saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli

Stabis, wvrTnebisa da samxedro ganaTlebis

sardlobis Tavdacvis erovnuli akademia

polkovniki daviT maRlakeliZe

erekle meoris samxedro xelovneba

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori elver kupataZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori Tedo dundua

Tbilisi
2010

2
 S e s a v a l i
saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze uxdeboda
sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTva TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis.
mtris gamudmebul Tavdasxmebs ganapirobebda saqarTvelos
geopolitikuri mdgomareoba da mis irgvliv myofi saxelmwifoTa
strategia, rac miznad isaxavda saqarTveloze zewolas da amiT kavkasiis
regionis dauflebas (interesi gamowveuli iyo saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis ,,abreSumis didi gziT~ da saqarTvelos bunebriv-
geografiuli pirobebiT). aRniSnuli problema yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo
saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis manZilze da dResac pirvelxarisxovani
mniSvneloba eniWeba. es dausrulebeli politikuri procesebi Sesabamis
asaxvas poulobda samxedro dapirispirebebSi. aRniSnul brZolebSi
warmatebis mosapoveblad mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT im mebrZolebs,
romlebic, TavianTi simamaciT, individualuri sabrZolo xelovnebis
ileTebis codniT da taqtikur moqmedebaTa elementebis gonivruli
gamoyenebiT, mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdegesTan imarjvebdnen. aseTi
magaliTebi mravladaa Semonaxuli istoriul wyaroebsa da
istoriografiaSi. ra Tqma unda, iyo damarcxebebic sxvadasxva mizezTa
gamo, magram qarTvelTa brZolas gadarCenisTvis sistematiuri xasiaTi
hqonda.
epoqebis mixedviT sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri procesebis
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad viTardeboda sabrZolo iaraRisa da TavdacviTi
saSualebebis warmoeba, safortifikacio nagebobebis mSeneblobebi.
yovelivem zegavlena iqonia brZolebis warmarTvis formebsa da
meTodebze. aqedan gamomdinare, ufro daxvewili da srulyofili xdeboda
samxedro xelovneba, razec misi ganmarteba miuTiTebs: samxedro
xelovnebis istoria samxedro istoriis Semadgeneli nawilia. is ikvlevs
SeiaraRebuli brZolis warmoqmnisa da warmarTvis formebisa da xerxebis
ganviTarebas. igi ganazogadebs warsuli omebis gamocdilebas, gviCvenebs
samxedro xelovnebis ganviTarebis process da amJRavnebs mis

3
kanonzomierebebs, riTac xels uwyobs Tanamedove samxedro Teoriis
ganviTarebas (155, 301).
imis gamo, rom qarTveli xalxi Tvisi arsebobis istoriis manZilze,
sxvadasxva juris dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg gamudmebiT brZolebs
awarmoebda da mSvidobianobis periodebi Zalze xanmokle iyo, amitom
Cveni samSoblos istoria faqtiurad ,,omebis istoriaa~, rogorc amas
samarTlianad aRniSnaven mecnier-istorikosebi.
qarTl-kaxeTis saxelovani mefis, erekle II-is samxedro xelovnebis
warmoCena, mravalsaukunovani samxedro xelovnebis istoriis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, samxedro-patriotuli kuTxiT, aqtualuri da saintereso
sakiTxia.
erekle II, 15 wlis asakidan moyolebuli, sicocxlis bolomde
mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdeges ebrZoda. igi ara mxolod mamaci da
uSiSari meomari, aramed qarTl-kaxeTis samefos brwyinvale
mxedarTmTavari iyo.
erekle II-m qveynisaTvis saWiro da metad sasargeblo samxedro
reformebi ganaxorciela. mefis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli mudmivi jaris
msgavsi SeiaraRebuli organizaciis, e.w. `morige jaris~ Seqmna,
sadroSoTa sistemis (imdroindeli samxedro olqebis. Tumca olqi
gacilebiT bevrad met farTobs moicavs vidre sadroSo iyo)
organizaciis srulyofa, zarbaznebis Camomsxmeli, Tof-iaraRis
damamzadebeli qarxnebis gaxsna, sazarbazne Wurvebisa da tyvia-wamlis
warmoeba, axali cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba, Zvelebis SekeTeba, samxedro
dazvervis sistemis organizeba, sayaraulo samsaxuris masStabebis
gafarToeba da srulyofa. agreTve mTeli rigi sxva sakiTxebis gadaWra,
romlebmac saboloo jamSi mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebas da gareSe mtrebis masobrivi
Tavdasxmebis warmatebiT mogeriebasa da damarcxebas.
erekle II yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa saxelmwifoSi, daenerga is
siaxleebi da miRwevebi, rasac im droisaTvis adgili hqonda ruseTsa da
evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSi. amitom samxedro saqmis specialistebs,
rogorc ucxoelebs, ise qarTvelebs (romlebsac saTanado codna da
4
gamocdileba gaaCndaT ruseTis jarSi samsaxurisa) TavisTan iwvevda da
xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida muSaobisaTvis.
igi ara marto gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo, aramed Tavis
epoqis didi mxedarTmTavaric, romelic gaizarda qarTuli samxedro
xelovnebis tradiciebze. misi, rogorc brwyinvale sardlis,
CamoyalibebaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula samxedro laSqrobebSi
SeZenilma sabrZolo gamocdilebam, evropuli da aziuri qveynebis
samxedro xelovnebis gacnobam.
mefe ereklem sruliad samarTlianad daimkvidra saxeli iseTi
saxelovani mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis gverdiT, rogoric iyvnen:
farnavazi, vaxtang gorgasali, daviT aRmaSenebeli, giorgi saakaZe da
sxvebi.
erekle II-m didi da mcire masStabis 100-ze meti brZola gadaixada,
romelTagan umravlesoba misi brwyinvale gamarjvebiT damTavrda. XVIII
saukunis II naxevarSi misi saxeli ganTqmuli iyo rogorc aRmosavleTSi,
ise dasavleTSi.
samxedro xelovnebis principebis gamoyenebiT erekle mefem mravali
brZola STambeWdavi gamarjvebiT daasrula. am brZolebis analizi
cxadyofs, rom igi brwyinvale samxedro taqtikosi iyo, romlis saxelTan
samarTlianadaa dakavSirebuli qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis
ganviTareba XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.
miuxedavad mefe erekle II-is didi sabrZolo damsaxurebisa, dRemde
misi samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb erTiani mecnieruli gamokvleva ar
arsebobs, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zogierTi mkvlevaris naSromebs,
romlebSic erekle II-is sardlobiT Catarebuli esa Tu is brZola
umTavresad ganxilulia samxedro istoriis kuTxiT. kerZod,
al. gorgaZes, iv. SaiSmelaSvilsa da a. klimiaSvils srulyofilad ar
aqvT Seswavlili erekle II-is mier gatarebuli samxedro reformebi,
principebi da brZolebis taqtikuri formebi. Cvens istoriografiaSi am
naklis arseboba mniSvnelovnad zrdis winamdebare sakvlevi Temis
aqtualobas. sadoqtoro disertacia swored am naklis Sevsebis cdas
warmoadgens.
5
 sadisertacio naSromis miznad davisaxeT, kompleqsurad Segveswavla
XVIII saukunis me-2 naxevarSi mefe erekle II-is samxedro-politikuri
moRvaweoba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi samxedro xelovneba, warmogveCina da
konkretulad gagveSuqebina Semdegi problemuri sakiTxebi:
1. erekle II-is samxedro-reformatoruli moRvaweoba (RonisZiebani
SeiaraRebis, sabrZolo masalebis sawarmoeblad da sainJinro-TavdacviTi
nagebobebis mosawyobad; SeiaraRebuli organizaciis (morige jaris)
Seqmna; samxedro dazvervisa da sayaraulo (saguSago) samsaxuris
organizeba);
2. erekle II-is umniSvnelovanesi brZolebi: yarabaRSi, yirbulaxSi,
mWadijvrisa da yvarlis cixeebTan, aspinZis brZola;
3. erekle mefis roli XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli
samxedro xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi, evropisa da aziis qveynebSi samxedro
strategiasa da taqtikaSi momxdari cvlilebebis fonze.
pirvelad Cvens sadisertacio naSromSi axleburad, Seswavlilia
erekle II-is samxedro moRvaweobis periodSi (1735 – 1795 ww.), mis mier
Setanili wvlili qarTul samxedro xelovnebaSi. gansakuTrebiT
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia am saxelovani mefis mier gamarjvebiT
damTavrebul mniSvnelovan brZolebze, maTi analizis safuZvelze
Seswavlili da warmoCenilia taqtikuri moqmedebebis Semadgeneli
elementebi, romelTa unariani gamoyenebiT brwyinvale gamarjvebebi iqna
mopovebuli. Seswavlili iqna im brZanebebisa da gankargulebebis
punqtebi, romlebic TavianTi SinaarsiT Tanamedrove sabrZolo
(sabrZolo brZanebebi, gankargulebebi, direqtivebi) dokumentebs
miesadageba.
sadisertacio naSromze muSaobisas kritikulad SeviswavleT
sakvlevi problemis irgvliv arsebuli masalebi, dokumentebi da
literatura. Cvens mier pirvelad iqna SemuSavebuli da mecnierulad
dasabuTebuli erekle II-is droindeli sadazvervo sistemis organizebis,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqtura da sabrZolo moqmedebis sqemebi.
sadisertacio naSromSi siaxles warmoadgens brZolis procesis
maTematikuri modelirebis meTodebis gamoyeneba (lanCesteris
6
gantolebebi), romlis realizacia ganxorcielda kompiuterSi. misi
saSualebiT davadgineT uSualod brZolebSi monawile dapirispirebul
mxareTa raodenoba, danakargebi da sxva. Cven ar SeudgebiT maT analizs,
avRniSnavT mxolod imas, Tu ris saSualebas gvaZleven isini.
Tu or mowinaaRmdege mxares gaaCnia raime sabrZolo saSualebebi
(cecxlsasroli iaraRi an sxva SeiaraReba), brZolis mimdinareobisas
xdeba am erTeulebis raodenobrivi cvlilebebi _ realurad kleba.
gantolebebi gvaZleven saSualebas aRiweros Tu rogori kanonzomierebiT
xdeba am erTeulTa kleba.
vTqvaT erT mxares hyavs 100 erTeuli, meores 120, maTi kleba
SeiZleba xdebodes sxvadasxva kanonzomierebiT. magaliTad ase:

# mxareebis sabrZolo erTeulebis raodenoba sxvadasxva etapze

# sawyis etapze T1 droSi T2 droSi T3 droSi T4 droSi T5 droSi
1 100 99. 77 99. 54 99. 31 99. 09 98. 87
2 120 119 118 117 116. 01 115. 02

an sxva wesiT. am mimdevrobidan bevri daskvnis gakeTeba xerxdeba,

xolo TviT masze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva garemoeba. yovelive amis
aRwera xdeba xsenebuli gantolebebiT. amiT SegviZlia viangariSoT
ramdeni erTeuli darCeba erT mxares, rodesac meore mxare (pirobiTad
susti) srulad ganadgurdeba an ganadgurdeba misi es Tu is nawili.
amrigad, Tu viciT mxareTa Zalebis raodenobebi da maTi Tvisebrivi
maxasiaTeblebi, am gantolebebis saSualebiT SegviZlia aRvadginoT
realobasTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli suraTi mimdinare procesisa.
Tumca am dros warmoiqmneba bevri sirTule. aRvniSnavT zogierT maTgans,
romelic CvenTvis arsebiTia.
brZola rTuli procesia, romlis mimdinareobisas zemoaRniSnuli
,,garemoebani~ xSirad icvlebian. zogjer brZolis procesSi CaerTvebian
damatebiTi Zalebi, zogjer Seicvleba mebrZolTa brZolisunarianoba,
zogjer procesSi aRiniSneba garkveuli pauza, da a.S. es cvlilebebi

7
iwveven gantolebebSi Semavali e.w. parametrebis cvlilebebs, aRniSnuli
garemoebaTa gamo am gantolebebis erTiani amoxsna aRar xerxdeba. amitom
aseT SemTxvevaSi viqceviT Semdegnairad: mTel process davyofT
ramdenime etapad. TiToeuli etapis SigniT parametrebi ar icvlebian da
amitom advilia Sedegebis gaangariSeba, mag:Yyirbulaxis brZolis
raodenobrivi analizi, (danarTi #2, 163). Semdeg etapze miiReba axali
sawyisi pirobebi da kvlav movaxdenT gaTvlebis Catarebas, da a.S., magram
kvlav warmoiSoba axali siZneleebi. rogor Seicvlebian parametrebi?, Tu
brZolisas iqneba pauza, ramden xans gastans is? da sxva.
am SemTxvevaSi vsargeblobT kompiuteris SesaZleblobebiT da
gaTvlebs vatarebT sxvadasxva variantebiT. miRebul Sedegebs vadarebT
sakontrolo ricxvebs, romelsac cnobili istoriuli monacemebidan
viRebT. Tu damTxveva moxdeba, Cvens mier miRebuli varianti, romelmac
dadebiTi Sedegi mogvca, Semdgomi kvlevis safuZvlad daideba. rig
SemTxvevaSi erTi aseTi monacemic ki Zvirfas samsaxurs gviwevs.
samwuxarod, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac absoluturad aranairi ricxvi ar
mogvepoveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi miRebuli Sedegebis analizi xdeba
eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodiT. saxelmZRvaneloSi ,,marTvelobiTi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoria da praqtika~, eqspertuli Sefasebis
meTodi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: ,,eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodi
gulisxmobs problemis eqspertuli analizis CatarebiT raodenobriv
Sefasebas da eqspertiziT miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebas~ (166, 254).
aq Cven TviT es gantolebebi da miTumetes misi amoxsnebi Segnebulad
ar mogvyavs, gvindoda mxolod maTi arsi da SesaZleblobebi
warmogveCina.
bolos ki naCvenebia XVIII saukuneSi evropis, aziis da saqarTvelos
samxedro strategiisa da taqtikis SedarebiTi analizi. aseve erekle II-is
sabrZolo damsaxureba da mis mier Setanili mniSvnelovani wvlili
qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
sadisertacio naSromi da masSi warmodgenili kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes: d. aRmaSeneblis saxelobis Tavdacvis
erovnuli akademiis msmenelebTan, agreTve, Zalovani uwyebebis profilis
8
saswavleblebSi saqarTvelos omebisa da samxedro xelovnebis istoriis
swavlebisas, umaRlesi saswavleblebis humanitarul fakultetebze,
saqarTvelos istoriis kursis kiTxvisas; brZolis procesis maTematikuri
modelirebis nimuSi qmnis baziss am mimarTulebiT momavali kvlevebis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
naSromis qronologiuri CarCo, 1735-1795 wlebs, erekle II-is samxedro
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis periods moicavs. qveda mijnad aviReT
erekles xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli pirveli brZola, xolo zeda
mijnad _ 1795 weli, radgan mefe _ sardali sicocxlis bolomde ibrZoda
da eweoda samxedro moRvaweobas.
naSromis meTodologiuri baza efuZneba istoriis obieqtur gagebas,
faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi midgomis kritikul-analitikuri meTods,
samxedro xelovnebis principebis kvlevas da aRiarebas.
ZiriTadi masalebi (sul 4 samecniero statia) gamoqveynebulia
Tavdacvis erovnuli akademiis referirebul samecniero JurnalSi
,,akademiis Sromebi", #2, #3.
moxsenebebi disertaciis TemasTan dakavSirebiT wakiTxulia
Tavdacvis erovnul akademiaSi, adiunqtebisa (aspirantebis) da samecniero
xarisxis maZieblebis samxedro-samecniero konferenciebze, sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelovan TariRebTan dakavSirebiT.
naSromis struqtura gansazRvrulia sadisertacio kvlevis miznebiT
da amocanebiT. Sedgeba Sesavlis, literaturis mimoxilvis, sami Tavis, 10
paragrafis, daskvnis, sqemebis, danarTis, gamoyenebuli literaturis
CamonaTvalisa da Sinaarsisagan. saerTo moculoba Seadgens
kompiuteruli teqstis 177 nabeWd gverds, sadac mocemulia: teqsti – 151
gv, sadazvervo sistemis sqema - 1, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqtura - 1,
sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis sqema - 5, sabrZolo wyobebis sqema – 4
danarTi – 4 gv, damowmebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis nusxa – 10 gv,
Sinaarsi – 1gv.

9
 wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva
wyaroebi _ erekle II Tavisi mravalmxrivi moRvaweobiT
popularuli da gamorCeuli moRvawea ara mxolod aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, aramed mTel saqarTvelos
istoriaSi. erekle mefis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb uamravi wyaro arsebobs.
TavianTi xasiaTiT, SinaarsiTa da specifikurobiT es wyaroebi SeiZleba
ramdenime jgufad davyoT: pirvel jgufs qarTul enaze arsebuli
wyaroebi Seadgenen, meore jgufs – rusul enaze Sedgenili wyaroebi,
mesames jgufs dasavleT evropuli unda mivakuTvnoT, meoTxes – somxuri,
mexuTes _ Turquli da meeqvses iranul enebze arsebuli wyaroebi. ra
Tqma unda, wyaroebis aseTi klasifikacia pirobiTia.
pirvel jgufSi Semavali wyaroebidan, upirveles yovlisa,
aRsaniSnavia mefeebis Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is mier gamocemuli
brZanebebi, samefo darbazis dadgenilebebi, werilebi qveynis maRali
saero Tu sasuliero Tanamdebobis pirebTan, mimowerebi sazRvargareTis
saxelmwifoebis mefeebTan, elCebTan, sxvadasxva rangis pasuxismgebel
moxeleebTan. dasaxelebuli wyaroebi inaxeba saqarTvelos centralur
saxelmwifo arqivSi, xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa Dda Telavis
g. CubiniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo eTnografiul muzeumSi.
erekle II-is mefobis garkveuli periodi, vidre XVIII saukunis 50-iani
wlebis Suaxnebamde sainteresod aqvs aRwerili papuna orbelians Tavis
naSromSi - `ambavni qarTlisani~ (41), romelic Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis
aRniSnul periodSi erekle mefis mravalxrivi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
erekle mefis moRvaweobis erT-erT mniSvnelovani wyaroa oman
xerxeuliZis Txzuleba _ `mefoba irakli meorisa~ (47). Txzulebis
qronologiuri CarCoebia 1722-1787 wlebi. avtoris ZiriTad mizans
warmoadgens erekle II-is moRvaweobis Sefaseba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
uSualod aris dakavSirebuli aRniSnuli periodis qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos politikuri da socialuri istoriis gadmocemasTan.
dasaxelebuli pirvelwyaros erT-erT Rirsebad isic unda CaiTvalos,
rom o. xerxeuliZe mis mier aRwerili istoriuli movlenebis didi
nawilis TviTmxilveli da Tanamedrovea.
10
 pirvelwyaroebidan sayuradReboa daviT, bagrat (27) da Teimuraz (29)
batoniSvilebis naSromebi, agreTve ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasoba~ (30)
da `sjuldeba~ (31), aseve vaxuSti bagrationis naSromebi (33-35).
erekle II-is moRvaweobis rusuli wyaroebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani
nawili qarTveli mkvlevarebis (v. maWaraZe, i. cincaZe, g. paiWaZe da sxvebi)
mieraa gamocemuli saTanado komentarebiT, umTavresad politikuri,
diplomatiuri da samxedro sakiTxebiT aris warmodgenili. maTgan
pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT a. cagarelis `sigelebis~ I da II tomi
(51), maTSi uamravi xasiaTis cnobebia motanili, romelTa kompleqsuri
Seswavla-gaanalizebis Semdeg erekle II-is mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba
ufro TvalsaCinod ikveTeba. Eerekle mefis samxedro-politikuri
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani masalebia daculi ruseTis
federaciis centralur saxelmwifo samxedro-istoriuli, sagareo
politikisa da saxelmwifo sabWos arqivebsa da fondebSi, romelTa
udidesi raodenoba aRniSnul problemebze momuSave mkvlevarebma, didi
xania, Semoitanes samecniero brunvaSi.
erekle II-is mier gatarebuli samxedro-administraciuli
RonisZiebebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebas, gadmocemulia i. doliZis naSromSi
,,qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~ (38).
kavkasiisa da kerZod, qarTl-kaxeTis axali istoriisaTvis masalebi
ramdenime wignad gamosca p. butkovma (49). pirvelwyarosOTvalsazrisiT,
interess iwvevs qarTveli mefeebis ruseTis xelmwifeebTan mimowera,
romelic rusul enazea gamocemuli (50).
qarTveli mefis - erekle II-is moRvaweobasa da warmatebebs didi
interesiT adevnebda Tvals ruseTis imperia, romlis dadasturebaa XVIII
s-is ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis amsaxveli sabuTebi. gamoqveynebuli
cnobebi erekle II-is Sesaxeb gamocemuli aqvs profesor i. cincaZes (45).
dasavleT evropuli wyaroebidan yuradRebas ipyrobs germaneli
mecnierisa da mogzauris giuldenStedtis mier motanili metad
saintereso cnobebi XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da, kerZod,
erekle II-is moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (36,37).
11
 franguli wyaroebidan sainteresoa kapitan de grai de fuasa da
frangi komersantis peisonelis cnobebi, romlebic, germanuli masalebis
msgavsad Targmnilia qarTulad (39).
evropuli cnobebi erekle II-is Sesaxeb gamoaqveyna cnobilma
mecnierma, profesorma d. SveliZem, romelSic saTanado komentarebiT
mocemulia ZiriTadad ,,sankt-peterburgskie vedomostSi”
konstantinopolidan, smirnadan, veneciidan miRebuli cnobebi. amaTgan
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT yuradRebas ipyrobs Svedi oficris gustav
Fferdinand gillenramis mier Sekrebili informaciebi (132).
osmaluri wyaroebidan erekle mefis moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad
mniSvnelovania Turqulidan qarTul enaze Targmnili dokumentebi (44).
erekle II-is samxedro politikuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo
cnobebia somexi istorikosebis ioseb eminis, leosa da abraam erevancis
naSromebSi.
Cvens mier dasaxelebul sxvadasxva jgufSi klasificirebuli
wyaroebi, ra Tqma unda, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba TavianTi sandoobiT,
SinaarsiT da moculobiT.
wyaroebs ganekuTvneba agreTve rusuli da evropis qveynebis presaSi
gamoqveynebuli werilebi erekle II-is moRvaweobaze, ama Tu im kuTxiT,
xalxuri Tqmulebebi da zepirsityvieri gadmocemebi.
istoriografia _ rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erekle II-is moRvaweoba
metad mravalmxrivia. saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi daviT IV
aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis Semdeg erT-erTi popularuli pirovnebaa.
amitom, bunebrivia, rom am saxelmwifo moRvawisa da saxelovani
mxedarTmTavris cxovrebas uamravi samecniero gamokvleva, narkvevi da
sxvadasxva xasiaTis naSromi mieZRvna. maTi saerTo raodenoba ramdenime
aseuls aRemateba. Cveni mizani ar aris maTi sruli analizi. Cvens mTavar
amocanas erekle mefis samxedro xelovnebis Seswavla warmoadgens.
aqedan gamomdinare, upiratesad im naSromebs daeTmoba yuradReba,
romelSic misi samxedro-reformatoruli moRvaweoba, samefos
Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkiceba, samxedro-diplomatiuri saqmianoba da,
rac mTavaria, mis mier Catarebuli brZolebi, samxedro strategia da
12
taqtikaa aRwerili.
marTalia, saqarTvelos istoria, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli,
omebisa da ganuwyveteli brZolebis istoriaa, magram, samwuxarod, dRemde
ar Seqmnila srulyofili samxedro istoria, miTumetes, saqarTvelos
samxedro xelovnebis istoria. Tumca am TvalsazrisiT ramdenime
sayuradRebo naSromi mogvepoveba.
erekle II-is samxedro xelovnebas Seexo samxedro mecnierebis
doqtori general-leitenanti, akademikosi i. jorjaZe (148), Tumca mas
specialurad, dawvrilebiT ar Seuswavlia mefis mier gadaxdili
brZolebi. erekle mefis brZolebis SedarebiT vrceli analizi, misi
samxedro strategia da taqtika aRwerili aqvs a. gorgaZes (69), romelic
erekle II-s msoflios genialur mxedarTmTavarTa kuTxiT warmogvidgens
da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs mis wvlils qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis
ganviTarebaSi.
calkeuli brZolebis analizis safuZvelze erekle mefis samxedro
xelovnebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli general-maior
i. SaiSmelaSvilis naSromSi (130).
erekle II iyo Tavis drois didi sardali da samxedro moRvawe. misi
xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli ramdenime brZola samxedro xelovnebis
nimuSs warmoadgens. amitom bunebrivia, rom mkvlevarebma specialuri
naSromebi miuZRvnes erekle mefis mier gadaxdil mniSvnelovan brZolebs.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis centrSi moeqca aspinZis brZola,
romelic Cvens mkvlevar-mecnierebs umTavresad samxedro istoriis
kuTxiT aqvT gaSuqebuli. aRsaniSnavia v. maWaraZis (98), g. qiqoZis (125),
z. WiWinaZis (140) da s. xositaSvilis (141) naSromebi. dasaxelebul
literaturaSi samxedro xelovnebis ramdenime faqtorzea saubari, Tumca
maT jerovani Sefasebebi ara aqvT micemuli. am SromebSi, maTi avtorebi
zogierT sakiTxSi ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs, magram erTsulovnad usvamen
xazs erekle II-is maRal mxedarTmTavrul niWs, mis sabrZolo SemarTebas
da pirad mamacobas.
erekle II-is mier brwyinvale gamarjvebiT Catarebuli mWadijvris,
yvarlisa da aspinZis brZolebis mokle aRwera mocemulia avtorTa
13
koleqtivis mier gamocemul damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi ,,samxedro
swavleba” (54).
aspinZis brZolas Zalze didi rezonansi hqonda ara marto erekle
mefis TanamedroveTa Soris, aramed momdevno epoqaSic. samxedro
TvalsazrisiT, am samxedro operacias ara mxolod istorikosebma
miapyres yuradReba, aramed mwerlebmac. mweralma da sazogado moRvawem
i. gogebaSvilma pirvelwyaroebisa da saTanado literaturis SeswavliT,
aspinZis brZolas naSromi miuZRvna (67), sadac saomar moqmedebaTa
dawyebis mizezebi, misi dinamika sainteresodaa gaSuqebuli. amave sakiTxs
exeba r. erisTavis naSromi (74).
aspinZis omis oras wlisaTvs mieZRvna samecniero sesia, romelic
i. javaxiSvilis sax. axalcixis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumisa da aspinZis
mSromelTa deputatebis raisabWos aRmaskomis TaosnobiT 1970 wlis 20
maiss Catarda aspinZaSi. am sesiis masalebi Tezisebis saxiT daibeWda
(56).
aspinZis omze, omSi monawile glexebisa da calkeuli pirebis
sabrZolo gmirobis Sesaxeb, werilebi daibeWda gaz. ,,iveriasa” da
,,droebaSi” (62, 63, 79, 107, 137).
aspinZis brZolis Sesaxeb sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiebi
gamoqveynda XIX _ XX saukuneebis qarTul presaSi (96, 99, 137, 144).
aspinZis cnobil brZolas mravali leqsi da folklori mieZRvna,
romelic Tavis droze presaSi gamoqveynda (95).
erekle mefis sardlobiT Catarebuli da gamarjvebiT damTavrebul
sxva brZolebze, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, specialurad miZRvnili
erTiani naSromebi ar arsebobs. yvarlis cixisaTvis brZolas naSromi
miuZRvna T. petriaSvilma (110). masSi, pirvelwyaroebsa da samecniero
literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Tanmimdevruladaa aRwerili yvarlis
cnobili brZola, rac garkveulwilad avsebs Cvens istoriografiaSi
arsebul xarvezs. aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle II-is samxedro moRvaweobasa
da mis mier Catarebul brZolebs zogierTma avtorma specialuri naSromi
miuZRvna (69, 88, 89, 141).
erekle mefis nayofieri samxedro moRvaweobidan didad
14
sayuradReboa qarTuli artileriis Seqmnaze zrunva, rasac, praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod didi mniSvneloba qonda
TavdacvisunarianobisaTvis. erekle meoris mefobis periodSi Tof-
zarbaznebisa da sabrZolo masalebis warmoebis sakiTxs Tavis
disertaciaSi Seexo polkovniki m. gogitiZe (68).
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saartilerio warmoebis ganviTarebas
specialuri naSromi miuZRvna mkvlevarma a. klimiaSvilma (87). amave
sakiTxs saJurnalo statiebi miuZRvnes p. RvinaZem (128) da v. maWaraZem (99).
omebisa da brZolebis warmatebiT sawarmoeblad didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba safortifikacio nagebobebs da maT sistemebs. am TvalsazrisiT,
sainteresoa cnobili mecnieris p. zaqaraias naSromebi (75).
erekle mefe ara marto saxelmwifo moRvawe da brwyinvale sardali
iyo, aramed SesaniSnavi diplomatic. misi mefobis xanaSi qarTl-kaxeTis
samefodan ramdenime elCoba gaigzavna ruseTSi, rac specialurad
Seiswavla profesorma i. cincaZem (135,136).
XVIII saukunis ruseT-saqarTvelos (pirvel rigSi, qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos) urTierTobis problema GRrmad da safuZvlianad Seiswavla
profesorma valerian maWaraZem, romlis naSromebSi (100, 101, ) TiTqmis
yvela sakiTxi srulfasovnad, maRal mecnierul donezea Seswavlili.
XVIII saukunis periodis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis
istoriis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs profesorebs g. paiWaZes (109) da
i. tabaRuas (117).
ruseT-amierkavkasiis sagareo urTierTobis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs
o. markovas (164).
erekle II-is samxedro-reformatoruli moRvaweoba, mis mier
Catarebuli mniSvnelovani brZolebi, saxelmwifo, politikuri da
diplomatiuri saqmianoba saTanadodaa gaSuqebuli saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebis IV tomSi (112). erekle mefis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis
sakiTxebi aisaxa rogorc calkeul, ise avtorTa jgufebis mier
gamocemul saqarTvelos istoriis ganmazogadebel naSromebSi (57).
rogorc wina saukuneebSi, ise XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi jaris
15
sabrZolo gawvrTnisa da misi gamZleobis SenarCunebisaTvis mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebda laSqar-nadiroba, romelmac mudmivi jaris
nairsaxeobis-morige jaris Seqmnis gamo Tavis ZiriTadi funqcia dakarga.
es sakiTxebi ganxilulia q. CxataraiSvilis naSromSi (132).
XVIII saukunis ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobis
sakiTxebi ganxilulia e. tartaraSvilis naSromSi (119).
s. qvarianis wignSi (124) yuradReba umTavresad gadatanilia ruseT-
saqarTvelos urTierTobasa da misi mTavrobis politikaze
saqarTveloSi, aqcenti gakeTebulia 1783 wlis traqtatze, rusuli
marTva-gamgeobis damyarebasa da rusi Cinovnikebis TviTnebobaze.

