiriT Ziramde atarebdnen sakuTar `ingliselobas~, amerikuli
kultura ara marto inglisuri, aramed laTinoamerikuli, azieli, karibieli,
afrikeli da aRmosavleT evropeli migrantebis mier Semotanil kulturaTa el
ementebs iTvisebda. masze Ddidi gavlena Tanamedrove wignebma, filmebma da tele
viziam iqonia. DdRes kiTxva, ramdenad Ria unda iyos amerikis SeerTebuli State
bi sxva qveynebis kulturaTYa zegavlenis misaRebad, jerac upasuxod rCeba. Mmisi
gadawyveta kulturuli mravalsaxeobis an kulturuli integraciis sasikeTod
jer ar momxdara. Uunda dahyavdeT Tu ara fundamentalist qristianebs, orTodo
qs ebraelebs, Savkanian muslimebs bavSvebi sakuTar skolebSi; unda saubrobdnen
da swavlobdnen Tu ara sxva enaze mosaubre bavSvebi inglisurad. ixileT soci
ologiisa da sazogadoebrivi debatebis nawili.
lingvisturi mravalsaxeoba
172
enam gauxsna gza damoukideblobebisaken. AafrikaSi amarul enaze mosaubre eTi
opielebs mSobliuri enis erovnul standartad gamocxadebis mcdeloba hqon
daT. amas win aRudgenen sxva xalxebi, romelTac mkacrad gamoxates sakuTari neba
da Sedegad SeinarCunes rogorc mSobliuri ena, ise mravalenianoba.
bevri amerikelis azriT, aSS-s dRes SeiZleba `ucxoelTa nacia~ vuwodoT. Census biuros
1994 wlis statistikis mixedviT, amerikelTa 8.7% aSS-s sazRvrebs gareTaa dabadebuli. TiTqmis
32 milioni amerikeli saxlSi mSobliur enaze saubrobs; sajaro skolebSi mosiarule bavSvTa
erTi mesamedisTvis pirveli ena – ucxo enaa (hideni, 1995). riT pasuxobs amerikuli sazogadoeba
da kerZod, saganmanaTeblo sistema aseT mzard lingvistur mravalsaxobas?
amerikul skolas aqvs sami ZiriTadi arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba; pirvelia _ sazogadoe
baSi bavSvebis asimilirebis stimulireba, iqneba es nebiT (specialuri saswavlo klasebi an daqi
ravebuli repetitorebi) Tu garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT (yvela studenti survilis da
ganurCevlad valdebulia iswavlos inglisur saswavlebelSi). Semdegi gamosavalia bilingvuri
anu orenovani swavleba. es aris federaluri politikis nawili, romelic gulisxmobs im bavS
vebis daxmarebas, romlebic inglisuri enis arcodnis gamo CamorCebian swavlaSi; am meTodis
Tanaxmad, moswavle iseT ZiriTad sagnebs, rogoricaa maTematika, biologia, sazogadoebrivi
sagnebi – swavlobs mSobliur enaze da paralelurad eswreba inglisuris gakveTilebs, rac mas
codnis gaRrmavebaSi exmareba. enis aTvisebis Semdeg ki moswavle yvela sagnis swavlas inglisur
enaze ganagrZobs. da mesame gza _ mravalenovani swavleba, sadac rogorc inglisurenovani, ise
arainglisurenovani moswavleebi sagnebs or enaze gadian ( es meTodi naklebad ganixileba).
debatebi
173
swavleba mSboluri enis dakninebas da TviTSefasebis xarisxis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. am adamia
nebis azriT, dRevandel mzard integrirebul samyaroSi, momavali kulturul da lingvistur
mravalsaxeobebTan adaptirebazea damyarebuli.
analizi
am debatebis amosavali birTvi _ kulturaa. Eena, kulturis erTi Semadgeneli rodia, igi
pirveladi sazomia, romelsac efuZneba nebismieri kultura. Eenis gaziareba _ kulturis gazi
arebasa da gacnobaSi gvexmareba. Aaq ori situacia ikveTeba _ erTis mxriv, bavSvebi, romlebic
aRar saubroben mSobliur enaze, nel-nela kargaven kavSirs mSoblebis enasTan. Mmeore mxriv, sx
vadasxva enaze mosaubre bavSvebs rogorc Tavisi, ise sxvadasxva kulturis, xelovnebis, isto
riis, saerTod msoflmxedvelobis gacnobis saSualeba eZlevaT.
xSirad ena is gamyofi xazia, romelic e.w `araCvenianis~ amocnobasa da erovnuli ideebis
mxaradWeraSi gvexmareba. Aase Tu ise, enebis gaziareba erovnulis arsebiTi atributi ar aris.
Sveicaria, sami ZiriTadi da erTi umciresobebis enis (franguli, germanuli, italiuri da
romanuli) qonis miuxedavad, dRemde maRalganviTarebuli, warmatebuli, integrirebuli da
stabiluri erovnuli saxelmwifoa. Eena xSirad scildeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. amis magali
Tia espanur enaze mosaubre laTinoamerikelTa umravlesoba. TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom
laTinuri amerika Tavis mxriv, mraval gansxvavebul kulturasa da qveyanas moicavs.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTgan
sazRvris uflebas, rac sazogadoebrivi aqtivobaa, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavad virCevT Cvens
xelisuflebas, cxovrebis wess da im enas, romelzec gvsurs laparaki. Mmagram enasTan dakav
Sirebul pirovnul gadawyvetilebebTan erTad yovelTvis moiazreba sazogadoebrivi gare
moebebic. mSoblebs SeuZliaT bavSvis waxaliseba inglisuri enis SeswavalSi, im mizeziT, rom
ena maTi ukeTesi saganmanaTleblo, politikuri Tu momavali saqmianobis garanti iqneba. maT
aseTive warmatebiT SeuZliaT bavSvebSi garkveuli eWvis gaCenac im argumentis moSveliebiT,
rom inglisuri enis SeswavliTa da aTvisebiT isini SesaZloa nel-nela mowydnen sakuTar kul
turul tradiciebsa da aman maTSi mSoblebis avtoritetis mkveTri dacema gamoiwvios. Aar
Cevanis gakeTeba arc ise iolia. Ppirovnebebi, sazogadoebebi, ojaxebi – dilemis winaSe dganan.
EerT-erTi kolejis studenti ase xsnis situacias: ~Cemma mSoblebma ar ician inglisuri, me ki,
sakmaod miZneldeba espanuris gageba da es Zalian mtkivneulia CemTvis~(hideni, 1995gv.40). ar
Cevanis gakeTebis sakiTxi, migrantTa enis SenarCunebasa an inglisuris aTvisebas Soris erT
mniSvnelovani da kategoriuli ar unda iyos. Mmravalenovani swvalebis erT-erTi mizania im
sakmarisi gamocdilebisa da codnis miwodeba, rac sabolood moswavles sakuTari arCevanis
gakeTebaSi daexmareba.
mravalenovnebis irgvliv atexili debatebis gamomwvevi mizezia sazogadoebriv-struqtu
ruli faqtorebi. DdRes aSS-Si 300 gansxvavebul enaze mosaubre adamiani cxovrobs. 1995 wlis mi
jnaze, deidis skolis administraciam 5, 190 axali 52 enaze mosaubre studenti aRricxa (hideni
1995)Y yvela am studentisTvis orenovani swavlebis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia. Tanabrad mniS
vnelovania garkveul jgufebsa da skolebSi moswavle arainglisurenovan bavSvebze koncent
rireba. los-anjelesis studentTa 43 % procenti espanurenovania (hideni, 1995). Ees sxvadasxva
struqturuli Tu industriuli faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. MsamuSaos saZebnad CamosulTa umetesi
nawili iltvis kaliforniisa da mexikosaken (kaliforniis soflis meurneoba). MmigrantTa um
ravlesoba muSaobas da cxovrebas arCevs iq, sadac mosaxleobis didi nawili maTi kulturisa da
174
enis warmomadgenelia. Aamitomac, axali migrantebi TavianTi winaprebis mier SerCeul adgilebSi
saxdlebian. Eespanurenovani xalxisTvis komunikacia Cveulebriv mSobliur enaze grZeldeba; Sin
da gareT isini mSobliur enaze saubroben da amitomac, am ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi skolaSi
inglisuri enis umciresi codniT midian. Tavad skolebSic am bavSvebis umetesoba saubars erT
maneTSi Tavis mSobliur enaze ganagrZobs da amis gamo, maTSDi inglisuri enis damkvidreba sul
ufro rTuldeba.
mravalenovani ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba mTavrobazea damokidebuli.
Uunda flobdes Tu ara sazogadoeba, xelisufleba an skola met Zalauflebasa da kontrols imis
gansazRvraSi, ra enaze unda ilaparakon adamianebma? AamerikaSi dominanti ena _ inglisuria,
radgan inglisurenovan mosaxleobas aqvs ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri Zalaufleba
da neba, moaxdionos migrantTa sazogadoebaSi asimilacia. da xSir SemTxvevaSi es maTi survi
lis winaaRmdegac ki xdeba. indiur sakiTxTa biuros mmarTvelobis qveS myof skolebSi amerikel
bavSvebs akrZaluli hqondaT sakuTar enaze laparaki. 1912 wels, Stat luizianas kanonmde
blobis Tanaxmad, sajaro skolebSi Sewyda kajun franguli enis swavleba (ris Sedegadac, bevri
am erovnebis warmomadgeneli skolidan gauSves). 1971 Stat texasis sajaro skolebSi aikrZala
espanur enaze laparaki (hideni, 1995). DdRevandel dRes realurad eyreba safuZveli inglisuri
enis oficialur enad gamocxadebis kampanias (magaliTad, xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebis,
gancxadebis mxolod inglisur enaze gamoqveyneba). DdReisaTvis ukve ocdaorma Statma da mra
valma municipalurma organom miiRo kanoni, mxolod inglisurenovani kanonebis miRebis Sesaxeb
da bolo dros Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom amerikelTa 73% procenti amis momxrea.
(US News&World Report, 25 seqtemberi, 1995). amdenad, skolebi CixSi aRmoCdnen (ix. sqema 4.1).
175
rantebisaTvis inglisuris swavleba. Mmagram dRevandeli kulturuli da ekonomikuri mzardi in
ternaciolizaciis pirobebSi, samomavlod mxolod inglisur enaze molaparakeni aRmoCndebian
rTul mdgomareobaSi. EerTenovani ganaTleba SesaZloa disfunqciuri aRmoCndes globaluri
ekonomikisaTvis. AamasobaSi ki, manam, sanam amerikelebi mravalenovani swavlebis irgvliv de
batebs ganagrZoben, sxva qveynebis xalxebi meore enad inglisurs irCeven.
176
migrantTa jgufebi: italiel-amerikelebi, iaponel-amerikelebi, afro-ame
rikelebi _ subkulturis models warmoadgenen. Tumca, yvela eTnikuri jgufi
subkulturad ver gardaiqmneba. subkulturis ganviTarebis dones didwilad
gansazRvravs is faqtori, ramdenad gasnxvavdeba ama Tu im eTnikuri umciresobis
kultura dominanti kulturisgan. MmagaliTad, vietnamelebs, inglisidan wamosu
li migrantebisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikul wamyvan kulturasTan TiTqmis aranairi
kavSiri ar aqvs. mniSvnelovania struqturuli damoukideblobis sakiTxic anu
ramdenad inarCunebs umciresoba dominanti kulturis zegavlenisagan avtonomi
urobasa da damoukideblobas. Aamis magaliTia koreeli migrantebi, romlebic yov
elTvis iRvwian sakuTari biznesis, mezoblobisa da religiuri kongregaciebis
gatarebisa da dacvisaTvis, riTac dominanti kulturisagan aSkara distancire
bas axdenen.
subkulturebs ayalibeben dasaqmebuli, sazogadobriv-ekonomikuri, asa
kobrivi niSniT gaerTianebuli da sxva tipis jgufebi. Aaxalgazdrdebi qmnian axal
subkulturebs im musikis, Sexvedrebisa da sxvaTa safuZvelze, risi gamocdile
bac aqvT. tipuri subkultura Tavs iCens maSin, roca erTgvarovan situaciaSi aR
moCenili xalxi, Tavs ZiriTadi samyarodan izolirebulad grZnobs. SesaZloa, es
iyos rogorc fizikuri (sapyrobileSi an jarSi myofni), ise gansxvavebuli azrisa
da Sexedulebebis qoniT gamowveuli izolacia, romelic adamianebs msoflioSi
miRebuli kulturisgan riyavs.
urTerTSerevis procesSi, subkulturis wevrebi sakuTar jgufebTan iden
tobis povnasTan erTad, dominanti kulturisgan de-identobas axdenen. amerikaSi
mcxovrebi homoseqsualebis azriT, am qveynis wamyvani kultura – heteroseqsua
luria (isini Tavs am konteqstidan amovardnilad miiCneven). AaTeistebis azriT,
wamyvani kultura _ religiuria. Savkaniani afro-amerikelebisTvis dominanti
dasavleli TeTrkanianebis memkvidreobiT miRebuli kulturaa, UusaxlkaroTaT
vis ki _ saSualo fenis kultura.
zogierTi subkultura dominanti kulturisagan gamijnvis garda, misi gamow
vevisa da xSirad Secvlis mcdelobiTac gamodis. Aam tipis kulturebs _ kontr
kulturebi ewodebaT. Aamis saukeTeso magaliTi gaxldaT 60-iani wlebis studenturi
kontrkultura, romelic `istabliSmentis~ mier aRiarebul samuSao, materialuri,
seqsualuri prioritetebis sawinaaRmdegod gamovida. struqturulad es moZraoba
gaumarTavi iyo, ar arsebobdnen gamokveTili liderebi, aklda wesebi da Sesabamisi
organizeba, (miuxedavad imisa, rom misi wevrebi saerTo faseuloebebs da ideebs
iziarebdnen). Aarsebobs sxva, ufro mWidro struqturuli kontrkulturebi. maga
liTad, hari kriSnas mimdevrebi, romlebic mkacrad icaven sakuTari kulturis
sazRvrebs da disciplinas. Sedegad, isini dominanti kulturisgan mudmiv damouki
deblobas inarCuneben.
zogi kontrkultura Ria moqmedebas arCevs, zogan ki privatuloba mkacradaa
daculi. sanam 1995 wels oklahomas qalaqis ofisi ar daibomba, amerikelebi e.w.
`zizRis jgufebsa~ da `radikaluri uflebebis~ jgufebis arsebobaSi maincda
mainc sagangaSos verafers xedavdnen. Amomxdarma faqtma ki sazogadeobas realuri
safrTxe daanaxa: aRmoCenil iqna sabrZolo SeiaraReba, gaerTianebebi, romlebic
177
xelisuflebis damxobisa da kontrolis sakuTar xelSi Cagdebisken iyo mimarTuli
da erTi ideis qveS gaerTianebuli adamianebi sxvadasxva tipis komunikaciis (Toq
Souebi, kompiuteruli qseli) anu kontrkulturis daxmarebiT erTmaneTs ukav
Sirdebodnen. SesaZloa, isini `WeSmarit~ amerikul Rirebulebebad swored Tavi
anT Rirebulebebs Tvlidnen.
dReisaTvis xSirad midis kamaTi ama Tu im identobis mqone jgufTa kano
nierebisa da saerTo kulturaSi maT mier Setanili pozitiuri wvlilis Sesaxeb.
MmagaliTad, ra aris gei kultura? Kkanonieri subkultura Tu ubralod devianti
adamianebis erTianoba. antiarCevanis moZraobaSi CarTuli, abortis winaaRmdeg
molaSqre adamianebi _ ubralod deviantebi Tu kanonieri subkulturis wevrebi
arian? Aan vin arian haiteli politikuri migrantebi _ sakuTar samSobloSi mZvin
vare anarqiasa da terorizms gamoqceuli devnilebi, Tu ubralod, sarCo-sabade
blis maZiebeli xalxi?
am tipis kiTxvebi politikuri identobis arss gamoxatavs (kalhuni, 1994 b).
dRes bevr jgufs ara marto materialuri keTildReobisaTvis, aramed sxvaTa
TvalSi TviTdamkvidrebisa da sakuTari uflebebis mopovebisTvisac uwevs brZo
la. sakmaod bevri ibrZoles amerikulsa da msoflio kulturaSi Setanili dadeb
iTi wvlilis dasamtkiceblad afro-amerikelebma. Aamerikuli wignebis umetes
nawilSi maT ZiriTadad monobasTan dakavSirebiT moixseneben xolme. `msoflio
istoriis~ kursi eqskluziurad ufro dasavleTis istorias miiCnevs. CixSia mo
qceuli `afrikuli~ identoba, romelic pativiscemas da dafasebas iTxovs; es ki
warsulSi monobasa da awmyoSi arsebul siRaribesTan da sxva problemebTan aso
cirebiTaa gamowveuli.
Aarsebobs makro- da mikro tipis identobis politika. Ppirvelis Temaa _ eTni
kuri jgufebi, romelTa `erovnebebad~ gamocxadebis irgvliv kamaTi ar cxreba (bos
nielebi, qurTebi, amazonis adgilobrivi tomebi). Mmeores warmomadgenelni ki arian
calkeuli pirovnebebi, individebi, magaliTad, aratradiciuli seqsualuri orien
taciis mqone pirovneba. miayenebs Tu ara mas homoseqsualistad aRiareba materi
alur (samsaxuris dakargva) zarals an fsiqologiur stress (sazogadoebidan gari
yva). Aam SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara sworsa da arasworze, aramed imaze, vin imsaxurebs
kulturul aRiarebas.
AaRsaniSnavia isic, rom xalxi yovelTvis bolomde ar jdeba sakuTari subkul
turis sazRvrebSi. Aadamiani SesaZloa erTdroulad Savkanianic iyos da homoseq
sualic. igive SemTxvevaa iamaikeli dedisa da iaponeli mamis Svili an SeerTe
bul StatebSi dabadebuli da aRzrdili Cinuri memkvidreobis mqone adamiani.
Ggarkveul situaciaSi, oridan erTi identoba wina planze iwevs. zogjer, es poli
tikuri garemoebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli. aucilebelia Tu ara, Savkanianma qa
lebma mxolod rasobriv an genderul identobaze moaxdinon fokusireba? Bbevri
Svkaniani aqtivistis azriT, rasaze genderis win dayeneba _ Ralatia. sxvaTa az
riT, orives Serwyma Savkanian feministur cnobierebaSi savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
(kolinsi, 1991). xSirad kolejebsa da kampusebSi Savkaniani qalebi garkveul ze
wolasa da uuflebobas ganicdian (kargaven megobrebs an CrdilSi rCebian).
178
SeniSvna: daStrixuli espanuri
inglisuri Cinuri arabuli
areebi erTze met
sasaubro enas portuga- rusuli sxva
franguli liuri
aRniSnavs.
wyaro: s. moseleis (C. Moseley) da r.e. aSeris (R. E. Asher) red., `msoflio enaTa
atlasi~, (Routledge, London, 1994), gv. 223-224.
kulturaTaSorisi gageba
Damerikasa da, saerTod, Tanamedrove msoflioSi, adamianebi erTmaneTTan in
tensiur komunikaciaSi verTvebiT da vecnobiT sxvaTa kulturul memkvidreobas.
SesaZloa Cveni klasis megobrebi sxva subkulturis warmomadgenelni iyvnen. mra
valerovan korporaciebSi ki mudmivad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenel
TanamSromlebs _ menejerebsa, Tu ubralo moxeleebs.
riTi vpasuxobT am komunikacias? EerT-erTi pasuxi – eTnocentrizmi, anu yvelaf
ris sakuTari Rirebulebebisa da kulturis WrilSi danaxvaa. Ees yvela Cvengans sCve
via, magram eTnocentrizmi, egocentrizmis (sakuTar Tavze orientirebuls) msgav
sad, TviTSezRudulia. Tu adamiani miiCnevs da myarad dgas im azrze, rom yvela
danarCenis imedebi, SiSi, survilebi misive msgavsi unda iyos, maSin is verasodes Se
Zlebs sxvisi grZnobebisa da msoflmxedvelobis gagebas.
eTnocentrizmis alternativa – kulturuli relativizmi. Aanu ama Tu im sag
nis, Tavisive kulturis kuTxiT danaxvisa da gagebis mcdelobaa. Dswored es aris
erTaderTi gza urTierTgagebisaken. Kkulturuli relativizmi gulisxmobs ada
mianTa mzaobas, gaixsnas sxva kulturebis mimarT da ara _ neitralitets. Ggageba
179
yovelTvis mowonebas da gamarTlebas rodi niSnavs. Cven yvelas kargad gvesmis,
rom axal gvineaSi Cveulebriv normadaa miRebuli adamianebze nadiroba, rac Seu
Zlebelia aRqmuli da gagebuli iqnes imave viCitasa da kanzasis macxovreblebs So
ris. Ggagebisa da gamarTlebis erTmaneTisgan gamijnva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria. EeTnocentrizmi Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi gagebisa da gamarTlebis
erTmaneTSi aRrevas axdenen da uars amboben sxvaTa rwmenisa da gamocdilebebis
gaziarebaze.
G g agebis msgavsi magaliTebi SeiZleba moviyvanoT religiidanac. sxvaTa reli
giuri ritualebis, dResaswaulebis, tradiciebis gacnobisas viRebT codnas ro
gorc sakuTari, ise sxvebis aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. ebraelebSi naTloba miRebuli
ar aris. E e braul ojaxSi dabadebuli bavSvi ukve iudevelia. Qqristianuli religi
uri tradiciebis, kerZod, naTlobis Sesaxeb informaciis gacnobisas, ebraele
bi xSirad igeben damatebiT informacias imis Taobaze, rom bevri qristianuli
denominacia ver Tanxmdeba naTlobis asakTan dakavSirebiT (dabadebisTanave Tu
SedarebiT mowiful asakSi). es uTanxmoebebi ki bibliis wminda wignis im nawili
dan iRebs saTaves, romelsac iudevelebi da qristianebi (`Zveli aRTqma~ – qris
tianTaTvis, `Tora~ – ebraelTaTvis) iziareben; arsebobs msgavsebebi garkveul
ritualebsa da gamocdilebebSic. magaliTad, ebraelTa rituali bar micva an bat
micva, swored im asakSi tardeba, (cameti wlis), roca msgavs rituals sxvadasxva
qristianuli garTianebebi atareben. Aamdenad, sxva religiaTa gacnobisas, adami
ani sakuTari Rirebulebis sxvisTvis Tavs moxvevis gareSe swavlobs sxvaTa rw
menisa da ritualebis pativiscemas.
ukiduresad Sori da gansxvavebuli wes-Cveulebisa da tradiciebis gagebac
amgvari midgomis ufro farTo masStabebSi gadadis. MmagaliTad, dasavlelebisT
vis gaugebaria hinduri wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
davkla sastikad akrZalulia da es xdeba indoeTSi, sadac xalxis didi nawili
TiTqmis SimSilis zRvarzea. realurad, cocxali pirutyvi aqauri mosaxleo
bisTvis gacilebiT met sargebels iZleva, vidre dakluli da sufraze sxvadasxva
sunelebiT morTmeuli steiki. xari xnavs miwas, Zroxa iwvelis rZes. Ppirutyvis na
keli ki niadagis ganoyierebasTan erTad, sawvavi airis warmoqmnasac uwyobs xels
_ swored aqedan ikveTeba Zroxis sakraluri mniSvneloba indoelTaTvis (harisi,
1975). SesaZloa, ebraelTa da musulmanTaTvis Roris xorcis Wamis akrZalva da
kaTolike qristianebisTvis paraskevs marxvis Senaxva, garkveulad warsulis ga
mocdilebasTan iyos dakavSirebuli. DdRes ki, amgvari wesebis aRiareba jgufis
identobis demonstrirebas niSnavs.
postmodernizmi
180
memkvidreobiT kulturas moergon. es gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi global
izaciis irgvliv arsebul aqtiur debatebs warmoSobs. Aara aqvs mniSvneloba iqne
ba es erTi `calke mdgomi~ kultura, Tu ufro farTo kulturuli mravalsaxeoba.
Mmravalsaxeobis mxardamWerTa azriT, dRes safuZveli eyreba axal _ postmoder
nistul epoqas, sadac bolo periodis wamyvani integrirebuli Zalebis nel-nela
gaqroba daiwyeba.
Ppostmodernistebis azriT (sidmani, 1994, laSi, 1993; liotari 1984), dRevan
deloba kulturuli integraciis procesiTaa moculi. Mmsxvili mTavrobebiTa da
biurokratiebiT marTuli Tanamedrove kultura gansakuTrebul aqcents yvela
kulturuli elementis erT racionalur wesrigSi moyvanaze akeTebs. Mis iTxovs
konformizmis donis amaRlebas, axdens kulturuli siwmindisa da integraciis
idealizacias da gansxvavebulobebs udgeba, rogorc ara Tavisuflebisa da Semoq
medebis gamoxatulebas, aramed rogorc im sirTuleebs, romelTa gadalaxvac Sesa
Zlebelia. Tanamedrove kultura ixreba ganviTarebis im erTaderTi Seuqcevadi
procesisken, romelTan mimarTebaSic yvela danarCeni kulturuli movlena met-
naklebi mniSvnelobis mqone meorexarisxovan movlenad iqneba ganxiluli. erTi
sityviT, Tanamedrove kultura eTnocentrizmisken midrekilebas iCens.
postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom arsebobs ganviTarebis ara erTi, aramed ram
denime gza. isini ar eTanxmebian wesrigisa da kulturuli integraciis im formas,
romelic, maTi azriT `qaosur~ zewolas axdens iseT umciresobebze, rogoricaa
eTnikuri jgufebi, politikuri disidentebi, axali tipis skolebi. isini miesalme
bian Tanamedrove kulturis im axal teqnologiebs, romlebic sakmaod farTo da
xSirad urTierTsapirispiro SesaZleblobebs iZleva. Aimavdroeulad isini am cv
lilebebs aRiqvamen, rogorc Zalauflebisa da centralizaciis iseT formas, ro
goricaa eri-saxelmwifo. Tanamedrove postmodernul epoqaSi aqtiuria kamaTi
imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebebs uWirT mravalerovani korporaciebis, masobri
vi migraciis, mediisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis fonze sakuTari avtoritetis
SenarCuneba. sustdeba politikuri gaerTianebebis ndobis xarisxi, kulturuli
identobis mqone xalxi ki sul ufro da ufro Sordeba sakuTar fesvebs da sam
Soblosgan Sors cxovrobs (inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi
pakistanelebi Tavs dRemde pakistanelebs uwodeben). postmodernistebis azriT,
gardauvalia axali gansxvavebuli tipis kulturaTa Seqmna, rasac xels Seuwyobs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi struqturebi da kulturuli nimuSebi. Aarian isinic,
vinc ar eTanxmeba gamoTqmul varauds, TumcaRa sociologTa umravlesoba Tanx
mdeba imaze, rom Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTarebis done sagrZnoblad maRali,
mravalferovani da mobiluria.
rogor aisaxa es cvlilebebi Cvens sazogadoebasa da kulturaze? orlando pa
tersoni (1994) gamoyofs amerikis sam wamyvan kulturas. pirveli _ tradiciuli
midgoma, rwmeniTa da deviziT _ `amerika amerikelebisaTvis~. warsulSi, tradici
uli amerika erTdroulad rasistuli da qsenofobiuri iyo (orive SemTxvevaSi an
tiucxouri ganwyoba). Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom rasizmi daZleul iqna, separatizmi
jer kidev aqtualuria. tradiciulad Savakanianebi da TeTrkanianebi, `erTmane
Tisgan damoukidebel mSvidobian cxovrebas~ arCeven xolme ( gv.113).
181
Mmeore _ amerika multikulturuli qveyanaa. Mmaiami da los-anjelesi ukve
ara Zveli gagebis tradiciuli amerikuli, aramed transnacionaluri qalaqebia.
maT macxovrebelTa umravlesobas Seadgenen laTinuri amerikidan, karibidan,
afrikidan wamosuli migrantebi, romlebic samSoblosTan inarCuUneben ekonomi
kur, kulturul da sazogadoebriv mWidro kavSirs. bevri maTgani arakvalifici
uri an dabali kvalifikaciis muSaxelia, romelic amerikaSi samuSaos saZebnad da
im ekonomikuri niSebis Sesavsebad Camovida, razec mkvidrma amerikelebma uari
Tqves. Zveli migrantuli jgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon
sakuTar qveynebsa da SeerTebul Statebs Soris kavSiris gabma da orivegan Tavi
ise igrZnon, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi. saWiroebis mizeziT erTad Seyrili jgufe
bi erT sivrceSi Tanacxovroben, magram erTmaneTSi ar irevian.
mesame amerika _ ekumenuria, `universaluri tipis kultura, romelmac war
moSva da ganagZobs naciis axali didi qalaqebisa da universitetebis warmoqmnas~
(gv.115). is postindustriulsa da infomaciul ekonomikazea dafuZnebuli da yve
la adgilidan (da ara marto amerikidan) izidavs xalxs, ideebs, xelovnebas, te
qnologias, modas da nacionalur kulturas. Eis arc iseTi izolirebuli samyaroa,
rogorc tradiciuli amerika da arc iseTi Tavisuflad Camoyalibebuli, rogorc
mravalerovani; is yovelTvis iyureba momavlisken da ara _ warsulisken; is ar
Cevs im faseuloebebs, religiebs, normebsa da simboloebs, romlebic ar aris Sez
Ruduli romelime erTi erovnebiT, adgiliT, qveyniT da cxovrebis wesiT. Tumca,
es imas ar niSnavs, rom ekumenuri kultura mxolod saukeTesos irCevs. Ppaterso
nis azriT, es ara utopia, aramed momavlis is talRaa, romelSic erovuli saz
Rvrebisa da identobebis Seusabamoba sagrZnoblad masStaburi gaxdeba.
kulturis Camoyalibeba
182
Tayvanismcemelni. warsulisa Tu awmyos xelovanebi amzadeben axali Semoqmedis
xelovnebis miRebisa da gagebisTvis aucilebel konteqsts. rogorc vxedavT,
Semoqmedeba, rogorc calkeul xelovan individze, ise kulturuli produqciis
sferoSi arsebul sazogadoebriv organizaciebzea damokidebuli. (bordiu 1993).
sazogadoebrivi struqtura zegavlenas axdens rogorc Semoqmedebaze, aseve
masSi nagulisxmevi dasanaxi an `asaTvisebeli~ mxareebis gamoaSkaravebazec. sxva
fenebisgan gansxvavebiT, kulturuli elita flobs met Zalauflebas, uwevs kon
trols imas, ra gamoifineba galereebSi, ras aSuqeben televiziiT an ras aswavlian
skolebSi. arCeviTobis procesSi aqtualurad erTveba rogorc marketingi, ise
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi. televiziis SemTxvevaSi mauwyeblebi mayurebelTa
farTo auditoriis mopovebis mizniT, aqcents ufro `popularul kulturaze~
akeTeben, vidre `maRalze~. xSirad maT upirispirdebian iseTi jgufebi, rogori
caa, magaliTad, konservatiuli qristianuli koalicia, romelic yovelTvis
icavs sakuTar moralur Sexedulebebs (winaaRmdegia ekranebze seqsis an homo
seqsualuri cxovrebis wesis demonstrirebisa). aseTi jgufebi xSirad boikotiT
afiqsiereben sakuTar pozicias da aiZuleben kidec mauwyebels ukan daixios.
moda da gemovnebac kulturis socialuri produqciis ilustraciaa. orive
sazogadoebriv fenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. elitisTvis gankuTvnil eqskluziur
samodelo saxlebSi SeZenili tansacmeli da elituri moda, socialuri statusis
aRmniSnvelia. elita Tavs uflebas aZlevs SeiZinos is, risi SeZenac saSualo fenas
ar SeuZlia. xSirad saSualo fena da muSebi ubralod elian dros, roca maRali
modis kopireba da ganmeoreba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ufro dabal xarisxSi. isini
ewinaaRmdegebian elitis dominirebas da Tavis sakuTar modas qmnian. AaviRoT
`granjis~ stili – CaCaCuli daxeuli jinsebi, farTo perangebi, sietleli axal
gazrdebis damaxasiaTebeli Cacmuloba, mogvinebiT aramarto saSualo fenaSi,
aramed cnobili dizaineris ralf lorenis koleqciaSic gamoCnda. Ggemovnebac
socialuri niSania. Ddamsaqmeblebi gadawyvetilebebs aramarto imis safuZvelze
iReben, rogori Semsruleblebi arian isini, aramed imazec, ramdenad aqvT elitu
ri fenis Sesaferisi gemovneba da kulturuli codna.
moda Tanamedrove, dasavluri sazogadoebebis identobis Ziebis amsaxvelia.
(davis, 1992). iyo dro, roca xalxi Tavisi socialuri statusis Sesabamis samoss
icvamda. Cacmis manera ucvleli da gansazRvruli iyo. DdRes, es yvelaferi cva
lebadia. Aadamianebi, pirovnebebi aqtiurad eZieben sakuTar imijs (xSirad es gauc
nobierebladac xdeba). sazogadoebis wevrebi iziareben cxovrebis pirobebs, ms
gavs SegrZnebebs, ukmayofilebasa Tu miRwevebs. Mmoda koleqtiuri identobebis
cvalebadobiT ikvebeba.
fred devisi axdens ambivalenturi identobebis sami wyaros gansazRvre
bas. Eesaa sami `kulturis mcdari xazi~ (1992, gv.26). genderi (unda ecvaT Tu ara
qalebs mamakacis perangebi, ekeToT halstuxebi an sxva? Uunda uTmobdnen Tu ara
mamakacebi met yuradRebas dizainsa da ferebs?), statusi – (qristianuli daZabu
loba aqcents mZime Sromasa da TviTuaryofaze da kapitalistur/momxmareblur
devizze `Tuki gaqvs, gamoiyene kidec~, Aanu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, esaa ale
buloba garegnuli fufunebis winaaRmdeg) da sqesis demonstrireba (qaliSvili
183
gogonas stilidan aSkarad demonsatrirebul erotikul stilamde). devisi askv
nis, rom Tanamedrove moda mWidro sazogadoebrivi struqturis produqtia da is
bevr kiTxvas upasuxod tovebs. regulirebis nacvlad Mmoda ufro aZlierebs kul
turul daZabulobas.
bolo dekadebis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove moda ufro arCeviTi da demokra
tiuli gaxda. Ees 1960-ian wlebSi saSualo fenebis mzardi zegavleniT, sakredito
baraTebisa da im axali teqnologiebis gamoCenis Sedegad moxda, ramac maRali
moda saSualo fenebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada; es ki swored maRali modis
kopirebisa da masobrivi produqciis gamoSvebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli (lipovecki,
1994). Qqreba sazRvrebi gemovnebebs Soris. xelovanTa gemovnebis SemoqmedebiTi
Seswavlisas sociologma devid holma (1993) AaRmoaCina, rom sanamdec iarsebebs
realuri gansxvaveba socialur fenebs Soris, manamde maT Soris ufro meti ms
gavseba iqneba, vidre gansxvaveba (naxeT Catarebuli kvlevis nawili).
kulturuli kapitali
184
miRebebs uwyoben organizaciebis momwyobT da Tavad Semsruleblebs; musikosebs
iwveven TeTr saxlSi da kolejebisa da universitetebis specialuri jildoebiT
ajildoeben. Aam elitur jgufebs garkveuli Tanaarsebobis unaric SeswevT, maT
aqvT sakuTari preferenciebi zogs jazi operas urCevnia, zogi Zvel volvos _
axal mersedess arCevs. Aamgvarad, isini Tavidan icileben konkurencias, romelic
sxva dros xSiria xolme.
185
asakis, erovnuli Tu rasobrivi warmomavlobis gamo. internetqseli araCveulebriv
SesaZleblobebs iZleva identuri interesebis mqone adamianebisaTvis; aq maT azrTa
urTiergaziarebis saSualeba saxlidan gausvlelad, adgilidan fexis moucvlela
dac SeuZliaT. Ees aris nebismier dros, nebismier adgilas SesaZlebeli komunikacia,
romelic xalxs `adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad~socializaciaSi, muSaobaSi, saku
Tari Tavis gacnobaSi~ exmareba, (harasim, 1993. gv.22). kompiuteruli qseli inter
aqtiulia. igi ormxrivi komunikaciis saSualebas iZleva, da es satelevizio mauwye
belze ufro didi zonis dafarvis meSveobiT xdeba (rasmuseni, 1996).
marTalia, globaluri kompiuteruli qselebi demokratiuli komunikaciis
SesaZleblobebs qmnian, isini maT garantad mainc ar unda CavTvaloT. Qqsels iye
neben Tavisuflebis saxeliT (adamianebi SiSis gareSe anonimurad gamoxataven
sakuTar azrs) da amavdroulad mas iyeneben socialuri kontrolis gamkacrebis
mizniTac (korporaciis menejments an mTavrobas eZleva sxvadasxva pirTa wer
ilebis kiTxvis saSualeba.)Q qselis daxmarebiT mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris ar
sebuli siSoris daZlevis saSualebac realuri xdeba. is orive fenisTvis Tanabar
saerTo sainformacio sivrces qmnis. Qqsels aseve Seswevs fenebs Soris arsebuli
manZilis gazrdis unari. es ZiriTadad im maRali gadasaxadebis xarjze xdeba, ro
melic saukeTeso xarisxiani informaciebis miRebazea dawesebuli. Sesabamisad,
izrdeba sxvaobac informaciulad mdidar da informaciulad Rarib fenebs Soris.
Qqseli ubiZgebs adamianebs politikuri aqtivobisken (amomrCevlebi aZleven xmas
kandidatebs), sxadasxva saqmianobaSi CarTvisaken (biznesis dawyebis, vaWrobis,
filmebis yurebis, sabanko saqmeebis warmoebisken da es yvelaferi absoluturad
damoukideblad, sxvaTa Carevis gareSe xdeba). internetkomunikaciebs SeuZlia
kulturuli mravalsaxeobis mxaradWera (es farTo arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebis
mqone arxebia) da kulturuli homogenizaciis gazrda (saqonlisa da ideebis mxo
lod erTi, damoukidebeli centralizebuli marketis uzrunvelyofa).
dReisaTvis momxmareblebma monacemTa bazebis qseli sazogadoebriv qselebad
aqcies. magram komerciuli interesebi da mTavrobis maregulireblebi yovelTvis
myarad icaven ukana poziciebs da xelidan ar uSveben meti kontrolisa da Carevis
ganxrocielebis Sanss. ra gansazRvravs xvalindeli qseluri komunikaciis saxes,
jerjerobiT ucnobia.
masmediis zrdis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli garemoeba kulturis globa
lizaciaa. indoneziaSi Ddonald dakis multfilmebs uyureben, AafrikaSi frangul
presas ecnobian, BbraziliaSi maikl jeqsonis simRerebze cekvaven, Pparizsa da niu-
iorkSi kuskuss miirTmeven. kulturis zegavlenis gareSe dRes msoflioSi Zalian
cota adgili Tu darCa.
globalizaciis procesi axali dawyebuli ar gaxlavT. Aadreuli imperiebi da
msoflio religiebis farTo masStabebiT gavrceleba xSirad sxvadasxva kultu
ris matarebeli xalxisTvis saerTo kanonebs, adaT-wesebs, rwmenas, simboloebs
awesebda. meoce saukunem procesi sagrZnoblad daaCqara. warsulSi kulturuli
ganStoebis ori wamyvani media _ mogzauroba da wera-kiTxvis codna iyo (pater
soni, 1994). adamianebi sxva xalxebis Sesaxeb mogzaurobis, wignebis, xelovnebis
nimuSebis gacnobiT igebdnen. Fmasobrivi migrantuli talRis garda (afrikeli
186
monebis Sesvla amerikaSi) es procesi elitur fenebsac exeboda. aziur Tu afri
kul koloniebSi sxva kulturebis gacnobis saSualeba ufro mmarTvel fenebs an
urbanistebs eZleodaT. isini ufroganicdidnen dasavlur zegavlenas.