16
 Tavi I. erekle meoris samxedro - reformatoruli
moRvaweoba.
1.1. samxedro-administraciuli reformebi.
XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi politikuri krizisis daZlevis
Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefos avtoriteti metad gazarda iranisa da
ruseTis oficialurma aRiarebam. saxelmwifoSi droebiTma wesrigma
gaafarTova vaWroba, xelosnoba da msubuqi mrewvelobac. ganaxlda
qarTul safortifikacio nagebobaTa mSenebloba (112).
Tumca, jer kidev aRniSnuli saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli,
erekle mefe da mis garSemo myofi moRvaweebi kargad xedavdnen, rom
saqarTvelos feodaluri mmarTveloba CamorCenili iyo da axali drois
moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebda. amitom erekle II da misi momxreni
iZulebuli gaxdnen, ganexorcielebinaT rigi reformebi, romlebic
gamoasworebda saxelmwifos imdroindel savalalo mdgomareobas,
gardaqmnida samoxeleo marTvis aparats, ganamtkicebda mefis
xelisuflebas da ganaviTarebda ekonomikas.
Zveli mmarTvelobis gardaqmnisa da mefis xelisuflebis
gaZlierebisken mimarTul erT-erT mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas
warmoadgenda 1743 wels aragvisa da 1778 wels qsnis saerisTaoebis
gauqmeba, romelTa mosaxleoba uSualod mefis moxeles, mouravs
daeqvemdebara (112, 529). centraluri mmarTvelobis ganmtkicebis mizans
emsaxureboda aseve qarTl-kaxeTis ganapira mxareebis gamgeblobaSi
momxdari cvlilebebi. kerZod, 1755 wels ereklem `yazaxSi xanoba
gaauqma da es qveyana samouravod aqcia, xolo 1765 wlisaTvis borCalo-
baidarsac mefis mouravebi ganagebdnen~ (83, 183). akademikos
n. berZeniSvilis gadmocemiT, zogierTi saTavados moSla, zogis
Semcireba, saglexo kanonebi, myreloba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
dargobrivi danawileba (samxedro, sagareo saqmeTa, sasamarTlo,
mecnierebis ganviTareba) CamorCenil feodalur - Tavadur saxelmwifo
wyobas veRar egueboda da pirobebs amzadebda im politikuri
naxtomisaTvis, romelsac SeeZlo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
17
arseboba gaqrobisagan gadaerCina (60, 137). zemoT CamoTvlili
reformebidan qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos winaSe mwvaved idga mudmivi
jaris Seqmnis problema. samefo karze myofi qarTveli moRvaweebi kargad
xedavdnen, rom im drois saqarTveloSi aseTi jaris Seqmna SeuZlebeli
iyo, radgan mefes ar gaaCnda jaris saWiro amuniciiT momaragebis
saSualeba, arc Tavadebi miscemdnen mefes TavianT ymebs aseTi
laSqrisaTvis.
rogorc cnobilia, 1762 wlis 29 ivniss mefe erekle II-m mamis,
Teimuraz II-is ruseTSi gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavi qarTl-kaxeTis mefed
gamoacxada, ramac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saerTo politikuri
interesebis qveS gaerTianeba ganapiroba. mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda
sagareo da saSinao politikis ukeTesad warmarTvisaTvis, sadac
mniSvnelovan rols mefis mier gatarebuli samxedro-administraciuli
RonisZiebebi gansazRvravda. am RonisZiebebze sruli warmodgena rom
viqonioT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, gavaanalizoT im periodSi arsebuli
sadroSoebisa da maTi sardlebis funqcia-movaleobani, rasac
garkveulwilad Tanamedrove pirobebSic ar daukargavs aqtualoba da
mniSvneloba.
sadroSo Taviseburi samxedro-teritoriuli erTeuli iyo, jer kidev
maSin, rodesac saqarTvelo erT mTlian feodalur monarqias
warmoadgenda. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, saqarTvelo dayofili iqna
oTx sadroSod. Amis Sesaxeb igi ase gadmogvcems: `xolo wesTa amaTTa
iyo yoveli iveria anu giorgia oTx sadroSoT ganyofili, rameTu
winambrZolni iyunen Torelni, cixisjvarelni da axalcixelni, da
mimyolni maTni sruliad mesxni da klarjni, da somxiTisa, romelni
epyraT; xolo memarjvne mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad lixTiqiTi afxaz-
jiqiTurT; memarcxeneT mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad her-kaxni. xolo
mefisa da adamis mpyrobelni qarTvelni da romelni roqiT spani epyrnes
mefesa~ (35 , 22).
rogorc vxedavT, aseT dayofas safuZvlad edo Temobrov-
teritoriuli da samxedro_strategiuli principebi. samxedro wyobis
aseT dayofas, feodaluri urTierTobis pirobebSi, saxelmwifos
18
TavdacvisaTvis uTuod didi mniSvneloba hqonda. sadroSo iqmneboda
teritoriuli principiT, rasac garkveuli upiratesoba gaaCnda.
teritoriis mosaxleni erTmaneTs icnobdnen, adgilmdebareobis reliefi
da buneba kargad hqondaT Seswavlili, cixe-simagreTa ganlageba ukeT
icodnen. garda amisa, maT naTesauri Tu megobruli urTierTobebi
akavSirebdaT. rac mTavaria, zemoT moyvanili yvela aspeqti ganapirobebda
saxelmwifos Tavdacvisa Tu sxva saWiro SemTxvevisaTvis jaris
saswrafod mobilizebas.
rodesac erTiani saqarTvelo samefo-samTavroebad daiSala,
saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba Zveli wesze darCa. samxedro organizaciac am
wesis Tavisebur mimsgavsebas warmoadgenda. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom
sadroSo samxedro teritoriuli erTeuli iyo, romelic sruliad
garkveuli principebis safuZvelze gamoiyofoda. qarTlis samefoSi
Sedioda 4 sadroSo: I - zemo qarTlis, sardali amilaxvari; II - muxran-
batonis sadroSo, sadac Sedioda samuxranbatono, qsnisa da aragvis
saerisTao; III - mewinave sadroSo, sardali orbeliani, romelSic
Sedioda qvemo qarTlSi mdebare somxiT sabaraTianos saTavadoebi;
IV - mefis sadroSo, sardlebi metwilad yofilan ciciSvilebi, sadac
Sedioda qarTlis nawili da mcxeTis eklesiis qvesadroSo (86, 179). es
principebi arc gvian feodalur saqarTveloSi Secvlila, mxolod
erekle II-is mefobis xanaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaerTianebis Semdeg
nawilobriv Seicvala. rogorc istoriuli masalebidan irkveva, am
periodisaTvis arsebobda qvemo qarTlis (somxiT-sabaraTiano) _ mewinave,
zemo qarTlis _ memarjvene, kaxeTisa _ memarcxene da TviT mefis
sadroSo _ centraluri (samuxranbatono, qsnisa da aragvis saerisTavo).
somxiT-sabaraTiano qarTlis samefos samxreTiT mdebareobda,
romelic, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, TbilisSi samxreTidan Semosasvlel
gzebs ketavda. Tu es gzebi daketili ar iqneboda, maSin osmaleTsa da
sparseTs SeeZloT rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos
SuagulSi SemoWriliyvnen, romlis magaliTebi mravladaa istoriaSi.
amitom zemoxsenebuli administraciuli erTeuli mewinave sadroSod
iwodeboda. mas ZiriTadad pirveli dartymebis miReba da mogerieba
19
uxdeboda. am sadroSos teritoriaze arsebuli cixe-simagreebis
sainJinro mowyoba da sabrZolo mzadyofnisaTvis momzadeba uTuod
sadroSos sardlis zedamxedvelobis funqciaSi Sedioda. MmarTalia, igi
am teritoriis mxolod moxele iyo da saTavados faqtiur mflobelad
Tavadi iTvleboda, magram sardals centraluri xelisuflebis mier
uflebamosileba hqonda miniWebuli da jaris mobilizaciaze,
momzadebaze pasuxs agebda (66, 390-391).
Tuki zemo qarTlis sadroSos ganvixilavT oTx sadroSoTa Soris,
is erT-erTi mTavari sadroSao iyo. igi or mTavar magistrals
meTvalyureobda: I _ samxreT-dasavleTidan borjomis xeobis, II _ lixT-
imereTidan momavali gzebs. Tu davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom varZia-Tmogvi-
xerTvisi-surami-gori-sxvilo erT mTlian magistrals qmnida.
dasaxelebuli cixeebi garkveul samxedro strategiul simagreebs
warmoadgendnen. qarTvelebi cdilobdnen, mudam mzadyofnaSi hqonodaT es
simagreebi. roca qarTvelebi axalcixis mxares kargavdnen, kidev ufro
mwvaved dgeboda qarTlis cixe-simagreebis movla-Senaxvis sakiTxi. Aam
mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs erekle mefis `anderZidan~ erTi detali:
`cixebisac ase dagviweria: qalaqis Tbilisis cixeebi, goris cixe,
suramis cixe, wirqolis cixe, boWormis cixe da gremis cixe, rom am
cixeebis nariyalis cixeebica aqvs da nariyalebi cotas kaciT Seinaxeba.
am Svid alagas nariyalebSi saerTod kacni unda eyenoso, ra erTic
moundesT mcvelad da sxva cixeebi da galavnebi, rom didroni arian,
qarTlSi, Tu kaxeTSi, isini cotas kaciT xom ar Seinaxeba, is saTemo
aris~ (40, 205).
mefe miTiTebebs aZlevda sadroSoTa sardlebs, raTa TavianTi Zalebi
ise gaenawilebinaT, rom sabrZolo amocanis Sesruleba mcire
danakargebiT yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. aRniSnuli dasturdeba Sesabamisi
samecniero naSromebis avtorTa mier sadroSoTa sardlebis ufleba-
movaleobebis Sesaxeb motanili punqtebiTa da saqarTvelos centralur
saistorio arqivSi Seswavlili masalebidan. sadroSos ufrosi didi
xelisufali iyo da, laSqrobis garda, igi samoqalaqo da sisxlis

20
samarTlis saqmeebis mowesrigebaSic monawileobda. BbrZolis velze
gamoyvanili jaris nawils is Tavadi xelmZRvanelobda, romelic am
mebrZolTa uSualo batoni iyo. sabrZolo wyobaSi razmis adgili
sardlis mier iyo gansazRvruli Seqmnili viTarebisa da Sesasrulebeli
amocanebidan gamomdinare.
papuna orbelians aRwerili aqvs 1749 wlis erevnis brZola, sadac
erekle da Teimurazi erevnis xans exmarebodnen.Aaq mocemulia
sadroSoebis meTaurTa dasaxeleba teritoriis administraciuli dayofis
mixedviT, romelic metad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda jaris marTvaSi.
,,ganawyves jari qarTvelT da kaxT, oTxs droSad, mewinaved orbeliani,
revaz sardali sabaraTaSvilos jariT da TaTris qarTlis eliT, qisiyis
mouravi Tamaz qisiyis jariT. . .memarjvned amilaxori amirindo zemo
qarTlis jariT da vina memarjvene jari iyo kaxis batonisa da yazaxis
jarsac amaTTan ubrZanes misvla, memarcxvned muxranis batoni,
saxlTxucesi kostantine. . .mefe erekle xan erTs droSaze mibrZandis xan
meores droSaze, jarebs arigebdis, aZlierebdis. . .~(41, 421).
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, qarTlSi erekle II cdilobda
mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi samouraoebis erTian sistemaze
aego da amiT Seesustebina saTavadoebis roli qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi.
amas, ra Tqma unda, kaxeTSi gatarebuli RonisZiebis gamocdilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT akeTebda (58, 226. 116, 402.). kaxeTi dayofil iqna oTx
samxedro teritoriul erTeulad _ sadroSod, magram sadroSoebis
sardloba kaxeTis mefem TavadTa gvars ki ar Caabara, rogorc es
qarTlSi moxada, aramed episkoposebs (58, 208). mogvianebiT kaxeTis
sadroSos gamgeblebad ZiriTadad mouravebi gvevlinebian. mag: bodbis
sadroSoze qiziyis mouravi agebda pasuxs, nekreselis sasardloSi _
eniselis mouravi, rusTavelis sasardloSi _ martyofis mouravi (92, 46).
mouravs pirvel rigSi evaleboda sistematiurad daecva wesrigi
mosaxleobaSi, mefis, feodalisa Tu eklesia-monastrebis mamulebis
movla-patronoba, sameurneo saqmis gaZRola. am kuTxiT is saxlTuxucess
emorCileboda (92, 42). mouravi adglobrivi administraciis moxele iyo.

21
samxedro xaziT mxolod sadroSos sardals eqvemdebareboda da
samxedro funqciebis Sesruleba hqonda dakisrebuli. igi pasuxs agebda
mis sagamgebloSi myofi mebrZolebis aRWurvaze, momzadebaze da
brZolaSi xelmZRvanelobaze (92, 46). A
papuna orbelianis mier aRweril Teimuraz II-sa da erekle II_is
brZolebSi, sadroSoebis sardlebad episkoposebi ki ara, mouravebi
gvevlinebian.Mmiuxedavad amisa, episkoposebs mTlianad mainc ar
daukargavT TavianTi samxedro funqciebi. iuridiulad isinic pasuxs
agebdnen mouravTan erTad mefis winaSe sadroSos gamgeblobaze da am
sadroSodan laSqris gamoyvanaze. am faqts adasturebs 1769 wlis erT-
erTi sabuTi, sadac erekle meore nekresel episkoposs, eniselT
mouravsa da sxva moxeleebs akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas wesrigis dacvasa
da jaris gamoyvanaze (10, f. Ad-281). saistorio wyaroebi cxadyofdnen, rom
qarTl-kaxeTSi sadroSoebi warmoadgendnen ara marto sasardlo
erTeulebs, aramed erTgvar administraciul punqtebs saxelmwifoSi.
xalxis aRwera, rac miznad isaxavda molaSqreTa da saxelmwifo
gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa siis dadgenas, warmoebda sadroSoebis
mixedviT (121, 13). saxelmwifos amgvar administraciul erTeulebad
dayofa aadvilebda xelmZRvanel pirTa mier xelqveiTTa marTvas,
sxvadasxva samoqalaqo RonisZiebebis Catarebas da, ra Tqma unda,
mebrZolTa mobilizacias saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
yvela sadroSos Tavisi niSani hqonda. es niSani iyo droSa
sxvadasxva simboloebiT. sulxan-saba orbelians misi mniSvneloba
Semdegnairad aqvs ganmartebuli: `mwyobrTa niSani, ferad-feradi, gundTa
da gundTa sacnobeli~ (108, 102). am cnobis safuZvelze SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom sxvadasxva sadroSos sxvadasxva feris droSa da gamosaxulebebi
hqonda. Tu zemoT moyvanil magaliTs samxedro TvalsazrisiT
ganvixilavT, savaraudoa, rom droSa warmoadgenda ara marto sadroSos
aRmniSvnel simbolos, aramed mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda jarebis
marTvisa da urTierTmoqmedebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi rogorc
sasignalo saSualeba. mag: droSiT sxvadasxva moZraobis gakeTeba

22
SeiZleba niSani iyo raime moqmedebis dasawyisisa.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sadroSoebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda
saeklesio laSqari, romelic eqvemdebareboda sardals, xolo is Tavis
mxriv _ kaTalikoss. igi xels uwyobda imdroindeli laSqris
gaZlierebas. yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom sveticxovlis eklesias
odiTganve hyolia Tavisi laSqari, romelic saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
monawileobas Rebulobda sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. mis naTeli
dadasturebaa erekle mefis mier gamocemuli erT-erTi dokumenti. igi
brZanebis wignis saxiTaa Semonaxuli, sadac weria:M`radgan ZvelaT
netarxsenebulis Cvenis Camomavlobisagan sveticxovlis ymisa ase
ganweseba yofila, rom rac sveticxivlis yma qarTls, imereTs, kaxeTs,
saaTabagos, somxeTs Tu saca iyos, mis uwmindesobas kaTalikozs unda
axldes da Tavis ymiT Cvens droSaze brZandebodes. Cvenc ase
gangviwesebia, rac kaxeTSi sofeli, sveticxovlis yma aris, imaTi jari
mis uwmindesobas Cvens Zmas kaTalikozs antonis eaxlebodnen da Tavisi
jariT Cvens droSaze brZandebodes da Tu maTi uwmindesoba im jarSi ar
brZandebodes, romelic maTi sardali aris, maTi yma yovelive imas
ebaros, Cvens droSaze imyofebodnen da Cvenis brZanebiT yovelsave maTs
saqmes SoSia sardali arigebdes, sxvas xeli nuravisa aqvs~(1, 226).
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis saeklesio laSqars
sardali hyolia, romelic mefisa da kaTalikosis brZanebis mixedviT
iniSneboda. 1766 wels erekle mefis mier gacemuli dokumentaciidan Cans,
rom gabriel sardlis nacvlad SoSia gedevaniSvili dauniSnavs (2, 226,
#420). a. klimiaSvili statiaSi ,,saeklesio laSqris sakiTxisaTvis
feodalur saqarTveloSi~, exeba XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTl-
kaxeTis saeklesio laSqars da mis daniSnulebas (86, 109-112). garda imisa,
rom saeklesio laSqari mefis brZanebaze saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
sabrZolo moqmedebebSi monawileobas Rebulobda, mas sxva funqcia-
movaleobebic ekisra, romelSic Sedioda mcxeTis, misi mimdebare
teritoriebis, xidebis, cixe-koSkebis dacva. sardali, garda
zemoxsenebulisa, pasuxs agebda baJis aRebaze, qaravnebis mSvidobian
mimosvlaze, mcxeTis cixe-galavnebis SekeTebaze.Aamis naTel
23
dadasturebas warmoadgens erekle meoris mier SoSia gedevaniSvilisTvis
micemuli sabuTi: `Cveni brZaneba aris gedevaniSvilT sardalo SoSiav da
gogiav: merme radgan ZvelTagan mcxeTis xidzed kacis mdgomareoba da
Senaxva Tqveni yofila, axla Cvenc TqvenTvis gviboZebia amgvarad, rom
mcxeTis xidi da koSki kargad da rigianad SeanaxvinoT. Tqvenis
brZanebiT da Cvenis Zmis kaTalikosis brZanebiT wreulobiT aRdgomela
dagviyenebia, rac xidis ganweseba aris baJi, amisi sia da oqmic gviboZebia.
ragvaradac TqvenTvis oqmSi eweros da siaSi, imgvarad unda aiRoT xolme
baJi. sveticxovelzedac Semwe unda iyvneT da Sematebas ecadnoT~ (2. 226).
rogorc Cvens mier moyvanili sabuTebidan Cans, garda oTxi samxedro
administraciuli erTeulisa e.i. sadroSosi, qarTlSi iyo mcxeTis
eklesiis sasardlo erTeulic, romlis saTaveSi idga mefisa da
kaTalikosis mier daniSnuli sardali. Uunda aRiniSnos isic, rom, sxva
sadroSoebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi calkeul sadroSos ar Seadgenda,
radganac mcxeTis eklesias ymebi arsebuli samefos yvela kuTxeSi
hyavda. vinaidan saeklesio laSqris mebrZolebi sxvadasxva regionebSi
cxovrobdnen. isini, garda Tavisi funqcionaluri movaleobisa, sabrZolo
moqmedebebSic Rebulobdnen monawileobas, ZiriTadad, TavdacviT
brZolebSi.
1754-1755 wlebSi, nursal-begis damarcxebis Semdeg kvlav gagrZelda
lekTa mcire Semosevebi. Ddidi raodenobiT Tavmoyrili laSqris Senaxvas
mefeebi Teimurazi da erekle ver uzrunvelyofdnen, amitom lekTa mcire
Semosevebis aRkveTis mizniT maT Camoayalibes qarTl-kaxeTis aTaskaciani
laSqari (41, 461). es iyo pirveli mcdeloba daqiravebuli jaris Seqmnisa
(d. m.). dauniSnes jamagiri da asmeTaurebi (uzbaSebi): amilaxvrisSvili
nikoloz, amirejibi zaza, ciciSvili revaz da qarTlis sxva
TavadiSvilebi (43. 226). maTi funqcia nawilobriv Seesabameboda
dRevandeli swrafi reagirebis Zalebis daniSnulebas, e.i. Tu aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mteri Semoeseoda, isini valdebulni iyvnen droulad
aRekveTaT mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebebi da SeeqmnaT xelsayreli pirobebi
mobilizebuli laSqris brZolaSi CabmisTvis.
miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi da 70-iani
24
wlebis dasawyisSi, radgan saxelmwifo intensiur Semosevebs ganicdida
da zemoaRniSnuli laSqari ar kmaroda samefos dasacavad, erekle II
iZulebuli iyo, gaetarebina RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofda
qveynis dacvas mcire danakargebiT. EerT-erTi aseTi RonisZiebaTagani iyo
lekebis winaaRmdeg brZolis formebis SemuSaveba, romelsac mefem
warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. amis damadasturebelia xelnawerTa erovnul
centrSi daculi istoriuli dokumenti (20, Hd. 13714), romelic aseve
mocemulia profesor i. doliZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSromSi
,,qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~ t. II. igi dayofilia punqtebad.
TiToeulSi axali-axali azria Cadebuli, romlebic direqtivebis
(brZanebebis) saxiTaa gadmocemuli:
1. ,,q. rodesac rom muxranidam yarauli movides, cxeniani jari
wamovidao, yvelani gafrTxildnen. Tu mxurvaleTSi Sevides lekis jari,
rogorc gaCenili aris, mdevari Seiyaros, Tavi da bolo moudrikon,
yaraulebi gagzavnon, Tavs daayenon, mdevars dauZaxon, mejvrisxevs
Seiyarnen; Tu Tavs dasxma amjobinon, gza Seukran, Tu win daxvedra
amjobinon win dauxvdnen, romelic amjobinon im gziT ecadnen mtris
pasuxis gacemasa da gayrasa~.
2. `q. Tu cxeniani lekis jari iyos, erTmaneTs nu moucdian, yvelani
sirbiliT gamoiqcnen; Tu qveiTi jari iyos, sofeli da sofeli erTad
Seiyarnen, damrgvaldnen da ise mividnen, sadac sarqardebma (sardlebma)
dauZaxon~.
3. `q. beloTidam mokidebuli sacxenisi, didi vanaTi, arbo, qordi,
dici da patara liaxvis gamoRmarTi, gverdis Ziri da vake goriT,
berSoeTamdis, rac amaT Sua soflebia, eseni erT samdevrod unda iyvnen
Sepirebulni~.
4. `q. Tu rom didis jaris ambavi movides da sarqardebma dauZaxon,
orsav mxaris mdevari unda saCqarod sirbiliT wamovidnen. cxeniani sul
WenebiT gamoiqcen da qveiTni sofel da sofel Seiyarnen, damrgvalden
da sadac sarqardebma amjobinon da dauZaxon iq micvivdnen~.
5. `q. Tu samaCablosaken gaCndes lekis jari, an didis liaxvis gaRma
sadme, am didis liaxvis mdevari da patara liaxvis gaRmarTi mdevari,
25
romelic mdevrad migviCenia, saCqarod gacvivdnen da, rogorc
sarqardebma amjobinon, ise Seebnen. Tu, rom kidev moundesT mdevari da
sarqardebma dauZaxon, gamoRma mxris mdevaric wavides da RvTiT pasuxi
gascen~.
6. `q. Tu qarelidam mdevari daiZaxon, maSinve q cxilvanis qveiT kaci
didis liaxvisa, patara liaxvisa gaRmarTi kaci da dirbis wylis
soflebi yvelani Seiyarnen da gacvivdnen cxeniani da qveiTi, nuravin
daakldeba~.
7. `q. vinc daakldes mdevars, ase gardahxdesT: Tu Tavadis Svili
daakldes, saWakod waarTvan SemZlebels xuTi minalTulni, Raribis sami
minalTulni~.
8. ,,q. Tu aznauriSvili daakldes saWakod waarTvan erTi saklavi,
erTi koka Rvino da oci joxi dahkran beWebSi~.
9. ` q. Tu SemZlebeli glexi kaci daakldes, amav aznauriSvilisaviT
gardahxdes da, Tu Raribi iyos, erTi koka Rvino waarTvan da ormoci
joxi dahkran~.
10. `q. Tu amilaxori da erisTavi zemo qarTlSi iyvnen, imaT unda
Seiyaron mdevari da ise imdevron~.
11. `q. Tu eseni ar iyvnen, yuralaRasma giorgim da mdivanbegma iasem
qmnan~.
12. `q. Tu arc eseni iyvnen, aRababam da an Salvam, beJan da omanma
qmnan da imdevron~.
13. `q. romelic erisTvisSvili da amilaxvrisSvili daeswros,
mdevroba gvibrZanebia, amaT Semoeyarnen da rogorc Aamjobinon, ise
moiyvanon, didad bejiTad iyvnen erisTvisSvilebi da amilaxvrisSvilebi
mdevrobisa, rom es mdevroba amaT aqvT~.
14. `q. es mdevroba rexulas wylidam mokidebuli alis wylamdis da
goridam, sadamdisac mohyvebodnen da qarelidam, sadamdisac mohyvebodnen
unda imdevron~.
15. `q. gaRma mxrisa garigebulia, oqmi gviboZebia da kargadac
mdevroben, madrielic varT da wyalobasac davmarTebT~.
16. `q. es icodeT TavadiSvilebmac, aznauriSvilebmac, glexmakacmac
26
amis ukeTes vercaras RmerTs aamebT, vercaras Cven gvaamebT da vercaras
qveyanas SematebT, rom qristes mterni Tqvenis colisa da Svilis
dasatyveveblad darbian, amaT pasuxi misceT da RvTis mowyalebiT
dahxocoT da sircxvileulni daabrunoT~.
es icodeT, romelic Cvengan saqmneli saqmea, patronymobisa, movlisa,
garjisa, wyalobisa da Cemis qveynisaTvis Tavis dadebisa, RvTiT ar
davzogavT.
Tqven ase ecadeniT da Cven kidev ufro Zliersa da mtkices
saqarTvelos Sewevnas vcdilobT~ (38, 426-428). mefis beWedze SuaSi weria
`erekle~, irgvliv ki ,,qnars micems daviTi mixmobs, mxneT, kaxeTis mefed
cxebuls~. aseTia es mniSvnelovani dokumenti, romelic SeiZleba
CaiTvalos imdroindel mefis mier gamocemul direqtivad (brZanebad). am
dokumentis erTi adgilidan Cans, msgavsi Sinaarsis instruqciebi
daugzavnia sxva sadroSoebSic. marTalia, aRniSnul sakiTxs _ morige
jaris Seqmnas, Cemze gacilebiT adre Seexo mkvlevari a. klimiaSvili _
,,zemo qarTlis mdevrobis ganweseba 1772 wlisa~ (89. 91-95), sadac
gaanalizebulia smdevroebis mniSvneloba, rac misi damsaxurebaa, magram
Cven SevecadeT, CamoTvlili punqtebi sakvlevi Temis
mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare gagveSuqebina. irkveva, rom mefe ereklem
Tavisi samefo samxedro olqebad dahyo mowinaaRmdegeebTan
sabrZolvelad. TiToeuli samxedro olqi, Tavis mxriv, calkeul
samoqmedo ubnebad, samdevrod iqna danawilebuli. maT miTiTebuli
hqondaT Tu vis, sad, ra, rodis da ra mizniT unda gaekeTebina. Cans mefe
olqebad dayofis dros xelmZRvanelobda iseTi principiT, romelic
gamoricxavda lekTa moulodneli Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas
ZiriTadad strategiuli mimarTulebebidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT
CamoTvlil muxlebSi Cadebuli moqmedebis principi: ,,vin, sad, ra, rodis
da ra mizniT~, emTxveva qarTul jarSi dRes arsebuli oceulis, aseulis
meTauris sabrZolo brZanebis me-2 punqts, romelic qvedanayofis marTvis
procedurebs ganekuTvneba (94, 8).
Cvens mier Seswavlil masalebze dayrdnobiT da analizis

27
safuZvelze SemuSavebuli iqna sadazvervo informaciis gadacemisa da
Setyobinbis organizaciuli struqturis sqema (ix. sqema #1, 151). amitom
aseTi TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeboda sadazvervo monacemebis gadacema,
romelsac ZvelTaganve iyenebdnen saqarTveloSi da erekle II-is
Tanmimdevruli RonisZiebebis Sedegad garkveulwilad srulyofili saxe
miiRo. mefes aseve eyoleboda agenturuli dazverva, romelsac elCebi,
vaWrebi da specialurad SerCeuli pirebi Seasrulebdnen, ris Sesaxebac
konkretuli informacia ar gagvaCnia. sqemaze ar gamovsaxeT, radgan
samxedro dazvervis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.MmiRebuli informaciis
damuSaveba da Setyobineba saTanado pirebs evalebodaT. isini erTmaneTs
Sikrikebis (yaraulis) saSualebiT an sxva dadgenili signaliT
acnobebdnen mowinaaRmdegis laSqris moaxloebas da moqmedebis
mimarTulebas, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeboda sabrZolo
moqmedebebisaTvis RonisZiebebis gansazRvra.
samxedro olqebSi Semavali soflebi, adgilmdebareobidan
gamomdinare, calkeul ubnebad anu, rogorc teqstSiaANnaTqvami,
samdevroebad nawildeboda. Ees SemTxveviTi sulac ar iyo, radgan lekTa
gamudmebulma Tavdasxmebma is gamoiwvia, rom ,,mTeli saqarTvelos xalxi
mdevrad gadaiqca: mefe, Tavadni, aznaurni da glexni sul mdevarSi iyvnen
unametnavesi dro, yovel cismare dResa da Ramesa amis meti ambavi aRara
iyo ra mTels saqarTveloSi, rom xan aq da xan iq daiZaxebdnen: mdevario!
sofels mteri daeca da mdevari mieSurebao; aqedan tyve waiyvanes da
mdevari daedevnao; aqa da aq mouklavT da mdevarsac mouswriao (kacisa,
dedakacisa da ymawvilis gakiTxva aRar iyo mtrisagan, visac ki
moaswrebdnen, zogs xocavdnen da zogs tyved waiyvandnen); axali
mdevridgan mosuli qarTveli xizans rom gverdiT wamouwveboda. . .am
dros daiZaxebdnen, mdevario; es daRlil-dawyvetili kaci gaognebuli
wamovardeboda da coli gatenils Tofsa xelSi aZlevda am sityvebiT:
kaco! ras gaognebulxar, kidev mdevars iZaxian, ha Tofi! . . . qarTveli
damSvidebiT etyoda: kidev mdevari, am erTs kviraSi 7-jer vyofilvar
mdevrad da esec merve iqnebao~ (145, 2-4). zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi
dasturia imisa, Tu ra pirobebSi uxdeboda cxovreba qarTvelebs.
28
 Msamdevros meTaurebs mefisagan gansazRvruli hqondaT sabrZolo
moqmedebebis warmarTvis taqtika (ix. muxli 1), e.i. Seqmnili viTarebidan
gamomdinare, erTi samdevro mowinaaRmdeges saSualebas ar aZlevda win
wawevisa, xolo meore, garkveuli manevris Semdeg, mters ukandasaxev gzas
uWrida.AaseTi swrafi da gabeduli moqmedebebis Sedegad qarTvelebs
SeeZloT mowinaaRmdege alyaSi moeqciaT an sxvadasxva mxridan
ganxorcielebuli ieriSebis Sedegad gaenadgurebinaT.
erekle mefes kargad hqonda SemuSavebuli mowinaaRmdegeze
moulodnelad Tavdasxmis taqtika, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda
sadazvervo da diversiul moqmedebebs. Aamis dasturs warmoadgens 1764
wlis 25 ivliss gagzavnili werili, sadac igi miuTiTebs: `dasaviwyars.
javaxiSvils mzeWabuks mravali mokiTxva moaxseneT: damarcxebuli lekebi
walkisaken wasulan. Sen axlav oTxi kargi beladi kaci yaraulad
gagzavne. isini daayaraulon. Cven am ors zedized qalaqs wavalT, Tu eg
kacni swores ambavs mogvitanen da qalaqs Segvatyobineben da iqiT mxares
im lekebs Segvyrian sadme, kacis Tavs Svid-Svid minalTuns TeTrs
uboZebT da Senc samsaxurSi CavagdebT: or rom Tavs dadges da orma
ambav mogvitanos da sadac movides ambav ar dagvakldes. Aamgvarad
daarige da gaafrTxile~ (21, Hd.2492).
paralelurad, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi mefem misi samflobelo
dayo sayaraulo ubnebad. am ubnebs unda gamoeyvana gansazRvruli
raodenobis yarauli, romelic mcire qvedanayofebiT 2-10 kacis
raodenobiT (89, 196) dgeboda misTvis gankuTvnil adgilebSida sapatrulo
samsaxurs asrulebdnen. kerZod, mdinaris fonebze, xeobebSi,
magistralur gzebze, cixe-simagreTa misasvlelebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
iseT adgilebSi, sadac xelsayreli pirobebi iyo mowinaaRmdegis
moqmedebebisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, moyarauleTa gonivruli moqmedebebiT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda informaciebis mopoveba mowinaaRmdegis savaraudo
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb.
yaraulis arsebobas mniSvnelovani adgili eWira mosaxleobis
Setyobinebisa da droulad mobilizaciis saqmeSic. a. klimiaSvilis mier

29
moZiebul masalaSi sayarauloebi moxseniebulia qiziyisa da kaxeTis
aRmosavleT nawilSi. kerZod: yaraiaSi, bedenze, sxalnarSi, algeTze,
veris xevze, SiraqSi, kldekarze, skris xeobaSi da sxv. Mmoyarauleebi
ufrosis e. w. beladis miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen (89, 196).
XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, morige jaris funqciebi TandaTanobiT
yaraulze gadadis. ,,jer morigedan gamoyofdnen ramdenime molaSqres da
ganawesebdnen moyarauled, xolo Semdeg erekle mefes SemouRia morige
yaraulis saxeoba laSqrisa~ (89, 196). amas mowmobs ori dokumenti. Ees
dokumentebi warmoadgens javaxiSvilebisa da TarxniSvilebis mxaris
morige yaraulis nusxebs, romelTa mixedviT erekle mefis brZanebiT
yovelTviurad unda gamoeyvanaT yarauli (22, Hd. 1152, 14066).
a. klimiaSvilis mier Seswavlili masalebidan naTeli warmosadgenia
mefis mier gacemuli gankargulebebi morige jarisa da sayaraulo
samsaxuris warmarTvis Sesaxeb (88, 198-209), romelic garkveulwilad
xels uwyobda samefos Tavdacvisunarianobas.
aucilebelia, yuradReba gamaxvildes erekles miTiTebaze, igi
sardalTa Tu samdevroebis ufrosebis moqmedebebis sferos
kardinalurad ar zRudavda (ix. Mmuxli 1. gv. 24). maT SeeZloT
damoukideblad gamoeCinaT iniciativa, mieRoT gadawyvetileba
moxerxebuli taqtikuri xerxis gamoyenebisa, romelic mcire danakargebiT
uzrunvelyofda mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebas, Ee.i. maTi moqmedebebi
Sablonuri xasiaTisa ar iyo. M
miTiTebebi aseve iTvaliswinebda mowinaaRmdegis jaris gvareobas da
aRWurvilobas, ris Semdegac Sesabamis miTiTebebs aZlevda (ix. Mmuxli 2,
gv. 24). sxvadasxva muxlSi gaTvaliswinebulia disciplinaruli sasjeli,
samdevroTa xelmZRvanelobis sakiTxebi da CamoTvlili RonisZiebebis
mniSvneloba. EerTi sityviT, sadroSoTa da sardlis ufleba-movaleobani
metad datvirTuli iyo, sadac sardals yvelaze didi pasuxismgebloba
ekisreboda. Mmis movaleobaSi Sedioda: adgilze cixe-simagreebis dacva-
patronoba, sadroSoSi Semavali samxedro olqebisa da samdevroebis
organizacia, jaris mobilizacia da maTi urTierTmoqmedeba, misi

30
sadroSos mezoblad mdebare saxelmwifoTa ambebis codna da sxva.
erekle mefis mier SemuSavebuli brZaneba 16 muxlisagan Sedgeba, (gv.
24-25), romlebic, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba Semdeg
gankargulebebad da punqtebad daiyos:
pirveli, (1-6) samxedro olqebis (ubnebis) dazvervis, urTierTqmedebis
organizacia da sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis meTodebi.
meore, (7-8) dezertirTaTvis disciplinaruli sasjeli, romlis
sidide da forma socialuri kuTvnilebis principze iyo
damyarebuli.
mesame, (9-13) molaSqreTa xelmZRvanelobis sakiTxi da maTi
pasuxismgebloba.
meoTxe, (14-16) ganmartebulia gacemuli gankargulebebisa da
RonisZiebebis mniSvneloba qveynis dacvis saqmeSi uflisa da eris winaSe.
Tu dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan gadavxedavT, mefem 1772 wels
mterTan sabrZolvelad erTgvari instruqcia SeimuSava. sacxovrebeli
adgilebis dacvisa da gadasaxadTa gadaxdis uzrunvelsayofad, ,,mefes
moqmedi armiisaTvis SeuZlia gamoiyvanos ara umetes 5000 kacisa~ (36, 261).
es faqti mowmobs samxedro Zalis SesaZleblobas, romelic arsebul
viTarebaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, damakmayofileblad asrulebda dakisrebul
movaleobas. mefem kargad icoda mis samefoSi Semavali adgilmdebareobis
damcavi da SemniRbveli pirobebi, Tavdasxmis mimarTulebebi,
mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebis taqtika, gawvrTniloba, misi susti da Zlieri
mxareebi, moralur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebi. Yyovelive es mefesa da
sadroSos sardals gadawyvetilebis sworad miRebis saSualebas aZlevda
sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi, sadac meti wili
gamarjvebebisa qarTvelTa mxareze iyo.
raki qarTl-kaxeTis samefo erekle mefis meTaurobiT, erTi mxriT
ise gaZlierda, rom farTo saerTaSoriso politikis warmarTva daiwyo,
xolo, meore mxriT, sazRvrebi daculi ar iyo mtrebis, gansakuTrebiT,
lekTa Semosevebisagan, pirvel rigSi morige jaris Seqmnis sakiTxi
daisva. imdroindeli qarTuli jari Sedgeboda glexTa qveiTi da Tavad-
aznaurTa cxenosani razmebisagan. is ikribeboda saWiroebis mixedviT da
31
iSleboda, rogorc ki es saWiroeba gaivlida. yoveli mebrZoli
SeiaraRebuli unda gamosuliyo salaSqrod. mebrZoli SeiaraRebuli iyo
xmliT, xanjliT, SubiT, dambaCiT an TofiT. aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda
jaWvis perangi, sabarkuli, samklauri, CaCqani, fari da sxva.
mebatone am razmebis intendantic (momaragebeli) iyo da oficeric.
misi wona saomar operaciebSi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, damokidebuli iyo ara
mis samxedro niWsa da gamocdilebaze, aramed imaze Tu ramden yma
molaSqres xelmZRvanelobda. erekle mefe kargad grZnobda, rom aseTi
jariT is ver SeZlebda TviTneba feodalebis alagmvasa da gareSe
mtrebis gamklavebas. . .magram jaris reorganizacias didi fuli
sWirdeboda. ,,qarTl-kaxeTis Semosavali ki imdenad mcire iyo, rom Zlivs
yofnida marTva-gameobis mTavar xarjebs. amitom erekle mefe iZulebuli
iyo sesxad fuli eTxova ucxo saxelmwifoebisaTvis" (126, 57-58-59). erekle
mefis samxedro-reformatorul moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia morige jaris Seqmnas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, qarTul
istoriografiaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. Cven misaRebad
migvaCnia mkvlevar a. klimiaSvilis mosazrebebi.
feodaluri laSqari, e.w. ,,saqveyno laSqari~ saqarTveloSi iyo
batonymuri jari, sadac yma laSqrobda batonis xelqveiT. feodaluri
ierarqia, damyarebuli miwis sakuTrebis uflebis ganawilebaze,
gadatanili iyo laSqarSic. laSqari Sedgeboda rogorc profesional
molaSqreTa, TavadaznaurTa da msaxurTagan, ise yma glexTaganac. am
ukanasknelTa ricxvobrivi Semadgenloba damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu
rogori iyo gawveva: qudze kaci, komlze kaci, an SeweriT.
saqveyno laSqris garda, saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanve
mimarTavdnen ucxoeTidan daqiravebuli laSqris moyvanas. es tradicia
grZeldeboda XVIII saukuneSic. mebrZolebs qiraobdnen umTavresad
kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobidan~ (90, 1). laSqris Tavisebur wyobas
warmoadgenda mecixovne jari, romelsic, samxedro TvalsazrisiT,
aranaklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo (88, 179). mefes es jari gamohyavda
nawilobriv Tavis mamulidan da, nawilobriv, sabatono mamulebidan(85, 1).

32
 feodalurma laSqarma mTlianad ver aRkveTa lekTa Tavdasxmebi.
mterma gaafarTova samoqmedo areali da qarTlSic TareSi daiwyo.
gadamWreli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg warmoiSva e.w. ,,morige
laSqari~, rac mudmivi jaris Tavisebur saxeobas warmoadgenda~ (90, 3),
man XVIII saukunis bolomde iarseba, Tumca am xnis manZilze mravali
cvlileba ganicada. zemoaRniSnuli laSqari, rogorc mudmivi jaris
saxeoba, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi uaRresad sayuradRebo socialur-
politikuri movlena iyo (90, 3). dasadgenia TviT morige laSqris
warmoqmnis TariRi da misi arsebobis xanrZlivoba. dRemde qarTul
istoriografiaSi miRebuli iyo mosazreba, rom ,,morige laSqari”
daarsda 1774 wlidan, rodesac daiwera morigis wesdeba, e. w. ,,ganaCeni
morigeobis laSqrisa~. gavaanalizeT a. klimiaSvilis mier Seswavlili
ramdenime dokumenti 1756-1773 wlebisa ,,morige laSqris” Sesaxeb,
romlebic adastureben, rom laSqris saxeoba saxelwodebiT ,,morige” 1774
welze adrindelia da XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi iqna daarsebuli (90,
4). rac Seexeba morige laSqris arsebobis xangrZlivobas, dokumentebi
aseve ar adastureben qarTul istiriografiaSi damkvidrebul azrs, rom
igi Tavadebma gaauqmes. levan batoniSvilis gardacvalebis, 1781 wlis
Semdeg, arsebobs mravali dokumenti 1781-1800 wlebisa ,,morigis” Sesaxeb,
romlebic mowmoben, rom ,,morige laSqari” arsebobda l. batoniSvilis

sikvdilis Semdegac, ruseTTan SeerTebamde (88, 192).