Cvens sinamdvileSi kulturis ganStoebaTa gazrda ara mxolod komunikaciebis
zrdiT, aramed wera-kiTxvis masobrivi gavrcelebiT, iseTi saerTaSoriso glo
baluri organizaciebis zrdiT, rogoricaa gaerTainebuli erebis organizacia,
Sor manZilze transportirebis ganviTarebiTaa ganpirobebli (patersoni, 1994w.);
meore mniSvnelovani faqtoria migracia. Bbolo dros indoelebisa da pakista
nelebis masobrivi talRa didi britaneTisken daiZra; afrikelebi safrangeTSi
gadavidnen, meqsikelebi _ amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. Mmigracia, aramarto qm
nis subkulturebs, axal globalur kulturebsac ki udebs saTaves.
kulturis globalizacia erTi gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT ar mimdinareobs.
vgulisxmobT, dasavleTis tendenciebsa da e.w. `amerikanizacias~ (rasac bevri
`kulturul imperializms~ uwodebs). globalizaciaSi erTmniSvnelovnad ho
mogenuri, erTferovani, nacrisferi kultura ar unda moiazrebodes. SesaZloa,
mimdinare procesSi patara kulturebis gaqrobac ki moxdes, magram isic SesaZle
belia, rom am kulturaTa tradiciebma kulturuli kombinaciebiT SeniRbuli
axali kultura warmoSvas (fridmani, 1994). dasavleTis sazogadoeba aramarto
dasavluri kulturis produqciis pasiur momxmareblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, is
xSirad aqtiurad erTveba saerTo procesebSi da sakuTari kulturis gamocdile
bebis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs (ix. Gglobaluri sakiTxebi/loka
luri garemoebebis nawili). dRevandeli kultura globalurad warmoebuli da
aseve globalurad moxmarebadia (robertsoni, 1993).
iamaikuri musikaluri mimdinareoba _ regi naTlad asaxavs kulturuli gam
didrebisa da ganayofierebis axal process (patersoni, 1994). ZiriTadad dasav
lursa da afrikul Zirebze dafuZnebuli iamaikuri musikis mdidari tradiciebi,
axali popularuli britanuli melodiiTa da poeziiT iqna gajerebuli. 50-ian
wlebSi SeerTebuli Statebidan samSobloSi dabrunebulma emigrantebma iamaika
Si axali ritm end bluzisa da qanTri musikis Canawerebi Camoitanes. Mmusikaluri
sakravebis, Canawerebis fonze axalgazrda musikosebi Tavad cdilobdnen musikis
imitirebas, Tumca imitacia imdenad `uxarisxo iyo, rom TiTqmis originals hgav
da~ (patersoni, 1994, gv.106). adgilobrivma mwarmoeblebma, romlebsac musikal
uri Canawerebis gakeTebis survili hqondaT, daiwyes sakuTari xmovani sistemebis
Canawer koleqciebTan erTad gaqiraveba da Tavad mihyves xeli disk-Jokeobas.
cocxali Sesrulebis efeqtis Sesaqmnelad isini tempis SenelebiTa da daCqarebiT
da sxva damatebiTi xmebis dadebiT amdidrebdnen TavianT musikas. izrdeboda ras
tafaris kulti, afrikuli moZraobebiTa da religiuri naxevartonebiT gamdi
drebuli iamaikuri musika axal ideologiur koncefcias uyrida saTaves.
bob marlisa da sxva cnobili Semsruleblebis wyalobiT regi swrafad gaxda
popularuli rogorc iamaikaSi, ise aq Camosul turistebs Soris. Mmagram global
izaciis mniSvnelovani biZgi mogvianebiT 60-ian wlebSi gamoiwvia samuSao fenis
masobrivma gadinebam did britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. 70-ian wlebSi re
geim afro-amerikeli axalgazrdebis yuradReba miipyro. maT am musikis Tavise
187
buri versiis Seqmna daiwyes, rasac sabolood repi ewoda. Aam musikam gaiara mTeli
cikli afro-amerikuli ritm end bluzis imitirebidan, iamaikuri axali musikal
uri idiomisaken da kvlav SeerTebul StatebSi dabrunda.
iamaikuri warmoSobis sociologma pol gilroim, romelic dRes inglisSi
moRvaweobs, aRwera afrikis Savkaniani, CrdiloeT amerikulis, karibiuli, ev
ropuli `Savi atlantikis~ Semxvedri kulturebis Sejerebis procesi (gilroi,
1993). `Savi atlantikuri~ kultura warmoSva dasavleT afrikelebis CriloeT
naxevarsferos sanapiro regionebisken daZrulma diasporam, romelmac miiRo
axali TeTrkaniani evropuli kulturis elementebi da amasTan TviTmyofadi
afrikuli memkvidreobis erTguli darCa. Ggilrois Tanaxmad, es aris mudmivad
afrikuli amerikul da evropul sivrceebs Soris arsebuli kultura, romelic
im gems hgavs, romelic mudam kveTs atlantis okeanes da verasodes midis napi
ramde. iseTi lokaluri tipis mimdinareobebic ki, rogoricaa regei, jazi, bluzi,
ireklavs sxva mravalenovani kulturebis gavlenas. pirvel TavSi sociologi veb
diubua amerikelad da Savkanianad yofnis ormag `Semecnebaze~ saubrobda (1903),
`ormagoba~ (dualizmi) gacilebiT farTo fenomenia. diubuadan dawyebuli, ri
Card raitiT damTavrebuli, cnobili afrikeli mwerlebis naSromebi STagonebu
lia im gamocdilebebiT, romlebic maT evropaSi yofnis dros miiRes, ramac maTi
afrikuli identobis xelaxal povnas Seuwyo xeli.
Seqmnili mravalsaxeobebis da `ormagi Semecnebis~ msgavsad, kulturis glo
balizacia axali hibridizaciebis Seqmnis saSualebasac iZleva. Amis magaliTebia,
vikram setisa da izabel aliendes literatuli nawarmoebebi, fransua triufosa
da Cen kaijis filmebi. Mmagram globalur kulturaze amerikis gavlena – arapir
dapiria (rifi, 1993).
yvela danarCen Zlevamosil saxelmwifoTa Soris SeerTebuli Statebi yvelaze
mcire istoriisaa, da Sesabamisad, ufro naklebadaa mijaWvuli tradiciebTan, vid
re didi britaneTi, CineTi, safrangeTi an iaponia. Aamave dros, amerikas udidesi
gamocdileba aqvs kulturis warmoebaSi; gansakuTrebiT es im Tanamedrove kul
turas exeba, romelic gansxvavebul mosaxleobebs elaparakeba. Cveni sazogadoeba
yovelTvis unikaluri da myari iyo im rwmenaSi, rom siaxle, Tavisi arsiT, poziti
uria. dRevandel moZrav samyaroSi, rogorc figuralurad, ise masobrivi migraciis
arsebobisa da Zveli rwmenebisa da aucileblobebis fsiqologiuri ngrevis fonze
_ amerikas ganviTarebis procesSi wamyvani roli uWiravs da flobs axal reali
ebTan SeTavsebis maRal dones. amerikaSi maRalxarisxovani kulturuli produq
cia, ZiriTadad komercializebulia, nebismieri produqciis dizaini gaTvlilia
gayidvaze, survilebsa da saWiroebebze, samomxmareblo bazris uzrunvelyofaze.
holivuduri kino, televizia, popularuli musika iseT amerikul Rirebule
bebs `yidis~, rogoricaa demokratia, sityvis Tavisufleba, pirovnuli arCevanis
ufleba da sxva. media axdens sxvadasxva xalxis ganviTarebisa da im saxeebis demon
strirebas, romlebic maT modernizaciis procesTan adaptirebaSi daexmareba. is,
ramdenad `yidulobs~ xalxi srul samomxmareblo pakets (dawyebuli diskodan _
demokratiiT damTarvebuli) (Seli, 1989) _ ukve sxva sakiTxia.
188
kvlevis meTodebi
189
integraciis principis mxardaWera; yvela religiuri wesisa da saidumlos Seusruleblobis
miuxedavad, kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi rwmena).
Hholma daadastura sxva mkvlevarTa Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegi imis Taobaze, rom
xalxi xelovnebas sakuTari socialuri statusis demonstrirebis mizniT iyenebs. Mmagram
saxlebis monaxulebiTa da xelovnebis nimuSTa adgilze daTvalierebiT, holma aRmoaCina, rom
sazogadoebriv fenebs Soris arsebul sxvaobebs, aSkarad maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi gada
wonis. `sazogadod xalxi~ ufro aqtiuradaa CarTuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebasa da gansazRvra
Si, ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli da win wasulia xelovnebis simboluri enis gagebaSi, vidre es
sxva kvlevebma aCvena.
wyaro: HHalle, David, 1993. `kulturis SigniT: xelovneba da klasi amerikul saxlSi~.
University of Chicago
telemauwyebloba amazoniaSi
1 992 w. braziliaSi amazoniis qalaq gurupaSi (romlis mosaxeloba 20, 000) (peisi, 1933)
pirvelad CairTo telemauwyebloba. arsebobis 370 wlis manZilze aqaur macxovreblebs
pirvelad miecaT gare samyarosTan video-audio kontaqtis damyarebis saSualeba. A mdinare ama
zonis irgvliv gaSenebul, tropikulwvimiani tyeebiT garSemotymul gurupasTan dakavSireba
mxolod naviT an kerZo TviTmfrinaviTaa SesaZlebeli. Eekonomika aq ZiriTadad soflis meurneo
bas, meTevzeobas, nadirobasa da tyis produqtebis mogrovebas efuZneba. Mmosaxleobis 95% uki
duresi gaWirvebis zRvarzea, isini eleqtroenergiis gareSe, usaxlkarod cxovroben. wera-kiTx
vis mcodneTa raodenoba 40% Seadgens. 1950 wlamde aqauri mosaxleoba informacias mogzaurTa
da vaWarTa daxmarebiT igebda. bBatareebze momuSave radiomimRebebi aq mxolod gvian 50-ian
wlebSi gaCnda. Mmagram braziliur kulturasa da sxvadasxva movlenebTan kavSiris damyareba aq
mxolod telemauwyeblobis SemosvliT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
rogor axdens televizia zemoqmedebas msoflmxedvelobasa da socialuri interaqciis
nimuSebze? televiziis gamoCenam araTu gazarda mosaxleobis izolacia da pasiuroba, aramed
piriqiT, gazarda sazogadoebis integraciis done. saRamoobiT, axali ambebis, fexburTisa
da braziliuri teleserialebis Cvenebisas, fanjrebze moTavsebuli telemimRebebi gareT,
quCisken trialdeboda da ekranis cqeris saSualeba ubralo gamvlelebsac ki eZleodaT.
sazogadoebis cxovrebis stili icvleba. televiziis gamoCenamde quCebSi saRamos cxovreba
Svididan aT saaTamde aqtiurdeboda. xalxi quCaSi seirnobas, karebis zRurblze Camojdomasa
da gamvlel-gamomvlelis yurebas arCevda. erToboda sacekvao darbazebidan gamosuli musikis
hangebiT da sxv. televiziiis gamoCenasTan erTad aqauri quCebi TiTqmis dacarielda. brazilia
Si aqtiur cxovrebas ZiriTadad mamakacebi misdeven, qalebi am dros saxlis saqmiT arian dakave
bulni. Tumca, bavSvebTan erTd, isinic xSirad uerTdebian televizoris mayureblebs. wveule
bebi, festivalebi, saRamos skolebi – teleserialebis reJimze gadavida.
dasavlur qveynebSi, wera-kiTxvis dabal xarisxTan erTad imatebs televiziis yurebis six
Sire. Amisgan gansxvavebiT, gurupaSi televiziis Semosvlam mosaxleobaSi garemo msoflios
gagebis, damatebiTi codnis SeZenis, radiosa da gazeTebis saSualebiT informaciis gagebis sur
vili gauRviZa.
190
dasavleTSi televiziis yurebiT gamowveuli efeqturoba status qvos inarCunebs; gurupa
Si man aSkarad gazarda sazogadoebrivi fenis cnobierebis xarisxi. gaCnda aqauri mosaxleobis
rio-de-Janeirosa da san paulos saSualo Tu maRal fenebTan dakavSirebis impulsebi. Mmacxovreb
lebis umetesobas gauCnda kiTxvebi sakuTari cxovrebiseuli standartebis Sesaxeb. Bbevrma ar
sebuli siRaribe aqaur sizarmaces daabrala. zogma mizezis Zebna adgilmdebareobasa da Sez
Ruduli resursebis pirobebSi daiwyo, zogma ki _ adgilobrivi elitis korumpirebulobasa Tu
kapitalisturi wyobis xasiaTSi, romlis Tanaxmadac keTildReoba sazogadoebis mxolod mcire
nawilis xelSi aRmoCnda. televizias politikur Sexedulebebze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia.
Bbraziliis xelisufleba imdeni xnis manZilze akontrolebda presasa da politikur ambebs, rom
diqtaturis dasasrulmac ki ver gaaqro mosaxleobis skepticizmi.
bevri kamaTobs televiziis zegavlenis Taobaze qcevasa da Semecnebaze. Ees magaliTi
gviCvenebs, rom televiziis zemoqmedeba kulturis mediatorobis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba.
dasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, gurupaSi telemauwyeblobis gamoCenam aSkarad gazarda mosaxleo
bis sazogadoebrivi interaqcia, codnis SeZenis survili, socialuri uTanasworobiT gamowveu
li ukmayofilebis da aRSfoTebis done.
wyaro: riCard feisi (Richard Pace), `pirveli telemimoxilva amazoniaSi: satelevizio kulturasTan
ziareba gurupaSi, brazilia~, `eTnologia~, 32, #2 (1993w. gazafxuli): gv. 187-205.
Sejameba
191
gamoyeneba sabolood safuZvels uyris im urTierTgaziarebul damokidebu
lebebs, rac kulturis mniSvnelovan baziss warmoadgens;
5. ena verbaluri da weriTi simboloebis, garkveul wesebs damorCilebuli kom
pleqsuri azris gamomxatveli sistemaa. Eena kulturis gatarebis, amoqmedebi
sa da gardaqmnis arsebiTi faqtoria. Eena aaxloebs adamianebs, magram xSirad
is im socialur niSnad warmogvidgeba, romelic sagnisa rangsa da statuss
aRniSnavs xolme;
6. codna faqtebis, rwmenis, praqtikuli unarebis mTliani struqturuli orga
nizmia. Tanamedove sazogadoeba mis umaRles doneze generirebas da dagrove
bas axdens; win wamoswevs kiTxvebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, vin unda flobdes
informacias da monacemTa bazas;
7. migrantebi amerikaSi didi xnis manZilze midioda bWoba imis Tobaze, unda
momxdariyo Tu ara axalCamosuli migrantebis saerTo masaSi asimilacia da
unda hqonodaT Tu ara migrantebs mSobliuri kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis ufleba;
8. `kulturuli integracia~ aRniSnavs im dones, sadac sxvadasxva kulturis
gansxvavebuli nawilebi erT mTlianobas qmnian. Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba
ki aris gageba, Rirebulebebi, gemovneba da codna, romelic rogorc calkeul
sazogadoebaSi, ise mTels msoflioSi arsebobs;
9. ena, rogorc kulturuli identobis gamtarebeli da gamaRrmavebeli, did rols
asrulebs qveynebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. DdRes. iseve rogorc
adre, arsebobs mravali mravalenovani eri da amave dros gvxvdeba mcire ricxvi
erebisa, romelTa enac sul ufro da ufro dominanturi xdeba;
10. iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli State
bi, arsebobs bevri aSkarad gamoxatuli subkultura. zogi maTgani wamyvani
kulturis erTgvar variacias gvTavazobs; meoreni (kontrkulturebi) ki
mas mkveTrad upirispirdebian. identobis politika moicavs brZolas TviT
gamorkvevisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis. es exeba rogorc calkeul indi
videbs, ise subkulturebsa da damoukidebel erebs.
11. dRevandel msoflioSi xalxebi erTmaneTis kulturasa da subkulturebs
xvdebian. kulturul TviTmyofadobas ewinaaRmdegeba eTnocentrizmi, Aanu
yvela danarCenis, sakuTari kulturis RirebulebebiT Sefaseba da gansja.
sxva xalxebis wes-CveulebaTa gasacnobad, aucieleblia maT Cvevebs, rwmenebs
MmaTsave kulturis konteqstSi gavecnoT. es ukve kulturuli relativizmia,
rac Tavis mxriv, srulebiT ar gulisxmobs sxva kulturis absolutur mo
wonebasa da miRebas;
12. dRes midis kamaTi imis Taobaze, ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoe
ba Tanamedrove kulturuli mravasaxeobis mimarT. postmodernistebis azriT,
SevdivarT im axal epoqaSi, sadac wesrigis moTxovna da kulturul Rirebule
baTa Zireuli mTlianoba adgils ukve axal mravalsaxeobas, individualuro
bas, SemoqmedebiTobasac dauTmobs. Zlieri sazogadoebrivi institutebi, erT
maneTs mWidrod daukavSirdeba. cvlileba aSkarad ukve ikveTeba amerikis sam
192
ZiriTad kulturul mimarTulebaSi. esenia: tradiciuli, mravalerovnuli da
ekumenuri kultura;
13. sociologiis Tanaxmad, kulturis warmoeba _ sociauluri procesia. Kkul
turis novatorebi swored sazogadoebriv konteqstSi moqmedeben. EerT dros,
kulturuli elitiT nakarnaxevi moda da gemovneba, dRes sagrZnoblad demokra
tiuli gaxda da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi identobis Ziebis amsaxvelia;
14. kulturis codna da Sefaseba funqcionirebs kulturuli kapitalis saxiT,
rac Tavis mxriv elitur wreebSi Sesasvlelad gadasaxdeli investiciaa;
15. eleqtronulma mediam, telekomunikaciebma, internetqselis gavrcelebam
mniSvnelovand gazarda komunikaciis sixSire da xarisxi. warmoSva kiTxvebi
Tavisuflebasa da kontrolze; Tanasworobasa da uTanasworobaze; privati
zacisa da mis sapasuxod, politikur monawileobaze;
16. eleqtronuli mediis ganviTarebam daaCqara kulturis globalizacia. Pproce
si, sadac kulturis warmoebaze zegavlenas mTeli msoflios xalxebi da kul
turebi axdenen. jer-jerobiT, procesi arc `kulturul imperializmamde~
(erTi kulturis batonoba) da arc kulturul homogenizaciamde ar misula.
Aase Tu ise, kulturis globaluri produqcia komerciuli ZalebiT xorciel
deba da ZiriTadad samomxmareblo xasiaTisaa.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
193
4. ganaviTareT Tqvens garemoSi moqmedi eTnocentrizmis Sesustebisken mimar
Tuli programis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebi.
5. media kulturis globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. fiqrobT Tu ara,
rom is warmoaCens sxva kulturaTa Cveneuli aRqmisa da gagebis tendenciebs?
sityvari
194
situaciaSi swor qcevasa da qmedebas karnaxobs.
Ppostmodernizmi _ Teoriuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, istoriuli pro
gresiT, racionalizmiT, kulturuli integraciisa da universalizaciis
procesiT Sepyrobili Tanamedrove epoqa an Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, an
mas sxva procesi daupirispirdeba.
subkultura _ gansazRvruli normebis, Rirebulebebis, enis, codnis, simboloe
bis erToblioba, romelic sazogadoebis mcire jgufs dominanti kulturi
sagan gamijnvaSi exmareba.
simbolo _ Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnulebis garda, sxva gansakuTrebuli mniSvne
lobis mqone Jesti, gamosaxuleba, sagani an dizaini.
Rirebulebebi _ adamianebis mier urTierTgaziarebuli is sazogado ideebi, rom
lebic maT cudis da kargis, sasurvelisa da arasasurvelis garCevaSi emxareba.
195
196
Tavi 5
socializacia da identoba
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
socializacia da TviToba
. quli: sarkisebri `me~ . midi: TviToba rogorc `I~ da `Me~
. froidi: konfliqtis wyaroebi TviTobaSi
. piaJe: TviTobis SemecnebiTi safuZvlebi
variaciebi socializaciaSi
. socializacia da genderuli gansxvavebebi
. socializacia da socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebebi
. arCevani da cvlileba socialur identobaSi
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
buneba, aRzrda da inteleqti
197
198
1 954 wlis zamTarSi, rodesac gregori hovard uiliamsi 10 wlisa Sesrulda,
ojaxurma krizisma da finansurma kraxma mamamisi aiZula, dabrunebuliyo
inidianas Statis qalaq munisSi, sadac igi gaizarda. dedisagan mitovebuli gregi
da misi Zma mamasTan erTad virjiniidan mimaval grZel gzas gauyvnen. samiveni av
tobusis e.w. `TeTr~ nawilSi isxdnen _ mkacri rasobrivi segregaciis epoqaSi
Savkanianebi mgzavrobisas avtobusis ukana nawils ikavebdnen, raTa TeTrkanian
mgzavrebs TvalSi ar moxvedrodnen.
`biWebo, _ uTxra Svilebs toni uiliamsma, rodesac munisamde ramdenime saa
TiRa darCa _ raRac unda giTxraT~. is win gadaixara da CurCuliT, ise rom aravis
gaego, Tqva: `gaxsovT mis sali, Cvens tavernaSi rom muSaobda? is sinamdvileSi de
daCemia, ese igi Tqveni bebia~.
`SeuZlebelia! – daiCurCula gaognebulma gregma, _ is xom feradkaniania~.
`marTalia, – ganagrZo toni uiliamsma, _ is feradkaniania. es ki imas niSnavs,
rom Tqvenc feradkanianebi xarT. amieridan Cveni cxovreba Seicvleba. munisi sav
sea ku-kluqs-klanelebiT. rodesac isini Seityoben Tqveni warmomavlobis Sesa
xeb, yvela Rones ixmaren, `Tqveni adgili migiCinon~.
amgvarad daiwyo greg uiliamsis mogzauroba amerikuli kulturis sruliad
gansxvavebul da misTvis ucnob gzaze. gregs, romelic TeTrkaniani dedisa da
Zalian Ria feris mulati mamis ojaxSi daibada, aranairi warmodgena ar gaaCnda
Tavis feradkanian warmomavlobaze. mamamisi wlebis manZilze Tavs TeTrkanianad
asaRebda. magram munisSi saqme sxvagvarad iyo. iq bavSvebis mama da, Sesabamisad,
gregica da misi Zmac Savkanianebad miaCndaT. biWebma male gaacnobieres, rom
saWiro iyo sxvagvarad fiqri da sxvagvarad moqmedeba. maT ukve aRar SeeZloT
emegobraT TeTrkanian bavSvebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki – gogonebTan, romlebTan
dalaparakebac ki, SesaZloa, maTken mimarTuli agresiis sababi gamxdariyo. greg
sa da maiks unda efiqraT TeTrebze, rogorc im adamianebis jgufze, romelic maT
ver itanda da SeeZlo, zianic ki mieyenebina. mkacri wesebi gansazRvravda qalaqis
im ubnebs, sadac biWebs SeeZloT yofna. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi dedis mSob
lebi imave qalaqSi, Tumca sxva raionSi cxovrobdnen, maTTan stumrad misvlaze
laparakic ki zedmeti iyo _ or `feradkanian biWs~ mTlianad TeTrkanianebiT
dasaxlebul raionSi fexis dadgmac ki ar SeeZlo, miuxedavad kanis TeTri ferisa
(uiliamsi, 1995).
is faqti, rom Zmebi uiliamsebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen, xelaxla eswavlaT fiqri
da winaswar gaeTvalaT TiToeuli moqmedeba munisSi gadasvlis Semdeg, cxadad
adasturebs, rom Cveni pirovneba da Cveni saqcieli mxolod Cven mier ar gan
isazRvreba. es nawilobriv imis Sedegia, rasac Cveni sazogadoeba gvkarnaxobs,
rogorc marTebulsa da swors. socializacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc procesi
im rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis Seswavlisa, romelTa warmoCenasac
sazogadoeba moelis Cvengan, rogorc konkretuli socialuri jgufis an sazoga
doebis wevrebisagan. swored socializaciis meSveobiT vswavlobT konkretuli
kulturis elementebs.
199
garda amisa, socializaciis meSveobiT Cven aRviqvamT kulturas, rogorc
sakuTari arsebis fundamentur nawils. socializaciis mier gamyarebuli TviT-
identurobis es grZnoba aRwerilia Zmebi uiliamsebis ambavSic. im Rames, rodesac
gregi pirvelad Sexvda Tavis Savkanian naTesavebs, biWi mTeli arsebiT ewinaaR
mdegeboda am faqts. mas ar undoda daejerebina, rom TviTonac maT ekuTvnoda.
magram aTi wlis Semdeg, rodesac gregi kolejSi swavlobda, moulodnelad ga
moCnda karga xnis win dakarguli deda da Svilebs ganucxada, rom misi TeTrkani
ani meuRle Tanaxma iyo, Svilad aeyvana Zmebi. es ki imas niSnavda, rom biWebs uari
unda eTqvaT TavianT Savkanian warmoSobaze da daeviwyebinaT is wlebi, rodesac
`feradkanianebad~ iTvlebodnen. dedis SeTavazebaze gregma uyoymanod ganacxada
uari, radganac Savkanianoba ukve misi arsebis nawili gamxdariyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom socializacia kulturuli normebisa da Rirebule
bebis Seswavlisa da gaTavisebis process warmoadgens, es ar niSnavs, rom is Tavze
gvaxvevs kulturas. adamianebs aqvT garkveuli xarisxis Tavisufleba, moaxdinon
kulturis elementebis interpretacia aTvisebis procesSi. maT SeuZliaT gadaw
yviton, romeli rolis TamaSi surT da rogor Seasruleben arCeul rolebs. maga
liTad, gregisa da maikis socializacia SavkanianTa kulturaSi moxda, sadac maT
misces stimuli, `daengriaT~ dominanti TeTri sazogadoebis `sistema~. gregma
Tavi gamoiCina skolaSi da Semdeg swavla gaagrZela kolejsa da universitetSi
iurisprudenciis ganxriT. bolos gregi ohaios universitetis iuridiuli skolis
dekani gaxda. rac Seexeba maiks, man quCa airCia asparezad, sadac narkotikebiT
vaWrobda da azartul TamaSebs misdevda. is faqti, rom orive Zmam sxvadasxvanai
rad moaxdina erTi da imave subkulturuli wesebis interpretacia, TvalnaTlivs
xdis, rom socializacia mxolod calmxrivi procesi ki ar aris, romelic adamia
nebs Tavs axvevs socialur molodinebs, aramed is gulisxmobs adamianebis mier am
socialuri molodinebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebasac da maTi rogorc calkeu
li individebis Camoyalibebasac. aqedan gamomdinare, socializacia individua
luri socialuri qmedebis sakiTxicaa.
am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxilulia is Teoriebi, romlebic socializaciasa da
TviTobas exeba. aq Cven gamovikvlevT, rogor swavloben mozardebi sxvebTan urT
ierTobisas socialur molodinebsa da fiqrs, romlebsac aerTianeben sakuTar
TviTobaSi. mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT im sakiTxsac, Tu rogor icvleba social
izacia da rogor ganapirobebs mis saxecvlilebebs is konkretuli socialuri
kategoriebi da jgufebi, romlebsac individi ganekuTvneba. is, Tu vin varT _
qali Tu mamakaci, Savkaniani Tu TeTrkaniani, mdidari Tu Raribi _ mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobebs imas, Tu rad vyalibdebiT. swored momdevno qveTavi exeba sam Ziri
Tad faqtors, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakuTari TviTidentobis ganviTarebas
Tan. esenia: buneba (anu biologiuri qmnileba), zrunva (anu is, Tu rogor xdeba
Cveni socializacia konkretul normebTan da RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi) da
arCevani (TviTgamoxatulebisa da individualuri qmedebis arCevis Tavisufle
ba). Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas adamianis seqsualuri orien
taciisa da identobis ganviTarebaze da gavaanalizebT da vimsjelebT bavSvobis
periodis socializaciis umTavres agentebzec, kerZod, im jgufebsa da orga
200
nizaciebze, romlebic bavSvebs maTi kulturis elementebs aswavlian. bolos ki
SevexebiT mozrdilTa socializaciis uwyvet process, gansakuTrebiT imas, Tu
rogor Seesabameba erTmaneTs, erTi mxriv, normebi da Rirebulebebi, xolo meore
mxriv, is axali socialuri rolebi, romelTa TamaSic mozrdilebs uwevT.
socializacia da TviToba
TiToul Cvengans aqvs TviTobis SegrZneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, grZnoba
imisa, rom gvaqvs gansazRvruli identoba, rac gangvasxvavebs sxva adamianebisa da
sagnebisagan. individualobis grZnoba SeiZleba iyos sustic da Zlieric, magram
ara Tandayolili. ufro metic _ socializaciis procesSi sxvebTan urTierTo
bisas Cven aqtiurad vaviTarebT TviTobis grZnobas, vswavlobT, Tu rogor unda
gavxdeT konkretuli jgufis wevrebi. rogorc sociologi Carlz horton quli
ambobs, `TviToba da sazogadoeba ganuyofelia~.
201
midi: TviToba, rogorc I da Me
(subieqturi da obieqturi `me~)
202
_ adamianis sindisi, romelic aerTianebs sazogadoebis moralur standartebs.
froidis TvalsazrisiT, egos daniSnulebaa, moZebnos usafrTxo da misaRebi sa
Sualebebi igi-s dasakmayofileblad ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios superegoSi da
naSaulisa da sindisis qenjnis grZnoba (froidi, 1920/1953, 1923/1947). Tumca, es
davaleba sakmaod rTuli Sesasrulebelia igi-sa da superegos radikaluri gan
sxvavebulobis gamo. imis gamo, rom adamiani ixliCeba, erTi mxriv, biologiuri
moTxovnilebebisa da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis mier, amitom, froidis azriT, is
midrekilia mudmivi Sida konfliqtebisken.
froids sjeroda, rom adamianis fsiqikis ori nawili, ego da superego, war
moadgens socialuri interaqciis, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebsa da mSoblebs Soris
interaqciis produqts. froidi amtkicebda, rom dabadebisas adamianebi arian
iracionaluri da amoraluri qmnilebebi, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis miRebis
impulsebi amoZravebT. Tumca, bavSvebi male swavloben, rom SeuZlebelia biolo
giuri moTxovnebis yovelTvis dauyovnebliv dakmayofileba. magaliTad, sakvebi
yovelTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi. amgvari dakvirvebebis procesSi xdeba egos
ganviTareba. ego asrulebs Suamavlis rols igi-s impulsebsa da im konkretul
fizikur da socialur realobas Soris, sadac cxovrobs bavSvi. ego gadascems bio
logiur impulsebs im moqmedebebis meSveobiT, romelic usafrTxo da kulturu
lad misaRebia.
aseve, superego viTardeba socialur konteqstSi _ bavSvis kontaqtiT ufro
masStabur kulturasTan mSoblebisa da sxva mozrdili adamianebis meSveobiT.
froidi yuradRebas amaxvilebda kulturul moTxovnebze, rogoricaa, magali
Tad, tualetis moxmareba, rac Trgunavs bavSvis siamovnebis miRebis bunebriv
moTxovnilebas. froidi amtkicebda, rom bavSvis pirovnebad Camoyalibeba damokide
bulia imaze, Tu ramdenad umtkivneulod da srulad gvardeba konfliqti igi-s sur
vilebsa da kulturul moTxovnebs Soris. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi swavloben,
rom es moTxovnebi mxolod maTi mSoblebis mier ki ar aris mowonebuli, aramed
misaRebia im sazogadoebisTvisac, sadac isini cxovroben. TandaTanobiT, isini iTa
viseben kulturul normebsa da Rirebulebebs da danaSaulis grZnobas ganicdian,
rodesac maT arRveven. am droisaTvis, bavSvebi iZenen superegos, romelic TviTo
bis erTgvar guSags warmoadgens.
203
nac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, axalSobilebs ar gaaCniaT ara marto TviTo
bis aRqmis unari, aramed imis SegrZnebac, rom isini arseboben, rogorc sxva ada
mianebi. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, adamianebTan da sagnebTan interaqciis Sedegad,
Cvilebi acnobiereben, rom danarCeni samyaro maTgan damoukidebladac arsebobs.
am aRmoCenis mniSvnelovan nawils piaJe saganTa mudmivobis koncefcias uwodebs
_ bavSvi TandaTan gaiazrebs imas, rom sagnebi mudmivad arseboben da ar arian
damokidebulni Cvilis aRqmaze. magaliTad, saCxakuno ar wyvets arsebobas, roca
is Tvals miefareba; aseve dedac, rodesac is oTaxidan gadis. am mniSvnelovan aR
moCenasTan erTad bavSvi dgams pirvel da umTavres nabijebs TviTobis, rogorc
calke erTeulis SeZenisaken.
meore mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli nabijia bavSvis reprezentaciuli az
rovnebis ganviTareba. es etapi adreuli ganviTarebis stadiis dasrulebisas
xdeba. reprezentaciuli azrovneba gulisxmobs erTi nivTis wardginebas meo
reTi. swored reprezentaciuli azrovnebis wyalobiT vaxerxebT, warmovidginoT
adamianebi, sagnebi an garkveuli moqmedeba. warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba aZlevs
bavSvs saSualebas, dainaxos sakuTari Tavi, rac aqamde ar SeeZlo. gasakviri ar
unda iyos, rom es aris asaki, rodesac bavSvi iwyebs sakuTar Tavze pirvel pirSi
laparaks, xmarobs sityvas `me~.
bavSobis periodSi TviTobis SegrZneba Zalian konkretul xasiaTs atarebs.
skolis asakSi, piaJes Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvis azrovneba mWidrodaa dakavSire
buli xelSesavlebi sagnebisa da nivTebis manipulirebasTan, maSinac ki, rode
sac es manipulacia bavSvis gonebaSi xdeba. aseTi konkretuli azrovneba aisaxeba
bavSvebis umetesoba TviTaRqmaze. rodesac maT sTxoven aRweron sakuTari Tavi,
bavSvebis umetesoba pasuxobs, rom is aris biWi, swavlobs mesame klasSi, uyvars
xumroba, Tavis Tanatolebze maRalia da a.S. mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac ufro
abstraqtuli azrovnebis ganviTareba xdeba, axalgazrdebi iwyeben sakuTari Ta
vis gaanalizebas ufro amsaxvelobiTi azrovnebiT. isini ayalibeben hipotezebs,
Tu vin arian isini `sinamdvileSi~. mokled, rom vTqvaT, uviTardebaT identobis
grZnoba.
piaJem socializaciisa da TviTobis grZnobis ganviTarebis SeswavlaSi mniS
vnelovani wvlili Seitana, rodesac ganacxada, rom bavSvebi aqtiurad mona
wileoben sakuTari ganviTarebis procesSi. msgavsad qulisa, romelic adamianebs
ganixilavda sakuTari sarkiseburi `me~ – s aqtiur interpretatorebad, piaJes mo
sazrebiT, bavSvis mier samyaros Secnoba ar Semoifargleba mxolod informaciis
miRebiTa da aTvisebiT. ufro metic, bavSvebi aqtiurad axdenen sakuTari gamoc
dilebis interpretirebas, rodesac mas aniWeben mniSvnelobas sakuTari codnis
farglebSi. mosazreba bavSvebis, rogorc sakuTari ganviTarebis procesis aqti
uri monawileebis Sesaxeb, piaJes mecnieruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovan nawils
warmoadgens.
204
variaciebi socializaciaSi
rodesac vigebT, rom megobars Svili SeeZina, uneburad gviCndeba kiTxva: `biWia
Tu gogo?~ – TiTqos sqesis arcodna xels gviSlides, warmovidginoT axalSobili.
imisaTvis, rom bavSvi adamianad movixsenioT, mas esaWiroeba sqesi.
rogorc ki cnobili xdeba axalSobilis sqesi, socio-kulturuli samyaro
maSinve iwyebs bavSvze mdedrobiTis an mamrobiTis rolis morgebas. bebia-babuam
SeiZleba siamayiT aRniSnos, rom Cvili gogona `mzeTunaxavia~, xolo Tu biWia _
`simpaTiuria~. wamozrdili gogona Tojinebs miiRebs saCuqrad, biWi ki _ saTamaSo
manqanebs. maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebs surT bavSvi genderuli stereotipebisa
gan Tavisufali gazardon, xvdebian rom es SeuZlebelia, radgan megobrebis, ojax
is wevrebis, skolis, mediisa da sazogadoebis gavleniT bavSvebi mainc iwyeben maT
msgavsad fiqrs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac deda da mama Tvlian, rom Tojina bar
bi xels uwyobs mdedrobiTi stereotipis Camoyalibebas, isini win ver aRudgebian
TavianT gogonas, Tu is Tavisi megobrebis msgavsad, moindomebs hqondes barbi.
genderuli faqtoriT ganpirobebul gansxvavebebs socializaciaSi ufro Rrma
fesvebi aqvs, vidre amas gulisxmobs bavSvebis waxaliseba _ daemorCilon ste
reotipebs. gogonebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, romlebic iTviseben `dedis~ rols
Cvens sazogadoebaSi, nensi Codorou (1978, 1994) Seecada, fsiqoanalitikur Wril
Si moeZebna axsna, romelic froidis Tvalsazriss eyrdnoba. Codorou amtkicebs,
rom `dedis~ rolis morgeba yovel axal TaobaSi ganpirobebulia ara biologiuri
an daswavlili roliT, aramed im faqtoriT, rom dedebi gaucnobiereblad amyare
205
ben deda-qaliSvilis damokidebulebas, romelic aZlierebs zrunvisa da sxvebis
movlis survils gogonebSi. Codorous azriT, gogonebs arasodes uqrebaT `de
dasTan erTianobis~ SegrZneba, rogorc es biWebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. mecnieris
mtkicebiT, biWebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs maT gaigivebas misabaZ mamakacebTan.
mamakacuroba yvelafer imis uaryofaa, rac mdedrobiTia. amisgan gansxvavebiT,
gogonebis ganviTareba ar gulisxmobs amgvar fsiqologiur gamijvnas dedisagan,
ris Sedegadac gogonebi ufro met kavSirs grZnoben sxva adamianebTan, vidre es
biWebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. swored es ganapirobebs gogonebis momzadebas ojaxis
emociur sayrdenad da ojaxis wevrebis mzrunvelebad. biWebi ki, romlebSic es
sawyisi CaxSobilia, ufro metad muSaobisaTvis arian momzadebulni.
gansxvavebiT Codorousagan, romelic ZiriTadad froidis Teorias iziareb
da, karol giliganma sakuTari mosazreba daafuZna fsiqolog lorens kolbergis
Sromebze, romelic iziarebda piaJes koncefcias moraluri ganviTarebis etapebis
Sesaxeb. misi azriT, is adamianebi, romlebic msjeloben da fiqroben universalur
eTikur principebze dayrdnobiT, ufro ganviTarebulebi da progresulad moaz
rovneebi arian. eTikuri principebi yovelTvis sworia, ganurCevlad konteqstisa.
magram giliganma daadastura, rom es mxolod mamrobiTi modelia. am Teoriam ver
SeZlo amoecno mdedrobiTisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebeli midgoma, romelic gu
lisxmobs konteqstis gaTvaliswinebasa da im faqtors, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens
adamianebze nebismieri individis moraluri arCevani da rogor reagireben isini
am arCevanze. giliganis mixedviT (1982, 1989), mamakacebi, romelTa socializaci
is procesi gulisxmobs, rom isini gancalkevebiT damoukideblad viTardebian,
zneobrivad azrovneben abstraqtuli cnebebis TvalsazrisiT da Tanasworobasa
da samarTlianobas eyrdnobian. xolo qalebi, romelTa socializaciis procesi
gulisxmobs, rom isini mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni ojaxTan da megobrebTan,
zneobriv sakiTxebs ganixilaven piradi urTierTobebisa da socialuri valde
bulebebis Wrilidan. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom qalebi CamorCebian mamakacebs
moraluri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT; es imas niSnavs, rom maT ubralod aswavles
yuradReba gaamaxvilon RirebulebaTa sxva sistemaze. garda amisa, genderuli
gansxvavebebi moraluri gansjisas absoluts ar warmoadgens. orives – kacsac da
qalsac Seswevs unari, iazrovnos abstraqtuli principebiTac da socialuri val
debulebebiTac, magram socializaciis gansxvavebul procesebs ori sxvadasxva
sqesi sxvadasxva moralur stilamde mihyavs.
orive _ Codorouca da giliganic _ TavianT SromebSi xazs usvamen genderul
faqtors socializaciis procesSi. Cveni sqesi bavSvobis asakidanve mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobebs imas, Tu vin varT da rogor vswavlobT fiqrsa da qmedebas. sociali
zacia, romelic gansxvavdeba genderis mixedviT, gavlenas axdens ara mxolod
iseT zedapirul Tvisebebze, rogoricaa Cacmis stili an metyvelebis manera,
aramed azrovnebisa da urTierTobis yvelaze fundamentur saSualebebzec ki.
socializacia gulisxmobs ara marto konkretuli sazogadoebis wevrebad Camoya
libebas – biWebad da gogonebad, kacebad da qalebad – aramed orive sqesisaTvis
`Sesaferis~ da `marTebul~ azrovnebasac.