Seswavlili dokumentebidan yvelaze adreuli 1756 welsaa Seqmnili,

Tumca amave dokumentSi moixsenieba wina wlis, e. i. 1755 wlis davTari
zemo qarTlis morigisa: ,,Cven. iasauli nikoloz uzbaSi, zurab
naxucriSvilo, wadiT da rac am siiT mudam saxleblaT monacvle
laSqars kaci Segviweria SarSandels davTarze, es asi cxenosani cxeniT
da qveiTi qveiTad uzbaSebs (asisTavi) miabareT. yvelas gamoarTviT

ukleblaT” (25, Qd.8723). ,,Tu cxeni an kaci aklia, visme Tqvenc

gardagaxdevineb da imaTac didaT gardavaxdevinebT. maisis oTxs dRes

gasuls unda SemogeyaroT erTis Tvis nuzliT~. aprilis i. qk-s umd (1756)
e. i. morige laSqari funqcionirebda 1755 wlidan (88, 182).
33
 ram ganapiroba morige laSqris Seqmna XVIII saukunis Sua
wlebisaTvis? ,,igi warmoadgenda mudmivi jaris Tavisebur saxes da,
rogorc cnobilia, SemoRebul iqna mTieli aborigenebis, e.w.
,,lekianobis” winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~ (88, 182). maT winaaRmdeg uZluri
aRmoCnda feodaluri laSqari, saWiro iyo mudmivad mzadmyofi, e.i.
regularuli jari, magram igi feodaluri wyobilebis bunebas ver
egueboda. Tavad-aznaurTa interesebSi ar Sedioda, rom maTi yma-glexebi
mudmivad mefis laSqarSi yofiliyvnen. es ewinaaRmdegeboda maT
ekonomikur da socialur-politikur interesebs, radgan xdebodnen
centralur xelisuflebaze damokidebuli. Seqmnil viTarebaSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xelisufleba aRniSnul periodSi mainc
iZulebuli gaxda, SemoeRo regularuli laSqris Taviseburi saxeoba
,,moriges” saxiT, rac gulisxmobda mosaxleobis morigeobiT gawvevas
TiTo Tvis vadiT da am xnis ganmavlobaSi sayofi sursaTiT (38, 437),
(5, 226, #2857), (90, 3).
daRestneli tomebis Tavdasxmebma saqarTveloze, kerZod, kaxeTze
sistematiuri xasiaTi miiRo XVI saukunidan, magram XVIII saukunis
dasawyisamde lekebi kaxeTs ar gascilebian. qarTlSi isini pirvelad
1717 wels gamoCndnen (85, 8). amrigad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT
,,lekianobas” adgili aqvs aRniSnuli wlidan. XVI saukunis bolomde
kaxeTi axerxebda lekebTan gamklavebas (103, 52-53-65). . . ,,XVIII saukuneSi,
Sah-abasis laSqrobaTa Semdeg, kaxeTSi daiwyo lekebis Camosaxleba.
gaCnda maTi ubatono Temebi: Wari da belaqani. es ubatono Temebi iqcnen
lekianobis kerad~ (103, 90).
1723-1744ww. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi jer ,,osmalobis”, xolo Semdeg
,,yizilbaSobis” xana iyo da faqtiurad moiSala adgilobrivi
saxelmwifoebrioba (90, 9). maSasadame, am periodSi ,,morige” laSqari ver
Seiqmneboda.
Teimurazisa da erekles mmarTvelobis pirvel periodSi lekebis
TareSis aRsakveTad gadawyvites War-belaqnis dapyroba. rogorc
cnobilia, es cda marcxiT damTavrda. aji Calabis meTaurobiT Seqmnilma
mahmadianurma koaliciam 1751 wlis 15 Tebervals erekle-Teimurazis
34
laSqari daamarcxa da War-belaqnis dapyrobis saqme CaiSala. lekebma
gaaZlieres TareSi. saWiro iyo brZolis axali saSualebebis gamonaxva,
pirvel rigSi ki mudmivad mzadmyofi laSqris Seqmna. zogjer gamouval
viTarebaSi feodaluri saqarTvelo garkveuli safasuris gaRebis Semdeg
daqiravebuli jariT aZlierebda laSqars, romelic Semdgari iyo
umTavresad mTielebisagan. samefoebs ar gaaCnda imdeni materialuri
saxsrebi, rom daqiravebuli jari xangrZlivad Seenaxa.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelom yizilbaSobis xanaSi gaicno adgilobrivi
e. w. ,,noqari~. iv. javaxiSvili noqarze aRniSnavs: ,,noqaris saxiT,
monRolTagan sparsulSi SeTvisebuli es sityva XVII-XVIII saukunis
saqarTveloSiac Cndeba, jer viTarca eranis samxedro Zalis garkveuli
nawilis saxeli, SemdegSi viTarca savaWro dawesebulebis ufrosis,
vaWrisa da meduqnis, TanaSemwis gamomxatveli termini~(90, 10. 142, 32).
qarTuli ,,noqari” warmoadgenda adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan gamoyvanil
daqiravebul jars, romlis qiras ixdida TviT mosaxleoba.
akademikosi n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs: ,,exla yizilbaSobisas~
qarTls uaresi dRe adga, vidre ,,osmalobisas~ iyo. . . exla mosaxleoba
movale iyo, sakuTari xarjiT gamoeyvana da Seenaxa jaris garkveuli
raodenoba (,,noqari”), xolo qarTlSi myofi yizilbaSTa jarisaTvis
,,sursaTi eZlia~ (85, 10. 56, 203).
sexnia CxeiZis gadmocemiT, nadir-Sahma qarTlis ,,noqris~ gamoyvana
daakisra 1736 wels: ,,amave ukd. . .dasdves qarTls samiaTas samasi Tumani
da xuTasi noqari col-SviliT qalaqsa unda damdgariyo kac-cxen-
iaraRiT (90, 11. 133, 340). Semdeg nadir-Sahs araerTxel mouTxovia ,,noqari~
qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis (41, 348-374-416). yizilbaSobis Semdeg, rogorc Cans,
qarTl-kaxeTis xelisuflebam gadawyvita ,,noqari~ kvlav gamoeyvana da
gamoeyenebina adgilobrivi erovnuli interesebisaTvis.
p. butkovi ,,noqris~ SemoRebaze aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRniSnavs:
,,saqarTveloSi ar iyo mudmivi jari. saWiroebis mixedviT mas krebdnen da
uSvebdnen. TiToeuli meomari TviTon irCenda Tavs. jer kidev Teimuraz
nikolozis-Zem, erekles mSobelma, mTieli mtrebisagan saqarTvelos
sazRvrebis dasacavad, daaarsa milicia, noqris saxelwodebiT da
35
daadgina, rom saxazino (saxaso), saeklesio da memamuleTa mier
gamoyvanili yofiliyo kordoni ori aTasi cxenosani meomris raodenobiT
yovelwliurad. provianti da furaJi maT eZleodaT xazinidan, xolo
jamagirs aZlevdnen TavianTive soflebi, 30-40 maneTamde wliurad.
mefe iraklim gaauqma noqari da 1773 wels, avariis xanis damarcxebis
Semdeg, SemoiRo sxva laSqari morigis saxelwodebiT~ (49, 287-288).
p. orbelianis cnobiT, ,,noqari” SemoRebuli iqna ,,lekianobis”
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad 1755 wels: ,,radgan lekebma qarTlsa da
kaxeTze mtroba aRar daiSales, zamTar da zafxul Camodgis da
aoxrebdis umetes qarTlsa, maradis qarTlis jari Semoeyaris mefeTa
CvenTa, lekis jari Caudgis saxlebSi da aRara-vina hyvandaT mepasuxe amis
mizezisaTvis gamoarTves qarTlsa da kaxeTs aTasi kai vaJkaci, jamagiri
gauweses, uzbaSebi (asisTavi) ganaweses da daayenes qalaqsa Tbilissa,
saca visme gasWirebodaT amaT miaSvelebodnen qveynis jarebiT” (41, 461).
a. klimiaSvilis mier Seswavlili sabuTi gvamcnobs: ,,axlad dawesebuli
jari gansakuTrebiT lek-abragTa Semosasvlel adgilebSi Caayenes da
qveynis sanapiro adgilebis dacva miandves. ,,gaistumres es axali
ganwesebuli jari da daayenes baidarSi monapired, am jarebTa asisTavni
da ufrosni iyvnes amilaxvriSvili nikoloz, amirejibi zaza, ciciSvili
Teimuraz da TarxniSvili mamuka. agreTve sabaraTaSvilos uzbaSi,
romel-ars asis-Tavi ioTamisSvili revaz. . . ~ (90, 12-13).
arsebobs aTamde sabuTi ,,noqris” Sesaxeb (1738 wlidan 1772 wlamde).
am sabuTebidan Cans, rom ,,noqris” gayvana xdeboda mosaxleobidan da
mosaxleoba ixdida misTvis misacemel gadasaxads. mis sidideze 1760 wlis
mxolod erTi nusxaSia mocemuli, sadac jamagiris raodenoba erT
mebrZolze wliurad 25 maneTs udrida (15, f. S.ie-78).
amrigad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ,,lekianobis”
winaaRmdeg gamoiyena ,,yizilbaSobis~ droidan SemoRebuli jaris saxeoba
,,noqari~, xolo Semdeg SemoiRo misi saxecvlileba ,,morige~. ,,morige~
1774 wlis ganCinebamde ,,noqrisagan~ gansxvavdeboda mxolod imiT, rom
gasamrjelos ar Rebulobda.

36
 qveynis dasacavad 1773 wlis dasasruls ereklem darbazis sxdoma
moiwvia. msjeloba Seexeboda iseTi jaris Seqmnas, romelic lekTa
qurdul Tavdasxmebs aRkveTda da qarTvelobas mSvidobiani Sromis
saSualebas miscemda. sxdomis safuZvelze darbazma SeimuSava `ganCineba~
anu direqtiva (d. m.) ` morige laSqris~ daarsebis Sesaxeb (23, Hd.1536).
xuTdokumentiani `ganCinebis~ teqsti, romelic 1774 wlis 1 ianvriTaa
daTariRebuli, Sedgeba ocdaCvidmeti punqtisagan (38, 436-447). maTSi
miTiTebulia: Tu vis daevalos da rogor unda iqnes aRwerili
mosaxleoba, romelmac morige jarSi unda imsaxuros. Aaseve
dazustebulia, Tu sad, rogor, riT unda gamocxaddes mebrZoli.
gaTvaliswinebulia ,,morigeSi~ gamoZaxebis uzrunvelyofaze
pasuxismgebeli pirebi. AagreTve mocemulia dasjis meTodi ,,morigeSi`
dagvianebis da dezertirobis gamo. Mmag: ` . . . Tu CvenTan mzas ar iqneba
da Tavisis morigeobis Tvisa EerTi dRe gaiyvana, erTxel gavataroT
rusulad wkeplaSi;…. . . da ramdeni dRec daigvianos imdenjer
gavataroT. . .~. pirovnebis droul gamocxadebaze soflis moxele da
sofeli agebda pasuxs. Mmag: ` . . .……Tu damalva daiwyos aqa da iq tyeebSi
da soflebSi, amisTana kaci imave sofelma an ipovnos mogvces da an
eqauri jarima waerTos da is gaqceuli kaci romelisac dastisa ar iyos,
Cvenis brZanebiT is jarima im dastebs gaeyoT . . . Tu romelmac kacma
imisi gaparva icodes da ar gaamxila, es equsi Tumani imas gamoerTvas,
Tu ar SeeZlos saxli, kari, mamuli da deduli gaeyidos, jarimaSi
mieces da esec ganawesebisaebr Cvenis brZanebiT sxva sasardlo jars
gaeyos~ (23,Hd. 1536).
aRniSnulidanDACans, Tu rogor da ra kanoniT uzrunvelyofda mefe
dezertirobis faqtebis aRkveTas. brZanebaSi mefe kategoriulad
miuTiTebs samRvdelo, saTavado, aznaurTa da glexTa klasis
warmomadgenlebs, daicvan kanoni ise, rogorc sjuli moiTxovs, radgan
misi Secvla aravis ar SeuZlia. ganCinebis gragnils garedan dasmuli
aqvs beWedi, romelzec mefe erekles saxelia amotvifruli.
yvela brZolis SemZle mamakaci movale iyo, weliwadSi erTi TviT
laSqarSi emsaxura Tavisi xarjiTa da sakuTari iaraRiT. Aamitom mefem
37
glexoba sursaTis gadasaxadisagan gaanTavisufla. morige laSqarSi
xalxis ukleblad gamocxadebaze soflis mebatone da moxele iyvnen
pasuxismgebelni. garda Amisa, valdebulni iyvnen, morige laSqarSi
mimavali glexi moemaragebinaT, roca am ukanasknels sakuTari saSualeba
ar gaaCnda. morige laSqari calke erTeulebad iyofoda da TiToeuls
mefis mier daniSnuli meTauri xelmZRvanelobda, xolo mTavari ufrosi
laSqrisa iyo erekle mefis vaJi levan batoniSvili. Ddebuleba morige
jarSi samsaxuris Sesaxeb qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi oficialurad 1774
wlis 4 ianvridan (83, 212) moqmedebda.
axali sajariso formirebebis Camoyalibebam dRis wesrigSi daayena
samxedro Sinaarsis wignebisa da wesdebebis gacnoba, gadaTargmna,
romelic samxedro ganaTlebas aamaRlebda. regularuli jaris Seqmnis
saWiroebisaTvis mefe ereklem gaioz reqtors ubrZana, eTargmna petre
didis samxedro tipikoni, anu wesdebis wigni. Targmanis Tavfurcelze
vkiTxulobT: . . .xolo qarTulsa zeda enasa iTargmna brZanebiTa misis
mefobisa simaRlis iraklis meorisaTa arqimandritisa da Telavis
seminariis reqtoris gaiozis mier ~ (71, 127). . . .
ivane SaiSmelaSvili aRniSnavs: ,,erekles dros qarTveli mxedrobis
taqtikuri xerxebis ganmartebisas SeuZlebelia raime garkveuli wesebisa
da kanonebis Camoyalibeba . . . saerTod aRiarebuli saxelmZRvanelos
msgavsi araferi arsebobda~ (130, 19). moyvanili citata simarTles ar
Seesabameba, radgan zemoT CamoTvlil punqtebSi (gv. 24-25) garkveviTaa
Camoyalibebuli, Tu romeli mxaris sadroSom, samdevrom da yaraulma
rogor imoqmedos. yovelives, dRevandelis msgavsad, saxmeleTo wesdebis
saxelmZRvanelos forma ar qonda, magram mefis mier gagzavnili
gankargulebebis an brZanebebis Sesabamisad moqmedebdnen sadroSoebi da
Sedegic saxeze iyo. amasve amtkicebs m. darCias naSromic gaioz reqtoris
Sesaxeb.
morige jaris Seqmnis Taobaze SesaniSnavad gadmogvcems daviT
bagrationi saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonTmcodneobis mimoxilvaSi.
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom samxedro sakiTxebze daviTs Tavis
`mimoxilvaSi~ sagangebo Tavi aqvs miZRvnili `Tavi IV. samxedro Zalebi~
38
(28, 233), muxlebSi 63-77 Camoyalibebulia debulebebi morige jarisa,
droebiTi laSqris, artileristebis, damxmare jarisa da samxedro
kantoris Sesaxeb.
morige jaris garda, mefe mudmivad zrunavda artileriis Senaxvasa
da dafinansebaze. saartilerio saqmis momsaxure personali:
mezarbazneebi (TofCebi-rigiTebi) da sxva specialistebi
ganTavisuflebuli iyvnen yvela gadasaxadisagan, morige jarSi
samsaxuridan. isini sakmaod did gasamjelos Rebulobdnen da
garkveulwilad privilegirebul mdgomareobas inarCunebdnen samefo
karze (87, 265-266-267). sagangebo sabWo aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi
ikribeboda mefis TandaswrebiT, sadac sabWos dadgenilebiT cxaddeboda
mefis brZanebuleba droebiTi laSqris Seqmnis Taobaze da mebrZolTa
raodenoba nawildeboda TiToeul kuTxeze. molaSqreTa Sekreba
erisTavebsa da mouravebs evalebodaT. maT mier Sekrebili razmebi
eqvemdebareboda saolqo samxedro generals. saolqo laSqris marTvaSi
generals exmarebodnen ramdenime oficeri amave provinciidan
(konkretulad generlebis gvarebi miTiTebuli ar aris, magram, SesaZloa,
sadroSoTa sardlebs gulisxmobdes). jaris Sekrebisas sabrZolo
eqspediciisa da mTavarsardlis daniSvna mefis ZalauflebiT
ganisazRvreboda. MmarSis ganxorcielebisas iniSneboda Sesvenebisa da
dasvenebis raionebi, avadmyofebsa da daWrilebs daxmarebas uwevdnen
mefis mkurnalebi. sabrZolo moqmedebebis damTavrebis Semdeg mebrZolebs
saxlSi uSvebdnen (28, 234-235).
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom morige jaris debulebaSi erekle II-s
gansazRvruli hqonda punqti viTarebisda Sesabamisad damxmare jaris
dabarebis Taobaze, romlebic mowveuli iqnebodnen mezobeli
provinciebdan. maTi Senaxva da anazRaureba damokidebuli iyo maT
meTaursa da mefes Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaze.MmaT
xelmZRvanelobda sakuTari meTauri, magram eqvemdebarebodnen mefis
sardals (28. 236). amasve mowmobs S. mesxias mier mokvleuli erT-erTi
dokumenti, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom `saqarTvelos Cveulebrivi jaris
gamoyvanis garda, mefe iraklim moiwvia jamagiris aRTqmiT noqraT da
39
TofCaT dasadgomni kacni. movidnen da ganwesdnen. imaT hqondaT ganweseba,
wlis ulufa da jamagiri~ (104, 42). SesaZlebelia, am droisaTvis mefis
xazina ise mdidari ar iyo, rom didi jamagiri exada daqiravebul
ucxoeli mebrZolebisaTvis, magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom
sabrZolo moqmedebebSi daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis mefe garkveul
gasamrjelos mainc SesTavazebda, raTa maT winaSe mdgari problemebi
moegvarebinaT.
samxedro reformebma, romelic Eerekle II-is TaosnobiT
ganxorcielda, samoxeleo aparatis gazrda gamoiwvia. samxedro
organizaciaSi didi roli daekisra laSqarniviss (sameurneo dargis
moxele samxedro uwyebaSi, SemoiRo erekle II-m (77, 444). mas laSqris
aRricxva-momarageba da jamagiris gacema evaleboda. qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoSi eqvsi laSqarnivisi iyo: oman xerxeuliZe, manuCar Tumanovi,
svimon gurgeniZe, aslan vaCnaZe, ivane qobulovi (artileriis polkovniki),
ioseb meliqovi. Eerekles reformebTanaa dakavSirebuli XVIII s-is meore
naxevarSi SemoRebuli Tanamdebobebi (saxeloebi): fonsadbaSi, rac
niSnavda xuTasisTavs, TofCibaSi - mezarbazneTa ufross. funqcionirebda
mudmivi sabWo, romelic mefis gareSe ar ikribeboda. mudmiv sabWosTan
(umaRlesi xelisufleba) daarsebuli iqna gansakuTrebuli dawesebuleba
`samxedro kantora~, romelic yovelgvar samxedro saqmes awesrigebda (28,
236).
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samoxeleo aparati da sxva didebulebi 1769-
1771 wlebSi uSualod gaecnen rusTa regularuli jaris cxovrebas.
rusTa jaris gavlenam aSkarad iCina Tavi erekles mier SemoRebul
samxedro wodebebSi -KAkaprali, serJanti, unter-oficeri, oficeri,
artileriis kapitani, maiori, polkovniki, generali. QqarTl-kaxeTis
samefos laSqars specialuri momzadebis mqone pirebi wvrTnidnen
rusuli wesis mixedviT (112, 530). generali lazarevi cxenosan jarze
ambobda: ,,es jari saukeTesod gawvrTnili da momzadebulia, rom
SeiaraRebis mxriv Raribi ar iyos~ (69, 60-61).
zemoxsenebulidan kargad Cans, Tu raoden mondomebiT ekideboda mefe
morige jaris wvrTnasa da uzrunvelyofas, rac mis mier SemoRebuli
40
debulebis muxlebsa da sazRvargareTeli specialistebis mozidvaSi
gamoixateboda. Eerekle mefisa da misi politikis mxardamWer moxeleTa
mier Catarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad morige jarSi im droisaTvis
6000-mde mebrZoli msaxurobda. morige laSqris es raodenoba zamTris
pirobebSi naxevrdeboda sam-sam aTasamde, rac gamowveuli iyo zamTris
periodSi mowinaaRmdegis iSviaTi TavdasxmebiT. Ees gasagebicaa, radgan am
dros saomari kampaniebis Catareba momxvduri mxarisaTvis xSir
SemTxvevaSi wamgebiani iyo. AaRniSnulis damadasturebelia cnoba: ` eqvs-
eqvsi aTasi kaci morige qveviTi da cxenosani, kargis samxedros yovelis
saxmarebiT da TavianTis erTis Tvis nuzdliT dasdgebodes
ganmzadebulni mterTa zeda, sadaca ebrZanebodaT mefisagan, marjveTa
adgilTa. zamTriT eqvsTa TveTa sam-sami aTasi morige iyvis mzad (47, 92).
batoniSvilebi (mefis Svilebi) aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobdnen morige
jaris funqcionirebaSi da rigrigobiT gadiodnen samxedro samsaxurs (83,
213).
morige jari regularul samxedro Zalas warmoadgenda. aseTi Zalis
Seqmna, saWiro pirobebis uqonlobis gamo Wianurdeboda, magram misi
mniSvneloba aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis didi iyo. gansakuTrebiT
didi wvlili Seitana morige jaris saSualebiT lekTa Tavdasxmebis
aRkveTis saqmeSi levan batoniSvilma. is cnobili iyo simamaciT,
ganaTlebiT da goneba–gamWriaxobiT. mTeli qarTl-kaxeTi Sehxaroda
energiul batoniSvils. am faqts adasturebs o. xerxeuliZe: `odesaca
wliTi-wlad mefesa hyvandes morigeni mxedrobani, igini maradis
mdgomare iyvnes gamosavalTa adgilTa pirsa lekTa da sxvaTa mterTasa.
mravalgzis miiRes Zleva-Semosileba mterTa zeda mefis ZeTa –giorgim
da leonman xvedrTa TvisTa, morigeobasa Sina da qmnes saxelovanni
saqmeni~. . . (47, 93).
arsebuli mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos kidev erTxel gamouCnda
xelSemwyobi pirobebi, raTa Seeqmna erTiani Zlieri saxelmwifo,
romelic SeZlebda sakuTari Tavis dacvas da amis Semdgom ekonomikur
Tu kulturul aRorZinebas. Mmocemuli periodisaTvis erekle II da misi
saxelmwifo SedarebiT gaZlierebuli Canda. Mfaqtis naTeli
41
dadasturebaa mefis mdivanbegis mier aRwerili erTi momenti: 1780 wlis
agvistoSi erevnis xani usein-ali dasajes qveSevrdomebTan erTad, mefis
morCilebaSi iyvnen ganjisa da yarabaRis mmarTvelebic.Uukan
gamobrunebisas erekle II-s brZola mouxda qurTTa laSqarTan da
gamarjveba moipova (47, 93). ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis garda, mefes
emorCilebodnen Tavrizis, xois, urumiis, maraRis xanebi, baiazeTis da
yarsis faSebi, gadmogvcems o. xerxeuliZe. Cveni azriT, es cnoba
zedmetad gazviadebulia da sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. sxvadasxva
masalebis analizidan cxadia erTi ram _ CamoTvlili saxanoebisa da
safaSoTa xelmZRvanelebi erekles ar emorCilebodnen. isini mxolod
Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis Sesabamisad angariSs uwevdnen qarTl-
kaxeTis mefes, rac droebiT xasiaTs atarebda. o. xerxeuliZe
gadmogvcems: `esmodaT maradis simxne-qveloba misi da verc aravis
xedavdnen mopirispired mefisa ereklessa . . . (47, 94). es dasturia imisa,
Tu raoden hqonda saxeli ganTqmuli mefe ereklesa da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos.
n. berZeniSvilis aRniSnavs, rom 1781 wlis Semdeg morigeTa ricxvma
TandaTan iklo da bolos sul gaqra (58, 222).
zemoxsenebuli azri srul WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba, radgan
arsebobs sabuTebi, romlebic mowmoben aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi morige
jaris arsebobas XVIII saukunis bolomde. KkerZod, morige jari (laSqari)
levan batoniSvilis sikvdilis Semdegac ar moSlila. 1782-1784 wlebis
sabuTebSi asaxulia mefis brZanebebi, romlebic exeba morige laSqris
Sekrebas, morigeSi gausvlelobis gamo sasjelis moxdis Semdeg
patimrobidan ganTavisuflebas, gamoucxadeblobis gamo dasjas, sajaro
samsaxuris gavlis dasrulebisas morigdan ganTavisuflebas (83,
195).Eerekle II-s uxdeboda mkacri RonisZiebebis gatareba, raTa
mosaxleobis yvela socialuri fenidan wamoWrili winaaRmdegobebi
gadaelaxa da uzrunveleyo morige laSqris funqcionireba. Ggatarebuli
RonisZiebebi samefoSi arsebuli naklovanebebidan gamomdinare xSir
SemTxvevaSi mainc ver Sveloda saqmes da morige ramdenjerme daSlis
piras iyo misuli.
42
 dokumenti gvamcnobs, rom mefe ver axerxebs morigis gamoyvanas
kaxeTis gaRma mxridan. nekreseli episkoposi agzavnis giorgi mRvdels
mefis wigniT morigis gawvevis Sesaxeb gremidan yvarlamde da avalebs,
moawerinos xeli yvelas ,,morigeSi~ samsaxurze (11, Ad.250). xolo
1790 wlis 5 ivlisis dokumenti gvatyobinebs, erekle mefis sayvedurs
aTasisTav beJan amilaxvrisSvilisadmi, rac mowmobs, rom morige jari
TiTqmis moSlilia (12, Ad.1360), amitom, 1791 wlis 14 maiss gamocemuli
brZanebis safuZvelze, mefe avaldebulebs yvelas ,,morigeSi~ xelaxali
gawvevis Sesaxeb (13, Qd.594).
zemoxsenebuli periodis Semdeg morige jari arsebobas
ganagrZobda ruseTTan SeerTebamde, ris mtkicebulebasac warmoadgens
Seswvlili dokumentebi:
a) 1792 wlis 13 noemberi, BbrZaneba erekle mefisa TuST mourav
durmiSxanisadmi, morigis gamoyvanisa da daklebulTa darbevis Sesaxeb.
dedani (17,HHd 2994).
b) 1793 wlis 20 agvisto brZaneba erekle mefisa vefxis cixis mourav
erasti ColoyaSvilisadmi morigis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb (18, Hd 576).
faqtia, rom erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdegac samefo karidan
gaicemoda brZanebebi morigeSi gawvevisa da samsaxuridan daTxovnis
Sesaxeb. 1799 wlis 27 noembris (3, 226. 5692) da 1800 wlis 13 dekembris
(3, 226, 5692) sabuTebi. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT mocemuli dokumentebi
a. klimiaSvils aqvs Seswavlili.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom 90-iani wlebis morige jari
ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda wina periodis morigisagan. Uupirveles
yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom morigeSi gawvevis nusxebi Sedgenilia ara
TiToeuli soflisaTvis cal-calke, aramed mTeli mxarisaTvis erTad
(13, Ad. 594). klimiaSvili aRniSnavs, yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas,
rom mefe iZulebulia morige jarSi momsaxures jamagiri misces (14,
Ad.11052, 24, Hd.2894) e.i. morige jari iqca adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan
daqiravebul jarad. morige jaris daSla zogierTi Tavadisa da maTi
mxardamWeri pirebis didi gamarjveba iyo mefis xelisuflebaze, ramac

43
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis politikis dasusteba
gamoiwvia. morige laSqarma, miuxedavad xanmokle arsebobisa, sakmaod
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. arsebul masalebze dayrdnobiT
SevadgineT imdroindeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqtura (ix. sqema #2,
152). mefe erekle II-m saRad da obieqturad Seafasa Tavisi samefos
feodaluri CamorCeniloba da amitom misi daZlevis mizniT
mizanmimarTulad ganaxorciela saxelmwifo-administraciuli da
samxedro reformebi.
amgvarad, zemoT aRniSnuli masalebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze
SeiZleba gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:
1. mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT, man
gaauqma zogierTi Zlieri saerisTavo (qsnis, aragvis) da saxano
(baidaris), romlebic uSualod dauqvemdebara saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
aparats. amasTan, gauqmebuli saxanos teritoria dahyo ufro wvril
administraciul erTeulebad _ samouravoebad, riTac mniSvnelovnad
gaaZliera centraluri mmarTveloba, Tumca, danarCeni saerisTavoebi,
mefis Sexedulebisamebr, Zvel tradiciul uflebebs inaCunebdnen.
2. cvlilebebi ganxorcielda sadroSoebis sistemaSi. axleburad
ganisazRvra sardlebisa da maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis funqcia-
movaleobebi. movaleobebis axleburad gansazRvram TiTqmis yvela
ierarqiaze xelqveiTTa marTvis sistema ufro moqnili gaxada.
aRniSnulma sakiTxebma xeli Seuwyo laSqris droulad mobilizaciasa
da Sekrebas. Tumca feodaluri jaris xasiaTi Zirfesvianad ar Secvlila.
3. mefis gankargulebiT, sadroSoebsa da samouravoebSi Seiqmna
samdevroebi, rac gamiznuli iyo mtris mcire jgufebis moulodneli
Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad. isini mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen
sadazvervo sistemis funqcionirebaSic.
4. feodaluri jaris dromoWmulobisa da CamorCenilobis
aRmosafxvrelad TiTqmis warmatebiT ganaxorciela mudmivi jaris
nairsaxeobis _ ,,morige laSqris” Seqmna, rac etapobrivad ase gamoixata:

44
Tavdapirvelad _ ,,noqari”, XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi _
,,morige” jari. romelic 1774 wlidan ganaxlda.
5. samxedro reformis TvalsazrisiT, garkveul siaxles
warmoadgenda saeklesio jaris gamoyvanis ganaxleba, rac mcxeTis
sakaTalikosos samxedro begaris saxiT ekisreboda.
6. samxedro wesdebebis, darigebebisa da instruqciebis saxiT
iTargmna sxvadasxva wigni, rasac morige jaris gawvrTnasa da
funqcionirebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda.
7. jarSi gasawvevi kontingentis sruli mobilizaciis mizniT, erekle
II-m mosaxleobis aRwera Caatara. amis safuZvelze sadroSoebs zustad
ganesazRvraT jarSi gasagzavni (gasawvevi) kontigentis raodenoba.
samxedro samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebisa da mouravTa mier gasawvevi
pirebis damalvis, dafarvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gamoica specialuri
brZanebebi yvela kategoriis xelmZRvanelisadmi.
8. laSqris organizaciul struqturad dayofam (aTaseuli,
xuTaseuli, aseuli da sxv.) da Sesabamisi danayofebis meTaurebis
daniSvnam jari ufro organizebuli, marTvadi da, rac mTavaria,
daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebadi gaxada.
9. disciplinis regulireba imdroindeli wesdebebisa da
instruqciebis mixedviT xdeboda. marTvis gasaumjobeseblad Seiqmna e. w.
samxedro kancelaria. SemoRebul iqna rigi Tanamdebobebi: minbaSi –
aTasisTavi, fonsadbaSi - xuTasisTavi, uzbaSi – asisTavi, TofCibaSi -
mezarbazneTa ufrosi da sxva.
10. SemoRebul iqna samxedro wodebebi -KAkaprali, serJanti, unter-
oficeri, oficeri, artileriis kapitani, maiori, polkovniki, generali.
Sesabamis Tanamdebobebze daniSvna uSualod mefis mier
xorcieldeboda. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli aZlierebda imdroindeli
jaris brZolisunarianobas, rac pirvelxarisxovan RonisZiebebs
warmoadgenda lekTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebisa da mahmadianur
saxelmwifoTa Semosevebis aRsakveTad.

45
 1.2. SeiaraRebisa da tyvia-wamlis warmoeba.
XVIII saukunis II naxevridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaZlierda da
mrewvelobis ganviTareba TandaTan aRorZinebis gzaze dadga. amuSavda
sxvadasxva sawarmo. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia SevexoT samTamadno
warmoebas, radgan igi SeiaraRebis SeqmnisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda. am saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis mefe ereklem moaxerxamadnis
berZeni ostatebis osmaleTidan gadmoyvana didi gasamjelos dapirebiT,
romlebmac 1774 wels axtalasa da alaverdSi spilenZisa da vercxlis
mopoveba-gamodnobis saqme ganaviTares (58, 223). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
samTamadno warmoebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina
samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze, romelic arsebuli periodisaTvis
prioritetuli iyo. SeiaraRebis ganviTareba zegavlenas axdenda samxedro
xelovnebis ganviTarebaze, igi mniSvnelovnad zrdida saxelmwifos
Tavdacvisunarianobas. samxedro warmoebis ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba im
droisaTvis arsebuli zarbaznebis, zambulakebis (sparsuli didi Tofi
(48, 118), cixis Tofebis, xelyumbarebis, Tof-iaraRis da sxvaTa damzadeba.
,,TbilisSi arsebobda Tof-iaraRis damamzadebeli qarxana, sadac, sxva
samxedro saWurvelis garda, zarbaznebsac amzadebdnen. aq muSaobdnen
sxvadasxva specialobis xelosnebi - xuroebi, durglebi, zarbaznis
mburRavebi, mqlibavebi. isini xelfass fuliT iRebdnen~ (87, 265).K
a. koWlavaSvilis mier moZiebuli masalebidan Cans, rom 1744 wels,
rodesac qarTlis mefe Teimurazi TbilisSi Semovida da metexis xidze
fexi Sedga, zarbaznis Sedluxma yurTasmena dafarao, xolo qviSxeTSi,
erekles qorwilis Rames, kaxur mravalJamiers Turme suramis cixis
zarbaznebi aZlevdnen bans. Aamave versias mowmobs p. orbelianis ` ambavni
qarTlisani~ (43, 94). wignSi iseTi epizodebia moyvanili, sadac sabrZolo
moqmedebebis dros mefe Teimurazi da erekle II iyenebdnen zarbazans
ZiriTadad safortifikacio nagebobebis dasangrevad Tu cocxali Zalis
gasanadgureblad. ,,. . . baraTaSvilma . . . Tofxana waravlina kexvis
cixesa, dauwyes srola cixesa kexvisasa zarbazniTa da yumbariTa~ (41,
376).

46
 ereklesaTvis kargad iyo cnobili omebSi artileriis mniSvneloba.
amitom Tavis erT-erT amocanad isaxavda saqarTveloSi samTo warmoebis
aRdgenas da amis safuZvelze artileriis Semdgom gaumjobesebas. Mmisi
iniciativiT, TbilisSi jer kidev 1749 wels aages saartilerio qarxana
(jabaxana), sadac cixis Tofebs, zambulakebs, Tof-iaraRsa da zarbaznebs
asxamdnen (83, 379). saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifos Tavdacvisunarianobis
saqmeSi kargad acnobierebdnen artileriis mniSvnelobas.Aam mizniT
erekle mefe gamudmebiT cdilobda, visganme zarbaznebis gakeTeba da
xmareba Seeswavla.
mefe ereklem isargebla saqarTveloSi general totlebenis
meTaurobiT jaris SemoyvaniT, romelsac monawileoba unda mieRo
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul omSi da mas saartilerio saqmis
qarTveli specialistebis masTan gagzavna Txova.
totlebenis brZanebis safuZvelze, ,,1769 wlis noembridan 1770 wlis
Tebervlamde podpolkovniki s. ColoyaSvili, ruseTis mTavrobis
warmomadgenel anton Tarxan-mouravTan erTad tfilisSi imyofeboda.
erekles misTvis iaraRis sawyobebi uCvenebia da artileriis gamarTvis
saqmeSi daxmareba uTxovia. s. ColoyaSvils am sakiTxze Ppataki
gaugzavnia totlebenisTvis. Ees Ppataki sabediswero aRmoCnda misTvis. . .
totlebenma s. ColoyaSvili saswrafod mejvrisxevSi daibara. . . da
daapatimra . . . 1770 wlis 6 Tebervals graf CerniSovisTvis gagzavnil
moxsenebaSi totlebeni werda: ,,Cemi brZanebebis miuxedavad
s. ColoyaSvili kvlav tfilisSi rCeba da erekles zarbaznebis keTebasa
da lafetze gawyobas aswavliso, me saswrafo brZaneba gaugzavne
dabrunebuliyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi davapatimreb da mozdokSi
gavgzavnio~ (67, 62-63). Seswavlili masalebidan naTlad Cans, rom
artileriis podpolkovnikma s. ColoyaSvilma da Tavadma Tarxan
mouravma mizanmimarTulad ikisres davalebis Sesruleba. isini erekle
mefes zarbaznebis mortirebis gakeTebasa da gamoyenebas aswavlidnen
(mesxia S., Tbilisis istoriuli warsuli, naw. I, 1990, 379).
ruseTis jaris ufrosma generalma totlebenma, Seityo ra am ambis
Sesaxeb, s. ColoyaSvilsa da Tarxan-mouravs satikad aukrZala,
47
qarTvelebisaTvis saartilerio saqme eswavlebinaT. rogorc Cans,
totlebenis amgvari brZaneba ukanonod miuCneviaT, radgan maT moqmedebas
saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris imdroindeli samxedro-politikuri
kavSiri amyarebda. Aamitom oriveni TbilisSi darCnen da TavianTi moRva-
weoba ganagrZes (82, 111-112). am garemoebam didad Seuwyo xeli
saqarTveloSi artileriis ganviTarebas. qarxana mdebareobda Zveli
Tbilisis gareubanSi-kojris Zveli gzis dasawyisis dRevandeli
k. leseliZis, S. dadianis, l. asaTianis quCis midamoebSi (93, 4). ucxoeli,
monastris winamZRvari ioseb delaporti, romelic TbilisSi imyofeboda
1768 wels, aRniSnavs zarbaznis warmoebis arsebobas am qalaqSi:
` . . . tfilisSi akeTeben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, wamals~. . . (33, 75). 1771
wlis 15 oqtombers mefe erekle II-m miiRo akademikosi giuldenStedti.
mas, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan irkveva, scodnia samTamadno
warmoeba. Mmefe erekles misTvis saqarTveloSi darCena SeuTavazebia,
radgan sabadoTa damuSavebis specialisti sWirdeboda, magram stumarma
SemoTavazebul winadadebas Tavi aarida (36, 12).
giuldenStedtis gadmocemiT, 1772 wlis 18 Tebervals man
daaTvaliera Tofiswamlis qarxana. Mmisi aRweriT, iq gamoyenebuli
wamlis Semadgeneli nawilebis proporcia Semdegia: 13 - citra anu wili
gvarjila, 2 - wili gogirdi da 3 - wili naxSiri tirifisa an Txilisa.
aseT Semadgenlobas nayaven mTeli dRe kaklis xis sanaySi, romelsac
Signidan aqvs odnav konusiseburi forma, zeviT aris 10 duimis (25.4 sm.)
siganisa da 12 duimi (30.48 sm.) siRmisa, aqvs granitis konusuri filTaqva,
romliTac mTeli dRe nayaven. Ees filTaqva zeviT iweva RerZis
meSveobiT, romelic fexiT mohyavT moZraobaSi. Semdeg wamali ifxvneba
spilenZis rofSi da fskeri aqvs daCvretili (36, 15). es faqti kidev
erTxel amtkicebs samxedro warmoebis arsebobas saqarTveloSi mocemuli
periodisaTvis. erekles dros artileriis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis
istorikosi butkovi: ... droTa viTarebaSi zarbaznebis ricxvi gaizarda
15-mde paata andronikovis (andronikaSvili) xelSewyobiT, romelmac
codna saartilerio mecnierebaSi ruseTSi miiRo. Mman moawyo TbilisSi
Camosasxmeli saamqro, sadac gadaadno zarbaznebi da Camoasxa isini
48
evropuli kalibrebis mixedviT (49, 287). butkovs mxedvelobidan gamorCa
is, rom zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana paata andronikaSvilamde
arsebobda saqarTveloSi, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. Aaseve cnobas
gvawvdis polkovniki burnaSovi, romelic saqarTveloSi 1783-1787 wlebSi
imyofeboda: `qarTul artilerias atareben xarebiT . . . saSiSia maTi
mezobeli mtrebisaTvis. Eerekles aqvs 12 sakuTari zarbazani, Camosxmuli
tfilisSi~ (151, 7). es cnobebi WeSmariti dadasturebaa imisa, Tu ra
ganviTarebis stadiaSi imyofeboda maSindeli saqarTvelos artileria.
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebSi daculia erT-erTi
xelnaweri S-167. igi Targmnilia qarTulad vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT,
mixeil elieviCis mier, 1725 wels. is ori didi nawilisagan Sedgeba:
pirvelia `sivakis mzomeloba anu planimetria~ da meore `saartilerio
wigni~. xelnaweris qveda ydis Sida mxareze mefe erekles brZanebiT
Tarxan–mouravs aseTi minaweri gaukeTebia: `RvTisagan amaRlebulman
mefeT-mefeman da TviT xelmwifeman mpyrobelman qarTlisa, kaxeTisa,
SamSadinisa, yazaxisa da borCalos meoreman patronma iraklim mibrZana
rusuls dasturze artileriis gakeTeba saqarTvelois kacs giorgi
Tarxans saxeliTa mxTisaTa, SewevniT patronisa CemisaTa gavakeTe gavawye
zarbaznebi, rom rusTac didad moswonT, qarTvelTa da kaxTac did
imedad uCansT, vinc warikixavdes, Sendobas mobrZandeT, R-Ti SegindobisT
Tqvens codvasa~ (16, S.167).
es faqti mowmobs, rom mefe erekle da giorgi Tarxan-mouravi am
saxelmZRvaneloTi sargeblobdnen. wignSi mocemulia cnobebi
saartilerio Wurvebis, xelyumbarebis, Tofiswamlisa da sxva iaraRis
damzadebis Sesaxeb. magaliTisaTvis: `sostavi xeliT sasrolis granatisa:
24 luti wminda marili, 10-is 1/2 luti gvarjila, 3 luti gogirdi,
½luti naxSiri. Ees sostavi erTmaneTSi kargad aurie da cota wyali zed
daaprkvie da mere is cinderi magra gastene~.
xelnawerSi gaTvaliswinebulia damzadebis procesSi usafrTxoebis
zomebis dacva, wamlebis da minarevebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebi,
romlisganac mzaddeboda Wurvebi da xelyumbarebi. naSromis didi
nawili eTmoba zarbaznebis Tematikas, sadac vrcladaa mocemuli
49
sxvadasxva tipis zarbaznis daniSnuleba, maTi gamoyenebis principebi da
cxrilebi srolisaTvis (16, 264). giorgi Tarxan-mouravis mier 1776 wels
mdivan laSqarnivisaTvis micemul baraTSi aRniSnulia ` ... me TofCibaSs
Tarxans giorgis dascems naibs gabriels samis Tvisa Cemi, Cemis naibisa
da Tofxanis sruliad amalisa samocdaTvrameti Tumani eqvsi minalTuni
da xuTi Sauri. Tqven laSqarnivisis manuCarisagan mogvebara baraTebi~
(19, Hd 3843). . .amrigad, 1776 wels ganaxlebuli saartilerio qarxnisa da
artileriis ufrosi is giorgi Tarxn-mouravi iyo, romelmac mefe
erekles zarbaznebi daumzada. igi am Tanamdebobaze, rogorc wyaroebidan
irkveva, 1780 wlamde moRvaweobda.
erekle mefes ar akmayofilebda zarbaznis adgilobrivi warmoeba da
Tbilisis saartilerio qarxnis uaxloesi teqnikis mixedviT gardaqmna
ganizraxa. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan zarbaznebis warmoeba evropasa
da ruseTis armiebSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. gluvluliani
zarbazani foladis daRarullulianiT Seicvala.
saqarTvelo samxedro kadrebis nakleblobas ganicdida XVIII
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, erekle meorem saartilerio saqmis Sesaswavlad
ruseTs paata andronikaSvili miavlina. paatam ruseTis armiis
artileriis oficris wodeba miiRo. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi
samSobloSi dabrunebuls saartilerio saqmis xelmZRvaneloba daevala.
igi saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos samxedro warmoebis gardaqmnas,
romelic erekle mefis TaosnobiT daiwyo (106, 33). es iyo pirveli
mcdeloba saqarTveloSi samxedro warmoebis evropul yaidaze
gadasvlisa, rac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels samxedro xelovnebis
Semadgeneli nawilis _ taqtikis ganviTarebas (d. m.). am faqts adasturebs
mdivanbegi o. xerxeuliZe. is gadmogvcems: `amasa Sina iwyoca mefeman
artileriisa, e. i. Tofxanisa, evropulsa gvarssa zeda gawyoba da diax
Cinebuli artileria gamarTa. aRezarda mefesa iraklis warsagebeliTa
TvisiTa TavadTa Zeni rosiasa Sina artileriisa swavliTa da maT Soris
gamovida pirveli xelovani Tavadi andronikaSvili paata da uxucesi
ganmgeoba artileriisa, anu felcixmeisteroba, romelsa TofCibaSad