206
socializacia da socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel TaobaSia moZraoba socialuri kibis zeda an qve
da mimarTulebiT, rogorc wesi, naxtomi `maTxovridan milioneramde~ ukidure
sad iSviaTia. zrdasruli adamianebis umetesoba imave socialur klasSi atarebs
mTel sicocxles, romelsac dabadebisas ekuTvnoda. ratom xdeba ase? socialuri
struqturis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa ganaTlebisa da samsaxurebisadmi xelmis
awvdomoba, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, iseve rogorc
socializacia, rogorc gza, romelsac sxvadasxva socialuri klasis bavSvebi sa
kuTari mSoblebis msgavsad misdeven.
kargi manerebi
207
socialuri mdgomareoba, sociolog melvin konis mtkicebiT, gamyarebulia
im RirebulebebiT, romlebsac mSoblebi aswavlian Svilebs. koni mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi ikvlevda am sakiTxs. man da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom Rire
bulebebi, romlebic adamianebs aqvT da gadascemen Tavis Svilebs, gansxvavdeba
imis mixedviT, Tu romel socialur klass miekuTvnebian mSoblebi (koni, 1959; koni
da Suleri, 1983). sqema 5.1 gviCvenebs ramdenime sxvadasxva Rirebulebas, romelic
mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT muSaTa da saSualo klasebis mSoblebs: muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenlebi ufro metad afaseben karg manerebs, wesrigis siyvaruls, karg
yofaqcevas skolaSi, patiosnebasa da morCilebas, maSin roca, saSualo social
uri klasis mSoblebs ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT yuradReba, interesi movle
nebisadmi, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da TavdaWeriloba.
am nusxebSi mocemuli erTeulebis Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT
ufro Rrma gansxvaveba Rirebulebebis am or sistemas Soris. adamianebi, romle
bic maRal socialur klass miekuTvnebian afaseben iseT Tvisebebs, rac dakav
Sirebulia TviTmimarTvasTan, xolo dabali socialuri klasis adamianebi pativs
scemen iseT Rirebulebebs, romlebic Seesabameba gare samyaros. magaliTad, kar
gi manerebis qona gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad emorCileba bavSvi sazogadoebis mier
dawesebul etikets, xolo zrunvisa da movlis grZnobis ganviTareba da misi pati
viscema miuTiTebs, ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli pasuxismgeblobis grZno
ba sakuTar nabijebsa da moqmedebebze. RirebulebaTa pirveli wyeba xazs usvams
Sesabamisobas gare konteqstTan maSin, rodesac meore ufro mniSvnelovnad miiC
nevs adamianis Sinagani kontrolis meqanizmebis ganviTarebas.
saidan iRebs saTaves RirebulebaTa ori sxvadasxva sistema? ratom surT da
bali socialuri fenis mSoblebs, rom maTi Svilebi mihyvnen dadgenil wesebs da
usityvod daemorCilon maT maSin, roca saSualo klasis mSoblebi ufro mniSvne
lovnad miiCneven, Caunergon Svilebs TviTmimarTulebis grZnoba da ganuviTaron
gaTavisebuli normebi? konis kvlevam daadastura, rom klasze dafuZnebuli gas
nxvavebebi pirdapir kavSirSia mSoblebis samuSao gamocdilebasTan (koni, 1976,
1981; koni da Suleri, 1978). imgvari samuSao, rac dakavSirebulia azrovnebasTan,
iniciativis gamoCenasTan da gansjasTan _ anu profesiul TviTmimarTulebasTan
_ amyarebs saSualo klasis Rirebulebebs. samuSao, romelic zRudavs am SesaZle
blobebs, safuZvels uyris muSaTa klasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebs. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samuSaos garkveuli aspeqtebi (ix. sqema 5.2).
rodesac adamiani ar muSaobs uSualo meTvalyureobis qveS, uwevs urTierToba
monacemebTan da adamianebTan, misi samuSaos sakmarisad kompleqsuria saimisod,
rom saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva midgomebis SemuSaveba, maSin am adamianis profe
siuli damoukidebloba aiolebs mis mier TviTmimarTulebis dafasebas. cxadia,
RirebulebaTa igive jaWvi moqmedebs ara marto aSS-Si, aramed sxva qveynebSi. konma
aRmoaCina, rom iaponiasa (aradasavluri kapitalisturi qveyana) da poloneTSi (so
cialisturi qveyana) saSualo klasis mSoblebi ufro metad ixrebian moqnilobisa
da profesiuli TviTganviTarebisaken (koni 1986, koni 1990).
208
sqema 5.2. ras afaseben adamianebi
muSaobisas
Tavisuflebis xarisxi
zewolis simZime
ramdenad damRlelia samuSao
209
arCevani da cvlileba socialur identobaSi
210
omias skolaSi, sadac tradiciebisa da dadgenili wesebisadmi morCileba mosawyen
da uintereso cxovrebasTan asocirdeba, kazuhiros, SeiZleba iTqvas, aRmerTeben.
es magaliTi, marTalia, Rimils iwvevs, magram gacilebiT ufro seriozulia.
is gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT Secvalon im rolebis mniSvneloba, rom
lebsac axla asruleben da romelSic moxdeba momavali Taobebis socializacia.
meamboxeebis sakmaris raodenobas, romlebic xmas aimaRleben skolis saZulveli
sistemis winaaRmdeg, SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi.
amis magaliTebi isedac mravlad gvaqvs sakuTar sazogadoebaSic. magaliTisaTvis
moviyvanT imas, Tu gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi SavkanianTa da feministuri moZ
raobis gaaqtiurebisas radenad mkveTrad Seicvala Savkaniani qalis mniSvneloba
(kolinzi, 1991). am SemTxvevaSi, Savkaniani amerikeli qalebi mizanmimarTulad See
cadnen, sazogadoebriv wyobaSi xelaxla ganesazRvraT sakuTari adgili. amas Tan
daTanobiT miaRwies kidec. individualurma da koleqtiurma moqmedebebma mniS
vnelovani socialuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
amgvari cvlilebebis miRweva SesaZlebelia, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom
kultura ar aris uZravi, statikuri. amerikul sazogadoebaSi is identobebi,
romlebic xels uwyobs adamianebis socializacias, arasodes aris mudmivi. es aris
dinamikuri (Tumca TandaTanobiTi) cvlileba kulturulad uflebamosili iden
tobebisa, romlebic warmoadgens socialuri jgufebisa da moZraobis safuZvels.
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac iseTi socialuri identobebi, rogoricaa sqesi, kanis
feri, seqsualuri orientacia, warmoqmnilia socialuri procesebis Sedegad da,
aqedan gamomdinare, eqvemdebareba cvlilebasac, konstruqcionizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. arsebobs sapirispiro mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmadac socialur iden
tobebs gvkarnaxobis biologia an gabatonebuli socialuri Zalebi da, aqedan ga
momdinare, isini ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebas. amas esencializms uwodeben. esen
cializmi gulisxmobs, rom Cven SegviZlia `gamovamJRavnoT~, Tu ras niSnavs iyo
Savkaniani, mdedrobiTi sqesis, homoseqsuali da a.S da rom adamianebi, romlebic
TiToeul am kategorias miekuTvnebian, xasiaTdebian met-naklebad mudmivi niSan
Ta sistemiT, rac ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan. radgan esencializmi mkveTrad
amcirebs individualuri qmedebisa da arCevanis rols, sociologTa umetesobi
saTvis igi naklebad misaRebia, vidre konstruqcionizmi.
imis mixedviT, romeli Wrilidan _ konstruqcionizmidan Tu esencializmi
dan _ ganvixilavT socialur movlenas, miviRebT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas.
magaliTad, esencialistebis mosazreba iseT socialur kategoriaze, rogoricaa
`azielebi~, gulisxmobs, rom yvela azieli met-naklebad erTnairia, rodesac maT
`TeTrkanian~ an sxva amerikelebs vadarebT. Tumca, es mosazreba ar iTvaliswinebs
am kategoriis SigniT arsebul sxvadasxvaobas (mag: indoelebi, koreelebi, Cinele
bi, iaponelebi, vietnamelebi, indonezielebi) da saTanadod ar afasebs socia
luri klasiT, sqesiT da sxva faqtorebiT gamowveul gansxvavebebs. meore mxriv,
konstruqcionizmis xazgasmam SesaZlebelia arasaTanadod dagvanaxos mocemuli
kategoriis wevrebs Soris erToba, romelic warmoadgens maTi saerTo aqtivobi
sa da maT mimarT ukeTesi damokidebulebis damkvidrebis mcdelobis safuZvels.
swored es aris homoseqsualebis mtkicebis, rom homoseqsualebi amtikeceben,
211
rom homoseqsualoba ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da ara ubralod socialuri wyoba
an arCevani. Cven am ori Teoriis gavlenas ufro naTlad davinaxavT qveTavSi, ro
melic ganixilavs, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis seqsualuri orientaciisa da iden
tobis ganviTareba bunebis, zrunvisa da arCevanis erTobliv produqtad. `socio
logiasa da sajaro debatebSi~ Cven vimsjelebT azrTa sxvadasxvaobazec, romelic
Tan axlavs bunebas, zrunvasa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
212
vad imisa, rom homoseqsualuri qmedebebi manamdec arsebobda, amocnobadi iyo
da xSir SemTxvevaSi stigmatizebuli, adamianebi iSviaTad nawildebodnen kat
egoriebad maTi seqsualuri orientaciidan gamomdinare. es mdgomareoba Seicv
ala homoseqsualobis samedicino modelis SemoRebasTan erTad, ris Sedegadac
homoseqsualizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc paTologiuri mdgomareoba, fsiqologiuri
`avadmyofobis~ forma. adamianebma, romlebic manamde siamovnebas iRebdnen ho
moseqsuali megobrebisagan danaSaulis grZnobis gareSe, axla ukve daiwyes fiqri
imaze, rom isini erT-erTi `imaTganni~ arian (saidmani, 1991).
am axal TviTidentobasTan erTad gaCnda `Cvenianobis~ grZnobac anu SegrZneba
imisa, rom isini Zireulad gansxvavdebodnen yvela danarCenisagan. `Cvenianobis~
am grZnobam xeli Seuwyo homoseqsualTa subkulturis ganviTarebis zrdas. am
procesma gansakuTrebul siZlieres gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi miaRwia _
liberaluri politikisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis epoqaSi,
rodesac homoseqsualebis Tavmoyra qalaqebis umTavres raionebSi moxda. am pe
riodSi moxda gamijvna `homoseqsualisa~ da `geis~ mniSvnelobebs Soris. pirveli
maTgani miuTiTebda adamianis seqsualur orinetaciasa da qcevaze, xolo meore
maTgani aRwerda pirad identobas da cxovrebis wess, romelic aseve gulisxmobda
metyvelebisa da Cacmis normebs, bednierebis rwmenas da agreTve damaxasiaTebeli
Cveulebebis sistemas. geid gaxdoma gulisxmobda am identobebSi socializacias,
es ar iyo mxolod konkretuli piris seqsualuri orientaciis sakiTxi.
gei-presa mTavar rols asrulebda naxsenebi subkulturis homoseqsu
alebisaTvis gadacemaSi. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeboda azrovnebis, qcevisa da
cxovrebis yoveldRiuri normebis gadacema homoseqsualebisaTvis (saidmani,
1991). 1980-90-ian wlebSi SidsiT gamowveulma krizisma kidev ufro gaaZliera am
subkulturisa da gei sazogadoebis zrda, romelTa Rirebulebebisa da normebis
aTviseba yvela wevrs SeeZlo.
da mainc _ arCevani yovelTvis arsebobs. im amerikelTagan, romlebmac ga
nacxades, rom hqoniaT homoseqsualuri kontaqti, mxolod naxevari miiCnevs Tavs
homoseqsualad. amis xmamaRla `gacxadebis~ faqti, aris Segnebulad miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, romelic sajarod acxadebs adamianis seqsualuri orientaciis
kanonierebas da mis centralur adgils TviTobis SegrZnebaSi. amgvaradve, gei-
subkulturasTan Serwyma da sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis gansazRvra mniS
vnelovnadaa damokidebuli arCevanze.
meoce saukuneSi gaCnda tendencia, romelic seqsualuri orientaciisa da
identobis farTo arCevanis saSualebas iZleva. Tanamedrove SeerTebul StatebSi
gza, romelsac gei mamakaci irCevs sakuTari cxovrebis wesad, SeiZleba radikalu
rad gansxvavdebodes meore geis mier arCeuli cxovrebisagan. aseve SeiZleba mox
des lesboselebis SemTxvevaSic. seqsualuri orientaciisa da identobis farTo
arCevanis SesaZlebloba arsebobs aseve heteroseqsualebisaTvisac, romelTa
umetesobac, SesaZlebelia, Zalian ganicdida warsulSi mamakacisa da qalis mkac
213
rad gansazRvrul seqsualur rolebs. albaT yvelaze mkveTri cvlilebebi qalebs
Seexo. magaliTad: meoce saukunis oTxmocian wlebamde mamakacs hqonda kanoniT
miniWebuli ufleba, sqesobrivi kontaqti maSinac daemyarebina colTan, Tu cols
ar surda (es kanoni zog StatSi axlac moqmedebs). colis uari SeiZleboda gan
qorwinebis safuZveli gamxdariyo, xolo mamakacs ar ekisreboda aranairi iurid
iuli pasuxismgebloba, rogorc moZalades, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu coli msxver
pli iqneboda. am periodisgan gansxvavebiT, dRes gaTxovili heteroseqsuali qali
ukve aRar warmoadgens meuRlis seqsualur saTamaSos.
im adamianebis Tavmoyram, romlebic msgavsad axdenen sakuTari seqsualuri
identobis interpretacias da erTmaneTTan kavSiriT safuZvels uyrian saerTo
rwmenasa da gagebas, SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moZraoba da cvlilebebi.
amis kargi magaliTia 60-70-ian wlebSi lesboselobis mniSvnelobis aRdgena da misi
farTod gaziareba feministuri moZraobis mier. amerikeli sociologi stiven
saidmani wignSi _ `romantizmis monatreba~ (1991) wers:
214
sociologia da sajaro debatebi
debatebi
harStaini da murei amtkicebdnen rom IQ imaze ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre umetesoba aRi
arebs. adamianis Sansi _ gaxdes kolejis studenti, miaRwios warmatebas karieraSi, miiRos
maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri da moiwyos komfortuli cxovreba, damokidebulia mis inteleq
tualur SesaZleblobebze. Sesabamisad, es mecnierebi inteleqtis dabal maCvenebels ukavSire
ben yvela iseT socialur mankierebas, romelTa Sorisacaa warumatebloba skolaSi, siRatake,
umuSevroba, warumatebloba samsaxurSi, saxelmwifos kmayofaze damokidebuleba, ukanono
bavSvebi, uyuradRebo mSoblebi da danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs
imas, rom maRali IQ TavisTavad warmatebis sawindaria, an piriqiT _ dabali IQ-s mqone piri ukve
ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. magram arsebobs statistikurad dadasturebuli kavSiri IQ-
sa da zemoT moyvanil Sedegebs Soris. hernStainisa da mureis mixedviT, IQ ufro saimedo maniS
nebelia adamianis Semdgomi warmatebisa, vidre misi socialuri warmomavloba.
amave naSromSi hernStaini da murei aanalizeben, Tu saiT miemarTeba Cveni sazogadoeba in
eteleqtis maCveneblebis mxriv. isini acxadeben, rom IQ sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba socia
luri dayofis instrumentad _ anu misi SedegebiT xdeba sazogadoebis dayofa `doneebad~ maTi
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT (ix. Tavi 7). axla, roca ganaTleba Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi xdeba
SeerTebul StatebSi, Sesabamisad izrdeba maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba
215
Wkviani adamianebisaTvis. dReisaTvis Cvens sazogadoebaSi yvelaze ufro Wkvianebi miikvleven
gzas karieris mwvervalisaken, ganurCevlad maTi socialuri warmomavlobisa. ukan ki rCebian
dabali IQ-s mqoneni, romlebsac, savaraudod, mouwevT zemoT CamoTvlil socialur prob
lemebTan gamklaveba. es kategoria moicavs Savkaniani amerikelebis araproporciul raodeno
bas, radgan, rogorc kvlevebma daadastura, Savkanian amerikelebs saSualod 15 quliT dabali IQ
aqvT TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom hernStaini da murei acxadeben, rom maT
kvlevis Sedegad amgvar gansxvavebas axsna ver mouZebnes. maTi varaudiT, es sxvaoba SeiZleba gan
pirobebuli iyos memkvidruli faqtoriT. faqtia, bavSvebisaTvis ukve xelmisawvdomia Tanabari
saganmanaTleblo garemo iseTi programebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa Head Start-i. aqedan gamomdi
nare, gansxvavebebi IQ – s Soris gamowveulia ara imdenad ganaTlebisadmi xelmisawvdomobiT,
aramed genetikiT. es logikis sakiTxia. pirobebis gaTanabrebisas adamianebs Soris gansxvave
ba sul ufro xSirad miewereba memkvidreobas. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven gvaqvs ori genetikaze
damokidebuli socialuri jgufi: erTi mxriv maRali IQ-s mqone elita da meore mxriv, dabali
IQ-s mqone klasi, romlebic mtrulad arian ganwyobilni erTmaneTis mimarT.
hernStainisa da mureis Teoriebs sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda
(magaliTad: h.gardneri, 1995; gouldi, 1995; jekobi da globermani, 1995; nisbeti, 1995; pater
soni, 1995; soueli, 1995). zogi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs adamianis inteleqtis maCveneblis zus
tad gansazRvris unars. maTi gancxadebiT, fiqri, msjeloba da Seqmna rTuli procesia, romlis
dayvana erTQ qulamde sakmaod Znelia. ufro metic (rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos) _
gansxvaveba sxvadasxva jgufs Soris (rogoricaa, magaliTad 15 quliani gansxvaveba Savkaniani da
TeTrkaniani amerikelebis Sedegebs Soris) SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyos damokidebuli geneti
kur faqtorze. es mosazreba Semdeg arguments eyrdnoba: is, rom genetikuri faqtori ganapiro
bebs IQ-s gansxvavebis mniSvnelovan nawils saSualo klasis TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris (rom
lebsac saerTo garemo da SesaZleblobebi aqvT), sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igive genetikuri
faqtoriT aixsneba gansxvavebebi socialur klasebs an rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris. Tu
konkretuli jgufis farglebSi IQQ gansxvavebebi ganpirobebulia genetikuri faqtorebiT, maSin
riT aixsneba is faqti, rom saSualo IQ qulebi zogierTi rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis
mkveTrad icvleba erTi Taobidan meoreSi am jgufebis saSualo socialur klasSi gadasvlas
Tan erTad? es aRmoCena adasturebs socializaciisa da sxva garemo pirobebis gavlenis mniS
vnelobas rasobrivi da eTnikuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli IQ-s gansxvavebebis ganviTarebaze.
bevri kritikosi sruliad uaryofs genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas adamianis inteleqtis do
nis maCvenebelze, rac imas niSnavs, rom gansxvaveba TeTri da Savkaniani amerikelebis testebis
qulebSi sulac ar aris gamowveuli maTi memkvidreobiT (ix. nisbeti, 1995).
analizi
216
mikerZoebis amgvari magaliTebi da amitom naklebad savaraudoa, rom aseTi SekiTxvebi ganapi
robebdes TeTrkanian da Savkanian amerikelebs Soris IQ-testebis gansxvavebul Sedegebs. Sesa
bamisad, is arc argumentad gamodgeba. orive mecnieri amtkicebs, rom gansxvavebebi ori rasis
testebis Sedegebs Soris ufro didia, rodesac saqme exeba kulturulad neitralur SekiTxvebs,
romlebic, maTi TqmiT, `zogadi inteleqtis~ karg indikatorebs warmoadgens.
oponentebi hernStainsa da mureis pasuxoben, rom qcevis aseTi dabali maCvenebeli ar aris
mxolod SavkanianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. radganac msgavsi magaliTebi mravladaa evropuli
warmoSobis im jgufebSi, romlebmac dabali IQ qulebi daagroves. magaliTad, rodesac evropeli
emigrantebi Camovidnen SeerTebul StatebSi, maTi qulebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda saSualo
erovnul maCvenebels, xolo gansakuTrebiT dabali qulebi modioda abstraqtul SekiTxvebze.
igive SeiniSneboda apalaCis mTebSi (romlebmac es gamocda 1930-ian wlebSi Caabares) da britane
Tis soflebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis SemTxvevaSic. `mokled rom vTqvaT, jgufebi, romlebic mow
yvetilni arian Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis kulturul centrebs, yvelze dabal Sede
gebs aCveneben abstraqtul SekiTxvebze, ganurCevlad maTi rasisa~ (soueli, 1995, gv.73). magram,
saintereso isaa, rom emigrantebis jgufebis adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi integraciis kvaldakval,
maT mier dagrovili qulebi TandaTan miuaxlovda erTian standarts, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi gaus
wro kidec mas. afro-amerikelebic nel-nela avseben arsebul naprals IQ qulebSi. gasuli ramden
ime dekadis ganmavlobaSi maT es sxvaoba 4-8 qulamde daiyvanes (nisbeti, 1995). es faqti adasturebs
mtkice kavSirs kulturasa da inteleqtis maCvenebels Soris: saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikuri
pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad imata Savkaniani amerikelebis iteleqtis maCvenebelmac.
socialuri struqturis koncefcia gavlenas axdens zarisebri mrudis garSemo mimdinare
polemikazec. hernStaini da murei amtkiceben, rom SromiTi bazris struqturuli cvlilebebi
ZiriTadad gamowveulia Cveni sazogadoebis mier IQ-sTvis miniWebuli mzardi mniSvnelobiT.
teqnologiebisa da biznesis garTulebasTan erTad gaCnda iseTi samuSao adgilebi, romlebic
maRali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis kadrebs moiTxovs. ukve aRar arsebobs didi sxvaoba
Wkviani adamianebis ricxvsa da iseTi samuSao adgilebis raodenobas Soris, romelic iteleqtis
maRal dones moiTxovda. amgvari samuSao adgilebis matebasTan erTad sul ufro izrdeba im
adamianebis karieruli winsvlisa da socialuri ierarqiis kibeze asvlis saSualeba, romlebic
dabal socialur fenas miekuTvnebian, magram inteleqtis Sesabamisi done gaaCniaT. es tendencia
xsnis inteleqtualuri elitis zrdis faqts, romelic Tavdapirvelad yvela socialuri klasi
dan ikrebda wevrebs. magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom inteleqtualur doneebs Soris gansxvaveba
mWidrod ukavSirdeba genetikur warmomavlobas, hernStaini da murei amtkiceben, rom socia
luri dayofac sul ufro ukavSirdeba memkvidrul faqtors. ufro metic _ radganac adamianebi
qorwindebian Tavis msgavsebze (maT Soris inteleqtiT msgavsebzec), adgili socialur ierarqia
Si Taobebs genebis meSveobiT gadaecema.
oponentebi mwvaved ewinaaRmdegebian ori avtoris am mosazrebas da xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom
kavSiri IQ-sa da genebs, IQ-sa da socialur klasebs Soris metismetad sustia imisaTvis, rom da
bejiTebiT dadasturdes genebis mniSvneloba adamianis socialuri adgilis gansazRvrisas an am
piris warmatebaze cxovrebaSi (h. gardneri, 1995). hernStainisa da mureis monacemebi adasturebs,
rom IQ yovelTvis xsnis maT mier Seswavlili socialuri Sedegebis 20 procents, rac, Cveulebriv,
10 procentze naklebia, xSirad ki _ 5 procentze naklebic. da radgan isini xalisiT aRiareben,
rom gansxvavebebi IQ Soris 40 procentiT miewereba garemos, maSin genebis gavlena adamianis
warmatebaze Zalze umniSvnelo yofila (gouldi, 1995). naTelia, rom amerikuli klasis struqtu
ris gageba ufro metad efuZneba socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis Seswavlas, vidre _ ge
netikur gansxvavebebsa da IQ-s.
217
Zalaufleba, socialuri qmedeba da funqciuri integracia aseve warmoadgens im koncef
cias, romelic adasturebs zariseburi mrudis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. hernStainisa da miu
reis oponentebi SiSoben, rom axali SemecnebiTi elitis wevrebi (romlebic iziareben hern
Stainisa da miureis mosazrebas), gamoiyeneben TviT finansur Zalauflebasa da reputacias,
raTa Secvalon koleqtiuri socialuri qmedebebi, romelic mimarTulia araprivilegirebuli
fenebis SesaZleblobis gaumjobesebisaken. magaliTad, Tu elita daaskvnis, rom dabali so
cialuri fenebi Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romelTa genetikaze dafuZenebuli inteleqti metis
metad dabalia saimisod, rom maT daZlion damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo programebi, SeiZleba
elitam moiTxovos amgvari programebis gauqmeba maTi warumateblobis motiviT. hernStaini
da miurei TviTonve acxadeben, rom Cven, albaT, ukve mivuaxlovdiT im limits, romliTac ga
naTleba SeZlebs aamaRlos im bavSvebis inteleqtualuri done, romlebmac IQ-s dabali Sedegebi
miiRes. isini aseve ar arian darwmunebulebi pozitiuri diskriminaciis SedegebSi, rogorc ga
naTlebis, aseve dasaqmebis sferoSi. maTi azriT, sazogadoeba zaraldeba, rodesac pozitiur
diskriminacias Sedegad mosdevs dasaqmebis mkveTri Semcireba, an rodesac upiratesobas ar
aniWeben maRalkvalificiur kadrebs. amgvari Sedegebi, hernStainisa da miureis azriT, Zirs
uTxris funqciur integracias, sadac adamianebs irCeven imis mixedviT, Seesabameba Tu ara maTi
SesaZlebloba konkretul samuSao adgils. oponentebi pasuxoben, rom pozitiuri diskriminaci
is socialuri sargebeli aRemateba mis xarjebs. 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac
amoqmedda antidiskriminaciuli kanonebi, umciresobebis jgufebma marTlac miaRwies progress
maRali xelfasebisa da prestiJuli samuSaoebis mopovebis mxriv.
amerikelebi kidev karga xans idaveben imaze, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania IQ-s Sedegebi da
ramdenad ganapirobebs am Sedegebs genetikuri faqtori. mecnieruli samxilebi, raoden argu
mentirebulic unda iyos isini, ver moagvarebs sazogadoebriv azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, radgan es
debatebi Rirebulebebsac Seexeba. miuxedavad imisa, memkvidrulia Tu ara IQ inteleqtis done,
adamianebi, romlebic Tanasworobas Rirebulebad miiCneven, ar daeTanxmebian hernStainisa
da mureis mosazrebebs da mxars dauWeren dabal socialur poziciaze myofi adamianebisaTvis
damatebiTi programebis SemoRebis politikas, raTa am adamianebs winsvlis ufro meti SesaZle
bloba mieceT.
CineTSi, SanxaiSi mcxovrebi patara gogona eubneba dedas, rom mas unda axali
qurTuki, radgan mis Zvel qurTuks saxelo gaexvrita. babua, romelsac esmis gogo
nas Txovna, dgeba da gogonas Tavis ZvelisZvel, sakereblebiT dafarul qurTuks
awvdis, romelic sakuTari xeliT dakemsa. Semdeg uyveba SviliSvils, Tu rogo
ri siamayiT atarebda am qurTuks, rodesac gaTavisuflebis armiis wevri iyo da
Zvel reJims ebrZoda. socialuri revoluciis saamayo epoqaSi mSromel xalxs ar
eTakileboda gacveTili tanisamosiT siaruli. saubris dasasrul, patara gogo
nas Zalian rcxvenia, rom axali qurTuki moiTxova (gamoyenebulia keseni, 1975).
iaponiis erT-erT sabavSvo baRSi maswavlebeli sTxovs bavSvebs, funjebiTa da
saRebavebiT daxaton sxvadasxva suraTi, romlebic erTi ambis Semadgeneli nawile
218
bi iqneba. is debs saRebavebs magidis SuagulSi imis Sesamowmeblad, gamostaceben
Tu ara bavSvebi erTmaneTs saRebavs da daRvrian Tu ara mas magidaze. Semdeg ki
specialurad awyobs bavSvebisTvis arasakmaris funjebs. bavSvebi iwyeben xatvas.
isini winaswar Tanxmdebian, Tu romel nawils daxataven, da moTminebiT elodebi
an erTmaneTs funjisa da saRebavisaTvis (luisi, 1989; faueri, kobaiaSi-vinata,
da keli, 1992).
italiis erT-erT sofelSi bavSvebi cxared kamaToben moCvenebebisa da
maqciebis arsebobaze. ufrosebis msgavsad, romlebic soflis moedanze Sekrebi
lan da aseve cxared kamaToben politikasa da dRis mniSvnelovan ambebze, bavSve
bic emociurad gamoxataven sakuTar mosazrebas da xSirad yvirilsa da erTmaneTis
xelis kvrasac ar eridebian. magram am bavSvebs aravin sTxovs kamaTis Sewyvetas,
rasac amerikeli aucileblad gaakeTebda, radgan italiaSi amgvari kamaTebi da
diskusiebi megobrobis normalur nawilad iTvleba (korsaro da miliani, 1992;
korsaro da rico, 1988).
amerikul ojaxSi dawyebiTi skolis moswavle ori Zma televizorTan mokalaTe
bula da interesiT adevnebs Tvals mimdinare TamaSs. sami mcirewlovani konkur
santi pasuxobs SekiTxvebs geografiidan, raTa prizis saxiT moigos mogzauroba
SeerTebuli Statebis nebismier sasurvel mxareSi. programis kulminaciur nawil
Si, finalisti darbis scenis garSemo da cdilobs aRmoaCinos evropis qveynebis
dedaqalaqebi uSvelebel rukaze. studiaSi myofi patara gulSematkivrebi aRtace
bulebi amxneveben gogonas, romelic cdilobs davaleba 45 wamSi Seasrulos.
TiToeuli sazogadoeba ayalibebs bavSvebs sakuTari kulturis gamoxatu
lebebad. iaponelebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas jgufuri miznebis ganxor
cielebisaTvis; italielebi cdiloben, ganaviTaron verbaluri molaparakebebisa
da debatebis unar-Cvevebi; amerikelebi ki uRviveben bavSvebs konkurentunaria
nobas warmatebis misaRwevad. magram kultura ar aris statikuri, uZravi feno
meni. mas SeuZlia, ganicados cvlileba. magaliTad, CineTi ufro orientirebuli
gaxda momxmarebelze. komunisturi partiis lideris mao Ze dunis gardacvalebis
Semdeg ukve naklebad eqceva yuradReba TviTSewirvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom bav
Svebi sxvadasxva rames swavloben, TiToeuli am magaliTis mixedviT socializa
ciis agentebi (jgufebi da institutebi, romlebic nergaven kulturis normebs)
saerToa oTxive sazogadoebisaTvis. Tanamedrove samyaroSi ojaxi, skola, Tana
tolebi da masmedia aqtiuradaa CarTuli bavSvebisaTvis kulturuli elemen
tebis swavlebis procesSi. momdevno qveTavebSi ganxilulia socializaciis oTxi
faqtori. socializacia pasuxismgebelia identobebis mraval gansxvavebul tipze
_ magaliTad, rasaze, religiaze, klasze, erovnebasa da sqesze. Cven sqesis mag
aliTis gamoyenebiT SevecdebiT gaCvenoT, Tu ramdeni sxvadasxva faqtori axdens
gavlenas bavSvebis socializaciaze.
ojaxi
ojaxi warmoadgens pirvel socialur samyaros bavSvisaTvis: gzas ukvlevs
maT jgufuri cxovrebisa da intimuri urTierTobebisaken, aZlevs pirvel gamoc
219
dilebas, rogorc individebs, da asrulebs sarkis rols, sadac bavSvebi sakuTar
Tavs xedaven. ojaxi warmoadgens im pirvel jgufsac, romlis Rirebulebebsa da
normebsac iTviseben da iTaviseben bavSvebi da romlebsac saqcielis Sefasebis
mizniT iyeneben. Tumca, ojaxi ar aris izolirebuli jgufi. is farTo sazogadoe
bis Semadgeneli nawilia. ojaxis Rirebulebebi, damokidebulebebi da cxovrebis
wesi ireklavs socialur klass, religias, eTnikur jgufsa da qveynis im kuTxes,
romlis nawilic TviTon aris. es imas niSnavs, rom bavSvebi ojaxidanve iTviseben
sakuTari sazogadoebis kulturas, rac isedac damokidebulia maTi ojaxebis war
momavlobasa da gamocdilebaze.
gansxvavebebi ojaxebs Soris maTi bavSvebis socializaciis procesSi Tval
naTliv Cans genderuli rolebis mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisas. zogi amerikuli
ojaxi Segnebulad cdilobs, Tavi aaridos yvela genderul stereotips, rodesac
saqme bavSvebTan urTierTobas exeba. arsebobs iseTi ojaxebic, romlebisaTvis
genderul stereotipebs centraluri adgili uWiravs. Tumca, ojaxebis umeteso
ba Sualedur poziciazea. isini cdiloben biWebsa da gogonebs erTnairad moepyran
(litoni da romni, 1991), magram, miuxedavad amgvari mcdelobisa, zogi genderuli
stereotipi mainc iCens xolme Tavs (serbini, pouliSta, da gulko, 1993; paludi
da gulo, 1986; rubini, provencano da luria, 1974). magaliTad, mSoblebis umete
sobis azriT, maTi patara gogonebi sustebi, nazebi, daxvewilnakvTebiani da dab
neulebi arian, xolo vaJebi _ Zlierebi, myarebi, uxeSnakvTebianebi da koordina
ciis grZnobiT dajildoebulebi. mSoblebs guli swydebaT, rodesac maT pataras
ucnobi sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlad miiCnevs (makquaiari, 1988). mamebi
gansakuTrebiT mkacrebi arian vaJebis mimarT, Tu isini maTi sqesisaTvis `Seusaba
mod~ iqcevian, Tundac erTi wlis asakSi (snou, jeklini da makobi, 1983).
erT-erTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac mSoblebi sakuTar SvilebSi genderulad
orientirebul qcevas aviTareben, maT mier bavSvebisaTvis SerCeuli saTamaSoe
bia. es gansakuTrebiT xSiria vaJebis genderul socializaciaSi. mTel msofli
oSi yovel or wamSi erTi barbis Tojina iyideba, SeerTebul StatebSi TiToeul
ojaxze 2.5 barbi modis. magram aba scadeT da ipoveT mSoblebi, romlebsac odesme
eyidoT barbi TavianTi vaJisaTvis! ufro metic: mSoblebma rom dainaxon, rom maTi
vaJi kmayofili saxiT acmevs dis Tojinas TvalismomWrel saRamos kabas, aucileb
lad gamoarTmeven Tojinas biWs da urCeven, rom sxva ramiT iTamaSos.
amgvari gaguliseba sqesisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ saTamaSoTi TamaSisas, gaci
lebiT sustia gogonebis SemTxvevaSi. `biWuri saTamaSoebi~ ar miiCneva `mamakacu
rad~ gansxvavebiT `gogonebis saTamaSoebisagan~, romlebic mkveTrad `qalurad~
aRiqmeba. orive sqesis bavSvebi xalisiT TamaSoben biWebis saTamaSoebiT. erT-
erTi kvlevisas, mecnierebi akvirdebodenen mSoblebsa da maT mcirewlovan Svi
lebs. bavSvebi ufro iSviaTad TamaSobdnen `gogonebis saTamaSoebiT~ (rogoricaa
Tojina da Tojinebis saxli) da ufro metad erTobodnen `neitraluri~ saTama
SoebiT (rogoricaa Tavsatexi) an `biWebis saTamaSoebiT~ (burTi, benzingasamarTi
sadguri (aidli, vudi da desmaraizi, 1993). agreTve, orive mSobeli _ dedac da
mamac _ ufro xSirad sTavazobda bavSvebs `biWur~ saTamaSoebs, vidre sapirispi
ro sqesisas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom is saTamaSoebi, romlebic am kvlevaSi `ma
220
makacurebad~ klasificirdeboda, sinamdvileSi sakmaod neitraluri xasiaTisaa.
ase magaliTad, burTi, ar aris stereotipulad biWebis saTamaSo _ aseTia, maga
liTad, iaraRi. amerikeli mSoblebis umetesoba Tavisi gogonebisaTvis ar yidu
lobs amgvari tipis saTamaSoebs, gansxvavebiT biWebisagan.
mSoblebi gadascemen TavianT bavSvebs genderul stereotipebs im saqmiano
biTac, romelTa gakeTebasac Svilebs avaleben. amerikeli mSoblebis umetesoba
gogonebs xSirad avalebs saojaxo `qaluri~ saqmis gakeTebas (rogoricaa sadilis
momzadeba an bavSvis movla), xolo biWebi ufro xSirad ezoSi muSaoben an cdiloben
wvril-wvrili saojaxo sagnebi SeakeTon (beikeri, 1984). maRali Semosavlis mqone
mSoblebi ufro naklebad stereotipulebi arian SvilebisaTvis saSinao saqmis
davalebisas, iseve rogorc is mSoblebi, romlebsac erTaderTi qaliSvili hyavT.
saerTod, amerikeli gogonebis umetesoba dResac ufro `qalur~ saqmes akeTebs,
maSin rodesac biWebi ufro xSirad kreWen gazonebs da muSaoben xelsawyoebiT.