50
uxmobdnen, misca mas da ganewyo yovelive moxeleni da msaxurni
cecxlsasroleTani evropulad~ (47, 92).
erekle II-is dros artileriaSi samsaxuri sapatiod iTvleboda.
gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen artileriis ufrosi
(TofCibaSi) da misi moadgileebi (naibi), romelTa xelmZRvanelobiT
amzadebdnen qarxnis xelosnebi cecxlmfrqvevad saWurvels, kerZod,
zarbaznebsa da mis mowyobilobas. Pp. andronikaSvilma SesaniSnavad
gaarTva Tavi mefis mier micemul davalebas. rogorc sabuTidan irkveva,
saartilerio ganxriT momsaxure pirebi mxolod didi Sromisa da garjis
Semdeg Rebulobdnen maRal Tanamdebobas. 1780 wels p. andronikaSvilma
artileriis ufrosoba miiRo.Mmis ZiriTad amocanas Seadgenda
artileristebis momzadeba, maTi gawvrTna da movla-patronoba. amas
amtkicebs saqarTvelos centralur saistoro arqivSi Seswavlili sabuTi
`Cven qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefem iraklim giboZeT Sen, qisiyis mouravis
Svils paatas TofCibaSs. Aaqamdin TobCibaSoba gayofili iyo. axla
mTlaT da sakuTraT Sen dagadgineT da Sen giboZeT, rac TofCibaSebi
Tarxans giorgis ebarnen, isinic Sen unda miibaro da amaTs swavlazed
bejiTi unda iyo da sxvis Semoyvanasac ecade, rom TofCibaSi TofCeb
gaimravlo. SenTvis jamagirad weliwadSi ormoci Tumani madnidam
mogecema da jinSi ocis Tumnisa sabeWdavis ijaridam mogecema. Amas
yovelwliv Cveni moxeleni ukleblad mogcemen. amas garda, rac SenTvis
ulufa gamogvCenia, is sxva oqmiT mogecema~ (16, 268) (4, 226). erekle II
artileriaSi momsaxure nebismieri rangis pirovnebas garkveul
SeRavaTebs aZlevda, jamagirs uxdida da usamarTlobisganac icavda,
aseve damsaxurebis mixedviT wodebebs aniWebda. mas mowmoben saqarTvelos
centralur saistorio arqivSi daculi dokumentebi (6, 226. # 5124, 5125,
2616, 8719).
XVIII saukunis 70-ian-80-ian wlebSi artileria saqarTveloSi kidev
ufro gaumjobesda, ramac saxelmwifos Tavdacvisunarianobis saqmeSi
mniSvnelovani roli Sasrula: `mefe irakli Tavis samefos kualobazed
Zlieri iyo. imas hqonda ocdaoTxi gawyobili zarbaznebi Tavis
Camosasxmelis saxliTa, romelsaca siTkenac undoda, iqiT waiRebda im
51
zarbaznebs, magram ufrosi erTi sul adgilobriv ewyo da TviTon ki
qarTvelebiT mters sdevnida xan somxiTSi, xan qarTlSi da xan
kaxeTSi. . .im zarbaznebiT da im jariT, romlis mtersa SemouSvebda
saqarTveloSi? aramc Tu SemouSvebda, sxva qveynebsac SeiZenda~ (146, 8).
mefe gamudmebiT cdilobda saartilerio saqmis
srulyofas.AartileristTa kadrebis mosamzadeblad zogjer ucxoel
specialistebsac iwvevda. Mmis SviliSvils, daviT batoniSvils
saartilerio samxedro ganaTleba avstrieli ioseb iakobis Ze
getingisagan miuRia (111, 418). 1794 wels man ruseTSi gagzavna saqarTvelos
mkvidri stefane meliqovi saartilerio saqmis Sesaswavlad. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, mefe erekle Tavis elCs, garsevan WavWavaZes swerda:
`. . .somxiTis meliqovi stefan pavliCi ruseTs iyo, iq rusuli ena da
wigni iswavla da aq CvenTan movida da Cven isev mand ruseTs SenTan
gamovistumreT im mizezebisaTvis, rom … artileriis agebis saqme
iswavlos da am qveyanas gamoadges. Amaszed ram gulmodgineba ixmaro,
Sens mSobels qveyanas vals dasdeb da Cvens gulsac moimadleb. . .Tu
Sengan SeiZlebodes, drozed kapitnobis Cinis Sovnazed Seewio da
uSovno, ufro mxiarulebiT ecdeba swavlis miRebas da saqarTvelos
Sesamati saqme iqneba~ (7, 227). sabuTi gaanalizebulia a. klimiaSvilis
mier.
saWiro iyo saartilerio saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis feTqebadi
masalebis damzadeba. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi Tofiswamals
garkveulwilad moqalaqe xelosnebi amzadebdnen da vaWrobdnen. mefe
ereklem Tofiswamlis, gvarjilis damzadeba da individualuri pirebis
mier damoukideblad gayidva akrZala. warmoebis ufleba man mxolod erT
pirs - TayuaSvils uboZa. mefis nebarTviT man 1770 wels Tofis wamlis
qarxana aaSena. Tofis wamlis damzadeba da gayidva mxolod am pirovnebas
miando (87, 272). TayuaSvilebisadmi erekles mier micemul nebarTvaSi
aRniSnulia: `Cveni brZaneba aris TayuaSvilo isaiaRav, merme did Wirobas,
qveynisa da Cveni samsaxurisaTvis da qalaqsa da xalxis mraval rigis
movlis samagieroT qalaqSi Tofis wamlis danayvis brZaneba mamaSens, Sen
da SvilTa SenTa giboZeT, Tqvens meti kaci veravin daanayvinebda da verc
52
gorjilasa da Tofis wamals gahyidda. .maSinve Tqvenc qarxana gamarTeviT
da asaqmebdiT, merme Tofxanasa da cixeebisaTvis Seni qarxana TxoebiT
CamogarTviT da samagieroT mamulis boZebas dagpirdiT~ (8, 229).
amrigad, gvarjilisa da Tofiswamlis damzadeba-vaWrobas erekle II
akontrolebda, romelic Semdgom xels Seuwyobda saxelmwifo
daniSnulebisaTvis feTqebadi masalebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas.
interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos isic, Tu sad mdebareobda asafeTqebeli
masalebis qarxana, ramdenad uzrunvelyo erTma gvarma metad saWiro
davalebis Sesruleba da sad iyo ganlagebuli mniSvnelovani samxedro
obieqtebi. amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi dokumenti: `avlabris cixis gareT,
sadac amjobino, qarxana unda gagekeTebina; sadac gimjobesebia da
giSenebia, is adgili Cvenc moviwoneT ~. . . ocdaxuTi adli alagi gvTxove
Cven. inebeT da is alagi Sen da Sen Svilebs samkvidrod mamulad
giboZeT, duqnebi gaakeTe da wamalic iq gaayidvine~ (9, 229). es sakiTxi
gaaanaliza a. klimiaSvilma, rodesac saartilerio mSeneblobas Seexo.
rogorc vxedavT, Tofiswamlis qarxana avlabris teritoriaze
mdebareobda.
saxelmwifos moTxovna Tofiswamalsa da gvarjilaze imdenad
dakmayofilebuli yofila, rom mefes neba daurTavs TayuaSvilebisaTvis
damzadebuli wamlis individualurad gayidvaze. saartilerio
saWurvelisa da sxva sabrZolo masalebis sawyobi ki nariyalas cixeSi
iyo ganlagebuli (156, 48). es adgili SedarebiT ukeT uzrunvelyofda
samxedro produqciis obieqtebis movlasa da dacvas.
zemoT aRweril masalaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi saartilerio
saqmis ganviTarebas exeba, saubari iyo paata andronikaSvilis
ganswavlulobaze. Cvenis azriT, mas ganaTleba ruseTSi hqonda miRebuli,
saartilerio aRmSeneblobis saqmesac rusul yaidaze warmarTavda,
romelic nawilobriv evropulze iyo dafuZnebuli.Aam mosazrebis
ganmtkicebisaTvis moviyvanT magaliTs: wignSi `saartilerio SeiaraReba~,
nawili I, warmodgenilia rusuli artileriis ganviTarebis etapebi. masSi
moyvanilia monacemebi, saidanac naTlad Cans, rom 1757-1796 wlebSi
saartilerio qvemexebis kalibri meryeobs 76 mm-dan 245 mm-mde. paata
53
andronikaSvilis moRvaweobis periodSi 120 mm-dan 152 mm-de, srolis
manZili ki 20-22 gradusiani kuTxiT gasrolisas 1066 m-dan 2980 m-mde
ganisazRvreboda (165, 169). Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia, paata
andronikaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT damzadebuli zarbaznebi miaxloebiT
igive teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebisa yofiliyo.
naSromSi ,,saartilerio mSenebloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi XVIII
saukunis II naxevarSi~ mkvlevarma a. klimiaSvilma Seiswavla
artileriis ganviTareba. igi aRniSnavs mefe erekles ganswavlulobas
misi gamoyenebis saqmeSi. ,,. . .Tu isini gamovidnen da omi mouxdesT, Tqven
mindorzed Sebmas ecadeniT. kinklaobasa da imaTsaviT Tofebis
miSvelebasa da ise Sebmas daexseniT. . .qveiTi kaci iberim xansac bevri
eyoleba, cxenianic rom daaqveiToT da ise mixvideT, zarbaznebic win
miimZRvaroT da omi zarbaznebs daacadoT. . .ar auCqardeT, daacaloT,
isini Tqvenze moiyvanoT da Tqven imaTze ar mixvideT, ise sjobs, rom
isini Tqvenze mosvliT daRaloT da RvTiT Tqven im daRaluls erTianaT
SeebaT; isini aqeT-iqidam tanebas dagiwyeben, Tqven zarbaznis srolis
mets nuras iqmT, isini amaSi daiRalvian, masukan erTianad miaweviT. . .~
(87, 273-274). aRniSnulidan naTlad Cans, rom mefe erekle artileriis
miznobrivad gamoyenebasa da sabrZolo moqmedebis warmarTvis xerxze
miuTiTebda. masSi mocemulia mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Seyvanis
RonisZieba - yvela mebrZolis daqveiTeba (rogorc yirbulaxis
brZolisas), mtris moqancva da axlos moSveba. zarbaznis uecari cecxli
ieriSis misatanad gamzadebul mowinaaRmdeges rom demoralizebuls
gaxdida, es faqtia. amitom brZolis dawyebiT etapze artileriis
gamoyeneba garkveulwilad xels uwyobda cocxali Zalis SenarCunebas,
misi sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebas da mtris danakargebis gazrdas.
amrigad, rogorc masalebidan Cans, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli iyo artileriisa da
Tofiswamlis, xelyumbarebis warmoeba, romlis gazrdasa da
gaumjobesebas mefe erekle yovelmxriv cdilobda, radgan saxelmwifos
samxedro Zlierebas samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTareba gansazRvravda.

54
 1.3. sainJinro – TavdacviTi nagebobebi
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi erekle II-m mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi
gaatara cixe-galavnebis, cixe-simagreebis asaSeneblad da
ganaxlebisaTvis, romlebic erTgvar safortifikacio nagebobebs
warmoadgendnen.Mmocemuli periodi daRestneli feodalebisa da
sxvadasxva saxanoebis winaaRmdeg qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis urTulesi brZolis
xana iyo. mowinaaRmdegis Tavdasxmebisagan dasacavad adreul periodSi
agebuli simagreebis raodenoba da konstruqcia mocemul periodSi
moTxovnebs nawilobriv akmayofilebda. amitomMmefe ereklem, Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamomdinare, arsebuli mdgomareoba cixe-simagreTa erTiani
sistemis SeqmniT gamoaswora. cixe-simagreTa centri iyo Telavi (75, 17).
p. zaqaraias naSromSi `kaxeTis safortifikacio nagebobani~
damajerebladaa aRwerili im cixe-simagreebis, cixe-darbazebisa da
galavnebis daxasiaTeba, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen
mosaxleobis Tavdacvisunarianobis saqmeSi. GgansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
wignSi mocemuli suraTi 1, sadac mocemulia cixe-simagreTa ganlagebis
sqema. isini dasaxlebul punqtebSi ZiriTadad strategiul
mimarTulebebze iyvnen ganlagebuli, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo mosaxleobis
swrafi Sexizvna da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi brZolis warmarTva.
XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan TavdacviT nagebobaTa mSenebloba
qarTl-kaxeTSi swrafi tempiT grZeldeboda. amis mizezi mtrulad
ganwyobili mezoblebis intensiuri Semosevebi iyo. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo cixeebiTa da galavnebiT daifara, sadac mosaxleoba mZime
dReebSi Tavs afarebda da warmatebiT igeriebda mtrebs. AaSenebdnen ara
marto axal simagreebs, aramed amagrebdnen da restavracias ukeTebdnen
Zvelebs (112, 626).
Cveni azriT, rogorc Seswavlili masalebidan irkveva, zemoaRniSnul
periodSi da Semdgom saxelmwifos Tavdacis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni cixe-
simagreebi, cixe-galavnebi da koSkebi iyo, romlebic erTian TavdacviT
sistemas qmnidnen. am sistemis efeqtur moqmedebaze did gavlenas axdenda
sasignalo-Setyobinebis sistema. Tu igi organizebulad moqmedebda,
maSin mowinaaRmdegis mier moulodnelad Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi
55
saxelmwifos SigniT mobilizebuli xvdebodnen. cixe-simagreebisa da
galavnebis damakavSirebeli sayaraulo koSkebi iyo. maTi daniSnulebidan
gamomdinare, iseT adgilmdebareobaze ganalagebdnen, saidanac maTi
saSualebiT xdeboda umokles droSi signalis gadacema. signalis
adreul saxes koSkebis Tavze danTebuli koconi warmoadgenda.
SemdgomSi ki paralelurad cecxlsasroli iaraRi, droSebi da Sikrikebi
gamoiyeneboda. safortifikacio nagebobebi ZiriTadad strategiulad
mniSvnelovan adgilebze iyo ganlagebuli. isini garkveulwilad
ketavdnen sazRvrebze gadmosasvlel gzebs, xolo saxelmwifos SigniT _
gzajvaredinebs, centralur da mniSvnelovan magistralebs.
saqarTveloSi cixe-simagreebisa da galavnebis asagebad bunebrivi
pirobebi xelsayreli iyo, amitom maT vake adgilmdebareobaze iSviaTad
agebdnen. Tu ki simagreTa vakeze ageba aucileblobas warmoadgenda,
adgilTan SefardebiT mas Txrilebsac Semoavlebdnen, raTa mters
Tavisuflad ieriSis mitana ar SeZleboda.
safortifikacio nagebobebisa da mtris Tavdasxmisas qarTvelTa
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis germaneli mkvlevari da
mogzauri giuldenStedti. is gadmogvcems: ` aq Canda mrgvali da
oTxkuTxedi moednebi, miwayrilebi, sadac mcxovrebni afareben Tavs da
pirutyvs, roca droze SeamCneven mZarcvelebs, mamacurad icaven Tavs.
mkacrad dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, yoveli qiziyeli miiCqaris Tavisi
TofiT iqiT, saidanac esmis srolis xma am RonisZiebebis wyalobiT,
lekebi maT ufro iSviaTad esxmian Tavs~ (36, 27).
Semdeg mkvlevari aRwers im safortifikacio nagebobebis
moyvanilobasa da TviT mosaxleobis moqmedebas, romelTac esoden
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules TviTgadarCenis saqmeSi:. . . ,,umetesad
yovel sofels aqvs erTi an ramdenime mrgvali koSkebi. Tavdasxmis dros
qveda sarTulze Tavs afareben qalebi da bavSvebi, zeda sarTulze ki
ikribebian SeiaraRebuli kacebi da esvrian yaCaRebs. Bbevr sofels aqvs
. . .kedliT garSemortymuli . . . oTxkuTxa moedani karebebiTa da
sasroli koSkebiT. aseT adgilebSi, romlebsac cixeebi hqviaT, an ar

56
cxovroben, an cxovroben cotani, Tavdasxmebis dros yvelani cdiloben,
am cixeebSi gadairCinon Tavi saqonliTa da qonebiT~ (36, 249-251).
TavdacviTi nagebobebis daniSnulebasa da gamZleobaze miuTiTebs
yvarlis cixeSi, alyaSi moqceuli qarTvelebis brZola, romelzec
Semdgom TavSi gveqneba saubari. Aaq sayuradReboa is faqti, rom ocdasami
dRis ganmavlobaSi (110, 12) alyaSemortymul cixeSi mowinaaRmdegem
qarTvelTa damarcxeba ver moaxerxa. sainteresoa mematianis erTi cnoba ...
sxva Rone rome movipovneTo da yvarlis cixe ganvaZlieroTo, Tu im
cixes (mteri-d. m.) aiRebda, gaRma mxari xelT darCebaT da raxan gaRma
mxars iSovnian, kaxeTis Sovnac gauadvildebaTo. Mmere dasustebuls
qarTls riTRa SevimagrebTo~ (43, 229). yvarlis ,,cixis kedlebis mTel
perimetrze koSkebis gareSe Tavisuflad SeeZlo erTdroulad emoqmeda
aTasamde msrolels. amas Tu mivumatebT Svidi koSkis saTofeebs,
miviRebT saTofeTa iseT raodenobas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmovidginoT Zlieri garnizoni.
yvarlis cixis meore galavanze da arxze gviyveba
,,kalmasobaSi~ misi mnaxveli ioane, sadac vkiTxulobT: ,,ioane warvida
cixisken da Tan gayva alaverdis saxlTuxucesi. ra cixesTan mivida
ioane, ixila meore sxva galavani Semortymuli da galavans gare arxi. . .
hkiTxa saxlTuxucess: es simagre vin gaakeTao? man uTxra: ioane
batoniSvilman, rom mefe iraklim aq ubrZana yofnao, odes omarxan
movidoda ocdaxuTi aTasis kaciT am yvarelzed, maSin es simagre
gagvikeTa batonis-Svilman SigniT galavanSi dedakacni da ymawvilni
daayena da burjebSi TofaCni da meTofeni da TviTon jariT da Cven aq
videqiT. da eserd magrad viyaviT, rom movidnen mtris jarni, bursas
verRa gascildnen, da orjel aq dagveswro Cvens gaWirvebis dRes, da
RmerTs garda iman dagvixsna im mterT tyveobisagan~ (75, 109-110).
rogorc safortifikacio nagebobebis istoriidan irkveva,
saTofurebis ganlageba da daxriloba imdagvarad yofila mowyobili,
romelic uzrunvelyofda axlo da Sor manZilze cecxlis efeqturad
warmarTvas. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi

57
mniSvneloba hqonda qarTl_kaxeTisaTvis yvarlis cixes. Aam brZolis
dros qarTl-kaxeTi mTlianad mindobili yofila aRniSnul simagreze.
zogierTi istorikosis cnobiT cixis aReba saxelmwifosaTvis
karibWis Camoxsnis tolfasi iyo. sxvadasxva saxis simagreebSi, es iqneba
saxelmwifo daniSnulebis cixe, cixe-darbazi, Tu galavani, maTi
koSkebidan erTi yovelTvis gamoirCeoda. reliefis sirTulis
SemTxvevaSi sxvebze didi koSki maRal adgilze Sendeboda. iseT cixe-
galavnebSi, romlebic vakeze iyo ganlagebuli, erT-erT koSks,
romlidanac garemo ufro moxerxebulad da Sors Canda, sxvebze maRals
agebdnen. aseTi koSkebidan xdeboda ara marto midamoebis dazverva,
aramed mtris gamoCenisas signalis micema, rac uzrunvelyofda
mosaxleobis mokle droSi mobilizebas.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom cixe-simagreebis, galavnebisa da koSkebis,
aseve sxva TavdacviTi mniSvnelobis nagebobebze pasuxismgebelni iyvnen im
teritoriis mouravebi da mflobelebi, romelTa daqvemdebarebaSic
safortifikacio nagebobebi Sedioda. erekle II-is mefobis periodSi
qarTlsa da kaxeTSi TiTqmis ar darCenila arc erTi mniSvnelovani xeoba
Tu magistrali, sadac cixe-simagreebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi ar
aegoT. QqarTlSi aSenebul-ganaxlebul simagreTagan aRsaniSnavia
saSaburo - bazaleTis Crdilo aRmosavleTiT, satixari - patara liaxvis
Sua welSi, xaduriani-patara liaxvis xeobaSi, fca - frones marcxena
napirze, aradeTi-frones marjvena napirze, lamisyana-qsnis xeobaSi,
muxranis, kodis, qvemoWalis, MmWadijvris da sxv.
kaxeTSi erekles dros aSenda da ganaxlda cixeebi da cixe-galavnebi
_ Telavis cixe, vaxvaxiSvilis cixe, boWorma, siRnaRi, axmeta, ruispiri,
sabue, alaverdi, yvareli, lalisyuri, nafareuli, Silda, iyalTo da
sxva. aSenda koSkebi kardenaxSi, kisisxevSi, oJioSi, martyofsa da sxva
(57). CamoTvlilTagan aRsaniSnavia siRnaRis cixe-darbazi, romelic 1762
welsaa aSenebuli. igi ganlagebulia maRali mTis koncxze, rogorc
sartyeli. mas uWiravs 40 heqtaramde farTobi. garSemoweriloba 2500 m-
mdea. cixis galavnis kedelebSi 23 koSkia aSenebuli (75, 66), romlebic,
reliefidan gamomdinare, iseT adgilzea ganlagebuli, saidanac
58
SesaZlebeli iyo jvaredini cecxlis warmarTva da koSkebs Soris
mdebare kedlebisa da sivrcis dacva. iq sadac koSki ar dgas galavanSi
gakeTebulia saTofurebi. cixis kedlebi oriarusiani iyo. qveda iarusi
mebrZolTa gadaadgilebas uzrunvelyofda. cixe-darbazi irgvliv mdebare
soflebis TavSesafars warmoadgenda. CrdiloeTidan akontrolebda
alaznis vels, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan dedofliswyarosa da Siraqis
velis mimarTulebebs.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebs xazgasmiT aRniSnavs o. xerxeuliZe,
romelic ambobs, rom . . . ,,aSendnen qarTl-kaxeTis 160-mde galavani da
burji~ (47, 74). yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, rom
qarTvelTa TavdacvisaTvis, brZolisunarianobis asamaRleblad da
gansamtkiceblad safortifikacio naebobebs XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi
didi mniSvneloba qonda.
maSasadame, ganxiluli masalebi cxadyofen, rom: erekle II-m
axtalasa da alaverdSi spilenZisa da vercxlis madnis sabadoebis
amoRebiTa da gamodnobiT aaRorZina samTamadno warmoeba, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, pirvelad saqarTveloSi (da ara mxolod qarTl-kaxeTSi)
garkveulwilad safuZveli Cauyara samxedro mrewvelobis Seqmnas, ramac
mniSvnelovnad gazarda qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba.
swored samxedro mrewvelobis SeqmniT gaxda SesaZlebeli
saartilerio saqmis ganviTareba. zarbaznebis, zambulakebis, Tofebis,
xelyumbarebisa da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis warmoebiT aRiWurva
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos jari. man, Tavis mxriv, aamaRla misi
brZolisunarianoba. amave mizans emsaxureboda saartilerio da sxva
samxedro specialistebis mozidva qveyanaSi da erovnuli samxedro
kadrebis aRzrda-momzadeba, rusuli jaris msgavsad, samxedro wodebebis
SemoReba qarTul jarSi, wesdebebisa da sxva samxedro literaturis
gadmoTargmna rusulidan qarTulad, axlis Seqmna.
erekle II-is mefobis periodSi, misi samxedro-reformatoruli
moRvaweobis Sedegad, qarTuli jari Sedgeboda qveiTebis, cxenosnebisa
da artileristebisagan, romelTagan saukeTeso nawils cxenosani jari
Seadgenda.
59
 qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda
miznad arsebuli cixeebisa da galavnebis masobrivi SekeTeba, axlebis
ageba da sainJinro-TavdacviTi daniSnulebiT maTi mowyoba. maTTvis
adgilebis SerCeva optimaluri gziT, ZiriTadad, samxedro TvalsazrisiT
xdeboda. aseve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasignalo sistemis mniSvneloba da
misi srulyofis saWiroeba, rasac saTanado yuradReba eqceoda.