SvilebisaTvis genderul-stereotipuli qcevebis swavlebis paralelurad,
mSoblebi xSirad aswavlian bavSvebs, amave kuTxiT ifiqron sakuTar Tavze. maga
liTad, mravali mSobeli Tavisi gogonas warmatebas maTematikaSi Tavdauzogav
Sromas miawers, xolo Tu misma vaJma miaRwia warmatebas maTematikaSi, amas Tan
dayolili niWis damsaxurebad miiCnevs (ii da eklesi, 1988). garda amisa, mraval
mSobels sjera, rom misi vaJi warmatebas aucileblad miaRwevs maTematikaSi,
xolo eWvs gamoTqvams warmatebis Sesaxeb, rodesac saqme gogonas exeba, maSinac
ki, rodesac gogona warmatebiT swavlobs am sagans. am damokidebulebiT SeiZleba
aixsnas is, Tu ratom aqvT gogonebs uaryofiTi ganwyoba maTematikisadmi skolaSi
da ver afaseben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, miuxedavad imisa, am sagans Tavisuflad
floben Tu ara.
mSoblebs sulac ar sWirdebaT bavSvebs Caunergon genderul-stereotipuli
ideebi. maTi qceva sakmarisia bavSvebis azrovnebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. maga
liTad, bavSvebis warmodgena genderul rolebze ufro stereotipuli da myari
xdeba, roca isini xedaven, rom maTi dedebi ar muSaoben saxlis gareT da dakave
bulni arian ZiriTadad saojaxo `qaluri~ saqmiT (alageben, dadian sayidlebze,
uvlian bavSvs) da ara manqanebis SekeTebiT. srul ganakveTze momuSave dedebmac
ki SesaZlebelia Camouyalibon genderul-stereotipuli qceva Svilebs, Tu isini
muSaoben dabali statusis mqone, tradiciulad `qalur~ samsaxurebSi (serbini,
pouliSta da gulko, 1993). bavSvebis azrovneba damokidebulia ara marto imaze,
Tu ras amboben maTi mSoblebi, aramed imazec, Tu ras akeTeben isini (parceli da
menagani, 1994).
skolebi
221
uwyobs maT momzadebas Semdgomi rolisaTvis. es naTlad Can Cvens mier zemoT
moyvanil magaliTSi iaponur sabavSvo baRSi bavSvebisaTvis TanamSromlobis
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. iaponeli maswavleblebi mudmivad cdiloben
Seuqmnan bavSvebs iseTi garemo, sadac isini Seiswavlian jgufur muSaobas, swored
ise, rogorc es iaponur biznesSi xdeba, sadac jgufebis wevrebi mWidrod arian
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
arsebuli wesebisa da valdebulebebisadmi morCileba is Rirebulebaa, rasac
aqtiurad aswavlian yvelaze Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. amas talkon parsonsi
(1959) `farul saswavlo programas~ uwodebda, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom
disciplina da morCileba cxadad arasodes iswavleba, isini saklaso swavlebis
struqturis nawilia.
tradiciuli genderuli rolebis gadacemac SeiZleba iyos dafaruli saswav
lo programis nawili. dawyebiT skolebSi biWebs SeiZleba daavalon dafebis gaw
menda an merxebis gadaadgileba maSin, rodesac tkbileulis darigeba gogonebis
saqmea (riCmond-eboti, 1992). sabavSvo baRebSic ki gogonebs ufro xSirad aqeben
kargi qcevisa da yuradRebisaTvis maSin, rodesac biWebi ufro ikicxebian usaq
cielobisaTvis. mozard gogonebs xSirad aqeben socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da
wesrigis siyvarulisaTvis, xolo biWebs _ Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxisaTvis
(AAUW ganaTlebis fondi, 1992). maswavleblebs miaCniaT, rom biWebs ufro didi
wvlili miuZRviT proeqtisaTvis ideebis mofiqrebasa da diskusiebSi, Tumca, da
moukidebeli wyaroebi adasturebs, rom am mxriv orive sqesis monawileoba Tana
baria. (ben cvi-meieri, herc-lazaroviCi, da safiri, 1989; dveki, davidsoni, nel
soni da ena, 1978; evansi, 1988).
genderuli gakveTilebi tipuri saskolo sistemis nawils warmoadgens. maga
liTad, dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebis 85%-s qalebi Seadgens, xolo skolis
mmarTvelebis 79%-s _ mamakacebi (beikeri, 1984); dedebi ufro aqtiurad monawi
leoben saskolo klubebis saqmianobaSi maSin, rodesac saskolo sabWoebi ZiriTa
dad mamebiTaa dakompleqtebuli (evansi, 1988). is faqti, rom maRal Tanamdebo
bebze ufro xSirad mamakacebi muSaoben, gavlenas axdens bavSvebzec. magaliTad,
skolebSi Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom is bavSvebi, romelTa skolebis
mmarTvelebic qalebi arian, naklebad ganicdian genderuli stereotipis gavle
nas, vidre is bavSvebi, romelTa skolebis mmarTvelebic mamakacebi arian (para
dizo da uoli, 1986).
skolebSi arsebuli `biWebisa da gogonebis programebis~ arseboba kidev ufro
aRrmavebs genderuli stereotipebis gavlenas. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saSinao ekonomikis gakveTilebi axla ukve xelmisawvdomia gogonebisaTvisac,
xolo savaWro (shop classes) gakveTilebze daswreba biWebsac SeuZliaT, daswrebis
maCvenebeli miuTiTebs, rom es gakveTilebi jer kidev segregirebulia genderuli
faqtoriT. genderuli stereotipebis gavleniTaa dayofili skolebis sportuli
programebi – anu ara moswavleTa surviliT, aramed skolis xelmZRvanelobis
brZanebiT. nacvlad imisa, rom gaaerTianos biWebisa da gogonebis sportuli seq
ciebi, skolebis umravlesoba amjobinebs, gazardos gogonebisaTvis gankuTvnili
sportuli seqciebis ricxvi. rasakvirvelia, sulac ar aris saWiro seqciebis ofi
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cialurad gamocxadeba romelime sqesis kuTvnilebad imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli
maTgani miCneuli iyos gogonebis an biWebis sportad. rogorc pedagogebis, aseve
studentebis genderul-stereotipuli ideebi ganapirobebs im faqts, rom zogi
sagani miCneulia biWebis Zlier mxared (magaliTad, maTematika da mecniereba),
xolo iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa inglisuri ena da xelovneba, gogonebisaTvis mis
wrebad iTvleba.
biWebis aqtiurobis done maTematikisa da mecnierebis gakveTilze mimdinare
diskusiebSi, SeiZleba damTrgunveli aRmoCndes gogonebisaTvis. isini Tavs dam
cirebulad grZnoben, rac pegi orenStainma (1994) merveklaselebis maTematikis
gakveTilze daswrebisas TvalnaTliv daadastura.
skolebSi mimdinare procesebi exmareba bavSvebs, miiRon ufro farTo kul
turisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rwmenebi da Rirebulebebi.
masmedia
223
mamakaci personaJebis ricxvi mainc gacilebiT didi darCa – daaxloebiT sami erT
Tan. qali personaJebi ufro met dros saxlSi atareben, miT umetes, Tu muSaoben
da Svilebi hyavT. Tu qali personaJebi muSaobdnen, maSin umetes SemTxvevaSi maTi
samuSao dabalanazRaurebadi, araprestiJuli iyo (oficiantebi, mdivnebi, med
debi). popularuli gadacemebis qali personaJebis umetesoba ubralod silama
ziT gamoirCeoda, maSin rodesac mamakacebi ufro xandazmulebi da prestiJuli
samaxuris mqoneni iyvnen (eqimebi, iuristebi). sinorielim daaskvna, rom erTeu
li gamonaklisis garda, satelevizio programebis genderulma rolebma 15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuna tradiciuli da konservatuli xasiaTi. es mdgomareoba
ar Secvlila gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sei
niSna qali personaJebis samsaxurebis gamravalferovneba, maTTvis dakisrebuli
movaleobebi ZiriTadad mainc sxvaze zrunviTa da movliT Semoifargleba, gan
sxvavebiT mamakaci personaJebisagan, romlebic ufro aqtiurad arian Cabmulni
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da politikur procesebSi. usini ufro xSirad arian
liderebi, vidre qali personaJebi (vadnerbergi da strekfusi, 1992).
amgvari genderuli stereotipebi aqtiurad gadaicema masmediis saSualebiT
da did zegavlenas axdens bavSvebze. magaliTad, popularuli sabavSvo wignebis
Seswavlam daadastura, rom TiTqmis yoveli maTgani Seicavda gogonebisa da bi
Webis, qalebisa da kacebis mkveTrad stereotipul saxeebs (vaitcmani da aifleri,
1972). mamakacebis 11 suraTze qalebis erTi suraTi modioda, xolo Seswavlili
wignebis erTi mesamedi mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis gmirebze mouTxrobda mkiTx
vels. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mainc gamoCndeboda personaJi gogonebi, isini ZiriTadad
exmarebodnen, zrunavdenen an ubralod uyvardaT wignis gmiri. rodesac mkvelva
rebis sxva gundma igive saxis kvleva 80-iani wlebis popularul wignebze Caatara,
aRmoaCina, rom mdgomareoba Secvliliyo, Tumca ara mniSvnelovnad (j.a. uiliamsi,
vernoni, uiliamsi da malexa, 1987). amjerad mamakaci da qali personaJebis ricxvi
gaTanabrda, wamyvani personaJebis mesamedi mdedrobiTi sqesisa iyo, axla ukve
qalebi da gogonebi ufro xSirad tovebdnen saxlis teritorias, Tumca mxolod
erTi mdedrobiTi sqesis personaJi muSaobda da isic _ oficiantad. miuxedavad
am yvelafrisa, mamakac personaJebs ufro meti pasuxismgeblobebi, Tavgadasavle
bi da garToba qondaT.
rac Seexeba Jurnalebs, gancxadebebi gansakuTrebiT xazs usvamda genderul
stereotipebs (mase da rozenbaumi, 1988; bleknepi da leonardi, 1991; uilisi da
karlsoni, 1993). sagazeTo reklamebi mamakacs aRwers, rogorc martosulebs, da
moukideblebsa da Zlierebs. qalebi ki ufro xSirad eZeben nugeSsa da sxvasTan
kontaqts (maTi mzeridan da Jestikulaciidan gamomdinare). miuxedavad imisa,
rom dRes ukve SeimCneva cvlilebis tendencia da es cvlileba ufro `Tanamed
rovea~, jer kidev adgili aqvs ararealisturi genderuli stereotipebis aR
weras. erT-erTma axalma kvlevam daadastura, rom qalebi sul ufro iSviaTad
arian mamakacebze damokidebuli diasaxlisebi, dRes isini ufro damoukideblebi
arian da did yuradRebas aqceven sakuTar silamazesa da garegnobas (busbi da
lixti, 1993).
224
rogor axdens gavlenas genderuli streotipebis memkvidreoba bavSvebze? al
baT yvelaze ufro farTod Seswavlili Tema exeba televiziis gavlenas genderul
stereotipebze. kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi, romelbic xSirad uyureben tele
viziiT gasarTob programebs, ufro xSirad aRweren da axasiaTeben qalsa da mama
kacs stereotipuli gamoTqmebiT, vidre is bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad ar uyureben
televizors, an uyureben ZiriTadad saganmanaTleblo programebs (fraCi da mak
gii, 1975; kombali, 1986; repeti, 1984; rotSildi, 1984; sinorieli da learsi, 1992).
mokled rom vTqvaT, iolia masmediis rolis gazviadeba genderul socia
lizaciaSi. is, rasac adamianebi iReben televizoridan, Jurnalebidan da wignebidan
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axdenen isini am informaciis interpretirebas. es
mosazreba dadasturda erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad, rodesac Seiswavles, Tu ro
gor axdenen mozardebi mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi moqmedi gmirebis interpreta
cias maikl jeqsonis klipSi. am klipSi jeqsoni ixibleba axalgazrda gogonaTi da
dasdevs mas ukan. bolos gogona xelebs Slis da exveva mas, oRond mas Semdeg, rac
bnel quCebSi ramdenime saSiSi gamometyvelebis mqone kacs gadaeyreba (kalofi,
1993). mdedrobiTi sqesis mayureblebma gogona aRiqves an Zlierad, an SeSinebulad
da sustad, maSin roca mamrobiTma mayureblebma masSi dainaxes qali, romelic Zne
lad misaRwevi qalis imijis Seqmnas cdilobda. es gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mayureblebis pirad gamocdilebaze, ramac Tavis
mxriv gamoiwvia is, rom isini gmiris sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, is mniSvneloba, rasac xalxi medias aniWebs genderuli stereo
tipebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqroben
isini sqesze.
Tanatolebi
adamianebi swored ise akuTvneben sakuTar Tavs romelime sqess, rogorc ax
denen televiziiT naCvenebi genderuli stereotipebis interpretacias. bavSvebi
ubralod ki ar swavloben mamakacebad an qalebad Camoyalibebas, aramed isini
akuTvneben sakuTar Tavs erT an meore sqess. isini iReben Sesabamis informacias
mSoblebisagan, skolaSi, mediis meSveobiT da axdenen ideebis realizacias sa
kuTar damokidebulebebsa da qcevaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tanatolebis mimarT (kor
saro, 1992). amis Sedegia genderis socialuri konstruqcia yovel axal TaobaSi.
sociologi bari Torni (1993) swavlobs TanatolTa Soris urTierTobas sak
laso oTaxebsa da saTamaSo moednebze dakvirvebiT. is amtkicebs, rom genderu
li identobisa da gansxvavebebis warmoqmna xdeba bavSvebis mier TanatolebTan
yoveldRiuri urTierTobisas. biWebi da gogonebi regularulad icaven gende
rul sazRvrebs, ufrosebisagan yovelgvari miTiTebebis gareSe. zogadad, roca
dgeba arCevanis sakiTxi, biWebi amjobineben dadgnen, dasxdnen an iTamaSon biWeb
Tan erTad. aseve xdeba gogonebis SemTxvevaSi – isini umetes SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
sqesis warmomadgenlebTan TamaSsa da yofnas aniWeben upiratesobas.
Torns mohyavs mravali magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor `uCenen adgils~ mas, vinc
bedavs genderuli sazRvrebis darRvevas. Torni Seeswro SemTxvevas, rodesac
225
pirvelklaselma biWunam survili gamoTqva, etrialebina saxtunao. mas maSinve
uTxres, rom imisaTvis, rom `es icode, gogo unda iyo~. biWuna ise gatrialda,
rom ar SewinaaRmdegebia am sayovelTaod gavrcelebul mosazrebas. meore Sem
Txvevisas popularulma biWma, romelic sasadilo oTaxSi cariel adgils eZebda,
magidis danaxvisas, sadac biWebi da gogonebi erTad isxdnen, ganacxada: `metis
metad bevri gogoa!~ amis gagonebisTanave im magidasTan msxdomi biWebi adgnen da
gahyvnen mas TiTqmis carieli magidisaken. gabrazeba/gaqezeba genderuli dayo
fis kidev erTi saSualebaa (ederi, 1991). erTi biWi ki, romelic biblioTekis da
xurvis win gogonebis rigSi Cadga, saswrafod gaagdes biWebis rigisaken. dabneuli
axalmosulis danaxvaze erT-erTma biWma SesZaxa: `SexedeT, axali gogo movida!~
amgvar qmedebas Torni `sazRvris dacvas~ uwodebs, radgan bavSvebi aqtiurad
icaven dawesebul genderul sazRvrebs. uZvelesi TamaSi `daWerobanac~ ki, Tor
nis azriT, genderul dayofas emsaxureba, riTac bavSvebi cdiloben daamtkicon
sazRvris arseboba or sqess Soris.
mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom biWebi da gogonebi irCeven gancalkevebulad
yofnas, radgan maT interaqciis gansxvavebuli formebi aqvT. am mosazrebis mixed
viT, biWebis TamaSi ufro xSirad gamoirCeva fizikuri agresiiT, statusis mo
sapoveblad brZoliT da wesebis Sesaxeb kamaTiT maSin, rodesac gogonebis TamaSi
gamoirCeva TanamSromlobiTa da moTamaSesTan uSualo, Tbili damokidebulebiT
(moleri, himeli, da rubini, 1992). Tumca, Torni enTuziazmiT ar aris ganwyobi
li im azris mimarT, rom gansxvavebuli interaqcia TamaSobs ZiriTad rols gen
derul dayofaSi. arsebobs uamravi variacia imaze, Tu rogor iqceva TiToeuli
sqesi. `tipuri biWuri~ da `qaluri~ stili, romelsac mkvlevarebi akvirdebodnen,
momdinareobs Tanatolebis fonze gamorCeuli gogonebisa da biWebisagan, magram
isini mainc ar arian imdenad gamorCeulni, rom yvelasTvis tipurad iTvlebod
nen. sinamdvileSi, individualur gogonasa da individualur biWs Soris ufro
meti gansxvavebaa, vidre maT sqesebs Soris. Torni askvnis, rom bavSvebis mier
genderuli dayofis sakiTxze ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es
dayofa genderul socializaciaze. rogorc feministi, Torni imedovnebs, rom
socialuri cvlileba warimarTeba ufro jvaredini genderuli urTierTobebis
mxriv, romelic damyarebuli iqneba megobrobasa da Semwynareblobaze.
axalgazrdebi, rasakvirvelia, mxolod genderul rolebs ar aswavlian erT
maneTs. Tanatolebi erTmaneTis meSveobiT iReben Tanaswori urTierTobebis
pirvel gamocdilebasac. gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom ufrosebi yovelTvis
ufro didebi, Wkvianebi, Zlierebi da `mdidrebi~ arian (maT SeuZliaT iseTi rTuli
danadgarebis kontroli, rogoricaa macivari da distanciuri marTvis pulti),
mozrdilisa da bavSvis damokidebuleba yovelTvis asimetriulia. am damokide
bulebaSi bavSvi yovelTvis daqvemdebarebulis rols asrulebs da yvela bavSvi
erTmaneTTan socialurad Tanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. amgvari statusi ga
napirobebs TanatolTa jgufebis SesaniSnav saswavlo Tvisebas. jgufSi bavSvebs
gacilebiT iolad SeuZliaT, Seiswavlon Tanasworoba, gaziareba, raimes Txoveba
da gacvla. Tu daakvirdebiT, rogori pedanturi sizustiT anawileben bavSvebi
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gamagrilebel sasmels boTlidan WiqebSi, mowme gaxdebiT TanatolTa jgufebSi
socializaciis procesisa.
amgvari jgufebi qmnian idealur garemosac, sadac bavSvebi swavloben megob
robis mniSvnelobas. saskolo asakisaTvis bavSvebs ukve aqvT warmodgena megob
robis koncefciisa da im qmedebebis Sesaxeb, riTac megobroba gamoixateba. isini
am koncefcias iyeneben, rogorc gzamkvlevs sakuTari qcevebisaTvis da, agreTve,
standarts TanatolTa qcevis SefasebisaTvis. am process mivyavarT ufro naTlad
gansazRvruli `molodinebisaken~. bavSvebma axla ukve ician, Tu ras elodebian
sxvebisagan da TviTon rogor unda moiqcnen megobrebTan urTierTobisas. rasak
virvelia, `kargisa~ da `marTebulis~ bavSvebiseuli gageba yovelTvis ar emTxveva
mozardebisas. bavSvebi xSirad qmnian sakuTar normebs, Rirebulebebsa da sakuTar
msoflmxedvelobas. aqedan gamomdinare, isini xSirad ibnevian imis gadawyvetisas,
Tu romel normas an Rirebulebas unda mimarTon konkretul situaciaSi. es mo
wifulobis umTavresi unar-Cvevaa (korsaro da ederi, 1990).
megobrebTan yofna gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. bavSvisTvis gansa
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rogor miiReben mas Tanatolebi, gamoucxadeben Tu ara
mas jgufur solidarobas da iqneba Tu ara popularuli. mozard biWebs bevri me
gobari hyavT Tanatol biWebs Soris maSin, rodesac gogonebi amjobineben, airCion
erTi megobari gogona da mas gaandon sakuTari gancdebi, fiqrebi da SiSi. am asakis
orive sqesis warmomadgeneli megobrebs asakis, socialuri klasis, rasisa da eTni
kurobis niSniT irCeven (dornbuSi, 1989). TanatolTa jgufebSi arsebobs erTgvari
simboloTa sistema _ ena, musika, varcxniloba, Cacmis stili da a.S. _ romelic
TviTgamoxatvis saSualebaa (uilisi, 1990).
sakuTari Tavis gansazRvrisas mozardebs xSirad mosdiT konfliqti sakuTar
mSoblebTan da sxva mozrdilebTan. maSinac ki, rodesac isini ar Tvlian amas mar
Tebulad (rogorc es 1960-ian wlebSi moxda), mainc cdiloben mosinjon, Tu sad ga
dis Semwynareblobis sazRvari – magaliTad, sinjaven alkohols da narkotikebs.
mozardebi xSirad uweven winaaRmdegobas mSoblebs, rodesac saqme exeba gemovne
bas, magaliTad, modas an konkretul musikalur mimdinareobas. garda amisa xSiria
konfliqti pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiTac. magaliTad, mSoblebma SeiZle
ba neba ar darTon mozrdil Svils, gamoiyenos avtomobili an yavdes partniori,
maSinac ki, rodesac TviTon mozardi Tvlis, rom mzad aris amisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, mozardebi xSirad mainc gagebiT ekidebian mSoblebis zrun
vas maTi miznebisa da momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb (devisi da kendeli, 1981; krosniki
da jadi, 1982). realurad, ufro xSirad mozardTa Rirebulebebi ki ar ewinaaRmde
geba, aramed amyarebs kidec mSoblebis Rirebulebebs. ufro gvian, rodesac sust
deba Tanatolebisa da mozrdilebis konfliqti, mozardebi irCeven iseT jgufs,
romlis Rirebulebebic maTi ojaxi Rirebulebebis msgavsia. am dros Tanatolebi
sa da ojaxebis socializaciis procesi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareobs.
zogadad, xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanatolebisa da ojaxis socializacia erTmaneTs
eTanxmeba, rac momgebiania sazogadoebisaTvisac. saWiroa, rom socializaciis sx
vadasxva agentebi erTmenTs Seesabamebodes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoe
bas problemebi Seeqmneba zogad funqciur integraciaSi.
227
socializacia zrdasrul asakSi
desocializacia da resocializacia
228
mkacrad gansazRvrul reJimSi xangrZlivad cxovrobs farTo sazogadoebisagan
izolirebulad da eqvemdebareba erT avtoritets (gofmani, 1961). totaluri
institutis magaliTia cixe, stacionari sulierad daavadebulebisaTvis da sam
xedro banakebi (devisi, 1989).
totalur institutSi resocializaciis procesi, rogorc wesi, mosdevs de
socializaciis process. am dros adamianebi kargaven TavianT Rirebulebebsa da
Sexedulebebs. desocializaciis gaiolebis mizniT, adamianebs arTmeven tanisa
moss, samkaulebs da pirad nivTebs; aZleven ubralo da xSirad usiamovno tanisamoss
– magaliTad, uniformas an pacientis piJamas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavsac parsaven,
raTa mouspon kvali imisa, Tu vin iyvnen isini warsulSi. garda amisa, axalmosulebs
xSirad arTmeven arCevanis uflebasac, riTac isini sxvebisagan gamoirCeodnen. maT
uwevT mkacri fizikuri gamocdis Cabareba, ris Semdegadac isini Wamen, iZineben da
banaoben jgufTan erTad. isini imyofebian mudmivi superviziisa da meTvalyureo
bis qveS. es procedurebi anadgurebs axalmosulis TviTobis grZnobas da unergavs
maT zemdgomebisadmi morCilebas. amgvarad, totaluri institutebi xels uwyobs
fsiqologiur regress: isini nergaven bavSvobisdroindel daucvelobis SegrZne
bas da damokidebulebas. am dros, wevrebi ukve mzad arian resocializdnen im axal
rolSi, romelic maTTvis totalurma institutma Seqmna.
profesiuli socializacia
229
prognozuli socializacia sasargebloa, Tumca arasakmarisi, rodesac saqme
exeba Zireul cvlilebebs. axali Tanamdebobebis miRebisas adamianebi iSviaTad
akeTeben zust prognozs, Tu ra moeliT axali samsaxuris dawyebis Semdeg. am
sakiTxis kvlevisas edgar Sainma (1978) daadgina, rom gardamavali etapi gulisxmobs
4 ZiriTad davalebas. priveli maTgani exeba biurokratiul organizacias: axali
TanamSromlebi swrafad aRmoaCenen xolme, rom organizaciis sxva wevrebi xSirad
uRobaven gzas davalebuli saqmis Sesrulebisas; TanamSromelebi sulac ar Canan
iseTi Wkvianebi, kompetenturebi da produqtiulebi, rogorebic unda iyvnen; isini
sakmaod xSirad iqcevian aralogikurad da iracionalurad. axalma TanamSromelma
unda SeZlos organizaciis miReba mTeli Tavisi sisusteebiT _ `gayidva~, kompro
misze wasvla da `politikosoba~ aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi unda gaxdes.
meore davaleba exeba im winaaRmdegobis gamklavebas, romelic cvlilebis
gatarebis survils moyveba xolme; axali TanamSromlebi Civian, rom maT sasargeb
lo ideebs Zirs uTxrian an ubralod uyuradRebod toveben; xSirad aRmoaCenen
xolme, rom maTi erTi SexedviT logikuri da gonivruli rekomendaciebi raime
mizezis gamo ar sruldeba. axali TanamSromlebis mier amgvari winaaRmdegobebis
gamklavebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maT Semdgom karieras.
mesame davaleba, romlis Sesruleba uwevs axal TanamSromels, exeba im gauge
bari, Zneli davalebis `gagebas~, rac dakavSirebulia mis saqmesTan: xSir SemTx
vevaSi, Sesasrulebeli samuSaos zogierTi aspeqti kargad ar aris ganmartebuli;
axali TanamSromlebi xSirad awydebian siZneleebs, rodesac saqme maT mier Ses
rulebuli samuSaos xarisxis Sefasebas exeba. niSis dakaveba organizaciaSi masTan
adaptirebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa.
dabolos, axalma TanamSromlebma unda iswavlon, Tu ra damokidebuleba unda
hqondeT xelmZRvanelebTan; daikavon Sualeduri pozicia monur morCilebasa da
meamboxeobas Soris. amave dros, maT unda gaTvalon dajildoebis sistemac da
amoicnon, Tu zustad ras moelian maTgan da ras afaseben organizaciaSi.
hainis kvlevis momdevno periodSi msxvil korporaciebSi socializaciis pro
cesi kidev ufro garTulda. Tanamedrove msxvili korporaciebis mzardi ricxvi
sxvadasxva erovnebis kadriTaa dakompleqtebuli – es exeba im biznesebs, romlebic
mraval qveyanaSi iwarmoeba. rodesac msxvili korporacia aSenebs fabrikas rome
lime sxva qveyanaSi, iq momuSave adamianebi socializdebian im sistemaSi, romelic
dakavSirebuli am korporaciis damfuZnebel qveyanasTan.
magaliTad, detroitSi mdebare mazdas qarxanaSi amerikel muSebs uwevT war
moebis organizaciis iaponur sistemasTan Segueba, romelic efuZneba 6-10 ada
mianis Semadgenlobis jgufebis TanamSromlobas. jgufis wevrebs akisriaT er
Toblivi pasuximgebloba saerTo davalebis Sesrulebisas. TiToeuli wevrisagan
moelian saqmisadmi Tavdadebasa da erTgulebas, rac gadaWarbebulia warmoebis
amerikuli sistemisaTvis. iaponuri sistema moelis, rom Tu muSa msubuqadaa avad,
is mainc imuSavebs, xolo jgufis wevrebi uyoymanod imuSaveben damatebiT saa
TebSi, Tu jgufis romelime wevri samuSaoze ar imyofeba. muSa, romelic samuSaos
acdens avadmyofobis gamo, waradgens eqimis mier damowmebul cnobas, romelic
adasturebs diagnozis namdvilobas. mazdis TanamSromlebs ar eZlevaT standar
230
tuli biuleteni. amerikeli muSebi iZulebulni arian, Seeguon gadawyvetilebis
miRebis iaponur wessac, romelic efuZneba jgufur konsensuss. mazdas yvela
TanamSromeli valdebulia, daeswros muSebisa da menejerebis Sekrebebs, sadac
ganxilvis safuZvelze cdiloben gonivruli gadawyvetilebis miRebas. amave dros,
muSebma unda SeuTavson sakuTari individualuri interesebi im jgufis intere
sebs, sadac isini muSaoben (rogorc es xdeba ojaxis SemTxvevaSi). maTgan moelian
pirad Tavganwirvas kompaniis sakeTildReod.
rasakvirvelia, yvela amerikeli ar wava samuSaod ucxour korporaciaSi, sa
dac maT moeTxovebaT sruliad gansxvavebul profesiul normebsa da Rirebule
bebTan Segueba. socializacia ar mTavrdeba bavSvobis periodis dasrulebiT. misi
sirTuleebi Tavs iCens yovelTvis, rogorc ki ucxo jgufis wevrebi vxdebiT an
vimyofebiT gardamaval etapze. sikvdilic ki ar gamoricxavs socializaciis sa
kuTar elementebs. socializacia mudmivi procesia yvela CvenTaganisaTvis.
Sejameba
231
bis wevrad gaxdomis swavlis procesi damokidebulia adamianis adgilze
socialur ierarqiaSi. magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvarad socializdebian qalebi
da mamakacebi. isini momzadebulni arian sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva rolebis
SesrulebisaTvis. gansxvavebuli procesia sxvadasxva socialuri klasis
wevrebis socializaciac. magaliTad, dabali socialuri klasis bavSvebs as
wavlian, rom ufro metad daafason morCileba da damyoloba, aqedan gamomdi
nare, isini emzadebian dabali statusis mqone samsaxurebisaTvis, romlebic
azrovnebis ganviTarebis SezRudul saSualebas iZleva. SesaZloa, swored
socialuri klasebis amgvari diferencirebuli socializacia xsnis im faqts,
rom dabali socialuri statusi xSirad Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
4. is, Tu vin varT Cven, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli individualur so
cialur qcevaze. Tanamedrove kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi (gansakuTrebiT
ki imaSi, romelic afasebs adamianis arCevanis Tavisuflebas) arsebobs mra
vali gza, rom iyo: mamakaci, qali, muSaTa Tu maRali klasis wevri, kaTolike,
baptisti Tu Savkaniani. kulturuli normebisa da socialuri rolebis
arsebobis paralelurad mainc arsebobs individualuri an koleqtiuri
arCevanis SesaZlebloba. am arCevanis nawili gulisxmobs adamianebis Tavi
suflebas, airCion rolebi da winaaRmdegoba gauwion maTTvis arasasurvel
rolebs. amave dros, adamianebi Segnebulad cdiloben Secvalon im rolebis
mniSvneloba, romlebsac isini konkretul momentSi asruleben da romleb
Sic moxdeba momavali Taobebis socializacia.
5. gacxarebuli debatebi mimdinareobs imis Taobaze, Tu romeli TamaSobs
ufro mniSvnelovan rols cxovrebis homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsua
luri gzis arCevaSi – buneba (biologiuri sawyisi), zrunva (kulturuli
swavleba) Tu adamianis arCevani. bolo periodis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze
mecnierebma dauSves, rom SesaZloa, homoseqsualizms biologiuri sawyisi
hqondes, anu iyos Tandayolili Tviseba (levei, 1991; hameri da kouplendi,
1994). am mosazrebas eTanxebian rogorc homoseqsualebi, aseve maTi ufle
bebis damcveli adamianebic. Tu damtkicda, rom homoseqsualizmi Tanday
olili Tvisebaa, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebam Sewyvitos homoseqsualebis
aRqma, rogorc zneobrivi gadaxris mqone adamianebisa _ gamodis, rom maT,
ubralod, sxva arCevani ara aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra rols TamaSobs
biologiuri faqtori seqsualuri orientaciis gansazRvraSi, isic cxa
dia, rom kulturuli ganviTarebis faqtoric mniSvnelovania. sxva rom
araferi vTqvaT, kultura xels uwyobs sxvadasxva seqsualuri identobebis
gansazRvras. da mainc _ yovelTvis arsebobs arCevanis elementi. homoseq
sualobis xmamaRla `gacxadebis~ faqti aris Segnebulad miRebuli gadaw
yvetileba, romelic sajarod acxadebs adamianis seqsualuri orientaciis
kanonierebas da mis centralur adgils TviTobis SegrZnebaSi. amgvaradve,
gei-subkulturasTan Serwyma, sakuTari seqsualuri orinetaciis gansaz
Rvra mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli arCevanze.
6. ojaxi bavSvobis periodis socializaciis umTavresi da upirvelesi agen
tia. is warudgens bavSvs urTierTobebsa da jgufur cxovrebas. kulturu
232
li normebi da Rirebulebebi aseve mWidrod inergeba TanatolTa jgufebis
mier. TanatolTa Soris gansakuTrebiT iolad xdeba iseTi Rirebulebebis
Seswavla, rogoricaa gaziareba, samarTlianoba da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom
TanatolTa jgufebi xSirad iZenen sakuTar Rirebulebebs da normebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi es normebi da Rirebulebebi emTxveva mSoblebis Rirebulebebs.
bavSvTa socializaciaSi mniSvnelovani agentia masmediac da skolac.
7. socializacia, rasakvirvelia, ar mTavrdeba bavSvobis dasrulebasTan erTad
_ grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova
nia ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli gardatexebis dros, rogoricaa qorwineba, bavS
vebis gaCena, an pensiaze gasvla. mozrdili adamianis mier axali normebisadmi
da Rirebulebebisadmi Seugebas resocializacia ewodeba. xSirad, resocia
lizacias win uswrebs desocializaciis procesi.
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
233
lizacia, magaliTad, mSobelTa savaldebulo klasebis organizebiT an dawye
biTi ganaTlebis asakis kidev ufro SemcirebiT. warmoadgineT Tqveni ideebi am
SemoTavazebis Sesaxeb da gamoiyeneT am TavSi mocemuli ramdenime koncefcia.
6. qvemoT CamoTvlili socializaciis SemTxvevebisagan yvelaze ufro romelma
iqonia Tqvenze gavlena: karieris dawyeba, daqorwineba, pensiaze gasvla. daa
sabuTeT Tqveni arCevani.
sityvari
234
TviToba _ gansazRvruli identobis qonis grZnoba, romelic gangvasxvavebs sxva
adamianebisagan.
seqsualuri orinetacia _ adamianis ZiriTAdi midgoma seqsualuri damokideb
ulebebisadmi, rac aseve moicavs partnioris, moqmedebebisa da masTan dakav
Sirebuli mniSvnelobebis arCevas.
mniSvnelovani sxvebi _ adamianebi, romlebic emociurad mniSvnelovanni arian
konkretuli adamianisaTvis.
socializacia _ im rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis SeZenis procesi, rom
lebic misaRebia sazogadoebisaTvis da romelTa qonasac sazogadoeba an so
cialuri jgufi moelis Cvengan, rogorc misi wevrebisagan.
superego _ zigmund froidis termini, romelic gulisxmobs sindiss – adamianis
fsiqikis is nawili, romelic iTavisebs sazogadoebis mosazrebas kargisa da
cudis Sesaxeb.
totaluri institutebi _ organizaciebi, romlebic mizanmimarTulad im
yofebian gare samyarosagan izolaciaSi da arseboben mkacrad gansazRvruli
wesiT. magaliTebi: cixe, stacionarebi sulierad daavadebulTaTvis da sam
xedro banakebi.
235
236
Tavi 6
deviacia da danaSauli
CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: kunZulebi quCaSi:
urbanuli bandebis Seswavla martin sanCes iankovskis mier
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
saerTaSoriso vaWroba narkotikebiT
. sociologia da sazogadoebrivi debatebi: iaraRis kontroli: Semcirdeba
Tu ara mkvlelobaTa ricxvi?
237
238
o tis Cemberi arkanzasis Statis marianas umaRles skolas amTavrebda. am
RirsSesaniSnavi movlenis aRsaniSnavad, misma Zmam, milionerma bili jom,
romlis finansuri imperia detroitSi mdebareobda, xuTi TeTri limuzini daiqi
rava da mTeli ojaxiTa da megobrebiT Camovida ceremoniaze dasaswrebad. roca
korteJma msvleloba SeaCera, Zmeb Cemberebs oskaris gadacemis ceremonialze mi
suli varskvlavebis Sesaferi Sexvedra mouwyves. kamerebi Cxakunobda, mozardebi
yvirodnen, xolo bavSvebi cdilobdnen, xelSi CaegdoT mwvane kupiurebi, romleb
sac bili jo avtografebiviT arigebda.
rodesac otis Cambersma diplomi miiRo, iseTi aplodismentebi atyda, TiTqos
auditoriis winaSe fexburTis saxelganTqmuli varskvlavi an sazeimo sityviT ga
mosuli studenti idga. otisi arc sportuli niWiT gamoirCeoda da arc sibejiTiT
brwyinavda. samagierod, mas brwyinvale momavali eloda. sxva studentebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic an armias SeuerTdebodnen, an samuSaos moZebnas Seecde
bodnen memfissa da liTl rokSi, otiss garantirebuli samsaxuri eloda ojaxur
biznesSi – anu maRali xarisxis heroiniT vaWrobaSi.
marianas mkvidrTaTvis otisis Zma bili warmoadgenda imis cocxal magaliTs,
rom yvelafris miRweva SeiZleba, Tu adamiani Zalian moindomebs da Tavs ar dazo
gavs. moijaradeebis ojaxSi gazrdili bili jo, romelic bavSvobaSi dilidan
saRamomde bambas krefda, axla aligatoris tyavis 1000 dolariani fexsacmliT
dadioda, ZviradRirebul manqanebs atarebda da uSurvelad axarjavda fuls
mravalricxovan ojaxs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, man SeZlo amerikuli ocnebis as
ruleba, Tumca ukanono gziT _ anu narkotikebiT vaWrobiT _ daagrova Tavisi
simdidre.
`heroinis epidemiam~ da `narkokulturam~ Seuqmna amerikas iseTi qveynis imi
ji, sadac ioli fuli, dangreuli da ganadgurebuli ojaxebi da kanonisadmi upa
tivcemuloba Caenacvla Sromas, ojaxis siyvarulsa da kanonisa da wesrigisadmi
morCilebas. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, bili josnairebs araferi aqvT
saerTo im saqmosnebTan, romlebic yoveldRe mgzavroben konektikutidan uol
stritamde, an im adamianebTan, vinc kompiuterebTan urTierTobas garaJSi iwyebs
da Semdeg IBM-s uwevs konkurencias. narkomovaWreebi calke mdgomi kastaa. Tu es
mosazreba mcdaria?
bili jos cxovreba klasikuri amerikuli magaliTia, romelsac pirobiTad
`siRatakidan simdidremde~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. meTerTmete klasidan skolis mi
tovebis Semdeg, man ganvlo igive gza Rataki samxreTidan mdidar CrdiloeTamde,
rac manamde afrikuli warmoSobis araerT amerikels gauvlia. bili jo rom de
troitSi aTi wliT adre Casuliyo, SeiZleboda muSaoba erT-erT manqanaTmSenebel
qarxanaSi daewyo da ojaxsac mohkideboda. 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls detroiti
ukve dacarielebuli iyo. qarxnebi daxures, samuSao adgilebi mkveTrad Semcir
da, ris gamoc saSualo da dabali muSaTa klasi (TeTrkanianebi da Savkanianebi)
gareubnebSi gadabargdnen. yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao, rasac bili jom
detroitSi miagno, fexsacmlis maRaziaSi iatakisa da fanjrebis recxva iyo. siRa
takisa da mSobliur arkanzasSi dabrunebis SiSma bili jo aiZula, sxva gamosavali
epova da TavisTvis eSvela.
239
gamosavali kokainis saxiT moiZebna, romelic amerikaSi samocaaTiani wlebis
miwurulisaTvis gaCnda. damTxvevis wyalobiT, medelinis narkotikebis kartelma
swored im dros daiwyo adgilobrivi, anu amerikeli distributorebis Zebna saku
Tari produqtis gasasaReblad, rodesac bili jom samuSaos Zebnas mihyo xeli.
bili jo da misi Zmebi daukavSirdnen medelinis kartels, daikaves niSa bazarze
da iswavles sabiTumo raodenobiT yidva-gayidva da produqtis marketingi. Tan
daTanobiT Seiswavles SesaZlo riskebis gaangariSebac, naRdi fulis brunvis kon
troli, daqiravebulis wesebi da ganawesebi, mogebis gegma, premiebi da momxmare
blis waxaliseba. 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis, rodesac otisma saswavlebeli
daamTavra, Zmeb Cambersebis mogeba yovelwliurad 55 milion dolars Seadgenda
(gadasaxadebis gareSe), rac detroitSi nebmismieri kerZo biznesis mogebaze meti
gaxldaT.
miuxedavad Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da uzarmazari mogebisa, Zmebi Cambersebi
kriminalebi iyvnen. `sigaretis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis msgavsad, isini ise yid
dnen sakuTar produqcias, rom yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen mis tragikul Sedegebs~
(adleri, 1995. gv. 6). narkotiki klavs bavSvebs, zombebad aqcevs mis momxmarebels,
angrevs ojaxebs. faqtobrivad, Cambersebma TavianTi qoneba `cocxali sikvdilis~
meSveobiT daagroves. ufro metic _ sabazro wilis SenarCunebis mizniT, maT dai
qiraves dacva, romelic disciplinas adamianebis Zvlebis damtvreviT, daxvreti
Ta da saxlebis dawviT amyarebda.