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 Tavi II. erekle II-is umniSvnelovanesi brZolebi
2.1. yarabaRis brZola
XVIII saukunis 40-iani wlebidan qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi
erTmaneTs mWidrod daukavSirdnen, rac ganapiroba qarTlis mefis
Teimuraz II-is da kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is SeTanxmebulma brZolam
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gaZlierebisTvis.
1747 wels nadir-Sahis gardacvalebis Semdeg iranis saxelmwifo
TandaTan uZlurdeboda da igi Sinaganma anarqiam moicva. ispahanis (iranis
maSindeli dedaqalaqi) mmarTvelbis xSiri cvalebadobiT da sisustiT
sargeblobdnen didebulebi, romlebicAarbevdnen, atyvevebdnen da
awiokebdnen iranis provinciebs. erT-erTi aseTi pirovneba iyo yarabaRis
xani-fana jevanSireli, romelmac marjved gamoiyena arsebuli situacia
da yarabaRis mmarTveli gaxda (127, 66). Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebis
mizniT, 1750 wels fana-xanma daarRvia ganjis saxanos sazRvrebi da
ganjis cixes miadga (47, 49). amasTan dakavSirebiT p. orbeliani
mogviTxrobs: ,,aiSalnen fana-xan da ganjis xani Saverdi-xan, moindoma
fanam ganjis xanoba TavisTavis da adribeJanis sardlobasac cdilobda.
es Saverdi xan ar iyabula da fanam jari Semoiyara, TviTonac kai eli
hyvanda, javanSir da yarabaRSi Sig Cadga, jari ase Semoiyara, rom ganjis
qalaqis meti aRar darCa, gamogzavna ganjis xanma Tavisi Zma riza yuli
beg qarTlSi da Semoexvewa mefes Teimurazsa da Zesa missa mefes
erekles: ,,damixseniT am kacisagano, me da Cemi qveyana Tqveni mona
SeviqmnebiTo, jarsac jamagirs mivcemTo . . . batonebma Tavs Seidves da
jaris Tadarigi daiWires . . . ubrZanes mefeTa qarTlisa da kaxeTis
jarebs da daeSurnen miSvelebasa ganjasa~ (43, 164). e. i.Gganjis xanis
meSveobiT erekle II-s fana-xanis Semosevis ambavi Seatyobines. Semdeg
somexi episkoposi da meliqebic (vaWar-moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlebi)
mefesTan mividnen saTxovnelad: ,, qristiani xelmwife brZandebiT, Tqveni
qveSevrdomebi gagvxadeT, urjulos xelidan dagvixseniTo~ (43, 165).
ganjis saxano qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. igi samxedro
mfarvelobis xarjebis asanazRaureblad xarks ixdida, aseTive

61
mdgomareobaSi iyo erevnis saxanoc. Ggadasaxdeli xarkis raodenoba
icvleboda saxanoTa finansuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, zogjer
wliurad ormoc aTas maneTs aRwevda da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo xazinaSi.
erekle II-m Seafasa arsebuli viTareba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fana-xani
ganjas aiRebda, Semdgom, savaraudoa, rom yazax-borCalos dapyrobasac
daapirebda, ris Sedegadac kaxeTis samefo safrTxis qveS aRmoCndeboda.
faqtiurad, buferul zonaze kontrols dakargavda. Aamitom ereklem da
Teimurazma fana-xanisa da misi laSqris sabolood ganadgureba
gadawyvites. qarTvelTa laSqarSi, qarTl-kaxelebis garda, TuS-fSav-
xevsurebic Sediodnen, aseve imerlebi da Cerqezebi. gaigo ra,
mowinaaRmdegem ganjaSi gardauvali Setakebis Sesaxeb, fana-xanma RamiT
ganjis cixes alya moxsna da Tavisi jariT yarabaRSi gadavida. Dismis
kiTxva _ ratom daixia mowinaaRmdegem? AalbaT imitom, rom man kargad
icoda erekle mefis samxedro warmatebebis Sesaxeb. Aase, rom Tu fana-
xani ganjaSi qarTvelebTan brZolaSi Caebmeboda, igi damarcxdeboda.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo daxmarebas droze ver miiRebda,
amitomac amjobina, ukan daexia da Tavis samflobeloSi waremarTa
sabrZolo moqmedebebi, rac samxedro TvalsazrisiT did upiratesobas
mianiWebda.
1750 wlis Tebervlis TveSi qarTvelTa laSqari yarabaRSi SeiWra. ,,
. . . viTac ver SeZlebda pirdapir qarTvelTasa, aiyara maSin RamiT
ganjidam da wavida, Cavida Tavis elebSi, dauwyo ayra da magreba~ (42,
166). ganjis cixis garda, fana-xanis laSqarma meCeTebidan dawyebuli
TiTqmis yvela Senoba miwasTan gaaswora da gapartaxebuli saxano
miatova. man Tavisi elebi (Turqmanuli momTabare tomebi) md. araqsis
sanapirosaken gadaajgufa, xolo TviTon 6 000 mebrZoliT mTian adgilze
tyis piras gamagrda. Mmis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen javanSiris,
SamSadilis, barguSaTis da Sahisevanis mebrZolebi (42, 166).
mowinaaRmdegis jari, romelic tyian serebze iyo Casafrebuli, safridan
ar gamodioda, vinaidan taqtikurad momgebian situaciaSi imyofeboda da
gaSlil adgilze brZolaSi SeiZleba damarcxdebuliyo. fana-xans, ra
62
Tqma unda ecodineboda qarTl-kaxeTis jaris siZliere da amitom daikava
iseTi poziciebi, romelic upiratesobas mianiWebda bZolis
msvlelobisas.
savaraudoa, rom mefe erekles, dazvervam Seatyobina mowinaaRmdegis
poziciebis ganlagebis Sesaxeb. ,,ra gaviareT mcire ram alagi, movediT
erTsa kldovansa alagsa, movida Cveni yarauli, moaxsena mefes erekles:
,,aqaT jari dgas fanasio~(43, 167). mefem viTarebis Sesabamisad miiRo
gadawyvetileba: mewinave (avangardi – d. m.) sadroSoTi Seteva
ganexorcielebina mtris poziciebze, xolo mTavari Zala mefe Teimuraz
II-is meTaurobiT qveviT mindorSi datova, raTa xelsayrel momentSi
gamoeyenebina. BbrZolis msvleloba rom naTeli warmosadgeni gaxdes,
moviSveliebT mematianis aRweras, rac Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTebis
saSualebas mogvcems: ` wabrZanda mewinaves jariT…... tyiani mTa iyo, isini
(mowinaaRmdege) imazed warmomdgariyvnen, sanamdis avidodiT, rac jari
mogvdevda naxevari veRar amogvyva da abrZanda mefe erekle, mcire ram
kaci ayva, ase davaxlovdiT, rom Cveni da imaTi kaci erTmaneTs ecnen.
brZana mefe ereklem: ` vin aris erTguli Cemi da aqvs guli mamacobisao,
Jami es aris~. TiTonac, viTa lomi, egre miesiva da jari, vinc iq iyvnes,
vinRa dadgeboda ... Tavs viRa dazogavda. mere yizilbaSis jarze
qarTvelni da kaxni ase gamamacebuliyvnen, rom erTi Cveni kaci as
yizilbaSs ar daerideboda. MmiuZRva revaz orbeliani, sardali
baraTaSvilis jarisa da qisiyis mouravi Tamaz qisiyeli, TiTo Tofi
dascales da mere xmaldaxmal gaerivnes, pirvelze isinic kargad iyvnes,
rom almebi Cvens jarSi Semoitanes. Mmagram ra qarTvelni da kaxni
TavgamometebiT imaT jarSi Sig Secvivdnen, veRar dadgnen yizilbaSni da
gaiqcnen. ra Seityo fana-xanma, mefe erekle am mowinaves jarSi ureviao,
maSinve gaiqca~ (42, 168).BbrZolis mocemul etapze mefe ereklem Sikriki
gaugzavna mefe Teimuraz II-s da ZiriTadi Zalebis brZolaSi CarTva
sTxova. Setyobinebis Semdeg qarTvelebi qvemodan tyian zeganze avidnen
da panikaSi Cavardnil mowinaaRmdegeze ieriSi miitanes. gaqceuli
yarabaRelebis devna da maTi ganadgureba gvian Ramemde gagrZelda.
mefeebi fana-xanis mTavar sangarSi Sevidnen da iq datovebul Tof-iaraRs
63
daepatronen. QqarTvelTa laSqarma md. araqsamde miaRwia, misi gaRma-
gamoRma mxareebi moarbia, mravali tyve da saqoneli wamoiyvana.
YyarabaRSi gamarjvebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos administraciulma
sazRvrebma aRmosavleTiT, md. Zegamze gadainacvla. AamiT ganjis saxanos
Semdgomi gaZlierebis pirobebi SeizRuda, xolo fana-xanis damarcxebiT
amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobisaTvis mebrZolTa rigebs erT-erTi saxano
gamoaklda (112, 616). Aamrigad, fana-xanTan yarabaRis brZolaSi gamarjveba
erekle mefis xelmZRvanelobiT mewinave sadroSos Zlierma frontalurma
dartymam ganapiroba. mtris sabrZolo wyoba dairRva.Mmiuxedavad imisa,
rom mTis ferdobebze Casangrebul mowinaaRmdeges adgilmdebareoba
kontrieriSze gadasvlis saSualebas aZlevda, arsebuli upiratesoba ver
gamoiyena. aseve xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom mowinaaRmdegis sardlis
gaqcevam uzrunvelyo mtris sabrZolo wyobaSi panikis gavrceleba da
mebrZolTa demoralizeba. QqarTvelTa laSqris ZiriTadi Zalebis mier
Setevis ganviTarebam da gaqceul mowinaaRmdegeze dadevnebisas
miyenebulma dartymebma misi sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvia. ra Tqma unda,
am brZolaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mewinave (avangardi) sadroSoSi
myof mebrZolTa xelCarTuli brZolebis xelovnebam, romelic mematianes
teqstSi aqvs aRwerili. Aaseve mefis, rogorc mTavarsardlis piradama
magaliTma garRvevis ubanze moqmedebisas. xazgasasmelia isic, rom
qarTvelTa laSqari taqtikurad wamgebian situaciaSi imyofeboda, magram
Eerekle II-m rTul reliefze Setevis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetileba
miiRo. Ees ki amtkicebs mowinaaRmdegis Sesaxeb yovelmxriv saTanado
informaciis flobas, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. mterze
gamarjvebam didi zegavlena moaxdina azerbaijanis teritoriaze myof
saxanoebze. warmatebulma moqmedebebma saerTo jamSi qarTl-kaxeTis
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT sazRvrebis gafarToeba ganapiroba, ramac xeli
Seuwyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosadmi ganjis, yarabaRis da naxWevanis
saxanoebis vasalur damokidebulebas.
SevecadoT maTematikuri modelirebis meTodiT vipovoT ramden xans
gagrZelda brZola, aseve Cveni da mowinaaRmdegis danakargebi:

64
 gaTvlebisTvis gamoviyeneT raodenobebi, Cveni 4000, mowinaaRmdegis
6000, romelic pirvelwyaroSia gadmocemuli [43, 165, 166].
brZila davyaviT sam etapad: I _ mewinave razmis moqmedebebi; II _
generaluri Setakeba; III _ mowinaaRmdegeze dadevneba.
kompiuteruli gaTvlebiT ganxiluli iyo variantebi. I etapze Cveni
mewinave razmis Semadgenloba ≈ 350 – 400, mowinaaRmdegis 600, 700, 800
mebrZoli. aq erT-erT faqtorad gaviTvaliswineT, is garemoeba, rodesac
mowinaaRmdege ukan daixevda 30 - 35%-is danakargebis SemTxvevaSi. sul
gamovida 12 varianti. variantebis eqspertuli Sefasebidan amovirCieT
Semdegi: mewinave Zalebis Setakeba gagrZelda ≈ 56 wuTi, Cvenma mxarem
dakarga ≈ 73, mowinaaRmdegem ≈ 284 mebrZoli, ris Sedegadac mtris mewinave
razmebi ukuiqcnen. am variantSi qarTveleTa mewinave razmis
Semadgenloba iyo 400, mowinaaRmdegis 800 da mtris mowinave Zalebis
danakargi 35%.
brZolis II etapze SetakebaSi monawileoba miiRo orive mxaris
ZiriTadma Zalebma. am droisTvis ZalTa Tanafardoba gaTvlebidan
gamomdinare, daWril-daxocilTa gamoklebiT, iqneboda Cveni ≈ 3 900,
mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 5700 kaci. brZola gagrZelda ≈ 47 wuTi. aRniSnuli
monacemebis gamoyenebiTa da gaTvlebiT danakargebi iqneboda Cveni ≈≈ 388,
mtris≈≈ 1737 mebrZoli.
brZolis III etapze mowinaaRmdegem dadevnebisas ganicada danakargebi.
sxva brZolebis analizidan gamomdinare viciT, rom dadevnebisas
uSualod brZolaze modis drois 2/3. aRniSnul brZolaSi mterze
dadevneba ≈ 4 saaTi gagrZelda [43, 169]. Cven SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom 4 •
2/3 = 160 wuTs. e. i. dadevnebisas 160 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, miaxloebiT 5
jer moxdeboda dapirispirebul mxareTa Setakeba. aseT viTarebaSi,
(rodesac mteri demoralizebulia da qarTveli mebrZolis Tvisobrivi
maCvenebeli 1/3 ki ara 1/6) TiToeuli SebrZolebisas, gaTvlebiT miRebuli
danakargebi 30 wuTSi gamodis, Cveni ≈ 15, mtris ≈ 174. sul SetakebebSi
ganadgurdeboda Cveni≈ ≈ 75, mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 870 mebrZoli.

65
 sabolood miviReT, rom brZolis samive etapze danakargebi yofila
Semdegi: Cveni ≈ 550, mowinaaRmdegis≈≈ 2791. sul sabrZolo moqmedebebi
warmarTula ≈ 6 saaTi da 30 wuTi. maT Soris uSualo brZola ≈ 4 saaTi
da 20 wuTi.
YyarabaRis teritoriaze Catarebuli brZola fana-xanis winaaRmdeg
warmoadgenda SeteviTi saxis sabrZolo operacias.MmasSi gamoyenebuli
iyo Semdegi saxis taqtikuri elementebi, rogoricaa:
_ umokles droSi taqtikuri marSis (msvlelobisas mowinaaRmdegis
Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba) ganxorcieleba;
_ mowinaaRmdegis Sefaseba;
_ avangardis moqmedebebi garRvevis monakveTze;
_ urTierTqmedebis organizeba;
_ ZiriTadi Zalebis brZolaSi drouli CarTva;
_ sruli ganadgurebis mizniT mowinaaRmdegeze dadevneba.
aRniSnuli taqtikuri elementebi samxedro xelovnebis im principebs
ganekuTvneba, rogoricaa ZalTa araTanabari ganawileba, mTavari da
damxmare dartymebis mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, rac aqtualuria
Tanamedrove sabrZolo operaciebis Catarebisas.
isic unda avRniSnoT, rom ereklem mowinaaRmdeges Tavs moaxvia
brZolis sakuTari gegma, aiZula igi, qarTvelebisTvis misaRebi sabrZolo
gegmis mixedviT emoqmedaT, ramac maT daakargvina iniciativa.
mowinaaRmdege, miuxedavad taqtikurad xelsayrel poziciebze yofnisa,
qarTvelTa laSqris avangardis Zlieri ieriSis gamo iZulebuli gaxda,
gaqceuliyo. aq kargad gamoikveTa erekles, rogorc mTavarsardlis
fsiqologiuri zegavlena. mtris ukan daxevisTanave man droulad CarTo
brZolaSi mTavari Zalebi, ganaviTara devna da ganxorcielebuli
manevriT gamanadgurebeli dartymebi miayena mas. am brZolaSi garkveuli
roli iTamaSa Cveni mebrZolebis fizikurma gamZleobm da
individualurma sabrZolo xelovnebam. ,,roca Zlieri da susti
erTnairad amJRavneben vaJkacobas niSnavs, rom moqmedebs adgilis kanoni,
amitom, unarian sardals TiTqos xelCakidebuli mihyavs Tavisi jari,
TiTqos erTi kaci iyos, niSnavs, rom Seqmna mdgomareoba, saidanac
66
gamosavali ar aris~ _ sun Zi (91, 62). ase moxda aRniSnuli brZolis
dawyebiT etapze, ramac viTareba qarTvelTa sasargeblod Secvala.

2.2. yirxbulaxis brZola

XVIII saukunis II naxevari erT-erT mniSvnelovan etapad iTvleba
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac Teimuraz II-m iranSi
garkveuli dro dahyo, saqarTveloSi Camoitana Sahis sigeli imis Sesaxeb,
rom yazax-borCalo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos kuTvnileba iyo. amieridan
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvari md. aRstafis
xeoba gaxda (112). gafarTovda teritoriuli farglebi. QqarTl-kaxeTis
istoriaSi daiwyo ramdenadme axali periodi, rodesac saqarTvelo Zalze
rTul viTarebaSi ganagrZobda sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmoebas
mozRvavebuli mtris winaaRmdeg. es ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTvelos
samxedro-politikuri aRorZinebis gzaze dadgomiT.
zemoaRniSnul periodSi qarTvelTa damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa
da ganmtkicebisaTvis Tavdadebuli brZolis SesaniSnav nimuSad iTvleba
1751 wlis ivlisSi Catarebuli brZola azat-xan avRanTan. Ees brZola
mniSvnelovania samxedro xelovnebis TvalsazrisiTac.
iranSi nadir-Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg azat-xanma avRanTa da uzbekTa
jarebiT daimorCila Tavrizi, urmia da xoi (maSindeli iranis
teritoria). laSqriT gadmolaxa md. araqsi, daikava naxWevnis saxano,
moarbia somxeTis teritoriebi da erevnis cixes alya Semoartya.
strategiul mizans aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi gabatoneba warmoadgenda
(112, 621).
erekle mefem, Seityo ra yovelive momxdaris Sesaxeb, Sekriba
qarTl-kaxeTis, yazax-borCalos laSqari da soRanluRi-marneulis gziT
erevnisken gaemarTa. Teimuraz II-m brZolaSi wasvla moindoma, magram
TviT erekle II-isa da warCinebuli Tavadebis TxovniT TbilisSi darCa
(127, 99). es gamowveuli iyo Semdegi garemoebiT: 1751 wlis 15 Tebervals
aji CalabTan (Saqis xani) brZolaSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, erekle II-m
da misma mxardamWerma Tavadebma kargad gaacnobieres, rom
orsardlianobas azat-xanTan brZolaSi SeiZleboda kidev ufro
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savalalo Sedegi mohyoloda.Mmama da Svilis erTdrouli
saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweoba aRniSnuli droisaTvis ase Tu ise mainc
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos stabilizacias unarCunebda. sabrZolo
operaciebis warmarTvisas ki, ra Tqma unda, erTi sardali sjobda,
romelic organizebul marTvas ganaxorcielebda. amiT aixsneboda, rom
Semdgom warmoebul sabrZolo moqmedebebSi Teimuraz II-m samxedro
asparezi erekle II-s dauTmo, rogorc gamocdil mxedarTmTavars.
qarTvelTa laSqris somxeTisken wasvla mowinaaRmdegis dazvervas
gaugebari ar darCenia. azat-xanis laSqarma erevnis cixes alya moxsna da
ukan daixia. Eerevnis mecixovne jari Zalian damSeuli aRmoCnda. TiTqmis
mTelo saxano daclili iyo muSaxelisagan. Tanac, mkis dro iyo: erekle
mefem Tavis mebrZolebs moamkevina, gaalewina puri da aTas-aTasi kodi
cixeSi Seatanina. erevanSi man ramdenime politikurad saeWvo warCinebuli
piri daatyvevebina da colSviliTurT TbilisSi gamozavna. Aamis Semdeg
man momaRlo adgilas daiWira poziciebi yirxbulaxSi, saidanac erTi
mxriT Tvalyurs adevnebda erevans, xolo meore mxriT marbieli razmebis
TavdasxmiT mters did zians ayenebda (43, 184). darbeuli erevnis cixe
kvlav qarTvelTa daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida, ramac xeli Seuwyo momavali
sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis dasayrdenis mopovebas.
azat-xanma, gaigo ra erekle mefis moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, mematianis
gadmocemiT: ,,aRborgda mxeci cofovani da ganizraxa saqme boroti,
yaTlani (mokvla) qarTvelTa da mooxreba qarTlisa, Semoiyara Tvrameti
aTasi kaci, Tofxana xelmwifuri... da egre didebiT wamovida mefe
erekleze, lamobda idumal dasxmasa, movida yirxbulaxs da sada mefe
erekle idga, mTaTa ze wamodga’’ (43, 185).
rac Seexeba meore mematianis, oman xerxeuliZis cnobas am brZolis
Sesaxeb, igi gadmogvcems, TiTqos brZola 1752 wlis ivlisSi momxdariyo
da mowinaaRmdeges 40 000 mebrZoli hyolodes. aseT azrs Cven ver
gaviziarebT, radgan papuna orbelianis gadmocema ufro sarwmunoa
damadasturebelia. igi TviTmxilvelia am brZolisa, xolo o. xerxeuliZe
ZiriTadad XVIII s-is 60-ian wlebs ufro dawvrilebiT aRwers, vidre
manamdels.
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 yirbulaxis adgilmdebareobis dadgena, sadac sabrZolo moqmedebebi
warimarTa, Cvens xelT arsebuli rukebis meSveobiT ver moxerxda.
vaxuSti bagrationi, XVIII s-is amierkavkasiis zogad rukaze ar
migviTiTebs aRniSnul adgilmdebareobas da arc 1886 wels dabeWdili
xuTversiani topografiuli rukis planSetebze ar aris miniSnebuli,
rogorc dasaxlebuli punqti. vfiqrobT, rom es iyo garkveuli adgilis
saxeli. brZolis adgilis monakveTi arc am saxelwodebiT ar aris
fiqsirebuli, magram, rogorc saxelwodebidan Cans Turqulad ,,qirq~ _
ormocia, ,,bulaq~ Turquli xalxuri eniT niSnavs wyaros (78, 353).
maSasadame brZolis adgilis dasaxeleba ,,ormociwyaro~, imas adasturebs,
rom am adgilebSi unda yofiliyo mravali wyaro. amitom, sabrZolo
moqmedebebi mTebiT Semofarglul adgilebs Soris arsebul reliefze
unda momxdariyo. dReisaTvis aseT adgils reliefis taqtikuri
klasifikaciis mixedviT saSualo mTians uwodeben. brZola erevnis
cixidan arc Tu didi manZilze mimdinareobda, rasac wyaro adasturebs.
samxedro TaTbirma, romelic erekle mefem moiwvia, ukan dabruneba
gadawyvita, magram mefe winaaRmdegi iyo. mematianis gadmocemiT, man
mimarTa TaTbiris monawileebs: `icodeT, me azat-xanis Seubmeli ar
davsdgebi. amaRam rom gaviqceT, xval gzazed mogvewvevian, da unamusod
sikvdils namusianad sikvdili sjobs. Eese yvelam uwyiT, rom yvelani
sikvdilis Svilni varT da Cvens gvarsa da saxels ori dRisTvis nu
movayinvebT~ (47, 51). rasakvirvelia, am sityvebis Semdeg qarTveli
sardlebi daTanxmdnen, radgan kargad icodnen erekle II-is brZolebis
Sesaxeb.
qarTvelTa laSqris saerTo raodenoba 3000-mde mebrZols Seadgenda.
maTgan xuTasamde saWurvelTmtvirTveli (mebrZolTa momsaxure,
momaragebeli da sxv. – d. m.) da avadmyofi iyo (47, 51). e. i. brZolaSi
2 500 mebrZoli Rebulobda monawileobas.
mefe erekle II-m gadawyvita brZola gaemarTa ricxobrivad eqvsjer
aRmatebul mowinaaRmdegesTan, rodesac mteri xelsayrel poziciebs
flobda, metad saSiSi iyo. rogorc Cans, mefe gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
mowinaaRmdegis samxedro Sefasebebidan gamomdinare xelmZRvanelobda.
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winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ubrZolvelad ukan gamobruneba mefis
avtoritetsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos imijze garkveul zegavlenas
moaxdenda.
brZolis dawyebis win erekle mefe loculobda. QqarTvelTa
sabrZolo wyoba Semdegnairi iyo: mowinave droSis qveS sabaraTaSvilosa
da qiziyelTa mebrZolebi erTad dadgnen, memarjvene da memarcxene
sadroSoebSi qarTlelebi da kaxelebi _ Sereulad. mahmadianTa razmebi
mefem memarcxene da memarjvene sadroSoSi gadanawila. nawili laSqrisa
ganalaga calke (safiqrebelia, igi rezervis movaleobas Seasrulebda -
d. m.), xolo erekle II idga marjvena da marcxena sadroSoebis Soris
safexuriT ukan. Mmematianis aRweriT: `kacisagan amas ara daegvareba rao~
(43, 186).
mowinaaRmdegis saerTo raodenoba 18 000 kacs Seadgenda, maTgan md.
gaknisis napirze ganlagebul azat-xanis banakSi 1500-mde banakis mcveli
da saWurvelTmtvirTveli darCa. Ee.i. brZolaSi monawileobda 16 500
mebrZoli. Ees mtkicdeba p. orbelianis gadmocemiT: `jaric aseTi hyvanda,
rom qarTvelTa jari maTi mexuTedi Zlivs iqneboda~(43, 185-186).
mowinaaRmdegis laSqari brZolis dawyebamde 6 nawilad yofila
dayofili. yvelaze mZafri ieriSi azat-xanma qarTvelTa memarcxene
frTaze moitana. Mmemarcxene sadroSo iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia da
erT nasoflarSi gamagrebuliyo (43, 186).
azat-xani mowinave ZalebiT gars Semoertya danarCen sam sadroSos
da qarTvelTa laSqari mTlianad alyaSi moaqcia. arsebul situaciaSi
mefe ereklem Sikrikis meSveobiT spasalar orbelians ubrZana, mowinaveni
misi laSqrisaTvis SeerTebina. Semdeg ki gonebamaxviluri xerxi
gamoiyena. mefe Camoxta cxenidan, CamoqveiTeba ubrZana mTel mxedrobas da
win gauZRva laSqars. MmebrZolebi gafrTxilebulebi iyvnen, mefis niSnis
micemamde iaraRidan ar gaesrolaT. alag-alag dapirispirebul mxareTa
razmebi imdenad miuaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom maT Soris Subi
gaimarTeboda, gadmogvcems mematiane. azat-xanis razmebis meTaurebma
ifiqres, rom qarTvelebi maTTan mosalaparakeblad midiodnen. Ees imiTac
aixsneba, rom mefe daqveiTebul laSqars miuZRoda, ramac mteri
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SecdomaSi Seiyvana. am faqtorma mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis Setevis SeCereba
ganapiroba. mtris rigebidan cxenmali mxedarTmTavari gamovarda,
romelic mefesTan Serkinebas apirebda. erekle II-m moulodnelad Tofi
gaisrola da avRanTa erT-erTi sardali Zirs Camoagdo. QqarTvelebma
saSineli Tofis srola atexes, xolo Semdeg cxenze amxedrebulebi
ieriSze gadavidnen da mowinaaRmdegis dajgufeba gaarRvies. Setevis
ganviTarebis Semdeg mtris razmebi panikam moicva. brZolis velidan
uwesrigod ukan daxeva da gaqceva daiwyo. `gadrka jari azat-xanisa,
sididisagan Zliv iZroda, mefe erekle viTa lomi dauSromeli, egre
ibrZoda TviTca da jarsac abrZolebda. ,,amowyvites avRanni ... oTxs
aRajze (28 km.) xocviT ukan miyvnen~ (43, 187).
gaqceul mowinaaRmdeges gzadagza xocavda qarTvelTa mdevari
razmebi. md. araqsis gamoRma sanapiro sruliad gaiwminda mtris
razmebisagan. azat-xanma darCenili mcveli razmebiT gaqceviT uSvela
Tavs. qarTvelebs xelSi CauvardaT Tof-zarbaznebi, zambulaki
(sparsuli didi Tofi), jabaxana (saomari masala), karvebi sursaT-
sanovagiT da saWapano transporti mTlianad (43, 187). (ix. sqema #3, 153).
yirbulaxis brZolis aRweridan naTlad Cans imdroindeli qarTuli
jaris sabrZolo wyoba da saomari taqtikia. erekle II-is mier dawyobili
laSqari qarTuli tradiciuli samxedro wesis Sesabamisad iyo
ganlagebuli. jaris aseT sabrZolo wyobas saTanado saomari taqtika
sWirdeboda.
rogorc cnobilia, mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiT qarTvelebs jari
yovelTvis mcirericxovani hyavdaT. amitom isini Tavis taqtikas masiur
Setakebebze ver daamyarebdnen. garda amisa, qarTvelebs brZola metwilad
mTagorian da rTul adgilmdebareobaze uxdebodaT, sadac farTo masis
moZraoba da mwyobrSi moqmedeba SeuZlebeli iyo. Aamitom iZulebuli
iyvnen, hqonodaT iseTi sabrZolo wyoba, romelic ukeT uzrunvelyofda
manevrirebis siswrafes da xels Seuwyobda, gamklavebodnen nebismieri
mxridan moulodnelad Tavdasxmuli mowinaaRmdegis Semotevas.
warmodgenili brZolis taqtikuri moqmedebebis aRweridan
gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, rom erekle II, safiqrebelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi
71
sadroSoebis oTxnawiliani sabrZolo wyobiT iwyebda brZolas, rac
ZalTa drouli gadanawilebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.Ees SegviZlia
warmovidginoT Semdegnairad: wina flangze mowinaaRmdegis Setakebis
mxridan dgeboda SedarebiT kargad gawvrTnili, msubuqad SeiaraRebuli
da brZolebSi gamocdili I sadroSo. safexuriT ukan marjvniv,
safexuriT ukan da marcxniv ganlagdebodnen II da III sadroSoebi, xolo
IV sadroSo dgeboda meore da mesame sadroSos Soris safexuriT ukan,
romelic mTavarsardlis gankargulebaSi iyo da saerTod maSveli jaris
rols asrulebda. ZiriTadad, logikidan gamomdinare, IV sadroSos
amocana ganisazRvreboda Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare. KkerZod, II
da III sadroSos Sevseba danakargis SemTxvevaSi da sabrZolo
moqmedebebis ganviTareba saWiro mimarTulebiT. laSqris aseT
ganlagebaze miuTiTebs giorgi anCabaZe naSromSi ,,samxedro istoria~ (53,
52)