Zmebma pasuxi ages sakuTari saqcielisaTvis da SeerTebuli Statebis kanonis
mixedviT daisajnen (erT-erTi avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, xolo danarCenebs
25 wliani patrimroba miesajaT). Tumca, bili josa da misi Zmebis, aseve sxva ia
takqveSa mewarmeebis miCneva kriminalebad da deviantebad ugulebelyofs im socia
luri konteqstis mniSvnelobas, romelmac SezRuda maTi arCevani da Seuqmna aseTi
saqmianobis SesaZlebloba. Zmebi Cambersebi imave kulturis nayofs warmoadgenen,
romelmac isini SeaCvena. fulsa da simdidreze daxarbebuli sazogadoebis fsker
ze yofnamac ki ver daayrevina far-xmali Zmeb Cambersebs. `fulis kulti da im pe
riodis mzardi molodinebi iZulebuls xdida upovarT, mihyolodnen dominanti
kulturis mier dasaxul miznebs, da amave dros saSualebas uspobda maT, mieRwiaT
am miznebisaTvis kanonieri gziT~ (adleri, 1994. gv. 5). am garemoebebis fonze Zmeb
ma Cambersebma gaakeTes racionaluri arCevani. maT ambavs gansakuTrebulobas is
faqti ki ar aniWebs, rom isini Zalian gansxvavdebodnen sxva amerikelebisagan, ara
med is, rom isini, piriqiT, Zalian hgavdnen im adamianebs, vinc amerikuli ocnebiT
suldgmulobs.
deviacia (gadaxra) aris nebismieri is qmedeba, romelic arRvevs sazogadoebis
an jgufis kulturis farTod gaziarebul zneobriv Rirebulebebsa da normebs.
deviacia ar warmoadgens mxolod atipurobis sakiTxs (magaliTad, skaidaivingi
ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli, magram deviaciasac ar warmoadgens). qceva rom
devianturad CaiTvalos, amisaTvis is unda arRvevdes socialur standartebs.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom zneobrivi standartebi gamudmebiT icvleba da gansx
vavebulia sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da jgufisaTvis, deviaciis Sesaxeb warmod
genac cvalebadia.
240
zog SemTxvevebSi kulturuli standartebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT da ami
tomac deviacia danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa. Tumca, kanonis yvela darRveva ro
dia deviacia. magaliTad, adamianebis umetesoba xSirad aWarbebs siCqares 5 an 10
metr-saaTiT, magram Zalian cota ganixilavs am saqciels moralur problemad.
sxva SemTxvevaSi devianturi qmedeba SeiZleba ar iyos kanonsawinaaRmdego, magram
aRiqmebodes rogorc araeTikuri, amoraluri an `avadmyofuri~. profesori, ro
melic paemans uniSnavs Tavissave students, ar Cadis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas,
magram sazogadoebis TvalSi misi saqcieli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, aRiqmeba, rogorc
`aramarTebuli~. mravali koleji da universiteti Tvlis, rom amgvari qmedeba
profesoris daTxovnis pirdapiri safuZvelia.
sazogadoeba mkacrad gmobs zog deviantur saqciels (magaliTad, sqesobriv
Zaladobas bavSvebze) da amave dros Semwynareblobas iCens sxva msgavsi saqcielis
mimarT (magaliTad, pornografiuli gamocemebis SeZenis mimarT). devianturi qce
viT gamorCeul adamianebs ixseneben `giJebad~, `garyvnilebad~ an `gaukuRmarTe
bulebad~. es zedsarTavi saxelebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom deviantebi Zireulad
gansxvavdebian Cvengan. Tumca, im adamianebs, romlebic msubuq deviantur qcevas
amJRavneben, `normalurebad~ miviCnevT, anu Cveulebriv adamianebad, romlebic
xandaxan uSveben Secdomas. ramdeni adamiani iciT Tqven garSemo, romlebic ar
abruneben wignebs biblioTekebSi, iparaven kalmebs samsaxurebidan, arRveven moZ
raobis wesebs, ityuebian an malaven Semosavlebs? Tu amgvar qmedebebs deviantu
rad miviCnevT, gamodis, rom devianturoba Zalzed gavrcelebuli yofila.
Zmeb Cambersebs sxva mewarmeebisagan is ganasxvavebda, rom isini yiddnen kokains
da mimarTavdnen Zaladobas. magram es ar aris msgavsi qmedebebis pirveli precen
denti Cvens kulturaSi. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis franklin delano ru
zveltis babuam, uoren ruzveltma, qoneba CinelebisaTvis opiumis didi raode
nobiT miyidviT daagrova (uordi, 1985). 1880-90-ian wlebSi kokaini aRiarebuli
iyo fizikuri uZlurebis yvelaze Zlier panacead evropeli da amerikeli eqimebis
mier. igi iyideboda nebmismieri formiT da gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva produqtSi,
maT Soris koka-kolaSic. Zalis gamoyenebac didi xania gaxda fulze orientire
buli kulturis nawili. saukunis dasawyisSi SromiTma Zaladobam, policiisa da
SromiTi kavSirebis wevrebis Setakebam mravali adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
es magaliTebi Zmeb Cambersebis gasamarTleblad rodia moyvanili. aramed imi
saTvis, rom sxva kuTxidan SevxedoT maT qmedebas. soflis mier aRiarebuli gmiri,
SesaZloa qalaqSi `sazogadoebis nomer pirvel mtrad~ gamoacxadon. panacea sxva
epoqaSi SeiZleba Sxamad gadaiqces. bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azri mkveTrad
Seicvala sigaretTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca Tambaqos industria mainc agrZelebs
momwavlavi da momakvdinebeli produqtis Riad SeTavazebas farTo sazogadoebi
saTvis.
am Tavis pirvel qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT deviaciis socialur agebulebas.
giCvenebT, Tu rogor aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis mier `deviantis~ iarliyis
miwebeba ZalTa damokidebulebaze sazogadoebaSive da rogor SeiZleba `devianti~
mogvevlinos rogorc socialuri stabilurobis wyarod, aseve socialuri cvli
lebis saTaved. Semdeg ganvixilavT deviaciis kontrolis meqanizmebsa da sakiTxs
241
imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xdeba devianti, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vin ergeba devia
ciis mudmiv Sablons. amisaTvis ganvixilavT memkvidreobisa da garemos, struq
turuli moSlis, deviaciuri karierisa da araadkvaturi socialuri kontrolis
rolebs. bolos ki, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT danaSaulze, sasjelaRsrulebasa
da danaSaulis kontrolis sxvadasxva meqanizmze.
cxrili 6.1
deviaciis kulturuli Sedareba
242
deviaciis socialuri definiciebi icvleba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi
(ix. cxrili 6.1). isini cvalebadia sazogadoebis SigniTac. magaliTad, arsebobs
gansxvavebuli mosazreba abortis Sesaxeb. ra ufro devianturia: TviTon aborti
Tu Zalis gamoyeneba im specialuri klinikebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic akeTeben
aborts? adamianebis umetesoba (ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel mosazrebas emxro
ba) gmobs eqimebis ganadgurebas. magram, adamianebis nawili mtkiced aris darwmune
buli, rom aborti mkvlelobis erT-erTi formaa. meoreni fiqroben, rom abortis
gakeTeba qalis uflebaa da am SemTxvevaSi man unda miiRos gadawyvetileba. de
vianturobis gansazRvreba icvleba erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi (mravali
aziuri da laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelisaTvis devianturi qmedebaa moxuce
bulisaTvis saxlSi movlaze uaris Tqma, rac farTodaa miRebuli TeTrkanianebisa
Tvis), sxvadasxva socialur klasebs Soris (qalaqis getoSi devianturad ar miiC
neven, Tu gauTxovari gogona dafexmZimda, rac aucileblad deviantur qmedebad
aRiqmeba saSualo socialuri klasis mier), sxvadasxva profesiul jgufebs Soris
(pacientTan paemani devianturad miiCneva fsiqoanalitikosebis mier maSin, rode
sac es sruliad normaluria dantistisaTvis) da sxvadasxva sqess Sorisac (go
gonebi, romlebic xSirad erTvebian muSti-krivSi, ufro devianturebad aRiqme
bian, vidre biWebi, romlebic amas akeTeben). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTi jgufis
mier saxeldebuli `xalxis nomeri pirveli mteri~ SeiZleba sxva jgufma gmirad
aRiaros (ix. kvlevis meTodis grafa).
deviacia icvleba ara mxolod jgufidan jgufSi, aramed erTi situaciidan
meoreSic. Cvens sazogadoebaSi adamianis mokvla deviantur qmedebad iTvleba,
Tu saqme ar exeba Tavdacvas an Tu saomari moqmedebebi ar mimdinareobs. amis ms
gavsad, gamomdinare iqidan, rom drosTan erTad normebic icvleba, icvleba devi
aciis definiciebic. gvian 1960-ian wlebamde, Tanacxovreba daqorwinebis gareSe
mkacrad devianturad iTvleboda da SeiZleba axalgazrda amis gamo kolejidanac
ki gaericxaT. dRes ki amerikelebis umetesoba Tanacxovrobas socialurad misa
Rebad miiCnevs, miT umetes maSin, Tu saqme exeba axalgazrda, uSvilo da hetero
seqsual wyvils.
deviaciis definiciis cvlileba socialuri cvlilebis mniSvnelovani nawi
lia. cvlileba SeiZleba xdebodes Cqara da nela, organizebulad da araorgani
zebulad. kolejSi CaricxulTa mzardma raodenobam (rogorc qalebis aseve ma
makacebis) mniSvnelovnad gadaswia qorwinebis asaki, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Searbila
sazogadoebrivi normebi qorwinebamdel seqsTan dakavSirebiT. xandaxan cvlile
ba moiTxovs organizebul da koleqtiur qmedebas, rogoricaa homoseqsualebis
brZola maTi dagmobis winaaRmdeg.
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor mTavrdeba amgvari brZola. magaliTad, geebis ufle
bebis dacvis moZraobam Sedegad moitana is, rom mravalma sazogadoebam kanoniT
akrZala homoseqsualebis diskriminacia samuSao adgilebze. ojaxur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT geebis moZraoba naklebad warmatebuli aRmoCnda: mxolod ramde
nime qveyanam aRiara homoseqsualuri qorwineba oficialurad (Tumca, amgvari
243
qveynebis ricxvi nel-nela izrdeba), anu, homoseqsualebs ar aqvT ufleba, meur
veoba gauwion sakuTar Svilebs an Svilad aiyvanon bavSvi. rodesac bil klintonma
wamoiwyo kampania, romelic miznad isaxavda homoseqsualebisaTvis armiaSi sam
saxuris nebis darTvas, is iZulebuli gaxda kompromisze wasuliyo da `miCqmal
vis” politikas daTanxmeboda. amerikuli armiis erT-erTi maRalCinosani qali
iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina samsaxuri, radgan aRiara, rom lesboseli iyo.
saxeldeba da Zalaufleba
244
bas, romel saqciels unda daerqvas devianturi? vin wyvets, romeli calkeuli
piri an jgufi unda gamocxaddes deviantad?
amerikul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc simdidre, aseve rasa xels uwyobs imis
gansazRvras, Tu vin axdens gavlenas saxeldebis procesze. is qmedebebi, romelic
Seuracxyofas ayenebs an safrTxes uqmnis TeTrkaniani saSualo da maRali fenis
warmomadgnelebs, Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi miCneulia devianturad. ganwyobaze
moqmedi narkotikebi, romelsac quCaSi yidian (heroini, kokaini), aralegaluria,
magram ganwyobilebaze moqmedi iseTi wamlebi, romlebic afTiaqebSi eqimis recep
tiT uproblemod iyideba (barbituratebi da trankvilizatorebi), kanonieria.
elitaruli wreebis Zalaufleba ganapirobebs imasac, rom am wris adamianebi ar
iwodebodnen devianturebad. magaliTad, sapensio da sakredito dawesebulebis
aRmasruleblebma uamravi amerikeli gayvlifes 1980-ian wlebSi, magram maTma re
putaciam da simdidrem ixsna isini devianturobis iarliyisagan. maTma umetesobam
SeZlo braleulobis Camocileba.
karl marqsi amtkicebda, rom moraluri normebi ganisazRvreba finansuri
elitis mcirericxovani mmarTveli klasis mier (aqedan gamomdinare, deviantobis
definiciac), radganac es normebi amyarebs arsebul ekonomikur wesrigs. marqsis
mixedviT, normebis darRvevaze sazogadoebis reagirebis simwvave damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenad uqmnis safrTxes darRvevebi gabatonebul Zalebs. magali
Tad, narkomanoba ar moiazreboda ZiriTad socialur problemad manam, sanam is
mxolod Raribebisa da eTnikuri umciresobebis problema iyo. mas Semdeg ki, rac
moimata TeTrkaniani saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebis mier narkotikebis mox
marebis donem, gaZlierda socialuri aqciebi narkotikebis winaaRmdeg (ben-ie
huda, 1990). ufro metic, narkotikebiT vaWrobam miizida is adamianebi, romlebic
msxvili biznesmenebis mier iaf samuSao resursad moiazreboda. nakrotikebTan
brZoliT elita am tendenciis SeCerebasac cdilobda.
amgvarad, marqsistuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, kanoni da sasjelaRsruleba asa
xavs mmarTveli fenis upirveles da umniSvnelovanes interess – anu maT interess,
visac SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena kanonmdeblebze, policiasa da sasamarTloebze.
es ganacxadi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba Temidas miukerZoeblobas, anu imis rwmenas,
rom samarTali yuradRebas ar aqcevs socialur Zalauflebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad zustia es aRweriloba?
sociologi amitai etcioni acxadebs, rom SeerTebuli Statebis 500 msxvili
korporaciidan sxvadasxva simZimiT yvela arRvevs kanons nebmismieri 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi (gerlermani, 1986). erT-erTi SemTxvevisas, romlis gamoZieba 10
wels gagrZelda, gamomZieblebma korporaciul danaSauls mkvlelobis erT-erTi
forma uwodes. manvilis korporacia amerikaSi azbestis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
Zveli da msxvili mwarmoebeli iyo. 1920-ian wlebSi samedicino JurnalSi gaCnda
informacia, rom azbestis mtveri filtvebis saSiS, xSir SemTxvevaSi fatalur
daavadebas iwvevda. korporaciis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis cnobili iyo am faqtis
Sesaxeb, magram maT muSebi ar gaufrTxilebiaT. ufro metic, maT xeli SeuSales am
sakiTze kvlevis Catarebas. es procesi 40 weli grZeldeboda, romlis ganmavloba
Si uamravi adamiani gardaicvala, magram manvilis korporaciisaTvis aranairi san
245
qcia ar dauwesebiaT (kalhuni da hileri, 1988). rogorc Cans, kompaniis saxelma da
sididem erTgvari faris roli Seasrula. xSir SemTxvevaSi deviantobis sakiTxi
wydeba ara ama Tu im qmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli zianis xarisxiT, aramed im ada
mianebis ZalauflebiT, vinc kanoni daarRvia. Tumca, elitis Zalaufleba abo
soluturi ar aris. gansakuTrebiT pluralistur, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi,
mmarTveli klasebis miRma arsebul jgufebs SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion deviaci
is saxeldebis procesze. magaliTad, 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi momxmareblis
uflebaTa dacvis jgufebma aqtiurad daiwyes federalur mTavrobaSi brZola
saSiSi produqtebis (magaliTad, azbestis, kibos gamomwvevi sxvadasxva sakvebi
danamatebis...) winaaRmdeg. bolodroindeli magaliTia sazogadoebis zewola
Tambaqos mowevis winaaRmdeg zomebis gamkacrebisaTvis, miuxedavad Tambaqos
mwarmoebeli kompaniebis aqtiuri sareklamo kampaniisa. amgvarad, Tu sazogadoe
ba moikrebs Zalebs da koleqtiurad imoqmedebs, SeZlebs devianturebad moixse
nios elitaruli wris wevrebi.
kvlevis meTodebi
b anda~ sityvis gagonebac ki SiSis zars scems saSualo da maRali fenis amerikelebs. maTT
vis banda asocirdeba moZaladeTa yvelaze dabal da deviantur jgufTan, romelic cnobi
lia vandaluri qmedebebiT da sastikad uswordeba ara marto moqiSpe bandebs, aramed yvelas,
vinc gzaze gadaeyrebaT.
sociologi martin sanCes iankovski ikvlevda im sakiTs, Tu rogor axerxeben bandebi ara
marto arsebobas, aramed gaZlierebasac maT winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mudmivi kampaniebis fonze.
am Temaze arsebuli literaturis Seswavlisas sanCesma aRmoaCina, rom mkvlevarTa umetesoba
yuradRebas amaxvilebda qalaqis erTi raionis, an erTi qalaqis bandaze, an imgvar bandebze,
romlis wevrebic erT romelime eTnikur jgufs warmoadgendnen. TiToeuli bandisaTvis indivi
dualur da aseve yvelasaTvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenis mizniT, sanCesma gadawyvita,
Caetarebina dakvirveba, rogorc monawile-mkvlevars.
bandebis Seswavlis mizniT arCevisas, sanCes iankovskim gamoiyena sami kriteriumi: sxvadasxva
politikuri da socio-ekonomikuri pirobebis gavlenis Sesafaseblad man gadawyvita, Seeswavla
sxvadasxva qalaqSi moqmedi bandebi; eTnikurobis rolis (Tu aseTi ram SesaZlebeli iyo) gamosav
lenad, saWiro iyo sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis wevrebisagan dakompleqtebuli bandebis Ses
wavla. rac Seexeba wevrebis odenobas, iankovskim gadawyvita dakvirveboda sxvadasxva sididis
bandebs.
sanCes iankovskim Tavisi kvlevisaTvis sami qalaqi amoirCia: 1. niu-iorki, sadac mravladaa
saxelmwifos mier uzurnvelyofili sacxovrebeli Senobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad puerto
rikoelebs, dominikelebsa da afro-amerikelebs ukaviaT; 2. bostoni Tavisi axali saxlebiT,
sadac macxovreblebis umetesobas irlandiuri warmoSobis muSaTa klasi Seadgens da 3. los-
anjelesi, sadac erTi ojaxisaTvis gankuTvnil saxlebSi ZiriTadad laTinuri da aziuri war
moSobis ojaxebi cxovroben. eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebuli ubnebis gansazRvris Semdeg
sanCes iankovski daukavSirda adgilobriv oficialur pirebs, moipova informacia mis mier ar
246
Ceul ubnebSi moqmedi bandebis Sesaxeb da amoarCia afro-amerikelebis, laTinebis, azielebisa
da TeTrkanianebis bandebis gadakveTis teritoriebi.
sanCes iankovski ver dadgeboda quCis kuTxeSi da ver gamoacxadebda: `gamarjoba, me profe
sori var da Tqvenze dakvirvebas vapireb~ (1991. gv.9). amitom is daukavSirda Temis liderebs,
socialur muSakebsa da saeklesio pirebs da daxmareba iTxova bandebis wevrebTan wardgenis or
ganizebaSi. mas surda, sxvebis dauswreblad Sexvedroda bandis wevrebs da piradad molaparake
boda maT. bandebis liderebi mkvlevarTan pirveli Sexvedrisas dainteresdnen wignisa da bande
bis Sedarebis ideiT, Tumca profesori maT TvalSi eWvs iwvevda. maSin iankovski mixvda, rom
misi identoba da garegnoba muSaobda rogorc mis sasargeblod, aseve mis winaaRmdegac: is, rom
iankovski ar iyo TeTrkaniani (iankovski misi poloneli maminacvlis gvaria) uiolebda afro-
amerikul da laTinur bandebTan urTierTobas, rasac ver vityviT TeTrkanianTa da azielebis
bandebze. niu-iorkSi arsebulma italielebisa da irlandielebis bandebma da los-anJelesis
azielTa bandam uari ganacxades kvlevis procesSi monawileobaze. Tumca oTxma irlandiurma
bandam, romelsac profesori bostonSi daukavSirda, neba darTo sanCes iankovskis, ewarmoebina
dakvirveba. maTTvis mTavari iyo, rom profesori puerto-rikoeli ar iyo (maTi mTavari mowi
naaRmdege) da, Sesabamisad, safrTxes ar warmoadgenda. amgvarad, man monawileobis Tanxmoba mi
iRo 10 niu-iorkuli, 10 los-anjelesuri da 4 bostonuri bandisagan.
Semdgomi nabiji gulisxmobda am bandebis ndobis mopovebas, rac saWiro iyo monawileobrivi
dakvirvebisaTvis. amisaTvis sanCes iankovskis ori gamocdis Cabareba dasWirda. pirveli iyo erT
gulebis gamocda: bandis wevrebi kanons arRvevdnen misi TandaswrebiT, raTa gaegoT, Seatyo
binebda Tu ara igi policias amis Sesaxeb. meore gamocda simamacisa da guladobis Semowmebas
isaxavda miznad: bandis wevrebma Cxubis scena gaiTamaSes, raTa iankovskis reaqciis siswrafe
SeefasebinaT. amiT isini mixvdebodnen, profesori maTTvis `SenaZeni~ iqneboda Tu zedmeti
tvirTi mowinaaRmdege bandasTan dapirispirebisas. iankovski mixvda, rom bandis wevrebisaTvis
Cxubi da damarcxeba ufro misaRebi iyo, vidre uaris Tqma Cxubze. karates kursebis wyalobiT
profesori mxolod ramdenime Calurjebuli adgiliT gadaurCa Cxubs.
monawileobrivi dakvirveba gulisxmobs mkvlevaris uSualo monawileobas dakvirvebis obi
eqti jgufis saqmianobaSi. iankovski saSualod yovel Tves icvlida bandebs. maTTan erTad eZina,
maT ojaxebSi cxovrobda, mogzaurobda da iseT situaciaSi, sadac neitralitets ver inarCu
nebda, maT mxardamxar Cxubobda kidec (gv. 13). drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg, bandis wevrebs
didad aRar anaRvlebdaT, rom sanCes iankovski profesori iyo da kvlevas awarmoebda. mas sul
ufro xSirad eubnebodnen, rom sulac ar hgavda profesors. dakvirvebis ganmavlobaSi iankovski
akeTebda Canawerebs, iwerda interviuebsa da Sexvedrebs, mogvianebiT ki momxdaris yoveldRi
uri analizis gakeTebas mihyo xeli.
sanCes iankovski aseve dainteresebuli iyo, Seeswavla bandebisa da im Temebis damokide
buleba, sadac isini moqmedebdnen. is ar amJRavnebda, vin iyo sinamdvileSi da ise akvirdeboda,
Tu rogori damokidebuleba hqondaT mezoblebs, biznesmenebsa da sxvadasxva oficialuri pirebs
bandis wevrebTan. mogvianebiT man gaamxila Tavisi vinaoba da iTxova oficialuri interviuebis
Catarebis nebarTva. umetesoba daTanxmda konfidencialurobis dacvis pirobiT.
sanCes iankovskis sulac ar gahkvirvebia, roca ramdenime eTikur dilemas waawyda. kvlevis
procesSi is uamravi ukanonobis mowme gaxda, magram ar daurRvevia bandebisaTvis micemuli
piroba. mas rom konfidencialurobis piroba ar mieca, bandebi arasodes darTavdnen TanamS
romlobis uflebas; xolo mas rom sakuTari TvaliT ar enaxa, rogor Cadiodnen bandis wevre
bi danaSaulebriv qmedebas, mis mier warmodgenili suraTi arasruli iqneboda. SeTanxmebis
Tanaxmad, iankovskis arc erT danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi ar miuRia monawileoba (Tu ar CavTvliT
narkotikebis miRebas). man daicva konfidencialurobis piroba im oficialur pirebTan dakav
247
SirebiTac, romlebic didsulovnad daTanxmdnen, ganexilaT dauwereli kanonebi da is araofi
cialuri SeTanxmebebi, romlebic maT bandebTan muSaobis saSualebas aZlevda.
kvlevis ganmavlobaSi sanCes iankovskim aRmoaCina, rom `devianturi~ bandebis wevrebisa da
`normalur~ axalgazrdebs Soris arsebuli sazRvari xSirad yalbia. bandis wevrebs ar axasi
aTebdaT sizarmace, piriqiT _ energiulad da mondomebiT ibrZodnen, hqonodaT is, rac yvela
amerikels surs: fuli, qoneba, Zalaufleba da reputacia. biWebi uerTdebodnen bandebs ara
imitom, rom maTze ufrosi wevrebis gavlenis qveS eqceodnen, aramed imitom, rom surdaT ra
RacisTvis mieRwiaT. bandebi axal wevrebs sTavazobdnen biznesis wamowyebis SesaZleblobebs,
garTobas, TavSesafars saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da fizikur dacvas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, bandis
wevrebad gaxdomis Semdeg axalgazrdebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen uperspeqtivo samsaxurebs, qro
nikul siRatakesa da uimedobas, rasac sakuTari mSoblebis magaliTze xedavdnen.
wyaro: martin sanCes iankovski, kunZulebi quCebSi: bandebi da amerikuli urbanuli sazogadoeba (ka
liforniis universitetis gamomcemloba, berkli, 1991).
248
e.i. deviacia xels uwyobs sazogadoebebs, gaamyaron esa Tu is norma, anu de
viacia TamaSobs socialuri cvlilebis katalizatoris rols. amis magaliTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT protesti rasobrivi segregaciis winaaRmdeg. 1955 wels
alabamas Statis qalaq montgomeris mcxovrebma roza parksma uari ganacxada,
gadamjdariyo avtobusis im nawilSi, romliTac, Cveulebriv, Savkanianebi mgzav
robdnen. amiT man gamoamJRavna devianturi qmedeba. magram TeTrkanianebis mcde
lobam, daesajaT devianti, tradiciuli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. amis nacvlad agorda
moZraoba, romelmac socialuri Tanasworoba moutana afro-amerikelebs (moZ
raoba samoqalaqo uflebebis mxardasaWerad ganxilulia me-20 TavSi).
Tu rogor moqmedebs devianturoba _ amyarebs arsebul normebs Tu aCqarebs
socialur cvlilebebs _ nawilobriv damokidebulia sazogadoebis tipze. marti
vi, tradiciuli sazogadoeba yovelTvis konsensusis momxrea, rodesac saqme exeba
imas, Tu ramdenad misaRebia esa Tu is qmedeba. deviaciis dasjas xSirad mivyavarT
statuskvosadmi erTgulebamde. rTuli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ufro hetero
genulia da erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul cxovrebis wessa da moralur
Tvalsazrisebs Seicavs. `amgvar sazogadoebaSi dadgenili ar aris moralisa da
Rirebulebebis sazRvrebi. isini molaparakebas eqvemdebareba~ (ben-iehuda, 1985,
gv. 15). Sedegad, devianturobam SeiZleba xSirad gamoiwvios socialuri cvlile
bebi da warmoSvas normebis dadgenis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis aucilebloba.
socialuri kontroli
249
amocanebs, jildovdebian _ maT xelfass umateben an awinaureben; xolo Tanam
Sromlebi, romlebic ar emorCielbian kompaniaSi dadgenil wesebs, isjebian say
veduriT, zogjer gaTavisuflebiTac ki. skolebi iyenebs niSnebis, qulebisa da
serTifikatebis sistemas moswavleTa dajildoebisas kargi yofaqcevisa da mos
wrebisaTvis. Sesabamisad isjebian is moswavleebi, romlebic ar gamoirCevian dis
cipliniTa da kargi moswrebiT. araformaluri socialuri kontroli jer kidev
garkveul rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. magram kontrolis form
alur meqanizmebs mimarTaven maSin, rodesac araformaluri meqanizmebi ver asru
lebs Tavis daniSnulebas, an wamaxaliseblad moqmedebs deviaciaze (magaliTad,
kolegebma da jgufelebma SeiZleba waaxalison seqsualuri Zaladoba da a.S)
deviaciur qcevas yovelTvis Tan axlavs dasjis riski, iqneba es socialuri uk
mayofileba Tu iuridiuli sanqcia. ratom xdeba, rom zogi adamiani regularulad
mimarTavs deviantur qcevas, xolo zogi _ ara? SegviZlia Tu ara ganvsazRvroT
savaraudo sizustiT, vin SeiZleba gaxdes devianti da vin ara?
memkvidreoba
250
eTnikuri jgufidan modioda, romlebic siRatakem aiZula am gzisTvis miemarTaT.
magram zogi mecnieri mainc Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom afrikelebi aRvirax
snili cxovrebis wess misdevdnen. amitom am mecnierebma Seiswavles afrikeli qa
lebis agebuleba, raTa daedginaT, ra ganapirobebda maT gamorCeulobas. meZavisa
da Savkaniani qalis imiji TandaTan erTmaneTs Seerwya, iseve rogorc TeTrkaniani
qali iqca patiosnebis gansaxierebad.
Zvelma mkvlevarebma xuTi umTavresi Secdoma dauSves: 1. isini moeqcnen kul
turuli stereotipebis gavlenis qveS da cdilobdnen, samecniero monapovariT
daedasturebinaT maTi WeSmariteba; 2. erTmaneTSi auries fizikuri maxasiaTeble
bi (fenotipi) da Tandayolili (genetikuri) ganwyoba; 3. ar SeuswavliaT sakontro
lo jgufebi (arakriminalebi, arameZavebi); 4. ar gaiTvaliswines SesaZlo cvladebi
(emigrantebis gausaZlisi pirobebi); 5. airCies mcirericxovani, araSemTxveviTi
sakvlevi nimuSebi da moaxdines maTi ganzogadeba mTel socialur kategoriebze;
dResdReobiT mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom adamianuri qceva metismetad rTu
lia saimisod, rom mxolod biologiuri axsna moeZebnos. maSinac ki, rodesac bio
logiuri faqtoris monawileoba gadamwyvetia (magaliTad Sizofreniis, depre
siisa da sxva fsiqikuri daavadebebis dros), garemo faqtorebi mainc mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSoben imis gadawyvetisas, Tu rodis da rogor gamovlindeba es biolo
giuri Tviseba, an gamovlindeba Tu ara saerTod. Tumca, mosazreba, rom devian
tebi biologiurad gansxvavebulebi arian sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebisagan,
ar aris myari. 1981 wels aSS-is prezidentma ronald reiganma ganacxada, rom da
naSauli socialuri problema ki ar aris, aramed `adamianis gulis problemaa~, da
xazi gausva imas, rasac `adamianis bunebis mudmivi an absoluturi Tviseba uwoda~
(kamineri, 1994).
socializacia
251
kuTrebiT xSiria maTTan axlos myofi adamianebis mibaZva (bandura da uoltersi,
1959). agresiuli bavSvebi xSirad swored iseT ojaxebSi izrdebian, romlebSic
mSoblebs aReniSnebaT fsiqikuri aSliloba, arian antisocialurebi da gansa
kuTrebul agresias iCenen sakuTari bavSvebis mimarT (kapaldi da patersoni, 1991;
bandura, 1986). aseT ojaxebSi gazrdili bavSvebi moklebulni arian TviTkontro
lis unars da SesaZlebelia maTma dasjam pasuxad agresia gamowvios; Tumca, SeiZ
leba moxdes sruliad sapirispiroc: bavSvi morCilad moiqces, damyoli xasiaTi
gamoamJRavnos.
arsebobs kidev erTi, diferenciuli asociaciis saxeliT cnobili socialur-
struqturuli Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, devianturi saqcieliT cnobili ada
mianebi socialurad ukavSirdebian sxva deviantebs, romlebic aZliereben devi
antur normebsa da Rirebulebebs (geilordi da galieri, 1988; sazerlendi, 1949).
TiToeuli socialuri jgufi axal wevrebs gadascems sakuTar Rirebulebebsa da
normebs. es aris procesi, romelic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeba. devi
antebs Soris diferenciuli urTierTobebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia adamianebis
socializacia narkotikebis, bandebis, politikurad korumpirebulTa subkul
turebSi an deviantebis sxva jgufSi.
hovard bekerma (1963) aRmoaCina, rom adamianis Camoyalibeba marixuanas mom
xmareblad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad iyo is CarTuli marixuanis mom
xmarebelTa subkulturaSi. rac ufro maRalia monawileobis xarisxi da rac ufro
mWidroa socialuri kavSiri, miT meti Sansia imisa, rom adamiani gaxdes marixuanas
regularuli momxmarebeli. gamocdili mwevelebi aswavlian axalbedebs marixu
anas mowevasa da misgan siamovnebis miRebas. garda amisa, axalbedebi Zvelebisagan
swavloben `swor~ midgomebs, kerZod ki imas, rom adamianebi, romlebic gmoben
marixuanas, meSCanebi arian. swored marixuanas mwevlebTan axlo kavSiri TamaSobs
gadamwyvet rols axalbedebis mwevlebad CamoyalibebaSi.
arasrulwlovnebi gansakuTrebiT iolad swavloben maTTvis axlobeli sub
kulturis normebs, damokidebulebebsa da Rirebulebebs – devianturebsac ki. ro
gorc akersi (1985. gv. 148) ambobs, `mozardebis qcevaze (damoukideblad imisagan,
devianturia Tu ara is), erTaderTi saukeTeso mimaniSnebelia ama Tu im mozardis
axlo megobrebis qceva. mozardTa mier rogorc narkotikebis moxmareba, aseve dana
Saulebrivi qmedeba, ZiriTadad jgufur qcevas warmoadgens. amis mizezi mxolod
is ki ar aris, rom mozardebi gansakuTrebiT iolad eqcevian Tanatolebis gavlenis
qveS, aramed is, rom mozardebi xSirad swored mas irCeven megobrad, visTvisac
misaRebia da iziarebs imas, rasac Tavad ukve akeTebs. es gadadis mowifuloba
Sic, magaliTad, gei, romelic kanzasSi, patara qalaqSi cxovrobs, SeiZleba gada
vides san-franciskoSi, raTa ufro axlos iyos im adamianebTan, romlebisTvisac
misaRebia misi cxovrebis wesi. rodesac erTad iyris Tavs im adamianebis sakmarisi
raodenoba, romlebic uaryofen umravlesobisaTvis misaReb normebs, Sedegad
SesaZlebelia subkultura Camoyalibdes.
diferenciuli asociaciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia aixsnas, Tu ra ganapiro
bebs erTi mTliani jgufis wevrebis midrekilebas devianturi qcevisadmi. sxva si
252
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, ratom icvleba devianturobis maCvenebeli (anu devianturi
qcevis ricxvi erT sul mosaxleze) jgufidan jgufSi, ubnidan ubanSi, Temidan
TemSi. erT-erTi adreuli kvlevis Sedegad, sociologebma daadgines, rom dana
Saulis maRali maCvenebeli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar icvleboda Cikagos erT-erT
raionSi, maSin rodesac am raionma ramdenime eTnikuri warmomavlobis macxovreb
lebi gamoicvala (Sou, 1930). mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom yoveli axalmosuli
jgufi Zveli macxovreblebisagan swavlobda deviantur qcevas, gansakuTrebiT
sabaSvo TamaSebisa da mozardebis bandebis meSveobiT (Sou da makkei, 1969). es
axalmosulebi ki amgvar qcevasa da normebs imigrantebis Semdeg nakads gadas
cemdnen. ase xdeboda devianturi subkulturis SenarCuneba da gadacema wlebis
ganmavlobaSi. Tumca Tavad imigrantebis jgufi TandaTan farTo sazogadoebas
uerTdeboda. Tu odesRac devianturi qcevis gamavrcelebeli da wamaxalisebeli
jgufi gamosworebis gzas daadga, mxolod socializacia ver gansazRvravs, Tu vin
gaxdeba SemdgomSi devianti.
struqturuli moSla
253
adaptaciis iziarebs kulturasTan iziarebs kulturasTan
modelebi SeTavsebad miznebs SeTavsebad saSualebebs
254
kuTar sazogadoebas amerikaSi an afrikaSi da SeiaraRdebodnen TeTrkanianTa
Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg.
devianturi kariera
255
romelmac maRaziidan raime nivTi moipara da dausjeli darCa, an Tu marixuanis
moxmarebisas adamianma miiRo siamovneba, maSin es adamianebi, savaraudod, kidev
gaimeoreben msgavs saqciels. meore _ individi eqsperimentirebis Semdeg Sesa
Zloa gaxdes im jgufis wevri, romelic iwonebs da mxars uWers deviantur qce
vas. mesame faqtoria deviantis normebisa da Rirebulebebis siaxlove misi ojaxis
normebsa da RirebulebebTan. magaliTad, Tu mSoblebi sakuTar problemebs rome
lime eTnikuri jgufis braleulobad miiCneven da xmamaRla da xSirad gamoTqvamen
ukmayofilebas, savaraudod, maTi mozardi Svili SeuerTdeba iseT jgufs, romlis
wevrebic wabilwaven sinagogas, fizikur Seuracxyofas miayeneben homoseqsuals,
an sxva msgavs danaSauls Caidenen.
deviantur qmedebebSi monawileoba Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentis xasiaTs ata
rebs. misi mizania daadginos, aris Tu ara raime jildo amgvari qmedebisaTvis. ra
paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, devianturi qmedebis pasuxad dasjam da sazogadoe
bis gakicxvam SeiZleba sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos – anu waaqezos de
viantad Seracxuli adamiani, kvlav gaimeoros igive an msgavsi xasiaTis qmedeba.
adamianebi, romlebsac `kriminalebs~, `gadareulebs~ an `axirebulebs~ uwodeben,
xSirad aRmoaCenen xolme, rom isini sazogadoebam gariya. devianturi iarli
yebi aseT SemTxvevebSi kmayofilebis grZnobas uRvivebs deviantebs. magaliTad,
sazogadoebisagan gariyuli narkomani Tavis Tavs sxva narkomanebs ukavSirebs,
iseve rogorc meZavi _ sxva meZavebs. axalbedebi TandaTanobiT xvewen teqnikas
sxva ufro gamocdili individebis magaliTze. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom
am kategoriis adamianebi devianturi qmedebis racionalizaciasac swavloben.
magaliTad, narkomovaWrem SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavi Cveulebriv biznes
menad warmoidginos, romelic bazars produqtiT amaragebs.
amgvarad, saxeldeba xels uwyobs pirveladi deviantis (socialuri normebis
erTjeradi darRveva, rac ar axdens gavlenas adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebze)
Camoyalibebas meoreul deviantad (darRveva, romelic ukve adamianis cxovrebis
wesad, misi identobis nawilad da imijad aris qceuli). magram saxeldebis Teo
ria ver xsnis pirveladi deviaciis mizezs. rogorc wesi, aravin aiZulebs adami
ans, gasinjos narkotiki, moiparos manqana an gayidos sakuTari sxeuli. individi
SesaZloa ar apirebdes devianturi saqcielis gagrZelebas, magram mainc wyvets,
mosinjos arakanonieri qmedeba an gaagrZelos igi. es pirveli nabiji ar miewereba
individis gansxvavebas an mis moralur sisustes. sociologi travis hirSi (1969)
pirveladi deviaciis kvals araadekvatur socialur kontrolSi xedavs.
256
maCvenebliT `ganTqmul~, erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul urbanul nawileb
Si. hirSis mosazrebiT, mizezi ubralod is ki ar aris, rom narkotikebis moxmarebas
danaSaulis Cadenamde mivyavarT, an is, rom umciresobebi metad arian midrekilni
narkomaniisa da danaSaulis Cadenisaken, aramed is, rom am teritoriebze moisus
tebs socialuri kontroli; policia aqtiurad ar patrulirebs da am adgils verc
sazogadoebis kritikuli Tvali xedavs (hirSi da gotfredsoni, 1990).
hirSi da misi kolegebi amaxvileben yuradRebas TviTkontrolzec, raSic igu
lisxmeba moTmineba, TavdaWera da gonivruloba. hirSi miuTiTebs, rom mSobel
Ta zedamxedvelobis naadrevad Sewyveta iwvevs TviTkontrolis araadekvaturi
meqanizmebis Camoyalibebas. Tu bavSvze aravin izruna, is ver iswavlis sxvebze an
Tundac sakuTar Tavze zrunvas. araswori an xarvezebiT mimdinare socialuri
swavlac xels uwyobs deviacias. magaliTad, iseT raionebSi, sadac maRalia dana
Saulis maCvenebeli, ojaxebis struqtura sustia. sakuTari problemebis mogva
rebiT dakavebul mSoblebs, SesaZlebelia gamoeparoT Svilis devianturi saqcie
lis simptomebi.
hirSis mosazrebebma zogi mecnieris kritika daimsaxura. kerZod, mecnierebma
eWvqveS daayenes hirSis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adreuli gamocdileba ganapi
robebs Semdgomi cxovrebis gzas, romelic ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs (simpsoni
da laubi, 1990). kritikosebi miuTiTeben imazec, rom hirSma Tavidanve gamoricxa
varaudi, rom bavSvis araadekvaturi qmedeba SeiZleba iyos mizezi da ara Sedegi
mSobelTa araadekvaturi qmdebisa (konklini, 1992).
zemoT ganxiluli sxvadasxva Teoria imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba gaxdes devi
anti, ufro avsebs erTmaneTs, vidre _ ewinaaRmdegeba. jon heiganma da alberto
palonim (1990) aRmoaCines, rom zogi inglisuri ojaxi `daxelovnebuli~ iyo dana
Saulis CadenaSi da mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli es `xelovneba~ Taobidan
Taobas gadaecemoda. miiRes Tu ara memkvidreobad ojaxis wevrebma danaSaulis
Cadenis tendencia? SesaZlebelia asec iyo, magram amaSi socializaciam da so
cialurma struqturam udavod didi roli iTamaSa. rogorc kriminaluri kla
sis wevrebma, aseTma ojaxebma struqturuli rRveva ganicades, rasac Tavi daaR
wies SeZlebulma moqalaqeebma. ufro metic, axalgazrda kriminalebma TavianTi
ojaxebisagan Seiswavles danaSaulis Cadenis teqnika. Tanac radgan isini sazoga
doebis mier `damanaSaveTa ojaxad~ iwodebodnen, savaraudoa, ojaxis wevrebi bavS
vebs arc zrdidnen imave simkacriTa da moTxovnebiT, rogorc es ufro respeqta
belur ojaxebSi xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT, deviacia aris ara Tandayolili an
spontanuri movlena, aramed dinamikuri procesebis Sedegi, romelic individis
qmedebas, socialur zewolasa da socialur garemoebebs gulisxmobs.
257
dos (jarima, dapatimreba, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa). danaSaulisa da deviaciis mniS
vnelobebi erTmaneTs kveTs, magram identuri araa. yvela deviaciuri qmedeba rodia
kanondarRveva. magaliTad, alkoholis moxmareba da biseqsualizmi ar warmoadgens
kanondarRvevas, Tumca amerikelTa umravlesoba amgvar qmedebas normebis dar
Rvevad miiCnevs. garda amisa, yvela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar miiCneva Tanabrad
devianturad. gzatkecilis danagvianeba an Cxubi safexburTo moedanze danaSau
lebrivi qmedebebia, magram gacilebiT msubuqia, vidre mkvleloba an Zarcva. kanon
mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi icavs adamianebs mniSvnelovani zianisagan.
zogjer normebs adgenen iseTi adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT sakmarisi gavlena,
ukarnaxon saxelmwifos `kargisa~ da `cudis~ maTeuli ganmartebebi. deviaciis
ganmarteba subieqturia, maSinac ki, rodesac am ganmartebas mravali adamiani izi
arebs, xolo danaSauli mkafiodaa gansazRvruli kanonebiTa da procedurebiT.
Tumca, danaSaulis gansazRvrebac meryevia. saukunebiis ganmavlobaSi mkre
xeloba inglisSi danaSaulad iTvleboda da kanoniT isjeboda. mkrexeloba ax
lac sikvdiliT isjeba islamur saxelmwifoebSi, magram SeerTebul StatebSi
mas ar aqvs danaSaulis statusi. erTi da imave sqesis srulwlovani adamianebis
sqesobrivi kontaqti kanoniT isjeba aSS-is mxolod zogierT StatSi. gaTxovili
qalis meuRlisadmi Ralati sikvdiliT isjeba zog qveyanaSi, magram ara SeerTe
bul StatebSi (foreri, 1994). yuradRebis miRma darCenili ukanono qmedebebi, ro
goricaa toqsikuri narCenis unebarTvod dayra, axla sazogadoebis farTo gamox
maurebas iwvevs. sazogadoebis cvlilebasTan erTad Cndeba danaSaulis sruliad
axali tipebi. amerikis ekonomikis manufaqturuli sistemidan finansur trans
aqciebze gadasvlam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo qonebis gaflangvis sruliad axali
formis aRmocenebas. SromiT resursebSi qalebis ricxvis zrdam da genderuli
rolebis xelaxalma gansazRvrebam gamoiwvia is, rom seqsualuri harasmenti axla
ukve kanondarRvevad iTvleba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gaCnda tendencia,
romlis mixedviTac sul ufro meti norma ganisazRvreba, rogorc danaSauli da
masze pasuxismgeblobis dadgena evaleba iusticiis sistemas.
danaSaulis tipebi
258
Zaladobrivi da qonebis winaaRmdeg miyenebuli
danaSaulebebi
Zarcva
maCvenebeli 100 000 mcxovrebze
Tavdasxma
binis gatexva
qurdoba
mkvleloba
wyaro: moxseneba SeerTebul StatebSi danaSaulis Sesaxeb, 1993 w., kvlevis federaluri bi
uro (1995 ) vaSingtoni, gv. 58, cx. 1.
259
ben xelidan, ar aRniSnon, rom danaSaulis Cadenis ricxvi daeca. kanonmdeblebi mx
ars uWeren sasjelis gamkacrebis nebmismier iniciativas, raTa sazogadoebam isini
`gulCvilebad~ ar monaTlos. magram mediis muSaoba da politikosebis gancxade
bebi ver xsnis sazogadoebis SiSsa da statistikas Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.
pirvel rigSi, saWiroa ganvasxvavoT danaSaulebebis ricxvi da danaSaulis
maCvenebeli, romelic Cveulebriv 100000 sul mosaxleze Cadenili danaSaulis
ricxviT ganisazRvreba. danaSaulis maCvenebeli SeSfoTebas iwvevs danaSaulis
socialuri ASemadgenlobis cvlilebis gamo. Tumca, sazogadoeba danaSauls ara
maCveneblad, aramed tragediad aRiqvams (valinski, 1995). magaliTad, 1993 wels
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis maCvenebeli aSS-s Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi 8 procentiT
daeca, rac imas niSnavs, rom policiis erT ubanze, sadac 1992 wels 100 mkvleloba
iqna daregistrirebuli, 1993 wels `mxolod~ 92 dafiqsirda. statistikis Tval
sazrisiT, es SeiZleba kargic iyos, magram Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis es 92
mokluls niSnavs. erTi mkvleloba ki mxolod erT msxverpls ar tovebs, aramed
moklulis ojaxis wevrebs, megobrebs, mezoblebs, TanamSromlebs da skolis megob
rebs, romelTa Soki, mwuxareba, mrisxaneba da SiSi `saqmis daxurvis~ Semdeg (Tu
aseTi ram moxda) xangrZlivi periodis manZilzec ar neldeba.
meore gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori is aris, rom gamoZiebis federaluri biu
ros statistika eyrdnoba policiisaTvis cnobil danaSaulebebs. danaSaulis
msxverplTa gamovlenis erovnuli kvleva atarebs gamokiTxvas mravalricxo
van ojaxebTan da cdilobs gamoavlinos maTTvis cnobili danaSaulebebi gasuli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi. aseTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom gamovlenil da
naSaulTa naxevris Sesaxeb aravis Seutyobinebia policiisaTvis, radgan msxverpls
SeeSinda SurisZiebis an, ubralod, ar endoboda kriminaluri policiis sistemas.
mesame _ mkveTrad imata usaxelo da saxedafaruli ucnobis mier moulodne
lad ganxorcielebulma Tavdasxmis SemTxvevebma (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti.
1994a). warsulSi mkvlelobebis naxevarze met SemTxvevaSi cnobili iyo mkvlelis
vinaoba. 1990 wlidan moyolebuli mdgomareoba Seicvala. dRes Cadenil mkvlelo
baTa umetesobas ar gaaCnia motivi. gamoZiebis federaluri biuros monacemebiT,
mkvlelebis 53 procents e.w. `ucnobi mkvlelebi~ Seadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom
mkvleli aranair kavSirSi ar aris msxverplTan. ufro metic, policia mkvlelis
dapatimrebas 5-dan maqsimum sam SemTxvevaSi axerxebs. mkvlels, romelic Tavs es
xmis msxverpls qalaqis romelime nawilSi, didi Sansi aqvs (80%) dausjelad ga
darCes (valinski, 1995).
vin arian mkvlelebi? 1993 wels, samidan 2 amocnobili mkvleli mamakaci
iyo (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti, 1994a). maTi mesamedi meryeobda 14-dan 24
wlamde asaks Soris, xolo 10 procenti 18 wlamde asakis pirebs warmoadgenda.
sportsmenebis msgavsad, mkvlelebi adre iCekebian. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi,
mkvlelobis maCvenebeli pirdapir asaxavda socialur struqturas: rac ufro
maRali iyo mozardebis ricxvi mosaxleobaSi, miT ufro maRali iyo danaSaulis
maCvenebeli (hirSi, 1993). Tumca, 1985 wels es tendencia Seicvala, rac imas niS
navs, rom miuxedavad mosaxleobaSi mozardTa ricxvis Semcirebisa, danaSaulis,
kerZod ki, mkvlelobis maCvenebelma sagrZnoblad imata. garda imisa, rom axal
260
gazrda mamakacTa ufro mcire raodenobam daiwyo ufro mZime danaSaulebebis Ca
dena, mkveTrad Semcirda rogorc mkvlelebis, aseve maTi msxverplebis asaki (ix.
sqema 6.3). registrirebuli mkvlelobebis naxevarze meti 14-dan 24 wlamde asakis
mamakacebis mieraa Cadenili. ufro metic, qalaqis mosaxleobis Sobadobis ricx
visa da, Sesabamisad, Raribi mozardebis ricxvis prognozirebuli mateba afiqre
binebs zog sociologs, rom vuaxlovdebiT mozardTa mier Cadenili mZime dana
Saulebebis `epidemias~ (valinski, 1995).
kaniani
rivi danaSaulis msxverplTa
absoluturi raodenoba TeTr
kanianebze modis, maCvenebeli
12 wlis zeviT
261
ver moxerxda. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Savkanianebi mosaxleobis mxolod 12 %-s
Seadgens, 44.7 mkvleloba 100000 sul mosaxleze, gacilebiT maRali maCvenebelia,
vidre es TeTrkanianebisa da laTinuri warmoSobis pirebis SemTxvevaSia (5.2 _
100000 sul mosaxleze).
vin aris msxverpli? 1993 wels aTi msxverplidan Svidze meti mamakaci iyo,
romelTagan TiTqmis naxevari (48%) 18-34 wlamde asakobriv kategorias miekuTvne
boda. yoveli asi moklulidan 51 Savkaniani, xolo 46 TeTrkaniani iyo. mkvlelebis
umetesoba imave rasobriv da asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba, romelsac msxverpli.
Tumca es faqti ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom mkvlelebsa da msxverpls sxva maxasiaTeb
lebic saerTo aqvT. xSir SemTxvevaSi msxverpli udanaSaulo mowmea, romelic so
cialuri pirobebis gamo moxvda danaSaulebebiT damZimebul raionebSi. amgvar
msxvrplTa Soris xSiria bavSvebi.
gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa statistika, romelic axalgazrda Savkanian mama
kacebs exeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1992 wels 16-dan 24 wlamde Savkaniani mama
kacebi Tormet wels zeviT mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-s Seadgenda (aSS-s iusiti
ciis departamenti, 1994a) am wels registrirebuli mkvlelobebis msxverplTa
5%-s swored am asakobrivi jgufis Savkaniani mamakacebi warmoadgenen. yvelaze
maRali riskis qveS imyofebodnen 16-dan 19 wlamde asakis Savkaniani mamakacebi:
isini orjer ufro xSirad gaxdnen mkvlelobis msxverplni, vidre amave asa
kis TeTrkaniani mamakacebi da samjer ufro xSirad, vidre TeTrkaniani qalebi.
Savkanian mamakacebze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis sami SemTxvevidan or maT
ganSi Tavdamsxmeli SeiraRebuli iyo. mkvlelobis maCvenebeli 14-dan 24 wlamde
Savkanian mamakacebSi 100000 sul mosaxleze 114,9%-s Seadgenda, xolo imave asa
kis TeTrkanian mamakacebSi mxolod 11,7% iyo. mkvlelobis maCvenebeli 24 welze
ufrosi asakis Savkanian mamakacebSi rvajer aRemateboda mosaxleobis mTlian
maCvenebels. ase Tu gagrZelda, yoveli oci Savkaniani mamakacidan erTi mkvlelo
bis msxverpli gaxdeba.
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli qalaqebSi ramdenime faqtori
Taa ganpirobebuli, esenia: qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis ricxvis mkve
Trad mateba (xSir SemTxvevaSia aseT bavSvebs arasrulwlovani martoxela dedebi
an sxva naTesavebi zrdian); umuSevrobisa da siRatakis maRali done (dasaqmebulebs
Sorisac ki); televiziiT Zaladobis amsaxveli scenebis mudmivi Cveneba; iaraRsa da
narkotikebze xelmisawvdomoba da saerTo socialuri araorganizebuloba. mniS
vnelovania isic, rom SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi policia da saswrafo
daxmarebis samsaxurebi nela reagirebs. xolo TemebSi ganxorcielebuli danaSau
lis prevenciis zomebi iSviaTi da araefeqturia (magaliTad, samezoblo patruli
reba). mowmeebic ar iCenen iniciativas, Caerion saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. am yvelaf
ris fonze ki Selaparakebebi iolad gadadis Zaladobasa da mkvlelobaSi (petersoni
da krivo, 1993).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zaladobrivi danaSauli mosaxleobis SeSfoTebas
iwvevs, maTi ricxvi SedarebiT dabalia. adamianebi ufro xSirad qonebis qurdo
bis (Zarcva) msxverplni xdebian (ix. grafiki 6.2). kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos,
rom danaSauli Tanabrad ar aris gadanawilebuli mosaxleobas Soris _ Raribebi
262
ufro xSirad zaraldebian, vidre mdidrebi. msxverplis gamovlenis maCvenebeli
30%-iT ufro metia im ojaxebSi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 30000 aSS dolari
an naklebia, vidre im ojaxebSi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 30000 aSS
dolars (brei, 1994). Savkaniani amerikelebi samjer ufro xSirad xdebian Zarcvis
msxverplni, vidre TeTrkanianebi. garda amisa, maT orjer ufro xSirad paraven
manqanebs da uqurdaven binebs.
cxrili 6.2
263
organizebuli danaSauli
264
garda `procentsac~, romelic jarimis erTgvari formaa). teroristi, romelic
bombs debs diplomatis manqanaSi, pasuxs agebs konspiraciisa da kriminaluri mkv
lelobisaTvis. xolo fordis manqanebis kompaniam, romelic milionobiT pintos
yidda gazis avziT da icoda, ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo, Tu amgvarad gamarTul
manqanas uknidan vinme daejaxeboda, xanZrisas daRupuli 500 adamianis sicocx
lis sanacvlod mxolod milionebi gadaixada zaralisaTvis, Tumca kompania dam
naSaved ar ucvniaT. cxadia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis reaqcia TeTrsayeloianTa
da korporatiul danaSaulze araerTgvarovania da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
`Cveulebriv kriminalis Sesaxeb~ arsebuli azrisagan.
termini `TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli~ pirvelad sociologma edvin sazer
lendma gamoiyena. es termini aRniSnavs `respeqtabeluri, maRali statusis mqone
pirTa mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis dros Cadenil danaSauls~ (sazerlendi,
1949 gv. 9). gaflangva, kompaniis kuTvnili qonebis dataceba da sakuTari Semo
savlebis damalva `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSaulis kategoriaSi Sedis. amave kat
egorias miekuTvneba sajaro moxelis mier saxelmwifo Tanxebis aramiznobrivad
gamoyenebac. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli imiT gansxvavdeba `Cveulebrivi~ da
naSaulisagan, rom pirveli iSviaTad Seicavs Zaladobisa da iZulebis element
ebs. Tumca, TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli ufro Zvirad fasobs. magaliTad, bankis
TanamSromelTa mier bankebis gaZarcvisas miRebuli zarali rvajer aRemateba
bankebze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas gatanili Tanxis odenobas (klinardi da
igeri, 1980). Tumca, gansxvavebiT mZarcvelebis 90 procentisa, romlebic cixeebSi
xvdebian, bankis moxeleTa mxolod naxevars efardeba sasjelis zoma (kriminal
uri iusticiis statistika, 1994). rodesac politikosebi acxadeben, rom saWiroa
kanonisa da wesrigis gamkacreba, rogorc wesi, gulisxmoben policiisaTvis ufro
didi Tanxis gamoyofis saWiroebas quCis danaSaulobebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve
lad da ara damatebiT Tanxebs federaluri gamomZieblebisaTvis, romlebic
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauls iZieben.
gansxvavebiT TeTrsayeloianTa danaSaulisagan, romlebic piradi sargeb
lisaTvis Cadian danaSaulebriv qmedebas, korporatiuli danaSauli organiza
ciis sakeTildReodaa mimarTuli. amgvari qmedebis umTavresi mizania, gaamyaros
kompaniis mogeba (an Seamciros zarali). gansxvavebiT sxva damnaSaveebisagan, or
ganizaciebi da kompaniebi ar warmoadgenen kerZo pirebs da, aqedan gamomdinare,
`maT~ aravin apatimrebs. korporatiuli danaSaulis regulaciis sazRvrebi xSirad
scdeba sasamarTloebs da maTi regulacia samTavrobo saagentoebis meSveobiT
xdeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi damnaSave kompania/organizacia jarimis gadaxdiT isje
ba, romlis odenobac mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba kompaniis an organizaciis mogebas.
fasebis gamyarebisaTvis dawesebuli 50000 dolariani jarima verafers daaklebs
kompanias, romelis wliuri brunva miliard dolars aRemateba. korporaciebis
kompleqsuri agebuleba xSirad iZleva danaSaulebebis SeniRbvis saSualebas.
265
globaluri sakiTxebi / lokaluri Sedegebi
v aSingtonSi axalgazrda Savkaniani kaci CarTulia vaWrobis iseT saxeobaSi, sadac misi
mokvlis Sansi asjer ufro metia, vidre sxva saqmianobisas iqneboda. rasakvirvelia, am
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavalic ramdenimejer aRemateba im Semosavals, romelsac mamakaci
SedarebiT usafrTxo saqmianobidan miiRebda (`ekonomisti~, 1990 wlis 14 ivlisi). tailandis
maRalmTianeTSi axalgazrda qali uvlis miwis nakveTs, romelze daTesili yayaCos mosavali 10-
12 wlis ganmavlobaSi mis ojaxs damatebiT Semosavals moutans. kolumbiaSi mcxovrebi mili
ardeli ki dakavebulia qonebis sxvadasxva investiciaSi (uZrav qonebasa da ranCoebSi) dabande
biT (li 1989).
es sami adamiani, romlebic erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSi
cxovroben, warmoadgenen dResdReobiT msoflioSi yvelaze didi organizebuli danaSaulis _
narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis nawils. narkotrefikingi, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia
seriozul socialur problemebTan, kerZod, usaxlkaroTa ricxvis zrdasTan da korufciasTan.
narkotikebiT vaWroba ubiZgebs SeiaraRebul bandebsac Zaladobisken. garda amisa, narkotre
fikingi warmoadgens satyuaras `respeqtabeluri~ moqalaqeebisaTvis, romelic maT uzarmazar
mogebas sTavazobs: bankirebi SeiZleba CaerTnon fulis gaTeTrebis procesSi, mosamarTleebma
aiRon qrTami da Caagdon saqmeebi, an gamoitanon araadekvaturi ganaCeni, policielebma (maRal
Cinosnebidan dawyebuli rigiTi patruliT damTavrebuli) daxuWon Tvali amgvar danaSaulebriv
qmedebaze didi gasamrjelos miRebis fasad.
es yvelaferi warmoadgens globaluri aralegaluri industriis pirdapir Sedegs, romelsac
aZlierebs industrializebuli qveynebis mdidari mosaxleobis mxridan narkotikebis mud
mivi da mzardi moTxovna. amerikelebs udidesi wvlili SeaqvT am procesSi. amerika pirvel ad
gilzea narkotikebis moxmarebis mxriv. `ekonomistis~ monacemebiT, am qveyanaSi narkotikebis
mudmivi momxmareblebis ricxvi 6 milions Seadgens (`ekonomisti~, 1990 wlis 21 ivlisi). swored
amerikelebi xarjaven yvelaze bevr fuls mis SeZenaSi. erTi kilogrami kokas xis foToli (sai
danac kokaini mzaddeba) andebis maRalmTianeTSi 2.10 aSS dolari Rirs, nebismieri amerikuli
qalaqis quCaSi ki erTi kilogrami damuSavebuli kokaini 90.000 aSS dolarad iyideba. am fulis
udidesi nawili amerikelebsve rCebaT.
mzardi da mudmivi moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad narkotikebis mza maragi arsebobs. nak
lebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi kokas xis foTlebis gayidvam SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani gansx
vaveba gamoiwvios ukidures gaWirvebaSi cxovrebasa da normalur pirobebs Soris. Tumca, wliu
ri 2 miliardi, romelic narkotikebis gayidvis Sedegad ubrundeba laTinuri amerikis qveynebs,
naklebad aRwevs Raribebamde. es Tanxa ZiriTadad narkobaronebs Soris nawildeba, romlebic
xSirad blokaven ganviTarebis programebs, raTa socialurad gaWirvebul mosaxleobas ar miscen
saSualeba, fulis Sovna narkotikebiT vaWrobis garda sxva saqmianobiT scadon. narkobaronebi
akontroleben presas, policiasa da sasamarTloebsac qrTamisa da teroris gamoyenebiT. nar
kotikebis gayidviT miRebuli fuli xSirad gamoiyeneba politikuri kampaniebis dasafinanse
blad, sadac xSirad TviTon trefikerebic monawileoben. narkobaronebi xSirad erTiandebian
memarjvene samxedro dajgufebebTan, romlebic ibrZvian arsebuli socialuri wyobis Senar
266
CunebisaTvis, gansxvavebiT memarcxeneebisagan, romlebsac am wyobis Secvla surT. dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi komunistur reJimTan brZolis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul
Statebs xSirad gauwevia samxedro da finansuri daxmareba memarjveneebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,
rom icodnen narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, Statebis
sagareo politika xSirad xels uSlida narkotikebiT vaWrobis SeCerebis mcdelobebs.
zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, amerikis mTavrobis Zalisxmeva _ daasustos narkotikebiT vaWro
ba, _ ufro metad iyo mimarTuli Sida mdgomareobaze da ara sazRvargareTze (skoti da marSali,
1991). mxolod gamsaReblebTan brZola bevrs arafers Secvlis, radgan yovelTvis iqnebian maTi
adgilis dakavebis msurvelni. problemis xangrZlivi vadiT gadaWra gulisxmobs samkurnalo
programebis mxardaWeras, cnobierebis donis amaRlebas narkotikebis mavneblobis Sesaxeb da
socialurad gaWirvebuli fenebis daxmarebas, raTa qalaqSi macxovrebel mozards mieces saSua
leba muSaobis da ara narkotikebiT vaWrobis gziT gaiumjobesos cxovreba. mokled rom vTqvaT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba globaluri problemaa, gamosavali SeiZleba moiZeb
nos im problemebis gadaWriT, romelsac es danaSauli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iwvevs.
danaSaulis kontroli
267
romelTac naklebad hqondaT survili, problemebi SeqmnodaT policiasTan. zogi
mecnieri am tendencias narkotikebs ukavSirebs. rogorc cnobilia, im periodSi
intensiurad xdeboda marixuanas (stimulanti) Canacvleba heroiniT (depresanti
an trankvilizatori), romlis xarisxma imata, xolo fasma iklo. aqedan gamomdi
nare, narkotikebis momxmareblebs saSualeba hqondaT, nakleb safasurad ufro
xangrZlivi narkotikuli TrobisaTvis mieRwiaT. garda amisa, heroini anelebs
sistemas da danaSaulSi Zaladobis dones amcirebs. sxvebi ki fiqroben, rim am Sem
TxvevaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli iaraRma iTamaSa. aravin icis, ra raodenobis
iaraRia niu-iorkis quCebSi, magram SesaZlebelia es ricxvi klebisaken midiodes.
iaraRianTa ricxvma im adamianebs Soris, romlebic msubuqi danaSaulisaTvis – me
troTi mgzavrobisas safasuris gadauxdelobis gamo daapatimres, 1994 da 1995
wlebSi mniSvnelovnad iklo.
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, mainc bevri aRmoCnda sasamarTlos skamze. 1995 wlis
ivlisasTvis gisosebs miRma 55000 sisxlis samarTlis damnaSave aRmoCnda (maTgan
daaxloebiT naxevari niu-iorkidan iyo), rac orjer aRemateboda 10 wlis win da
kavebulTa ricxvs. narkotikebis realizaciaSi eWvmitanili 3000-mde adamiani
quCaSi mokles. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa damatebiTi kvleva, raTa axsnas niu-
iorkis es saidumlo. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT antidanaSaulebrivi strategiebis
mecnierul dasabuTebas cecxlsasroli iaraRis kontrolis CaTvliT.
268
li reformebis cikli. am reformebis nawils warmoadgenda samoqalaqo pirebis
daxmarebis gamoyeneba policiis samsaxurSi (magaliTad, gancxadebis Setana); Te
mis mobilizacia (Temsa da policias Soris kavSirisaTvis konkretuli pirebis
daniSvna) da qvesadgurebi (policiis ganyofilebebisa da socialuri serviscen
trebis kombinacia, sadac mosaxleobas SeeZlo informaciis miReba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gadaeWra piradi da Temis problemebi). marTalia, am reformas Sedegad
ar mohyolia danaSaulebaTa ricxvis mkveTri dacema (nawilobrivi imis gamo, rom
sul ufro met adamians gauCnda survili, policiaSi Seetana gancxadeba momxdari
danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb), magram sxva qalaqebis msgavsad, danaSaulis ricxvi ar
gazrdila. dRes ramdenime sxva qalaqis policiac atarebs msgavs reformas. es
tendencia emsaxureba problemebze orientirebuli politikis gatarebas (aqcen
tirebas danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezebze) tradiciul, xdomilebaze orinetire
buli politikis kvaldakval (reagireba kriminalur qmedebaze) (sigeli, 1990).
policiis zogierTma departamentma ver gaarTva Tavi Temis mobilizaciis
amocanas. garda amisa, SeSfoTebas iwvevs policielebis mier sisastikis gamovle
nis xarisxi, gansakuTrebiT umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. es sakiTxi sazogadoe
bis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca 1991 wlis martSi, mas Semdeg, rac moyvarulma
fotografma daafiqsira, Tu rogori sisastikiT gauswordnen los-anjelesis sa
patrulo policiis oficrebi afro-amerikuli warmoSobis mZRols, rodni kings.
oTxi oficeri udanaSaulod cnes kingis cemisaTvis. am gadawyevtilebas masob
rivi mRelvareba da saprotesto gamosvlebi mohyva (ix. Tavi 20). umciresobaTa
araerTma jgufma (gansakuTrebiT ki Savkanianma mamakacebma) ganacxada, rom poli
cielebi xSirad Cadiodnen amgvar saqciels. 1995 wels gamarTulma o.j. simpso
nis samsamarTlo procesma, sadac saqmes TeTrkaniani gamomZiebeli iZiebda, na
Teli gaxada es tendencia. man ramdenimejer moixsenia Savkanianebi `nigerebad~
da waradgina yalbi samxilebi, raTa sasamarTlos braldeba daedasturebina. amave
dros, umciresobis bevrma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom policia ar iRebs yve
la zomas maTi Temebis dasacavad, rogorc los-anjelesis aqciebis dros moxda.
policiis mxardamWerebs ki magaliTad mohyavT qalaqebSi narkotikebTan da
kavSirebuli danaSaulis ricxvis mkveTri zrda da acxadeben, rom kriminalebi
xSirad policielebze ukeT arian SeiaraRebulni. maTi azriT, policieloba gaci
lebiT saxifaTo profesiad iqca, ramac SeiZleba policiis oficrebs sastiki
qmedebis Cadenisaken ubiZgos. amis sapasuxod, zogierT adgilobriv departamen
tSi oficialur saswavlo kurss specialurad policielTaTvis daumates stres
Tan gamklavebis gakveTilebi da Camoayalibes moqalaqeTa saCivrebis gansaxilve
li sabWo, romlis mizania policiis im oficerTa gamovlena, romlebmac Caidines
aramarTebuli an wamqezebluri saqcieli. Tumca, policielebi erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul Zalas warmoadgenen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT Soris
dasmenis faqtebi Zalian iSviaTia.
mokled rom vTqvaT, policiis Zalebis gaZlierebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi unda Sefasdes ara mxolod fuladi TvalsazrisiT, aramed unda ukav
Sirdebodes mosaxleobis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebasac.
269
sociologia da sajaro debatebi
debatebi
analizi
270
Rirs ki iaraRis 10 milioni kanonieri mflobelis
kmayofileba 10000 msxverplad? 100 msxverplad?
an Tundac erT msxverplad?
271
da koleqcioneroba gadasinjvas unda daqvemdebareboda. dabolos, iaraRi Zalauflebis in
strumentia. mas aqtiurad iyeneben kriminalebi da gavleniani pirebi sakuTari gavlenis sxve
bze iZulebiT gavrcelebis mizniT. sxvebisaTvis is usafrTxoebis garantia danaSaulis maRali
maCveneblis fonze. Tumca, iaraRis kontrolis garSemo atexili debatebis kidev erT sagans
warmoadgens swori balansi mTavrobasa da moqalaqeebs (rogorc individebs, aseve rogorc or
ganizebul jgufebs) Soris. unda ekavos Tu ara saxelmwifos monopolia Zalis yvela kanonier
gamovlinebasa da Zaladobaze (ris SemTxvevaSic, mxolod policielebsa da federalur agentebs
SeeZlebaT iaraRis gamoyeneba)? neba unda daerTos Tu ara Cveulebriv moqalaqes, gamoiyenos
iaraRi Tavdacvis mizniT? unda Camoayalibon Tu ara maT SeiaraRebuli jgufebi sakuTari in
teresebis dacvis mizniT (maSinac ki, rodesac maTi interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos
normebs)?
devid makdauelisa da alan lizotis (1993) mosazrebiT, sinamdvileSi debatebi imaze ki ar
aris aqcentirebuli, Tu ramdenad efeqturia kanoni iaraRze kontrolis Sesaxeb, aramed imaze,
Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovania: adamianebis ufleba, iqonion iaraRi Tu iaraRis kontrolis Sede
gad miRebuli koleqtiuri sargebeli. sociologias SeuZlia upasuxos, rom iaraRze gaZliere
buli kontroli xels Seuwyobs mkvelelobebis Semcirebas, magram ver upasuxebs makdauelisa da
lizotis kiTxvas: `Rirs ki iaraRis 10 milioni mflobelis legitimuri bedniereba 10.000 msxverp
lad? 100 msxverplad? an Tundac erT msxverplad?~ (1993. gv 320).
sasamarTloebi
272
Zaladobrivi danaSauli qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebi
gaxsnili gauxsneli
damtyvevebeli sazogadoeba
273
sapirispiro mxares. dRes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSneba dapatimrebis
ufro maRali maCvenebeli, vidre es nebismier dasavlur qveyanaSia. amerikelebi
ufro mets xarjaven cixeebze, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze (foreri, 1994).
274
qali, romelmac qmari fulis gulisaTvis mokla? savaldebulo minimaluri sasje
lis principi xSirad arRvevs meore princips _ `dae sasjeli moergos danaSauls~.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac prokurori uars ambobs saqmis warmoebaze, xolo na
fici msajulebi bralis damtkicebaze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini fiqroben, rom es
principi irRveva.
cxrili 6.3
1790
samudamo patimroba mekobreobisaTvis. aTi weli gemis meCeCze SegdebisaTvis
cru sinaTlis gamoyenebiT.
1888
eqvsi Tve portis xelosnis moqrTamisaTvis baltimorSi an niu-iorkSi.
1913
dapatimreba an jarima saqonelze fiqsirebuli fasebis dawesebisaTvis.
1934
aTi weli bankis gaZarcvis an qurdobisas Cadenili mkvlelobis an gatacebi
saTvis.
1965
samudamo patimroba prezidentis an aRmasrulebeli sabWos wevris mkvle
lobis mcdelobisaTvis.
1980-iani wlebi
sasjelis cvalebadi zomebi narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT Cadenili danaSau
lisaTvis (skolebis maxloblad narkotikebis realizaciis, iatakqveSa vaWrobaSi
monawileobis miRebis, 5 gramze meti kokainis flobis SemTxvevebis CaTvliT).
275
wyveten, Tu ra sasjeli Seefardeba damnaSaves. federaluri sasamarTlo centris
(kamineri, 1994) monacemebiT, im mopasuxeTa mxolod naxevars Seefardeba savalde
bulo minimaluri sasjeli, romlebsac potenciurad ekuTvnodaT is. ufro metic,
SavkanianTa 68 procents Seefarda savaldebulo minimaluri sasjelis zoma, maSin
rodesac laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebis 57%-ma da TeTrkanianebis mxolod
54%-ma miiRo savaldebulo minimaluri sasjeli imave danaSaulisaTvis.
gadaWedili cixeebi
276
daerT StatSi saxelmwifo sistemas nabrZanebi aqvs, Seamciros patimarTa nakadi
an gaaumjobesos ZiriTadi servisebi. naangariSevia, rom federaluri, saxelmwifo
da adgilobrivi mTavrobebi 30 miliard dolars daxarjaven koreqtivebisaTvis
1995 wels (26 miliardiT mets 1975 welTan SedarebiT), raTa gaumklavdnen pati
marTa mzard ricxvs (holmsi, 1994).
aferxebs Tu ara dapatimreba danaSaulis xdomilebas? auvnebelyofebs damna
Saveebs? axdens maT reabilitirebas? damsaxurebisamebr sjis damnaSaveebs? daka
veba niSnavs potenciuri damnaSaveebis SeCerebas, raTa maT ar Caidinon danaSauli,
an damnaSaveTa darwmunebas, rom maT aRar Caidinon danaSauli. ar arsebobs damam
tkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom dakavebuli damnaSaveebis mzardi ricxvi an sasje
lis gamkacrebuli zoma amarTlebs dakavebis principebs. magaliTad, pensilvani
aSi registrirebuli danaSaulis ricxvma 6%-iT moimata 1985-1990 wlebSi, maSin
rodesac patimarTa raodenoba 117%-iT gaizarda. recidivizmis done miuTiTebs
imaze, rom realurad patimarTa Zalze mcire ricxvi daadga gamosworebis gzas:
mdedrobiTi sqesis patimarTa 68%-ze meti da mamrobiTi sqesis patimarTa 80 %-ze
meti ganmeorebiT ixdida sasjels (foreri, 1994). dapatimreba niSnavs damnaSavi
saTvis danaSaulis kvlav Cadenis SesaZleblobis CamorTmevas. magram, SeuZlebe
lia 4 milioni braldebulis cixeSi gamoketva. ufro metic, ar arsebobs mkafio
meqanizmi imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli damnaSavea sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi.
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis umetesoba Cadenilia ara ganmeorebiTi damnaSaveebis
mier, aramed im adamianebisa, romlebic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadiodnen da
naSauls (araZaladobrivs) qonebis winaaRmdeg (kamineri, 1994).
is, Tu ramdenad damsaxurebulad iReben sasjels damnaSaveebi, ufro moralur-
eTikuri sakiTxia da ara socilogiis gansjis Tema. magram kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
axalgazrda damnaSaveebze cixem SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios da
gamoiwvios maTi Serwyma iseT subkulturasTan, sadac msxverplad yofnis Tavidan
acilebis erTaderTi gza sxvebze Zaladobaa. cixem SesaZlebelia skolis funqciac
Seasrulos axalbedebisaTvis, romlebmac SeiZleba gamocdili damnaSaveebisagan
aiTvison danaSaulis Cadenis axali xerxebi.
sikvdiliT dasja
277
aris mxolod pirveli xarisxis mkvleloba `gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi~). Tvi
Ton procesic SedarebiT `humanuri~ xdeba (anu momakvdinebeli nivTierebis umt
kivneulo ineqcia eleqtroskamis nacvlad). (gostanco da uaiTi, 1994).
sazogadoeba yovelTvis uWerda mxars sikvdiliT dasjas (ix. sqema 6.7). amerikel
Ta 70% aRniSnavs, rom mxars uWers sikvidiliT dasjas. mxolod 30 %-ia sasjelis am
formis winaaRmdegi (elsuorsi da grosi, 1994). mxardamWerebis gancxadebiT, isini
mxars uWeren sikvdiliT dasjas, miuxedavad imisa, rom jerac ar aris damtkice
buli, moqmedebs Tu ara erTi damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja sxvebze SemaSineblad.
mowinaaRmdegebi ki amtkiceben, rom arasodes dauWeren mxars sasjelis am formas,
kidevac rom gaCndes misi efeqtianobisa da profilaqtikuri mizanSewonilebis dam
adasturebeli sabuTebi (sendisi da makgareli, 1995).
278
SurisZiebis survili. rogorc emil durkhaimi (1893/1985) ambobda, TviT dasjis
faqti aris kmayofilebis momgvreli. igi kanonmorCili moqalaqeebisaTvis so
cialur funqcias asrulebs. deviantebisa da kriminalebis dasja amyarebs so
cialur solidarobas da amtkicebs saerToO Rirebulebebs. sociologebi amtkice
ben, rom Cven vsjiT ara mxolod imitom, rom gamovasworoT `kriminalebi~, aramed
imisaTvisac, rom Cven TviTon gvaxsovdes sazogadoebis moraluri Rirebulebebi
sadmi erTgulebis mniSvneloba.
Sejameba
279
ganmavlobaSi. saxeldebis Teoria amtkicebs, rom socialurma sanqciebma
SesaZlebelia ukuSedegi aCvenos da gamoiwvios meoreuli deviantoba. pirve
ladi deviantoba SesaZlebelia aixsnas arasrulfasovani socializaciiT,
romelic Tavis mxriv araadekvatur TviTkontrols iwvevs.
8. danaSauli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli normis darRvevaa. yvela devianturi
qmedeba ar aris danaSauli (da yvela danaSauli ar aris devianturi qmedeba).
dRes arsebobs tendencia, romelic mimarTulia normebis kanonebad kodi
ficirebisaken.
9. gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikelebis rwmeniT, imata Zaladobrivma da
qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis ricxvma. magram oficialuri statis
tika sapirispiros amtkicebs. mediis mcdeloba, gaamaxvilos sazogadoebis
yuradReba sensaciur danaSaulebze, araregistrirebuli danaSaulis maRali
maCvenebeli da `ucnobi damnaSavis~ mier Cadenili SemTxvevebis ricxvi sazoga
doebaSi SiSs iwvevs. Zaladobrivi da qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis
umetesoba Cadenilia axalgazrda mamakacebis mier, romelTa Soris Warbobs
qalaqSi macxovrebeli Savkaniani mozardebi da axalgazrdebi. danaSaulis Ca
denis asaki mcirdeba maSin, roca matulobs danaSaulis simZimis done.
10. e.w. umsxverplo danaSauli (prostitucia, narkotikebis ukanono gamo
yeneba) ayenebs moralurobis dakanonebis sakiTxs. organizebuli danaSau
lis meSveobiT xdeba ukanono saASualebebiT ukanono saqonlisa da servisebis
uzrunvelyofa an kanonieri saqonlisa da servisebis uzrunvelyofa ukanono
saSualebebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTrsayeloianTa mier Cadenili da kor
poraciuli danaSauli sazogadoebas ufro Zviri ujdeba, vidre quCaSi Cad
enili danaSauli, maT iSviaTad sjian mkacrad, gzavnian cixeSi an uwodeben
deviantebs.
11. danaSaulis kontrolis farTod rekomendebuli strategia gulisxmobs iara
Ris Sesaxeb kanonis gamkacrebas, quCebSi morige policielebis ricxvis zr
das da urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris. aseve
sasamarTloebze zewolas sasjelis gamkacrebis mizniT.
12. amJamindeli tendenciis Tanaxmad, sul ufro meti damnaSave igzavneba cixeSi
xangrZlivi droiT. `sami dartymis~ kanoni da sxva savaldebulo minimaluri
sasjeli SeiZleba iwvevdes danaSaulis ricxvis Semcirebas, magram mas Sesa
Zlebelia gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebic mohyves (magaliTad, sasamarTloe
bis dabrkoleba). ar arsebobs imis myari sabuTi, rom dapatimreba efeqturad
asrulebs sxvebis daSinebis funqcias, mosaxleobaSi amcirebs potenciuri
kriminalebis ricxvs da kriminalebs gamosworebisaken ubiZgebs.
13. gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, amerikelebi regularulad uWeren mxars sikvdiliT
dasjas. Tumca, dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoaSkaravda, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom mravali uWers mxars zogadad sikvdiliT dasjas, isini xSirad ewinaaR
mdegebian mas konkretul SemTxvevebSi. adamianebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi. miuxedavad axa
li kanonisa, am sasjelis sisruleSi moyvanis SemTxvevebi mcirea.
280
imsjeleT
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
281
devianturi kariera _ TandaTanobiT Serwyma deviantur cxovrebis wesTan da
deviantur subkulturasTan dakavSireba.
diferenciuli asociacia _ procesi, romliTac adamianebi socializdebian
jgufSi gabatonebul qcevaSi. Tu amgvari qceva devianturia, devianturoba
kulturulad gadaecema.
formaluri sanqciebi _ socialur normebsa da Rirebulebebze oficialuri ze
wola damyolobis miRwevis mizniT, romelsac axorcielebs iseTi oficialuri
organizaciebi, rogoricaa policiis departamenti, sasamarTloebi da cixeebi.
araformaluri sanqcia _ araoficialuri zewola damyolobis miRwevis mizniT,
rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, dacinva, gariyva, ukmayofileba (uaryofiTi sanqcie
bi) da, meore mxriv, mowoneba da Seqeba (dadebiTi sanqciebi).
inovacia _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs
kulturulad gamarTlebuli miznebis miRwevas devianturi saSualebebiT.
internalizacia _ procesi, romlis drosac kulturuli standartebi xdeba
adamianis piradi struqturis nawilebi.
saxeldebis Teoria _ Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi iZenen deviantur so
cialur identobas da misdeven cxovrebis deviantur stils, radganac sxvebi
mas deviantad aRiqvamen da aiZuleben, Tavi gariyulad igrZnos.
organizebuli danaSauli _ warmoadgens konspiraciul jgufs, romlis mizania
fuladi mogeba an Zalauflebis mopoveba, agreTve mcdeloba iyos xelSeuxe
beli SiSis danergviT da korufciiT. organizebuli danaSaulis priorite
tia ukanono saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa.
garigeba _ procesi danaSaulis aRiarebis, romlis drosac saolqo prokurori
sTavazobs eWvmitanils bralis Semsubuqebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi aRiarebs
danaSauls da uars ityvis sasamarTlo procesze.
pirveladi deviacia _ socialuri normebis sawyisi darRveva, rodesac ar aRin
iSneba amgvari qmedebis Cadenis motivi da ar xdeba adamianis daxasiaTeba.
amboxi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, axali
miznebis dasaxva da maTi miRweva axali saSualebebiT.
retritizmi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, kul
turis mier dasaxuli miznebisa da saSualebebis mitoveba.
ritualizmi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, saSua
lebebis brmad miyola. am dros umTavresi miznebi ukana planze gadaiwevs.
sanqciebi _ jildo socialuri normebis morCilebisaTvis da dasja maTi dar
RvevisaTvis.
meoreuli deviacia _ procesi, romlis drosac adamianebi Tavis Tavs gansaz
Rvraven deviantebad da misdeven cxovrebis deviantur stils.
socialuri kontroli _ sazogadoebis mcdeloba, marTos sakuTari Tavi; meqa
nizmi, romliTac xdeba socialuri normebis gaZliereba da maTi potenciuri
darRvevebis aRkveTa.
struqturuli rRveva _ Seusabamoba socialur molodinebs, kulturul mizneb
282
sa da am miznebis misaRwevad saWiro saSualebebs Soris.
umsxverplo danaSauli _ iseTi danaSauli (magaliTad, azartuli TamaSebi
da prostitucia), romelsac xSirad ar hyavs msxverpli (anu piri, romelic
dazaralda am qmedebis Sedegad).
Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi _ danaSauli, romelic gulisxmobs msxverplis wi
naaRmdeg fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebas, magaliTad, mkvleloba, Tavdasxma da
gaupatiureba.
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli _ danaSauli, romelic Cadenilia maRali statusis
mqone adamianebis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis periodSi.
283
284
nawili III
gansxvaveba da uTanasworoba
285
286
Tavi 7
klasi da stratifikacia
CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
imigracia, rasa da socialuri mobiloba
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: usaxlkaroebi
287
288
m anhetenis centri miraJs waagavs cementis, foladisa da minis mbrwyinavi
koSkebiT, romlebic TiTqos wylidan amozrdilano. iqvea 1913 wels aSene
buli vulvorTis Senoba _ Tavis droze yvelaze maRali caTambjeni, Tavisi
neogoTikur stilSi gadawyvetili spiralebiT. am arqiteqturul saocrebebs So
ris Cakargula uolstriti _ amerkis SeerTebuli Statebisa da, zogis azriT,
msoflios finansuri centri.
manhetenidan fexiT 15-20 wuTis savalze mdebareobs soho _ erT dros ayvave
buli fabrikebisa da maRaziebis raioni, rkinis eleganturi fasadebiT. 1950-60-ian
wlebSi, rodesac mxatvrebma soho aRmoaCines da aqtiurad daiwyes misi aTviseba
maRali sxvenebisa da dabali fasebis gamo, es raioni, faqtobrivad, mitovebuli iyo.
1970-ian wlebSi sohoSi mravlad gaixsna sagamofeno darbazebis filialebi, rasac
didi maRaziebi da moduri restornebi mohyva. dRes soho manhetenis yvelaze mo
duri da Zviri nawilia. maRaziebma da restornebma nel-nela gandevna iq mcxovrebi
mxatvrebi. produqciis centri TandaTan moxmarebis centrad iqca. es aris adgili,
sadac elituri gemovneba yalibdeba.
zemoT, centraluri parkis CrdiloeT sazRvarTan iwyeba kidev erTi socia
luri samyaro: harlemi. uamravi Zveli SenobiT, jer kidev dasaxlebuli avariuli
saxlebiT, ficrebiT SeWedili sacxovreblebiTa da carieli miwis nakveTebiT _
es adgili mravali Ratakis TavSesafaria, romelTa umravlesoba laTino da afro-
amerikelebi arian. harlemis ZiriTadi quCebis Cayolebaze wvrili maRaziebi da
eklesiebia ganTavsebuli; patara daxlebSi sigaretiT, koka-koliT, CipsebiTa da
konservebiT vaWroben, Rvinoebis maRaziebSi gamyidvlebi da molareebi tyviagaum
tari SuSebis miRma sxedan. magram harlemis ZiriTad sayrdens quCis im wvrilmani
movaWreebis iatakqveSa ekonomika warmoadgens, romelic potenciur myidvels nax
mar tansacmels, iaffasian afrikul qandakebebs, xatebs, piratul Canawerebsa da
Semwvar sakvebsac ki sTavazobs. narkotikebi quCebSi iyideba, maTi momxmareblebi
mitovebul SenobebSi an bnel derefnebSi ewevian, an ikeTeben. alkohols pirdapir
boTlebidan svamen, xolo plastikuri baraTebi Canacvlebulia etapobrivi gadax
dis sistemiT.
uolstritis, harlemsa da sohos Sua mdebareobs manhetenis ZiriTadi sacxovre
beli kvartlebi. zemoTa istsaidi, romelic ganTqmulia mexuTe da parkis aveniuebis
eleganturi sacxovrebeli SenobebiT; medison aveniu dizainerebis maRaziebiT da
`muzeumebis mili~, sadac ZiriTad SeZlebuli protestanti anglo-saqsuri warmo
Sobis TeTrkanianebi saxloben. zemoTa vestsaidi, romelic linkonlis saxelobis
xelovnebis centridan iwyeba da kolumbiis universitetamde grZeldeba, amayobs
Tavisi mrafalferovnebiT. aq ganlagebuli sxvadasxva qveynis samzareuloebi,
gzispira kafeebi da specialuri maRaziebi saSualo fenis specialistebs, inteleq
tualebsa da xelovnebis sferos warmomadgenlebs emsaxureba.
TeTrkanianebi, romlebic uolstritze muSaoben, sohoSi sadiloben da albaT
zemoTa istsaidSi cxovroben, yvelanairad cdiloben Tavi aaridon harlems da 96-
e quCasac ki (`wesieri~ saxlebis bolo quCa). vestsaidelebi, romlebic meddebad
an eqimebad muSaoben harlemSi, daRamdebamde toveben am raions da centrisken
289
miiCqarian Teatris an baletis warmodgenaze dasaswrebad. miuxedavad imisa,
rom zogierTi saSualo klasis afro-amerikeli muSaobs uolstritze, harlemSi
macxovreblebis umetesobas TvaliTac ar unaxavs igi. `zemoTa~ macxovreblebis
azriT, centri anu `daunTauni~ ZiriTadad TeTrkanianTa samflobelodaa miCneu
li, sadac mCqefare finansur da sabazro kulturaSi Savkanianebi monawileobas ar
iReben (zukini, 1991).
niu-iorkis msgavsad, TiToeuli qalaqis wyoba da ganlageba warmoadgens sim
didris, Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis gamoxatulebas. zogi kvartali ZlierTa
da mdidarTa piradi samflobeloa feSenebeluri ofisebiTa da sacxovrebeli
saxlebiT, sufTa da keTilmowyobili quCebiT. sxva teritoriebi saSualo klasis
adamianebis sacxovrebelia _ adamianebisa, romlebic arc mdidrebi arian da arc
Raribebi. mcire da saSualo biznesi maTi mflobelisaTvis mxolod normaluri
cxovrebis da ara fufunebis saSualebaa. am or raions Soris gansxvaveba ara mar
to simdidresa da keTildReobaSia, aramed maTi macxovreblebis gemovnebaSic.
am TavSi ganxilulia socialuri peizaJis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli
niSani _ socialuri uTanasworoba. pirvel nawilSi axsnilia, Tu rogor aris
socialuri uTanasworoba Cveni socialuri struqturis nawili, rogor xdeba
misi SenarCuneba ZalauflebiT, rogor gamoixateba uTanasworoba kulturul
aspeqtebSi. meore nawili ganixilavs socialur qmedebas da socialur mobilobas,
an individis socialuri poziicis cvlilebis SesaZleblobas. Semdeg aRwerilia
struqturuli faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs siRatakes SeerTebul Stateb
Si. bolos ki SevexebiT im sakiTxs, aris Tu ara uTanasworoba ufro didi sistemis,
magaliTad, kapitalisturi ekonomikis Sedegi, Tu, ubralod, es aris zogi adamia
nis unari, moipovos upiratesoba sxva adamianebze.
290
1985). TiToeul doneze adamianebis socialuri statusi gansazRvravs imas, Tu
ramdenad miuwvdebaT maT xeli stratifikaciis sam ZiriTad ganzomilebaze. es
enia: simdidre (Semosavlebis CaTvliT), Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. bankiris
statusi maRalia samive ganzomilebaSi, xolo usaxlkaro adamianisa, Sesabamisad,
_ dabali. isec xdeba, rom adamians, romelsac maRali statusi aqvs erT ganzo
milebaSi, SeiZleba dabali hqondes danarCen orSi. magaliTad, saeklesio pirebs
SesaZlebelia hqondeT sakmarisi avtotriteti an dafaseba, magram maTi statusi
ar uzrunvelyofs maT ZalauflebiTa da simdidriT.
rodesac vambobT, rom socialuri stratifikacia institucionalizebulia,
vgulisxmobT, rom uTanasworobebi CaSenebulia socialur struqturaSi da SesaZ
lebelia Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. stratifikaciis sistema daxurulia im gage
biT, rom Zalian Znelia (an SeuZlebelia) poziciis Secvla ierarqiaSi. magaliTad,
aparteidis dros samxreT afrikis stratifikaciis sistema mWidrod iyo daxuru
li SavkanianebisaTvis. amasTan SedarebiT SeerTebuli Statebis stratifikaciis
sistema Riad iTvleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom, oficialurad, adamianebs SeuZli
aT daikavon nebismieri pozicia, ise, rom yuradReba ar mieqces maT Tandayolil
maxasiaTeblebs (gamonakliss warmoadgens is, rom emigrantebs ar SeuZliaT, ken
Wi iyaron prezidentobaze). amerikuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, adamianis pozicia
ufro SeZenili (miRweuli) statusia (ix. Tavi 3). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pozi
cia warmoadgens TiToeuli individis Zalisxmevisa da warmatebis Sedegs. Tumca,
rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, es mainc klasobrivi sistemaa: mosaxleoba dayofilia
simdidris, avtoritetisa da Zalauflebis mixedviT da individis mSoblebis pozi
cia saukeTeso prognozia imisa, Tu ra pozicias daikavebs maTi Svili.
socialuri stratifikacia ar xdeba SemTxveviT da ar efuZneba mxolod gan
sxvavebebs adamianebis SesaZleblobebs Soris. es aris sistematuri mowyoba, ro
melic erTi adamianis interesebze zemoT meoris interesebs ayenebs. jer ar yo
fila SemTxveva, rom romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas Tanaswori ufleba hqonoda,
Tumca uTanasworobis xarisxi da done Zalian cvalebadia sxvadasxva sazogadoe
baSi (lenski, lenski da nolani, 1991; sahlinsi, 1958). kalaharis udabnos binadar
senis tomSi, romlis wevrebi ZiriTadad nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas misdeven,
gansxvaveba simdidreSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs gansxvaveba
Zalauflebasa da avtoritetSi. aq gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas tomis uxuce
sebi iReben, mSoblebs aqvT Zalaufleba Svilebze da mamakacebs meti gavlena aqvT
qalebTan SedarebiT. maTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebidan da unarebidan gamomdi
nare, konkretul individebs SesaZlebelia ufro meti gavlena hqondeT, vidre sx
vebs, magram amave dros, maT SeiZleba ar hqondeT gavlena calkeul adamianebze,
rac ganpirobebulia maTi poziciiT an sakuTrebiT.
ufro did sazogadoebebSi stabilur ierarqias mTeli jgufi warmoadgens da
am ierarqiaSi dakavebuli poziciebi Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema.
amgvar ierarqiebs safuZvlad SeiZleba savsebiT gansxvavebuli faqtorebi edos
(smiTi, 1974, 1991). magaliTad, sulieri statusi da kulturuli avtoritetis sxva
wyaroebi SesaZlebelia materialur qonebaze metad fasobdes romelime sazoga
doebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTSi mahaTma gandis avtoriteti da Zalaufleba gaci
291
lebiT aRemateboda warmatebuli biznesmenebisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom gandi
ar gamoirCeoda simdidriT, atarebda ubralo samoss da ZiriTadad marxulobda.
cxadia, im faqtma, rom man siRaribe airCia, mniSvnelovanad Seuwyo xeli mis av
toritetsa da Zalauflebas. amas garda, induri sazogadoebis kastebad dayofis
tradiciuli sistema mniSvnelobas ufro sulier mxares aniWebda, vidre materi
alur simdidres. Tumca, sxva konteqstSi SesaZlebelia sulier simdidreze metad
fizikur siZlieres, simdidres, ganaTlebas an demokratiul arCevnebs miniWeboda
upiratesoba.
Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebebSi (magaliTad, SeerTebul Stateb
Si) simdidresa da Semosavals gansakuTrebuli roli ukavia stratifikaciaSi.
es gansxvaveba ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi asaxulia terminSi socialuri klasi.
socialuri klasi aris im adamianebis jgufi, romlebsac erTnairi pozicia uka
viaT stratifikaciis sistemaSi, radganac isini erTnair poziciaze imyofebian
ekonomikis mxriv. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac amerikelebi saubroben `saSua
lo klasze~, maT mxedvelobaSi hyavT adamianebi, romlebic arc mdidrebi arian
da arc Raribebi. pozicia, romlebic adamianebs klasSi ukaviaT, gavlenas axdens
maTi cxovrebis uklebliv yvela aspeqtze – dawyebuli sacxovrebeli adgilidan,
ganaTlebis, profesiis, Semosavlebis, qorwinebisa da cxovrebis xangrZlivobis
CaTvliTac ki.
arc erTi sistema ar aris imdenad martivi, rom adamianebi iolad ergebodnen
erT an meore fenas. xSirad statusi aramdgradia. magaliTad, narkobaroni SeiZ
leba iyos warmoudgenlad mdidari, magram mainc ar iTvlebodes maRali klasis
wevrad. Cven vacnobierebT, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba momdinareobdes ara sim
didridan, aramed biurokratiis kontrolidan. Cven aseve vacnobierebT, rom ise
Ti kulturuli faqtori, rogoricaa rasizmi, SeiZleba zRudavdes adamianis av
toritetsa da Zalauflebas, miuxedavad misi qonebrivi mdgomareobisa.
292
rad mieniWaT Tanasworoba, Tumca uTanasworobis barieris damsxvrevas Taobebis
brZola dasWirda. dRes afro-amerikelebi da umciresobis sxva jgufebi, kvlav gani
cdian diskriminacias da TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT uares pirobebSi cxovrebas.
amerikuli kultura afasebs Tanasworobas da amasTan erTad legitimurad
scnobs Zalze uTanasworo klasobriv struqturas. dapirispireba idealebsa da
realobas Soris gardauvalia. amgvarad, amerikelebs ar moswonT mdidrebi, rom
lebic fiqroben, rom sxvebze ukeTesebi arian, magram amave dros igive amerikele
bi fiqroben, rom sulac ar aris cudi, iyo mdidari saqmosnis SviliSvili da mem
kvidreobiT miiRo is simdidre, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi ver gamoimuSavebdi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelTa umetesobas `sjera~ SesaZleblobebis Tanas
worobis ideisa, bevri maTgani ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams im saxelmwifo prog
ramebis Sesaxeb, romlebic miznad isaxavs amerikis sazogadoebis Tanasworobis
donis amaRlebas.
293
sakuTari qonebis did nawils memkvidreobas unda umadlodnen. maTi Semosavali
ZiriTadad investiciebidan modis. es faqtori ganasxvavebs maT saSualo da mu
SaTa klasis amerikelebisagan. gansxvavebebs saSualo da muSaTa klasebs Soris
ZiriTadad profesia/saqmianoba qmnis, kerZod: samsaxuris is tipebi, sadac muSao
ben adamianebi; ganaTlebis done, romelsac es samsaxurebi iTxovs; maTi saSualo
xelfasi da agreTve, ramdenad avtoritetulebi arian am fenis adamianebi samsa
xurebSi da ramdenad aqvT kontroli sxvebze.
cxrili 7.1
profesiebis CamonaTvali prestiJis maCveneblis
mixedviT aSS-Si
294
avtoriteti aris socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema da mowoneba, romliTac
ajildoeben adamianebs maTi Tvisebebis gamo, romelic faseulia sazogadoebi
saTvis (gudi, 1978). SeerTebul StatebSi profesiuli saqmianoba avtoritetis
ZiriTadi wyaroa. sociologebi Semdegnairad zomaven profesiebis avtoritets:
Tavdapirvelad isini sTxoven mosaxleobis arCeul kohortas, Seafason sxvada
sxva samsaxuris socialuri reputacia, amis Semdeg ki axdenen am Sefasebebis ska
lirebas qulebis mixedviT, sadac 0 yvelze dabali, xolo 100 yvelaze maRali qu
laa. amgvari gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi met-naklebad ucvlelia. rogorc 7.1. cxrili
gviCvenebs, amerikelebi yvelaze metad im profesiebs afaseben, romlebic Zalau
flebasTan da maRali donis profesiul unarebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca, maRa
li avtoriteti yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs did Semosavals.
yvela am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, sociologma harold kerbom (1991, gv. 13-
14) amgvarad Seajama amerikuli klasobrivi struqtura:
maRali klasi Sedgeba im ojaxebisagan, romlebic did qonebas floben (msxvili
korporaciebis aqciebisa da uZravi qonebis CaTvliT). am adamianebs moepovebaT
avtoriteti da Zalaufleba swored maTi qonebrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare.
es adamianebi arian Zveli, damkvidrebuli ojaxis warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa
rokfelerebi, diuponebi, melonsebi da fordebi.
korporaciuli klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT didi bi
urokratiuli Zalaufleba (aRmsruleblebi da direqtorTa sabWos wevrebi) msx
vil korporaciebSi (da xSirad mTavrobaSic), oRond ar arian am korporaciebis
mflobelebi. arsebobs imis mtkicebulebebi, rom maRali klasi mcirdeba mniSvn
elobidan gamomdinare, maSin rodesac korporatiuli klasi izrdeba amave faqto
ris gaTvaliswinebiT.
saSualo klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebic SedarebiT nakleb qonebas
floben, magram maTi profesiebi uzrunvelyofs saSualo an dabal Semosavlebs,
avtoritetsa da Zalauflebas. saSualo klasi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa zeda saSualo
klasad (eqimebi, iuristebi) da qveda saSualo klasad (ofisebSi momuSaveebi, mom
saxure personali).
muSaTa klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT mcire qoneba (an
saerTod ar gaaCniaT is) da maTi profesiac iZleva saSualo an dabal Semosavals,
avtoritets an mcire Zalauflebas (an saerTod aranair Zalauflebas). muSaTa
klasi ZiriTadad Sedgeba dRiuri muSebisagan (romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofian
kvalificiur da arakvalificiur muSebad) da yvelaze dabal poziciebze mo
muSave klerkebad.
dabali klasi moicavs im adamianebs, romlebsac saerTod ar gaaCniaT raime
saxis qoneba, xSirad arian umuSevrebi, ar gaaCniaT avtoriteti da Zalaufleba. es
ukve RaribTa fenaa.
ZiriTadad igive klasobrivi struqtura axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela ekonomi
kurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebas (rogorc industriuls, aseve postindus
triuls).
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli klasobrivi sistema SedarebiT stabiluria,
is eqvemdebareba da ganicdis kidec cvlilebebs. kristofer leSi (1995) bolo
295
drois yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebad miiCnevs im elitis warmoqmnas, rom
lebic ZiriTadad informaciis manipulirebiTa da profesiuli gamocdilebiT
agrovebs qonebas. am axlad Camoyalibebuli elitis wevrebs cota ram akavSirebT
TemebTan, raionebTan an qveyanasTan. maTi qoneba dabandebulia globaluri
mniSvnelobis sawarmoebSi; isini aRweven damoukideblobas imiT, rom sakuTar
Svilebs aswavlian kerZo skolebSi, yiduloben gadaudebeli samedicino SemTx
vevebis dazRvevas, qiraoben pirad dacvas sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvel
sayofad... warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso kulturisa da garTobis qselis wevrebs
da Sedegad ufro meti saerTo aqvT honkongel an briuselel kolegebTan, vidre
sxva amerikelebTan.
federaluri mTavroba ar agrovebs monacemebs klasebze. mis mier moZiebuli
monacemebi ufro mosaxleobis fiqsirebuli procentis Semosavlebsa da qonebas
exeba, magaliTad, umdidresebi (an uRatakesebi) _ 1 procenti, 5 procenti an 20
procenti. Semosavlebsa da qonebaSi aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi zog SemTxvevaSi
mflobelis klass ar miewereba. am gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs cxovrebis etapic.
magaliTad, adamianebs 21-29 wlamde aqvT myari Semosavlebi, magram naklebi dag
rovili qoneba; maSin roca, pensionrebs, romlebsac ukve aqvT dagrovili qoneba
(manqana, saxli, investicia da sxva qoneba), SedarebiT naklebi stabiluri Semo
savali gaaCniaT. Tumca, gansxvaveba praqtikosi maswavlebelis an wyalgayvanilo
bis ostatis (romelic jer kidev ixdis saxlis safasurs) qonebasa da pensioneris
(romelsac ukve aqvs saxli) qonebas Soris imaze mcirea, vidre maswavlebelsa da
rokfelers Soris.
296
bis yvelaze mdidari 1 % flobs, 22-jer aRemateba darCenili 99 %-is kuTvnil
qonebas (oliveri da Sapiro, 1990). gansxvaveba kidev ufro didia im kapitalis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic Semosavlis generirebis potenciuri wyaroa. qveynis mo
saxleobis umdidres 1%-s aqvs produqtiuli simdidris 237-jer meti odenoba
erT sulze, vidre danarCen 99%-s. umdidresi 0.05% (daaxloebiT 430.000 ojaxi)
flobs qveynis korporatiuli aqciebis 40%-s. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ojaxebis erT
mesameds nulovani an uaryofiTi aqtivebi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi valebi
metia, vidre aqtivebi.
simdidris ganawilebis msgavsad, Semosavlis ganawilebac metad araTanabaria.
rogorc naCvenebia 7.1 sqemaSi, amerikelTa ojaxebis bolo erTi mexuTedis Semo
savali mTlianad qveynis Semosavalis 3.6%-ia (1993 weli), maSin rodesac yvelaze
maRali erTi mexuTedisaTvis igive maCvenebeli 48.2%-ia. amave wlis monacemebiT,
SeZlebuli ojaxebis yvelaze maRal _ 5%-ze (korporaciuli klasis wevrebis
umetesobis CaTvliT) modioda yvela Semosavlis 20%, anu oTxjer meti imaze, ra
sac isini miiRebdnen Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi (mosaxleo
bis bolodroindeli angariSi, 1995).
297
dolari). 2.5 milion mdidar amerikels imdenive Semosavali aqvs, ramdenic muSaTa
da dabali klasis 100 milion wevrs erTad.
nominaluri dolari
milioni dolari
inflaciiT Sesworebuli
mogebulebi wagebulebi
298
CaTvliT). reiganis dros gatarebulma sagadasaxado reformebma, romlebic ga
dasaxadebis Sekvecas iTvaliswinebda, saSualeba misca mdidrebs, kidev ufro meti
Semosavali qonodaT (da kidev ufro meti daezogaT). mosaxleobis is nawili, rome
lic saSualo erovnuli Semosavlis maCveneblis qvemoT imyofebian, mniSvnelovnad
dazaralda, rac nawilobriv ganapiroba samuSao adgilebis ricxvis Semcirebam
(sqema 7.3). saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis wevrebi iZulebulni iyvnen, damate
biT saaTebSi emuSavaT, an moeZebnaT samuSao ojaxis ufro meti wevrisaTvis, raTa
SeenarCunebinaT 1980 wlis sacxovrebeli standartebi.
299
socialuri mobiloba
300
rivi Sedegebi). magaliTad, maRaziis mflobels, romelic mTel samuSaos TviTon as
rulebda, saSualeba mieca, damxmare aeyvana da saqmianoba gaefarTovebina.
1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis bavSvebi, `aRzevebis iSviaTi da yvelaze
cocxali magaliTia, rac ki Statebis istoriaSi odesme yofila~ (niumeni, 1993,
gv. 56). amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze Savbnel periodSi dabadebul bavSvebs xSirad
uwevdaT skolis mitoveba da ojaxebis daxmareba. amas daemata meore msoflio
omi. miuxedavad amisa, am Taobam moaxerxa eTnikurad mravalferovani qalaqis ub
nebidan gamosvla da gareubnebSi gadanacvleba. GI programis (programa, romelic
veteranebs aTavisuflebda kolejis gadasaxadisagan) daxmarebiTa da saxelmwi
fos xelSewyobiT (romelic veteranebs dabalprocentiani ganvadebis saxlebiT
uzrunvelyofda da Tavdebad udgeboda maT), agreTve, meore msoflio omis Sem
dgom ayvavebuli ekonomikis saSualebiT, veteranebma Seqmnes saSualo klasis
ojaxis tipuri suraTi: deda, mama, ori Svili, sakuTari saxli, erTi an ori manqana
avtofarexSi, ojaxuri ardadegebi da imedi imisa, rom maTi Svilebis Sroma ufro
dafasdeba da ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebi eqnebaT. sakuTari gamocdilebidan ga
momdinare, mSoblebis am Taobas imedi hqonda, rom Tavdadeba da Tavdauzogavi mu
Saoba aucileblad dafasdeba. maTi cxovrebis standarti Surs iwvevda msoflioSi,
xolo maTi momavli uzrunvelyofili iyo: saxlebi, romlebic maT 1950-ian wlebSi
10.000-15.000 aSS dolarad SeiZines, 1970-ian wlebSi ukve ocjer Zvirad fasobda.
am Taobis mSoblebis Svilebi optimizmis periodSi aRizardnen. isini uyu
rebdnen saxls, ojaxsa da mSoblebis mier Seqmnil komfortul cxovrebas. wins
vla socialur kibeze maTi Tandayolili ufleba iyo. 1980-90-ian wlebSi, rodesac
aSS-is ekonomikis ganviTareba Seferxda da samuSao adgilebi Semcirda, es Taoba
moumzadebeli aRmoCnda.
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare aRmasvlis saprispiro procesis
umTavresi gamomwvevi mizezi gaxldaT deinstitucionalizacia _ amerikuli eko
nomikis transformacia manufaqturidan servisze. deinstitucionalizaciis pro
cess Sedegebis mTeli wyeba mohyva. pirveli: daixura aTasobiT qarxana, an moxda
maTi gadaadgileba, an sulac sxva qveynebSi gadatana. amis Sedegad, milionobiT muSa
darCa samsaxurisa da Semosavlis gareSe. 1979-1984 wlebSi 11.5 milioni usamsaxurod
darCenili muSis naxevarma moZebna samsaxuri gacilebiT dabali xelfasiT.
meore: maSin, rodesac momsaxurebis ekonomikis sainformacio seqtori
maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurSi vakansias sTavazobda umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
maRalkvalificiur TanamSromlebs, amgvari samsaxurebis umetesoba anazRaurebis
skalis bolo adgilebze aRmoCnda. saSualo klasidan CamoqveiTebuli uamravi muSa
(rogorc mamakacebi, aseve qalebi), romlebic erT dros saaTSi 12, 15 da 20 dolars
gamoimuSavebdnen, iZulebulni gaxdnen, icxovron saaTSi gamomuSavebuli 4.50 do
lariT, romelsac maT, vTqvaT, hamburgerebis keTebaSi uxdian. aseTi dabalanazRa
urebadi samsaxurebis umetesoba savaraudod naxevarganakveTiani an droebiTia da
ar gulisxmobs raime saxis sargebels an daxmarebas (igulisxmeba sapensio sqemebi,
janmrTelobis dazRveva, anazRaurebadi Svebulebebi da a.S).
mesame: ekonomikuri cvlilebiT `TeTrsayeloiani~ muSakebic dazaraldnen.
1980-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aTiaTasobiT menejeri,
301
specialisti, profesionali, romlebsac Sesabamisi ganaTleba da gamocdileba
gaaCndaT, etapobrivad emsxverplnen Statebis Semcirebas msxvil korporaciebSi.
adgili hqonda srul ganakveTze momuSaveTa daTxovnas da Semdeg maT xelaxla ay
vanas, oRond naxevar ganakveTze, an nardobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. dRes
samuSaodan daTxovnili TeTrsayeloniani muSebi, savaraudod, ufro xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi rCebian samuSaos gareSe, vidre cisfersayeloiani muSebi
(niumeni, 1993).
bavSvebi, romlebic amerikuli ocnebis ideiT gaizardnen, momswreni xdebian,
Tu rogor qreba es ocneba Tvalsa da xels Sua. `1990-iani wlebi im periodisaken
gvabrunebs, rodesac keTildReoba Tandayolili iyo. is adamianebi, romlebsac
xeli miuwvdebaT ukeTes cxovrebaze, aseTebad ibadebian, xolo maTTvis, visac
dabadebidanve ar dahyva keTildReoba, Zalian Zneli iqneba saSualo klasTan mi
axloeba~ (niumeni, 1993, gv.218).
302
samxreTis pirobebi (gansakuTrebiT SavkanianebisaTvis) gacilebiT uaresi iyo, vidre central
uri samxreTi da aRmosavleT evropisa. amgvarad, CrdiloeTSi wamosuli Savkaniani migrantebi
minimumiTac kmayofildebodnen, rac maT aramomgebian poziciaSi ayenebda gamomuSavebisa da
sikvdilianobis TvalsazrisiT. isini aseve TeTrkaniani muSebis agresiis msxverplni xdebodnen,
romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom damsaqmeblebi Savkanian iaf muSaxels SromiT bazarze fasebis daw
evisaTvis iyenebdnen.
amgvarad, Savkanianma migrantebma Tavidanve cudad daiwyes. imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom
darCnen isini am mdgomareobaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, libersons Tavisi axsna aqvs – es gaxlavT
mobilobis niSis koncefcia. rogorc is ambobs, xSirad hqonda adgili erTi romelime jgufis
Tavmoyras konkretul profesiaSi/saqmianobaSi: italielebi xdebodnen dalaqebi, Svedebi _
durglebi, berZnebi xsnidnen restornebs, rusebi vaWrobdnen bewveuliT da a.S. amgvari saqmi
anobebi emigrantebisaTvis winsvlis sawindari iyo. magram, `adgilis dakaveba~ emigrantTa
jgufebis mxolod mcire procentma SeZlo. TiToeuli evropuli jgufis SemTxvevaSi, konkre
tul saqmianobas maTi didi ricxvi mxolod ramodenime weli misdevda. aSS-is mTavrobis mier
dadgenilma SezRudvam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira emigrantebis nakadi evropidan da aziidan 1920-
ina da 1930-ian wlebSi, magram am faqtorma ver Seaferxa Savkaniani migrantebis nakadi samxreTi
dan. axalmosulebi, romlebmac veRar SeZles adgilis dakaveba, Seecadnen gaedevnaT ufro adre
Camosuli da SedarebiT warmatebuli evropeli emigrantebi amgvari adgilebidan, riTac gaa
Zlieres maT mimarT damkvidrebuli uaryofiTi stereotipebi da gamoiwvies dominanti klasis
guliswyroma. garda amisa, demografiuli balansis cvlilebasTan erTad, moxda TeTrkanianTa
damokidebulebis Secvlac, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Savkaniani emigrantebis ricxvis zrdam
xeli Seuwyo sxvadasxva erovnebis TeTrkanianTa damokidebulebis gaumjobesebas.
amgvarad, libersonis mixedviT, rasizmi, romelic Tavidanve TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols,
kidev uro Zlevamosili gaxda sxva cvlilebebis daxmarebiT. mxolod rasizmiT ar SeiZleba aixs
nas evropeli emigrantebis maRali mobiloba. ekonomikuri konfliqti ufro mniSvnelovani iyo,
xolo rasa, ubralod, imdenad gamorCeuli niSani iyo, rom misi meSveobiT iolad xdeboda dis
kriminaciis gamarTleba.
wyaro: stenli libersoni “Rvezelis naWeri”. Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani emigrantebi 1880 wlidan (ka
liforniis universitetis gamomcemloba, berkli, 1980)
303
tuss, ZiriTadad imiT, rom is gavlenas axdens pirovnebis ganaTlebaze. miRwevebi
ganaTlebaSi, mecnierTa azriT, aris is meqanizmi, romelic ganapirobebs statu
sis erTi Taobidan meoreze gadacemas.
statusis miRwevis blausa da dunkanis modeli garkveulwilad gaamartives
uiliam h. seuelma da misma kolegebma (seueli da hauzeri, 1976). maT aRmoaCines,
rom ganaTleba da profesiuli miRweva ori tipis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
procesis Sedegia: erTi mxriv, procesebi, romlebic ganapirobeben adamianis
swrafvas statusisaken da gavlenas axdenen am swrafvaze, da meore mxriv, proces
ebi, romlebic gardaqmnian am miswrafebas axal statusad. mSoblebis klasi gavle
nas axdens bavSvis Semdgom miRwevebze, Tundac piradi magaliTidan gamomdinare.
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadamwyveti faqtori individis mier miRebuli ga
naTlebis xarisxi da donea.
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom statusis mopoveba efuZneba miRwevebs ganaTlebaSi, ga
momdinareobs sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ramdenime mosazrebidan: yvelaze
mniSvnelovania mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebaSi individebi konkuren
cias uweven erTmaneTs SedarebiT Ria ganaTlebisa da profesiis sistemaSi. Tumca,
sociologebma aRmoaCines isntituciuri an struqturuli wyobebi, romelebic ga
napirobebs arCevansa da qmedebas yovel etapze (kerkhofi, 1995). TviTon ganaTle
ba stratificirebulia. skolebi gansxvavdeba im saganmanaTleblo resursebis
mixedviT, romelsac mosaxleobas sTavazobs. magaliTad, qalaqSi mdebare skola
gansxvavdeba mdidari gareubnis skolisagan. skolebs SigniT studentebi da mo
swavleebi dajgufebulni arian `SesaZleblobebis~ mixedviT. rogorc wesi, Se
Zlebuli da, aqedan gamomdinare, maRali statusis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebi ufro
xSirad ukeTes skolebSi swavloben da dasawyisidanve iReben starts ukeTesi mo
mavlisaTvis.
SeerTebul StatebSi studentidan momuSavemde nabiji sakmaod swrafia. swav
lis damTavrebis Semdeg, yofili studentebi TviTon gankargaven sakuTar beds.
ufro metic _ garda specializebuli saswavleblebisa (iuridiuli, samedicino),
ganaTlebis sistema ar aris profesiaze orientirebuli. rac mniSvnelovania da
fasobs, esaa diplomi _ idealur SemTxvevaSi kolejis an prestiJuli skolis
diplomi. germaniaSi moswavleebs specialur profesiul kategorebad saSualo
skolebSive ajgufeben. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg es moswavleebi ramdenime
wlian programaSi iReben monawileobas, romelic miznad isaxavs samuSao gamoc
dilebisa da staJis miRebas. iaponiaSi arsebobs momaval damsaqmeblebTan SeTan
xmebis praqtika. isini skolebs vakansiebis sias ugzavnian, xolo es ukanasknelni
sakuTar kandidaturebs sTavazoben maT. SeerTebul StatebSi ki prestiJul sko
lebsa da pirad kavSirebs ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre skolebSi miR
weul warmatebas.
statusis mopovebis procesis ukeT gasagebad, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT im
SesaZleblobebis struqtura, romlis farglebSic SeiZleba hqondes adgili in
dividualur socialur qmedebas, profesiuli warmatebis TvalsazrisiT. 1950-
60-iani wlebis SesaZleblobebis struqturisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saSu
alebas aZlevda amerikelebs (magram ara yvela maTgans), miswrafeba warmatebad
304
gardaeqmna jer ganaTlebaSi, xolo Semdeg _ profesiis dauflebaSi, 1980-90-iani
wlebSi aseTi qmedeba sakmaod garTulda. istoriulad, siRaribisaken daSveba
droebiTi krizisi iyo amerikelebis umetesobisaTvis (dunkani, 1984w.). dRes ki es
procesi mudmiv xasiaTs atarebs.
Tu siRatakidan simdidremde aRzeveba amerikuli ocnebaa, gza simdidri
dan siRatakemde amerikuli koSmaria. mravali amerikeli miiCnevs, rom siRatake
Soreuli perspeqtiva da mxolod devianturi umciresobebis problemaa _ es aris
is, rac SeiZleba `maT~ daemarTos da `Cven~ (beini da elvudi, 1989w.). magram re
alurad, amerikelebis mxolod mcire ricxvs aqvs rezistentoba (Tandayolili)
siRaribisadmi.
c x r i l i 7.2
siRaribis zRvari ojaxebis wevrTa raodenobis mixedviT
1 9 9 3
ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba siRaribis zRvari
1 adamiani $ 7.363
2 adamiani 9.414
3 adamiani 11.522
4 adamiani 14.763
5 adamiani 17.449
6 adamiani 19.718
7 adamiani 22.383
305
odnav zemoT moxvdnen, SeiZleba Tavs Raribebad Tvlidnen, magram oficialurad
mxolod is ojaxebi iTvleba statistikurad Raribebad, romlebic am zRvars qve
moT arian.
siRaribis zRvaris garSemo mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs (beini
da elvudi, 1989). zogi kritikosis azriT, es zRvari metismetad maRalia, radgan
ar iTvaliswinebs daxmarebebsa da SeRavaTebs, rogorc fuladobrivs, aseve ara
fuladobrivs _ magaliTad, sakvebis kuponebs, skolis sadilebs, saxelmwifo
daxmarebasa da samedicino SeRavaTebs. zogierTi ki acxadebs, rom siRaribis
zRvari ar asaxavs gansxvavebebs fasebSi regionebis mixedviT: magaliTad, niu-
iorkSi cxovreba ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre misisipiSi. aseve, es maCvenebeli ar iTva
liswinebs mzard saojaxo xarjebs, magaliTad, Cvilis movlasTan dakavSirebul
damatebiT gasavals, an binis qiris matebas (beli, 1994; raglzi, 1990). ufro metic,
siRaribis zRvari erTad ganixilavs im adamianebs, romlebic droebiT kriziss
ganicdian da maT, vinc mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi siRaribeSi cxovrobs. ar
aris gansxvaveba sruliad upovarTa da im adamianebs Sorisac, romlebic gaWirve
biT, magram mainc axerxeben Tavis gatanas. miuxedavad am SezRudvebisa, siRaribis
zRvari jerjerobiT saukeTeso da yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli indeqsia.
1960 wels 39.5 milioni amerikeli _ qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis 20%-ze meti
_ aRmoCnda siRaribis zRvars miRma. Tavdapirvelad jon kenedis, xolo misi gar
dacvalebis Semdeg, lindon jeksonis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielda programa
`omi siRaribes~, ris Sedegadac, siRaribis zRvars miRma mcxovrebi adamianebis
ricxvi samocian wlebSi Semcirda. 1969 wels man 24.1 milioni Seadgina (mosaxleo
bis 9.5 %).
18 wels qvemoT
sul
65 da zemoT
procenti
306
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1970-ian wlebSi saerTo ricxvi ramdenadme gaizarda da
1980 wlamde proporcia 10 procentis qvemoT iyo SenarCunebuli, 1980-ian wlebSi,
reiganisa da buSis prezidentobis dros, mdgomareoba gauaresda (sqema 7.4). 1993
wels 39.1 milioni amerikeli _ mTliani mosaxleobis 15.1% aRmoCnda siRaribis
zRvars miRma. Raribi ojaxebis wliuri Semosavali 5.960 aSS dolari _ gacilebiT
imaze naklebi iyo, vidre saxelmwifos mier naangariSevi Sesabamisi kvebisaTvis
saWiro Tanxa (mosaxleobis bolo angariSi, 1995).
dasaqmebuli Raribebi
307
leba anu amerikis ekonomikis saxecvlileba manufaqturidan servisamde, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT. is momuSaveebi, romlebmac dakarges samsaxuri da xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi dausaqmeblebi darCenen, gacilebiT dabalanazRaurebad
samsaxurebzec Tanxmdebian.
meore _ minimaluri xelfasi, romelic saxelmwifom daawesa, mkveTrad gaufa
surda (ix. sqema 7.5). dRevandeli minimaluri xelfasi rom 1968 wels yofiliyo, is
saaTSi 6.29 dolars Seadgenda, rac gacilebiT maRalia dRevandel 4.25 dolarze
saaTSi (purdumi, 1995). gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, minimaluri
xelfasis mqone dasaqmebulebis umravlesoba ara mozardebi, aramed mozrdilebi
arian, romelTa umetesobasac ojaxis rCena uwevs. 1994 wels muSis minimaluri
xelfasi orsulian ojaxze 780 dolariT naklebi, samsuliani ojaxisaTvis 2.890
dolariT naklebi da oTxsuliani ojaxisaTvis 6.121 dolariT naklebi iyo siRari
bis zRvrad dawesebul Tanxaze.
dolari 1991 w.
wlebi
308
keTildReoba: miTebi da faqtebi
309
sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturis anu sazogadoebis im jgufebis SedarebiT
stabiluri klasifikaciis meTodis meSveobiT, romelTac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli
resursebi da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. meore _ ramdenadac araTanasworoba xels
uwyobs funqcionalur integracias, amave dros asaxavs elitis Zalauflebas, miaR
wion sakuTar miznebs sxvebis xarjze. mesame _ araTanasworoba ara mxolod mate
rialuri keTildReobisa da Zalauflebis `obieqtur~ doneebs ukavSirdeba, aramed
naklebad materialur cvladebsac, rogorebicaa prestiJi da morali.
klasobrivi struqtura
310
bi memkvidreobiT miiRebdnen bizness _ memkvidreobas warmoebis saSualebebze
_ da ara niWs, Sromisunarianobas, an pirovnuli Rirsebis nebismier sxva gamoxa
tulebas.
warsulSi socialuri klasebis Seswavla _ klasobrivi TviTSegneba _ aSS-Si
iyenebda gamokiTxvis meTods, raTa moeZebna kavSirebi adamianTa klasobriv TviT
Segnebas, damokidebulebasa da politikur mrwamssa Tu azrs Soris. Tanamedrove
sociologebma socialuri klasis koncefcias SesZines detalebi da niuansebi,
rogorc es marqsma aRwera kvlevis Sedegad (fantazia, 1995). Seron zukini (1991)
aRwers, Tu rogor gamoixateba araTanasworobis struqtura qalaqebis ubnobriv
mowyobaSi (am Tavis dasawyisSi manheteni aRwerilia). sxvadasxva zonaSi mcxovreb
ni iSviaTad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, cxovroben gansxvavebul pirobebSi da uya
libdebaT gamorCeuli esTetikuri Rirebulebebi da gemovneba. zogi sociologi
klasobriv gansxvavebulobas ganixilavs, rogorc gansxvavebul socialur da eko
nomikur gamocdilebebs, gamoxatuls sxvadasxva saxis ritualebis, Cveulebebisa
da tradiciebis evoluciaSi. sxvebi klasobriv dapirispirebaSi angariSs uweven
sxva niSnebs (eTnosi, Temi, socialuri moZraoba da sxv.). bevri Tanamedrove soci
ologi socialur klass moiazrebs procesad da ara fiqsirebul poziciad. rogor
xdeba, rom maRali wris qalbatonebi TavianT prestiJs umorCileben sazogadoe
bis im wevrebs, romlebic maTze dabal poziciaze dganan ojaxebis TvalsazrisiT?
muSakebSi, romlebic emsaxurebian maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs (TviTm
frinavis momsaxure personali, piradi mwrTvneli da sxv) axdenen Tu ara sakuTari
Tavis indentificirebas klientebTan, Tu ufro uZlierdebaT sakuTari daqvemde
barebulobis SegrZneba? risken ubiZgebs maT sakuTari arsebobis interpretacia
_ qmedebisa Tu umoqmedobisaken?
usaxlkaroebi
1 950-ian wlebSi sruliad gaqra `SantiTaunebi~ da Sasis rigebi, sadac Tavs iyridnen mTeli
qveynis miusafarni da Rarib-Ratakni. Uusaxlkaroba ukve problema aRar iyo. me-20 sauku
nis 70-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi usaxlkaroTa rixcvma uceb moimata.
dRes mawanwala usaxlkaroebi qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebisTvis bunebrivi movlenaa. usaxl
karoTa aRricxva problemuria, radgan isini `umisamarTod~ cxovroben. erT-erTi kvlevisas
TavSesafrebsa da sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Ramis mTevelTa ricxvi daiTvales da daadgines,
rom im TvisaTvis 350000 amerikeli usaxlkaro iyo (jenksi, 1994) Tumca es Zalian cvalebadi ci
fria. yovelwliurad minimum 1.2 milionamde mozardi xdeba usaxlkaro droebiT mainc.
usaxlkaroTa 3/4 mamakacia, aqedan 60% TeTrkaniani, 40% _ Savkaniani; maTgan TiTqmis yvela
dauojaxebelia da umravlesoba 37 wlamde asakisaa (Slei da rosi, 1992).
311
debatebi
ratom arian adamianebi usaxlkaroebi da saidan modian isini? aris Tu ara sazogadoeba
valdebuli, uzrunvelyos yvela moqalaqe saarsebo minimumiT, kerZod, TavSesafriT? sazoga
doebis nawili Tvlis, rom usaxlkaroebi arian im ekonomikuri sistemebis msxverplni, romelic
adamianebze maRla mogebas ayenebs da ar qmnis sakmaris samuSao adgilebs. miuTiTeben meryev
socialuri usafrTxoebis meryev qselzec, romelic ar icavs im adamianebs, romelTac ara aqvT
damoukideblad funqcionirebis saSualeba (sulierad avadmyofi adamiani), an didi regresi ga
nicades cxovrebaSi. Aisini ki, vinc uaryofiTad pasuxobs am kiTxvaze, Tavad usaxlkaroebs adana
Sauleben da maT `usaqmurTa~ morig jgufad Tvlian.
analizi
usaxlkaroba nawilobriv socialuri struqturis, socialuri mowyobis anareklia, ro
melic zRudavs an afarToebs cxovrebiseul Sansebsa da saSualebebs. me-20 saukunis 70-80-ian
wlebSi, rodesac sawarmoebSi Semcirda maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis ricxvi, ufro meti
xalxi gaxda iZulebuli, gadasuliyo dabalanazRaurebad momsaxurebis sferoSi da, Sesabamisad,
gaizarda konkurencia ubralo, dabalkvalificiur, fizikur momuSaveTa Soris. bevri adamiani
aRmoCnda umuSevari, magram ufro metad mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom TiTqmis arc erT maTgans ar
hqonda axlo momavalSi muSaobis perspeqtiva, anu iqca umuSevrad xangrZlivi vadiT. siRaribis
es mzardi maCvenebeli kidev ufro gaamwvava saxelmwifo daxmarebebis Semcirebam. amavdroulad
Semcirda dabalSemosavlian TavSesafarTa mowodebac (kozoli 1988). Senobebi mitovebul iqna
(an gadamwvari sadazRvevo fulisaTvis), zogi nageboba daingra, raTa momxdariyo urbanuli ga
naxleba, danarCeni gadakeTda saSualo da maRali klasis sacxovrebel adgilebad. 1973 da 1979
wlebs Soris SualedSi TveSi 200 dolarad dasaqiravebeli 900000-ze meti sacxovrebeli er
Teuli sruliad gaqra erovnuli bazridan (snou da andersoni 1992); gauCinarda daaxloebiT
1 milionamde sawoli sastumroebis erTkacian oTaxebSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
usaxlkaroebisTvis ukanasknel TavSesafars warmoadgenda, (levitasi 1990). mTavrobas araferi
gaukeTebia TavSesafrebis Semcirebis mzardi tendenciis sawinaaRmdegod. marTlac, reiganis
administraciam 75%-iT Seamcira dafinanseba dabalSemosavlian sacxovrebel binebze (lengi,
1989; erovnuli gansaxlebis samuSao jgufi, 1988)
am struqturulma faqtorebma didi uimedoba gamoiwvia. magram ara yvela qronikulad da
ukiduresad Raribi adamiani gaxda usaxlkaro. ra iwvevs gansxvavevbas adamianebis umweobis do
neebs Soris?
individualuri umweobis asaxsnelad Cven unda davakvirdeT socialur qmedebas an umoqme
dobas. bevri usaxlkaro adamiani itanjeba `dagrovili ubedurebebisagan~ anu problemebisagan,
romlebic SeiZleba maTi mizeziT iyos (an ar iyos) gamowveuli: qronikul umuSevrobas damate
buli sulieri avadmyofoba, susti fizikuri janmrTeloba, alkoholizmi, narkotikebi, krimi
naluri warsuli an ramdenime maTganis kombinacia (rosi, 1989). Tumca rTulia mizezisa da Sede
gis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna.
yvela am problemas iwvevs zogi adamianis reaqcia usaxlkarobaze. usaxlkaroebs cnobis
moyvareobis dasakmayofilebeli sagnebiviT eqcevian, Tavs uflebas aZleven, daakvirdnen da
Seuracxyon. keTili nebis iSviaTma gamovlinebam SeiZleba Seamciros tkivili, magram stigma da
uimedoba ar mcirdeba. saerTo TavSesafrebsa da bufetebSi misuli moxaliseebic ki cdiloben,
usaxlkaroebTan SeinarCunon distancia. Cveni sazogadoebis reaqcia usaxlkarobaze _ swored
312
es aris ZiriTadi Seuracxyofa. is adamianebic ki, romlebic TiTqos TanaugrZnoben usaxlkaro
ebs, ar isurveben maT yofnas sakuTari saxlis axlomaxlo – aqedan, saidanac gaCnda fenomeni
NIMBY (`ara Cems ukana ezoSi~). axali TavSesafrebisa da bufetebis Senebis idea did winaaRm
degobas Sexvda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxridan. saagentoebi, romlebic adre cdilobdnen
usaxlkaroTa daxmarebas, amJamad aRarc ki cdiloben maTTvis mudmivi TavSesafrebisa Tu sa
muSao adgilis povnas, radganac aseTi arc arsebobs. isini ubralod cdiloben, usaxlkaroebi
uzurnvelyon gadaudebeli daxmarebiT. umweoebTan mudmivi urTierTobisas socialur muSakebs
uviTardebaT `TanagrZnobisagan gadaRliloba~. saboloo jamSi yvelaferi imiT mTavrdeba, rom
policias eZleva davaleba, Seamciros usaxlkaroTa gadaadgilebebi da rogorme sazogadoebis
Tvals moaSoros isini. erT-erTma policielma aRniSna, rom misi saqmea, usaxlkaroebi moqalaqe
Ta mzeras gaaridos (snou da andersoni, 1993).
adamianebi uecrad ar xdebian samudamod usaxlkaroebi; `usaxlkaroTa kariera~ viTarde
ba etapebad (snou da andersoni, 1993). erTi etapidan meoreSi gadasvla gardauvalia, TuUmca
damokidebulia individis qmedebasa da sxvebis reaqciaze. rodesac individi pirvelad aRmoCnde
ba quCaSi, is SeSinebuli da dezorientirebulia, ar icis saiT mibrundes, vis endos, an saerTod
rogor gadarCes. isini cdiloben, imoZraon damxmare saagentoebis mimarTulebiT (rogoricaa,
xsnis armia) da auxsnan maT sakuTari warsulis Sesaxeb. amiT isini cdiloben, moaxdinon sakuTari
Tavis gansxvavebulobis xazgasma usaxlkarosagan, da gadadgan konkretuli nabijebi situaci
idan Tavis dasaRwevad. usaxlkaros kariera SesaZlebelia aqve dasruldes, Tuki man moulodne
lad ipova stabiluri samuSao, an oTaxi megobarTan erTad. meore etapze gvxdebian `stedlere
bi~, romelTac ukve iswavles, TuU rogor gaitanon Tavi da ar eSiniaT sxva usaxlkaroebisa. isini
jer kidev saubroben quCisagan Tavis daRwevaze, magram maTi gegmebi bundovani da gaugebaria.
`autsaiderebs~ anu gariyulebs ukve sabolood aqvT gawyvetili kavSiri tradiciul sazoga
doebasTan. isini quCaSi gadarCenaze (da ara cxovrebaze) arian orientirebulni da gaTavisebuli
aqvT quCasTan identifikacia. aseTi adamianebi TavianT warsuls sxvis mier gavlili cxovrebis
gzad miiCneven.
aAdamianTa umravlesoba trotuarze CaZinebuli qalis danaxvisas ise iqceva, TiTqos
usaxlkaro mis gverdiT ar aris da mxolod sazogadoebis farglebs gareT arsebobs. garkveul
wilad usaxlkaroebi funqciurad mainc erwymian sazogadoebas. isini warmoadgenen iseTi orga
nizaciebis arsebobis mizezs da upirveles klienturas, rogoricaa xsnis armia da msgavsi orga
nziaciebi _ socialuri samsaxuris saagentoebi, TavSesafrebi, eklesiis bufetebi, narkotikisa
da alkoholizmis sareabilitacio programebi da sxva. garkveulwilad usaxlkaroTa gadaude
beli daxmarebis samsaxurebi TavisTavad ukve qmnian Tavisebur `industrias~.
gareSe pirisaTvis usaxlkaroTa cxovreba SeiZleba Zalian qaoturi, araorganizebuli da
uazro Candes, magram sinamdvileSi quCis cxovrebam Seqmna kultura Tu qvekultura sakuTari
moraluri kodeqsis, socialuri urTierTobebisa da identurobis niSniT (snou da anderso
ni, 1993). bevri usaxlkari Tavs irwmunebs, rom `is, rac warmavalia, momavalicaa~ da rom `ra
sac dasTes, imas moimki~. esaa samagieros gadaxdis norma, romelic karnaxobs maT, gainawilon
erTmaneTSi is mciredi, rac gaaCniaT, riTac kidev ufro ikvreba usaxlkaroTa sazogadoeba.
usaxlkaroebi, agreTve, xelmZRvaneloben pricipiT `me mivxedav Cems saqmes da sxvamac sakuTars
mixedos~. quCis urTierTobebi xasiaTdeba, erTi mxriv, swrafi da ioli gaSinaurebiT da, meore
mxriv, undoblobiTa da arastabilurobiT. orma adamianma SeiZleba erT wuTSi erTmaneTs Se
hficos samudamo Zmoba da meore wuTs orive Tavisi gziT wavides. usaxlkaroTa Soris arsebuli
aseTi moSvebuli socialuri urTierTobebi ganpirobebulia garemoTi. ramdenadac isini iSvia
Tad rCebian erTsa da imave adgilas, axlo urTierTobebi maTTvis ucxoa.
313
sakuTari Tavdajerebulobis gadasarCenad usaxlkaroebi xSirad acxadeben, axla raRac bedi
ar mwyalobso. bedis cneba maT aridebs pasuxismgeblobas, riTac itoveben SesaZleblobas, rom
bedi SeiZleba Seicvalos. bevri maTgani ixlarTeba tyuilebSi _ dawyebuli warsulis galamaze
biT, damTavrebuli wminda wylis gamogonebiT (magaliTad, male misaRebi zRapruli memkvidreobis
Sesaxeb). rogori istoriac unda hqondes TiToeul usaxlkaros, saboloo jamSi arc erTi maTgani ar
Rebulobs pasiurad im negatiur kliSes, romelsac maT sazogadoeba aniWebs. miuxedavad amisa, dau
wereli kanonis mixedviT, usaxlkaroebi arasodes aprotesteben erTmaneTis gamonagons.
saboloo jamSi uimedoba asaxavs ZiriTad urTierTobebs. korporaciebs unari SeswevT,
gadaaadgilon qarxnebi, maRaziebi, da samsaxurebi erTi qalaqidan meoreSi an qveynis gareT; uZ
ravi qonebis mmarTvelebs aqvT Zalaufleba, iyidon dabalrentiani saxlebi da aagon axali ufro
momgebiani struqturebi; adgilobriv xelisuflebas ufleba aqvs, miiRos kanoni, romelic krZa
lavs usaxlkaroTa quCaSi, tramvaisa da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Zils. aRmasruleblebi,
romlebic am kanonebs adgenen, sulac ar arian cudi adaminebi, ubralod maT aqvT Zalaufleba,
miaRwion TavianT miznebs, Tundac es sxvebis pirdapir Tu iribad dazaralebas niSnavdes.
Tumca SedarebiT uunaro, uimedo usaxlkaroebsac aqvT arCevani. bevri imitom ar midis
TavSesafarSi, rom acnobierebs, iq misvliT dakargavs avtonomiasa da individualurobas; amas
Tanave, misi azriT, es adgili bevrad ufro saSiSia, vidre quCaSi Zili.
funqciuri integracia
314
da muris Teoriis sxva aspeqtebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes (ix kerbo, 1991 gv.
129-134). magaliTad, aris ki amerikaSi yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebi
funqciurad marTlac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da moiTxovs Tu ara is ganaTlebaSi
yvelaze did investicias? unda SevTanxmdeT, rom eqimis profesia marTlac mniS
vnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis, am profesiis dauflebas esaWiroeba specialuri
niWi da gamocdileba. eqimTan SedarebiT, damlagebeli ar aris mniSvnelovani, arc
gansakuTrebuli niWi da gamocdileba esaWiroeba. amitom eqimebs ufro mets ux
dian, vidre damlageblebs. magram Tu am ukiduresobebs gavcdebiT, Teoria nakleb
mdgradi xdeba. gacilebiT meti ganaTleba da niWi esaWiroeba skolis maswavle
bels, vidre finansur menejers, magram maswavleblebs bevrad ufro dabali anaz
Raureba aqvT. aseTi magaliTebis moyvana dausruleblad SeiZleba.
devisi da muri ZiriTad yuradRebas imas uTmobdnen, Tu ramdenad funqciuria
motivacia sazogadoebisTvis mTlianobaSi, da mxedvelobidan gamorCaT is, Tu vin
iRebda sargebels araTanasworobis konkretuli struqturisagan. arc is gauT
valiswinebiaT, Tu ra xarisxiTaa es araTanasworoba aucilebeli, rom xalxma se
riozuli kiTxvis niSani ar dausvas am status kvos.
Zalaufleba
315
sistema, amis garda lobistebis mier miniWebuli privilegiebiTac sargebloben
(ufaso mgzavroba mdidrul kurortebze. da a.S)
veberis mizani iyo ara marto gansazRvra, Zalauflebisa, rogorc Semosavlisa
da simdidris wyarosi, aramed is, rom TavisTavad biurokratiac warmoadgens so
cialuri klasifikaciis wyaros. Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi biz
nesis umetesobas marTaven ara maTi realuri mflobelebi, aramed profesionali
menejerebi. milionobiT kerZo pirs, sapensio fondsa Tu sxva korporaciebs aqvT
TavianTi wili IBM-Si, magram kompania TavisTavad warmoadgens biurokratiul
aparats, romelsac marTavs prezidenti, Tavmjdomare da a.S. maT kavSiri aqvT
umaRles saxelisuflo biurokratiasTan da amrigad, TavianTi gavlenis wyalo
biT qmnian klasobriv Zalauflebas (domhofi, 1993).
klasobrivi Zalauflebis magaliTia arCevnebic. rogorc sabolood Sedegi
dan Cans yvela amerikelic ar aris Tanasworuflebiani da ara aqvs Tanabari
ufleba reklamasa da arCevnebisaTvis aucilebel sxva aqsesuarze. marqsis erT-
erTi mimdevari antonio gramski (1971) amtkicebda, rom yuradReba unda gavamax
viloT kulturul Zalauflebaze. roca gvaswavlian, rom ZiriTadi yuradReba
unda davuTmoT gamdidrebas da ara socialuri sistemis gadasinjvas, da rom es
sistema aucilebelia, amiT gvaiZuleben, SeveguoT am sistemas, da Zalauflebas
gvarTmeven. `saxalxo kultura~ TiTqos yvelaze ufro popularuli sistemaa,
elitaruli kulturis sapirispirod, magram isic ki asaxavs da amkvidrebs kapi
talisturi sazogadoebis uTanasworobas, romelSic TiTqos yvelas aqvs dawinau
rebis ufleba magram sinamdvileSi cota Tu SeZlebs amas.
kultura
316
vnelovan wyarod. dResac ki warmatebuli da mdidari indoelebi dabali kaste
bidan dacinvis sagani xdebian maRal kastad miCneuli Raribi magram `wminda~
brahmanebis mier. amisagan gansxvavebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom miiCneva, TiTqos
amerikulma sazogadoebam mainc ver daaRwia Tavi rasobriv da genderul aspeqtSi
gansxvavebulobas, amerikelebis umravlesoba arCevs, xazi gausvas miRweul sta
tuss, romelic Sromisa da warmatebis Sedegia.
amerikelebis umravlesobisaTvis sulieri siwminde naklebad prioritetuli
Rirebulebaa. amis sanacvlod amerikelebi xazs usvamen kulturul da socialur
faqtorebs, magaliTad, imas, Tu rogor gamoimuSaveben da xarjaven fuls, vin
iyvnen maTi winaprebi, vis icnoben da ramdenad warmatebulebi arian saqmianobaSi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikelebisaTvis profesia prestiJis mTavari ganmsazR
vrelia. profesiebs ki afaseben misgan miRebuli sargeblobis mixedviT, da ara
gavlenisa Tu simdidris gamo.
prestiJi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis klasifikaciis sistemis mniSvnelovani
nawilia. eqimebi, iuristebi da universitetebis profesorebi TavianT profesiebs
prestiJulad miiCneven da imedi gaucruvdebaT, Tu maTi Svilebi biznes-kari
eras airCven. erTsa da imave profesiaSi ki adamianebi prestiJs met upiratesobas
aniWeben simdidresTan SedarebiT. Ees aris swored mTavari ganmasxvavebeli biz
nessa da profesiebs Soris. Bbiznesis SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba, diskebis
maRazia gaqvs Tu tansacmlis _ TiToeuli maTganis upiratesoba gamoixateba mis
mier miRebul mogebaSi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, kargi eqimi aris is, romelic ukeT
mkurnalobs pacients da ara is, romelic met fuls gamoimuSavebs. amas garda, Cven
miviCnevT, rom eqimi cudia, Tuki is ar umkurnalebs pacients, romelsac fuli ara
aqvs. magram aravin gamoTqvams sayvedurs gastronomze, Tu is ar mogyidiT bost
neuls maSin, rodesac Tqven fuli ara gaqvT.
frangi sociologi pier burdie (1984) miiCnevs, rom prestiJi mniSvnelovania
ara marto profesionalebisaTvis, aramed ierarqiis nebismier safexurze mdgomi
adamianisaTvis. burdies azriT, klasobrivi pozicia simdidresa da Zalaufle
basTan erTad damokidebulia `kulturul kapitalzec~, romelsac sargebloba
moaqvs individisaTvis Tavisi prestiJis gamo. magaliTad, kolejis diplomi Ta
visTavad arc warmoebis saSualebaa da arc Zalauflebis iaraRi, magram misi meS
veobiT SeiZleba moipovo simdidreca da Zalauflebac, Tuki is gexmareba kargi
samsaxuris povnaSi (burdie 1977). zogjer kulturuli kapitali efeqturia iq,
sadac fuli ar Wris. magaliTad, harvardis kursdamTavrebuls gza xsnili aqvs
iseT klubebSi, sadac milioners Sesvlis Sansic ar aqvs. kulturuli kapitali
iseve araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli, rogorc simdidre da Zalaufleba. yvela
amerikels ara qvs saSualeba harvardSi (an sxva romelime dafnis gvirgvinosan
kolejSi) miiRos ganaTleba. elitaruli kolejebis kursdamTavrebulebs ki xeli
miuwvdebaT iseT upiratesobebze, rogoricaa sazRvargareT swavlis ufleba, sa
patio sazogadoebis wevroba da a.S.
317
socialuri qmedeba
318
nesi, qiraoben sakuTari ojaxis wevrebs da did riskze midian, rodesac Svilebs
karg kolejebSi agzavnian (laiti, 1993w.).
funqcionaluri integraciis problemebze muSaobisas devisi da muri aqcents
akeTebdnen individualur qmedebebze. maTi azriT, sazogadoebis wevrebis motivi
reba muSaobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania da aRar tovebs adgils individualuri
kaprizebisTvis. Aaucileblad unda arsebobdes socialurad organizebuli gzebi,
raTa uzrunvelvyoT xalxis mier aucilebeli ganaTlebis miReba, saWiro samuSaos
Sesruleba da amiT araTanasworuflebianobis struqtura da akmayofilebs sakuTar
daniSnulebas. am Teoriis mixedviT, klasobrivi struqtura karnaxobs individebs,
imoqmedon ise, rom sazogadoebis struqturul intergacias xeli Seuwyon.
Tanamedrove sociologebi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian marqsis xedvas, rom ekonomi
kuri struqtura ganapirobebs klasobriv gansxvavebulobas. Tumca amavdroulad
isini aseve eyrdnobian vebers, romelic amtkicebda, rom klasobrivi gansxvavebu
loba ar aris dafuZnebuli mxolod simdidreze. kKlasobrivi Zalaufleba da kul
turuli Rirebulebebi aseve mniSvnelovania da ar SeiZleba Semcirdes maTi roli
ekonomikuri wyaroebiT. maSin, rodesac marqsi xazs usvamda, rom struqturuli
uTanasworoba warmoqmnis konfliqts, mravali Tanamedrove sociologi Tvlis,
rom igive uTanasworoba SeiZleba iyos motivaciis wyaro.
Sejameba
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4. ojaxuri statusi amerikelebisTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs saganmanaT
leblo miswrafebebisa da monapovrebis gansazRvraSi, Tumca, profesiul
statuss SesaZleblobaTa srtuqtura (skolidan dawyebuli) gansazRvravs.
5. siRaribis donem amerikaSi sagrZnoblad aiwia 1980-90-ian wlebSi. gavrcele
buli rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod, RaribTa umravlesoba TeTrkaniania, bevri
maTgani ar Rebulobs keTildReobis daxmarebas da ar cxovrobs Sig qalaqeb
Si. yvelaze ufro Raribebi arian bavSvebi, Semdeg _ martoxela qalebi, rom
lebic sakuTar ojaxs marto uZRvebian.
6. umweoTa jgufSi yvelaze ufro swrafad mzardi jgufi momuSave adamianebis
jgufia _ eseni arian qalebi da mamakacebi, romelTa xelfasebic arasakma
risia sakvebis, TavSesafris, tansacmlis da sxva pirveli moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad.
7. SeerTebul StatebSi daxmarebas 14 milioni adamiani iRebs, maTi 2/3 bavSvia,
TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani martoxela dedebis raodenoba TiTqmis Tanabaria.
bevri qali saxelmwifosgan daxmarebas iRebs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mu
Saobs kidec.
8. komunaluri getoebis hipergetoebad transformirebam xeli Seuwyo Sua qa
laqis mosaxle afro-amerikelebis gaRaribebas. uilsoni amas miawers urba
nuli ekonomikis struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebsa (gansakuTrebiT `lurj
xalaTianTa~ samuSaobisa da gamyidvelis samsaxurebis Semcirebas, riTac
SesaZlebelia cxovrebisaTvis sakmarisi xelfasis miReba da ar saWiroebs
umaRles ganaTlebas) da getoSi mcxovrebi Raribebis socialur izolacias.
Tumca, es problemebi SeiZleba agreTve gamoiwvios rasobrivma diskrimina
ciam da socializaciam.
9. siRaribis socialuri axsna xazs usvams socialuri klasis struqturas, eli
tis Zalauflebasa da aramaterialuris (prestiJi da moraluri Rirebule
bebi), iseve, rogorc materialuris (simdidre da Zalaufleba) mniSvnelobas.
10. marqsi aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoeba dayofilia klasebad ekonomikur struq
turaSi adamianebis rolis mixedviT (warmoebasTan maTi damokidebulebis
mixedviT). devisi da muri xazs usvamdnen uTanasworobis rols funqciuri
integraciis xelSewyobis sakiTxSi. veberma wamoayena azri, rom klasobrivi
dayofa mravalganzomilebiani movlenaa, romelic warmoadgens simdidrisa
da Semosavlis, Zalauflebis (pirovnebis SesaZlebloba gavlena moaxdinos
sxvaTa qmedebaze), kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da prestiJis anarekls. yvela
es faqtori _ klasobrivi struqtura, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura _ qmnis socialuri qmedebis saSualebebsa da barierebs.
imsjeleT
320
uflebaze da devisi-muris damokidebuleba funqcionaluri integraciis
koncefciaze.
3. ra rols TamaSobs prestiJi socialuri klasificirebis sakiTxSi?
4. rogor qmnis amerikul klasobriv struqutras simdidre da Semosavali?
5. CamoTvaleT socialuri mobilobis ramdenime ZiriTadi winapiroba.
6. daaxasiaTeT amerikeli Raribi.
7. Tqveni azriT, riT SeiZleba aixsnas usaxlkaroTa mzardi ricxvi?
iazrovneT kritikulad
sityvari
321
klasobrivi dayofis daxuruli sistema _ socialuri klasifikaciis sistema,
romelSic rTuli an SeuZlebelia socialur iererqiaSi aRmasvla. mas uwode
ben daxurul klasobriv sistemasac.
korporaciuli klasi _ im adamianebisagan Semdgari socialuri klasi, romel
Tac aqvT didi biurokratiuli Zalaufleba ZiriTad korporaciebSi (da
xelisuflebaSi) umetesad ara am korporaciebis sakuTrebis safuZvelze.
Semosavali _ is, rasac xalxi gamoimuSavebs garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
dasaqmebis an investirebis gziT.
dabali klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelic moicavs xalxTa jgufs sakuTrebis ga
reSe, umeteswilad umuSevarni, romelTac ara aqvT Zalaufleba da prestiJi.
saSualo klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelic moicavs adamianTa im jgufebs, rom
lebic floben SedarebiT mcire sakuTrebas, magram maTi saqmianoba uzrunvel
yofs maT saSualo SemosavliT, prestiJiTa da avtoritetiT. saSualo klasis
dayofa SesaZlebelia zeda da qveda saSualo qvejgufebad.
klasobrivi dayofis Ria sistema _ es is sistemaa, romelsac ar gaaCnia bevri wi
naaRmdegoba socialuri mobilobis TvalsazrisiT, poziciis mopoveba xdeba
Rirsebis safuZvelze da adamianis wodeba dakavSirebulia mis individualur
miRwevebze.
prestiJi _ socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema an dafaseba, romelic eniWeba ada
mians yvela im Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac sazogadoeba maRal Se
fasebas aZlevs.
socialuri klasi _ adamianebi, romlebic dganan socialuri klasifikaciis
sistemis erTsa da imave doneze.
socialuri mobiloba _ adamianTa gadaadgileba erTi socialuri poziciidan
meoreSi, zemoT an qvemoT.
klasobrivi dayofa _ sazogadoebis danawevreba adamianTa fenebad, romelTac
aqvT resursis araTanabari raodenoba.
struqturuli mobiloba _ sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi profesiebis rao
denobisa da saxeobebis cvlileba im mSromelTa raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi,
romelTac maTi Sesrulebis unari SeswevT.
maRali klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelsac qmnian mdidari ojaxebi. didi qone
ba maT did Zalauflebasac aniWebs.
materialuri keTildReoba _ (simdidre) is, rasac xalxi flobs da SeuZlia mo
maval Taobebs gadasces.
muSaTa klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelsac qmnian Raribi adamianebi. isini yidian
TavianT Sromas Tavis gadasarCenad, samuSao aZlevs maT dabal Semosavals da
dabal prestiJs. muSaTa klasis adaminebs ar gaaCniaT aranairi avtoriteti.
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Tavi 8
rasa da eTnosi
kulturuli mravalferovneba
. erovneba: emigranti . rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi
multikulturuli amerika
. afro-amerikelebi . laTino-amerikelebi
. mkvidri amerikelebi . aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi
CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
mtkice moqmedeba
323
324
C rdiloeT karolinis universitetSi arsebobs erTi Zveli tradicia: damam
Tavrebeli kursis studentebi universitets saCuqars utoveben. studen
tebma, romlebic 1987 wels amTavrebdnen universitets, cnobil skulptors Seuk
veTes qandakeba, romelic studentur cxovrebas asaxavda da romelic axladgaxsnili
biblioTekis win daidgmeboda. qandakeba 1990 wlis Semodgomaze dadges, rasac
dauyovnebliv mohyva protesti. qandakeba gamosaxavda studentTa jgufs, sadac
ori, aSkarad afro-amerikeli studenti eria. erT maTgans Tavze wigni edo da ise
inarCunebda wonasworobas, xolo meore, TiTis wverze kalaTburTis burTs atri
alebda. aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli studenti sadad iyo Cacmuli da xelSi vio
lino ekava. mravali studentis azriT, qandakeba mxars uWerda rasobriv da eTni
kur stereotipebs. afro-amerikeli studentebi sportsmenebad (da aqedan
gamomdinare ara `seriozul~ studentebad) iyvnen warmodgenilni, romelTa fesve
bi `primitiuli~ kulturidan modioda (warmodgenili Savkaniani qaliT, romelsac
Tavze tvirTi adevs), xolo aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli studenti uineteresosa
da ambiciuri adamianis STabeWdilebas tovebda. moqandakis mcdelobam, daeWira
rasobrivi da eTnikuri gansxvavebebis detalebi, sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo.
aRSfoTeba kidev ufro gaizarda, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom viRacas afro-
amerikeli studentis qandakeba waeqcia da burTi moepara. vandalebis dakaveba
dRemde ver moxerxda. aravin icis, vin Caidina es saqcieli _ TeTrkanianma ra
sistebma, romlebic ganawyenebulebi darCenen afro-amerikeli studentebis mox
vedriT am qandakebaSi, Tu afro-amerikelma studentebma, romlebmac amgvarad
gamoxates protesti stereotipis winaaRmdeg. saCivrebisa da ukmayofilebis tal
Ram universitetis administracia aiZula, qandakeba sxva, ufro naklebSesamCnev
adgilas (studenturi sacxovreblis teritoriaze) gadaetanaT.
arc 1987 wlis kursdamTavrebulebi, arc fakulteti da arc administracia
ar moeloda amgvar reaqcias. studentebma specialurad sTxoves moqandakes,
gaeTvaliswinebina universitetis multikulturuli imiji. rodesac moqandakes
sTxoven, warmoadginos sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebi SezRudul
sivrceSi, is gverds ver auvlis kulturul stereotipebs. aucilebeli araa, rom
stereotipebi yovelTvis uaryofiT datvirTvas atarebdes. sxva kolejebisa da
universitetebis msgavsad, CrdiloeT karolinis universiteti xels uwyobs, raTa
mwvrTnelebma moZebnon kalaTburTis varskvlavebi, romelTa didi nawili Savka
niania. universitets arsebobisaTvis sWirdeba Tanxebi, kalaTburTiT ki SeiZleba
am Tanxis nawilis gamomuSaveba da kursdamTavrebulebi, kanonmdeblebi da sxvebi
ufro met fuls gascemen universitetisaTvis, rodesac misi gundi igebs. sportu
li stipendiebi saSualebas aZlevs socialurad daucvel studnetebs eTnikuri
umciresobebis jgufebidan, iswavlon kolejSi, risi saSualebac maT ar eqnebo
daT stipendiebis gareSe. aravin, arc Savkaniani da arc TeTrkaniani, ar gamoTqvams
protests, rodesac gundi igebs. universiteti aseve daeZebs studentebs, romle
bic gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian maTematikaSi, bunebismetyvelebasa da musikaSi.
maTgan bevria aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli. aravin gamoTqvams protetsts maT
325
CaricxvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic eyrdnoba maRal Sefasebas. ufro metic,
bevri afro-amerikeli studenti amayobs sakuTari warmomavlobiT da, Sesabamis
ad, bevri aziuri warmoSobis studenti amayobs, rom isini ufro mowesrigebulebi
da organizebulebi arian, vidre maTi amerikeli Tanatolebi.
CrdiloeT karolinis univeristeti gamonaklisi ar aris. qandakebasTan dakav
Sirebuli incidenti erT-erTi gamovlinebaa im rasobrivi da eTnikuri dapirispi
rebis talRisa, romelmac 1990-ian wlebSi amerikis kolejebi da universitetebi
moicva. aseTi SemTxvevebi im faqtis gamoZaxilia, rom amerika, romelic eTniku
rad gansxvavdeba Tavisi sawyisisagan, axla ufro metad vidre odesme, warmoad
gens multikulturul sazogadoebas. rasobrivi da eTnikuri uTanasworoba Cveni
qveynis erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa. amave dros, kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba
warmoadgens amerikis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier mxaresa da Semoqmedebis wyaros.
kiTxva, Tu ras niSnavs iyo `amerikeli~ (iseve, rogorc rasobrivi da eTnikuri
uTanasworobis mizezis dadgenis sakiTxi), dRemde ar aris gadaWrili.
es Tavi kulturuli mravalferovnebis wyaros ganxilviT iwyeba da Semdeg
aqcenti keTdeba emigrantebis mniSvnelobaze amerikis istoriaSi. amis Semdeg
gavarkvevT, Tu ra saxis damokidebuleba arsebobs sazogadoebaSi Tavisi kultu
riT gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris. es Zalauflebisa da socialuri struqturis
sakiTxia. bolos yuradRebas SevaCerebT oTx yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufze:
afro-amerikelebze, laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebze, mkvidr amerikelebsa da
aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebze da ganvixilavT, Tu ramdenad arian TiToeuli
jgufis wevrebi funqciurad gaerTianebulni amerikuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebSi. vimsjelebT agreTve socio-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Sedegebzec.
kulturuli mravalferovneba
erovneba: emigranti
326
saukuneSi pirveli dasaxlebebi Seqmnes, agreTve 600000-mde afrikeli monisa da im
espenelebisa da frangebis STamomavlebi, romlebic dasavleTisa da aRmosavle
Tis mimarTulebiT SeerTebuli Statebis gafarToebis Sedegad SeuerTdnen qvey
nis mosaxleobas.