I mewinave

III memarcxene II memarjvene

IV mefis

davakvirdeT laSqris wyobas. misi aseTi danawileba, sadac

TiToeuls SeeZlo Tavisuflad da damoukideblad moZraoba,
Sefardebuli iyo adgilmdebareobis TvisebebTan. mTagorian adgilebSi
aseTi sabrZolo wyoba sadroSoebis damoukidebeli moqmedebis
saSualebas iZleoda mowinaaRmdegisgan dafarvisa da manevris
ganxorcielebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, sadroSoebs SeeZloT nebismieri

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mxridan mtris moulodneli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mzad yofiliyvnen
wriuli TavdacvisaTvis an ganeviTarebinaT Setevebi miTiTebuli
mimarTulebiT, aseve nebismier sadroSos Seesrulebina meore eSelonis
movaleoba. swored ase moxda aRweril brZolaSic. gasagebi xdeba,
ramdenad kargad iyo organizebuli da Sefardebuli aseTi wyoba
adgilobriv pirobebTan, aseve dazRveuli moulodneli SemTxvevebisagan,
magram aseTi sabrZolo wyobis upiratesoba marto amiT ar
ganisazRvreboda. laSqari ramdenime nawilad iyo dayofili, TiToeul
nawils gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba hqonda, amitom sadroSoebis
ufrosebs didi iniciativis gamoCenis saSualeba eZleodaT, ra Tqma unda,
mTavarsardalTan SeTanxmebiT. Ees garemoeba mefes jaris mixmarebisa da
brZolis saerTo xelmZRvanelobis gaumjobesebul pirobas uqmnida. garda
amisa, Tu erT romelime sadroSos mowinaaRmdege Seutevda da ukan
daaxevinebda, es garemoeba sxva nawilebSi areulobas ar gamoiwvevda,
piriqiT, meTauris gadawyvetilebiT, darCenili sadroSoebs SeeZloT
ukuqceul TavianT sadroSos daxmarebodnen da dadevnebul
mowinaaRmdegisTvis flangidan an zurgidan mieyenebinaT dartyma.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom erekle II, garda brZolaSi monawile
sadroSoebisa, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoyofda rezervs, romlis
funqcia, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRevandeli rezervis analogiuri iyo, anu _
brZolis dawyebamde an misi mimdinareobis procesSi winaswar
gansazRvruli an uecrad wamoWrili amocanebis Sesruleba. rezervSi
ZiriTadad iniSneboda mxedroba, romelic ramdenime aseul cxenosans
Seadgenda, rac ganapirobebda mobilurobas da, Sesabamisad, manevris
farTod gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. igi emorCileboda mTavarsardals.
mas SeeZlo sabrZolo moqmedebebis mimdinareobaSi rezervis gonivruli
gamoyenebiT gardatexa Seetana.
Cvens droSi, rodesac rezervs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da misi
dazogva nebismieri meTauris movaleobad iTvleba, maSindel periodSi,
garda dakisrebuli movaleobisa, mTavarsardlis da laSqris sulieri
mdgomareobis asamaRlebel saSualebas warmoadgenda. mxolod taqtikuri
viTarebis, droisa da sivrcis gonivruli gamoyenebiT SeiZleba rezervis
73
moqmedeba meTaurma warmatebis garantad gamoiyenos. Tumca brZolaSi
CarTvis dro da adgili metad rTuli Sesafasebeli faqtoria.
miuxedavad amisa, misi mizanSewonili gamoyeneba brZolis Sedegze
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. aseTi amocanis gadasawyvetad mxolod
codna ar aris sakmarisi, am SemTxvevaSi did rols TamaSobs
gamocdileba da rezervis Semadgenloba. yovelive meTaurs
Sesasrulebeli savaraudo amocanis Sesabamisad unda hqondes
gaTvaliswinebuli. brZolaSi, rogorc warsuli brZolebidanaa cnobili,
moulodneli, swrafi da gabeduli moqmedeba xSirad ufro gadamwyvet
Sedegs iZleva. amitom, savaraudoa is, rom erekle II-m yirbulaxis
brZolaSi cxenosanTa rezervis Semadgenloba gamoiyena, rasac, ra Tqma
unda, arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda mowinaaRmdegeze zurgidan
moulodnel Tavdasxmasa da mis sabolood damarcxebas, ris Sesaxebac
mematianeni cnobebs ar gvawvdian.
mocemuli brZolis analizis dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes
adgilmdebareobis reliefze, sadac brZola iqna Catarebuli. mematianis
gadmocemiT: `gadrka jari azat-xanisa, sididisgan Zliv iZroda~ (43, 187).
adgilmdebareobam mowinaaRmdegis manevrirebis SesaZlebloba SezRuda
brZolis mimdinareobis procesSi. am garemoeebas amtkicebs isic, rom man
ver SeZlo mravalricxovani Zalis efeqturad gamoyeneba. sun Zi
gadmoqvcems, rom ,, . . .mTavarsardlis goniereba mowinaaRmdegis kargad
Sfasebis, gamarjvebis organizebis, adgilis Tvisebebisa da manZilis
gaTvaliswinebis unarSi mdgomareobs. vinc brZolas awarmoebs, Tu
yovelive es icis, igi uTuod gaimarjvebs~ (93, 58).
yuradReba unda mieqces mefis, rogorc mxedarTmTavris pirovnul
Tvisebebs: pirvel rigSi, mebrZolebTan mWermetyvelurad warmoTqmul
sityvas, xelCarTuli orTabrZolis pirad magaliTs, mamacobasa da
gonivrul moqmedebebs. Semdgom uflisadmi rwmenas, rac samarTlian
brZolaSi warmatebis erT-erTi pirobaa; es momentebi kargad aris
gadmocemuli wyaroebSi ` maSin gardaxda mefe irakli, daemxo miwasa da
RmerTsa evedra, xolo ze ra aRsdga, gadmobrunda da uTxra mxedrobaTa:
,,Cemno Zmano da Svilno, Tqven Cemis gaZlierebisa da Cemisa gulisaTvis
74
ixocebiT da me RmerTTan Tqveni didi movale varo da dRes rac me
giTxraT, is damijereT da sisxlsa Tqvensa me vindobo~@(47, 51). ra Tqma
unda, am sityvebis Semdeg mebrZolTa moraluri ganwyoba garkveulwilad
amaRldeboda, rasac xels Seuwyobda TviT mefis Tavganwiruli brZola.
`mefe erekle, viTa lomi dauSromeli, egre ibrZoda TviTca da jarsac
abrZolebda~ (43, 187).
rac Seexeba laSqris erTpirovnul marTvas, erekle II warmatebiT
xelmZRvanelobda brZolas. `ubrZana mefem . . . amirspasalar revaz
orbelians TavisTan miaxloeba. Mmividnen mewinaveni da batonisa jars
SeuerTdnen. Camoxda batoni da brZana `vina xarT vaJkaci, es aris Jami
gulovnobisao, Tavi Cemi damidvia sakvdavad da me aqedam xmal mouqnelad
ar gavalo.~ zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans mTavarsardlis,
rogorc erTpirovnuli marTvelis moqmedeba alyaSi moqceuli
sadroSoebis marTvis centralizaciaSi, ramac ganapiroba samive
sadroSos erT muStad gaerTianeba da moralur-fsiqologiuri faqtoris
amaRleba. MmebrZolTa Tavganwirvis safuZveli aseve gaxda mefis piradi
magaliTi.
BbrZolaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba erekle mefis mier
gamoyenebul samxedro xriks, romelic sityvieri brZanebis saxiT gaica
`sanamdis me Tofi ar vesrolo, nurvin moindomebT Setevaso~. Aam xrikma,
romelic moulodnelobis faqtorad iqna gamoyenebuli, uzrunvelyo
mowinaaRmdegis centraluri dajgufebis sardlisa da irgvliv wina
rigebSi myofi mebrZolebis uecari ganadgureba. Aamis Semdgom garRvevis
monakveTze amxedrebul qarTvelTa laSqris solisebri sabrZolo wyobiT
mtris dajgufebaSi SeWram moaxdina ZiriTadi Zalebis gaxleCa-
danawevreba. erekle II-is taqtikurma xrikma gamoiwvia mowinaaRmdegis
sabrZolo wyobaSi panika, marTvis moSla da demoralizebuli ZiriTadi
Zalebis araorganizebulad ukan daxeva. BbrZolis Semdeg etapze
ganxorcielebulma devnam, mowinaaRmdeges ar misca Zalebis
koncentraciis saSualeba, ramac ganapiroba misi saboloo ganadgureba.
ganvixiloT Yyirbulaxis brZolis raodenobrivi analizi, romlis
mizania, davadginoT miaxloebiTi sizustiT dapirispirebul mxareTa
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danakargebi, romelsac brZolis dinamikis maTematikuri meTodis
gamoyenebis Sedegad miviRebT.
brZolis raodenobrivi analizisaTvis monacemebi aRniSnuli
brZolis Sesaxeb metad mwiria. cnobilia mxolod, rom Cveni mxridan
masSi monawileobda 2500-mde mebrZoli, romelic xuT nawilad iyo
dayofili, daaxloebiT, Tanabrad. TiToeulSi 500-mde mebrZoli unda
yofiliyo. maTi ganlageba arsebuli wesis mixedviT Semdegnairi iyo:
pirveli nawili _ win, meore da mesame marjvnidan da marcxnidan _
safexuriT ukan, meoTxe _ ukan da erTic, ZiriTadi Zalebidan moSorebiT
_ rezervSi. mowinaaRmdeges brZolisTvis gamoyofili hyavda 16500-mde
mebrZoli, romelic brZolis dawyebamde 6 nawilad gayo.
mterma brZolis sawyis etapze erTi meeqvsediT Semoutia Cvens
marcxena flangze ganlagebul sadroSos. brZolis am etapze qarTvelebma
ganicades ziani, ukan daixies da erT-erT nasoflarSi gamagrdnen.
mowinaaRmdegem danarCen sadroSoebs, rezervis garda, alya Semoartya.
garemocvaSi Cveni Zalebis gadajgufebis Semdeg ganxorcielda alyis
garRveva, gaqceul mowinaaRmdegeze dadevneba da gamarjveba. sxva raime
raodenobrivi monacemebi ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom devna
ganxorcielda 28 km-is manZilze.
garda amisa, SegviZlia, vivaraudoT: brZola ar mimdinareobda
gaSlil velze, amitom sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT dadevnebisas
mowinaaRmdeges ukana rigebSi e. i. ariergardSi, romelic periodulad
winaaRmdegobas uwevda Cvens dadevnebul mowinave razmebs ≈ 200-mde
mebrZoli eyoleboda.
Cven SevecadeT kompiuteris daxmarebiT zogierTi raodenobrivi
maxasiaTebeli aRgvedgina.
pirveli SebrZoleba, romelic gaimarTa Cvens marcxena flangze,
pirobiTad davarqvaT fragmentuli brZola, vinaidan mTeli brZolis erT
nawils warmoadgenda da mas davyofT sam fazad:
_ razmebis SetakebisTvis daaxloeba;
_ saduelo brZolis procesi;
_ ZalTa daSoriSoreba.
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 gaTvlebis Sedegad saduelo brZolis procesi, sadac qarTvelebi ≈
500 mebrZoliT, xolo mowinaaRmdege daaxloebiT 2600 mebrZoliT
upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, daaxloebiT 14-18 wuTi gagrZelda.
danarCeni ori faza gagrZelda savaraudod 20-25 wuTi. sul procesi
mimdinareobda 35-45 wuTi. gaTvlebis SedegebiT, qarTvelTa danakargebi
iyo daaxloebiT 128 mebrZoli, am dros mtris danakargi 77 erTeulamde
iqneboda. 128 erTeuli daaxloebiT 1/4-ia Cveni aq myofi razmis (1/4 X
500=125).
qarTvelebma, danakargebis Semdeg, igrZnes ra marcxis moaxloeba,
ukan daixies _ nasoflarSi. Amis Semdeg mtris danarCenma Zalebma alyaSi
moaqcies Cveni sami sadroSo. AmowinaaRmdege mxareTa Zalebis
ganlagebidan, rogorc wyaroSia mocemuli vvaraudobT, alyis zomebi
daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: diametri 2km-mde, xolo garSemoweriloba _
Sesabamisad, daaxloebiT 6km-mde. es maCveneblebi savaraudod aris
dapirispirebul mxareTa Zalebis ganlagebisTvis saWiro teritoriis
geometriuli parametrebi.
rogorc Cans, aq mowinaaRmdegis sardlobam ver gamoiCina saTanado
mxedruli goniereba da daayovna moqmedebebis ganviTareba. amiT
isargebla erekle II-m da moulodneli ieriSiT alya gaarRvia (es
epizodi detalurad da damajerebladaa aRwerili). Sesabamisad,
garRvevis monakveTze mowinaaRmdegis rkalis mxolod nawilma moaswro
SebrZoleba. am SemTxvevaSi moulodnelobis faqtorma didi roli
iTamaSa. amasTan gaviTvaliswineT mowinaaRmdegeze Cveni mebrZolebis
ganzogadebuli Tvisobrivi maCveneblis upiratesoba (istoriuli
brZolebis eqspertuli SefasebiT aRebuli gvaqvs saSualo maCvenebeli
1 : 3, ris Sedegadac davaskveniT, rom ereklem gaarRvia mtris alyis
rkali da miayena garkveuli danakargi, magram rac mTavaria didi
moraluri ziani. mtris dajgufeba umarTav, araorganizebul masad
gadaiqca da ukuiqca. masve daemata Cveni marjvena flangis mier ieriSis
ganxorcieleba moalyeTa nawilebTan.
kompiuteris gaTvlebiT, erekles mier alyis garRvevisas mxareebs
hqondaT Semdegi danakargebi: Cveni ≈ 445 erTeuli, mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 1028
77
erTeuli, xolo marjvena flangze brZolisas danakargebi iyo: Cveni ≈ 227,
mtris ≈ 514. Aamave dros gaaqtiurda Cvens marcxena flangze, pirvelad
ukandaxeuli sadroSoc da aq Cveni danakargebi iyo ≈ 62 erTeuli, xolo
mtris ≈ 168 erTeuls utoldeboda.
brZolis msvlelobisas didi roli iTamaSa aseve Cvenma rezervma,
romelmac mowinaaRmdeges ar misca saSualeba ereklesa da marjvena
flangze myofi dajgufebebisaTvis zurgidan mieyenebinaT dartymebi.
AaRniSnuls didi mniSvneloba hqonda garRvevis warmatebiT SesrulebaSi.
Ggarda amisa, man, ganicada ra Tavis mxriv danakargi ≈ 28 erTeuli, mters
miayena zarali ≈ 170 erTeuli. yovelive aRniSnulis Semdeg
mowinaaRmdegem Tavs gaqceviT uSvela.
xuTive SetakebaSi danakargebi orive mxridan aseTia:
1. pirveli Setakebisas, rodesac memarcxene sadroSom
nasoflarisaken brZoliT daixia da poziciuri brZola gamarTa,
danakargebia: Cveni _ 128, mtris _ 77;
2. mewinave da mefis sadroSos gaerTianebuli ZalebiT alyiis
garRvevisas, danakargebia: Cveni _ 455, mtris _ 1028;
3. memarjvene sadroSos alyidan gamosvlisas, danakargebia:
Cveni _ 228, mtris _ 515;
4. memarcxene sadroSos mier kontrieriSis dros danakargebia:
Cveni _ 62, mtris _ 168;
5. rezervis brZolisas, romelic Cveni sadroSoebis kontrieriSs
zurgidan faravda, danakargebia: Cveni _ 28, mtris _ 170.
gaTvlebi emyareboda lanCesteris kanonebs da Tvisobrivi
maCveneblis TanafardobaT aRebuli iyo 1/3, xolo moulodnelobis
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba xdeboda imiT, rom am maCvenebels viRebdiT
1.5-jer mets. TviT ricxvi 3, rogorc ukve avRniSneT miRebulia sxvadasxva
brZolis analiziT da is Zalze axlosaa qarTvelebis mier Catarebuli
brZolebis eqspertul SefasebebTan. mTlianobaSi brZola mimdinareobda
saSualod 3 saaTi, 13 sT. 30wT-mde. mxareebis danakargebi aseTia: Cveni ≈
900 erTeuli, mowinaaRmdegisa ≈ 1957 erTeuli.

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 mterma didi danakargi ganicada (aseve kompiuteris gaTvlebiT)
dadevnebis dros. gaTvlebis algoriTmSi Cadebuli iyo Semdegi: yoveli
wamowevisa da SebrZolebis dros orive mxridan monawileobda oras-
orasi mebrZoli. cxadia, aq mowinaaRmdegis ganzogadebuli Tvisobrivi
maCvenebeli sul mcire 2-jer Semcirda, Sesabamisad Tvisobriv
maCvenebelTa Tanafardoba 2-jer gaizarda qarTvelTa
sasargeblod.Aamgvarad, erTi Setakebis dros danakargebis gaTvlebi
gvaZlevs Semdeg maCvenebels: Cveni danakargebi ≈ 15 erTeuli,
mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 174 erTeuli. Cndeba kiTxva _ ramdeni Setakeba SeiZleba
yofiliyo?
rogorc cnobilia, devna xorcieldeboda 28 km-is manZilze.
Mmocemuli manZilis gavlas Setakebebis gareSe dasWirdeboda savaraudod
2 saaTi. sul devna grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 4-5 saaTi. gaTvlisTvis
aviReT drois maqsimumi. amrigad 2-3 saaTi daikava SebrZolebebma,
romelic dadevnebis marSrutebze ganxorcielda. am drois ganmavlobaSi
savaraudod 8-9 Setakeba Sedgeboda.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT adgilmdebareobis faqtors, savaraudoa, rom
mowinaaRmdegis razmebis ukan daxeva kolonebSi mouwesrigebeli formiT
ganxorcieldeboda, rac ramdenime marSrutze moxdeboda. Cvens mier
daSvebulia dadevnebis savaraudo 2-3 marSruti. Sesabamisad, danakargebis
saerTo raodenoba iqneba:
Cveni: 8 X 15 X 3 = 360 mowinaaRmdegis: 8 X 174 X 3 = 4176
amrigad, Sedegebi miRebulia naxazze naCvenebi brZolis parametrebis
angariSis algoriTmiT (danarTi #1, 161).
sabolood, brZolebis msvlelobisas danakargebis saerTo raodenoba
miviReT: qarTvelebma dakarga ≈ 1260 mebrZoli, mowinaaRmdegem ≈ 6133
mebrZoli. magaliTisTvis saTanado gaTvlebis Casatarebeli programa
moyvanilia danarTSi #2 (162-164).
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom yirbulaxis brZolaSi
mowinaaRmdegem ver gamoiyena verc eqvsmagi upiratesoba, verc qarTvelTa
mier daSvebuli taqtikuri Secdoma _ alyaSi moqceva, ramac
kardinalurad Secvala brZolis msvleloba. amaSi udavod gadamwyveti
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roli iTamaSa qarTvelTa sardlis _ erekle II-is sworad miRebulma
taqtikurma gadawyvetilebam da misi xelmZRvanelobiT qarTvelTa jaris
gansacvifrebelma moqmedebam. yovelive aRniSnulma saboloo jamSi
yirbulaxis brZolaSi qarTvelebs saarako gamarjveba moutana. es
brZola imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom msoflio samxedro xelovnebaSi
mas analogi Znelad moeZebneba.
yirbulaxis brZola metad mniSvnelovania agreTve samxedro-
politikuri TvalsazrisiT. Tu aRniSnul brZolaze qarTvelebi uars
ganacxadebdnen an damarcxdebodnen, qarTl-kaxeTis zegavlena
aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis saxanoebze (erevnis, naxWevanis, yarabaRis,
ganjis) dakarguli iqneboda. Sesabamisad, azat-xans mier zemoCamoTvlili
saxanoebis dapyroba mas avtoritets mouxveWda da samxedro potencialic
gaezrdeboda. Seqmnili viTareba ki kaxeTisa da qarTlis mimarTulebiT
sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleoda, rac
mowinaaRmdegis mTavari miznis ganxorcielebaSi xels uwyobda.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo strategiulad
wamgebian situaciaSi aRmoCndeboda. Eerekle II-is gadawyvetileba, mieRo
brZola ricxobrivad didi upiratesobis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan am
garemoebamac ganapiroba.
brZolaSi mopovebulma gamarjvebam ganapiroba zemoaRniSnul
saxanoebze zegavlenis ganmtkiceba, qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao da sagareo
politikis simtkice, riTac saqarTvelos Tavdacvis unarianoba
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Aazat_xanis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTl_kaxeTis
politikuri gavlena sagrZnoblad gaizarda samxreT kavkasiaSi. amis
Semdeg erekles mTavar sazrunavs lekebis winaaRmdeg brZola
warmoadgenda. am warmatebam erekle II-s da saqarTvelos saxeli
gauTqva axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi, razec ucxouri wyaroebic
miuTiTeben (112, 625. 129, 4,7,6]. amis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari.
samxedro kuTxiT aRniSnul brZolaSi gamoyenebul iqna taqtikur
moqmedebaTa Semdegi elementebi:
_ sabrZolo wyoba da brZolis Canafiqris swori gansazRvra;
_ adgilmdebareobis faqtorebis gonivruli gamoyeneba;
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 _ mTavari dartymis mimarTulebis sworad SerCeva;
_ jaris sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRleba;
_ mowinaaRmdegis dadevnebis organizeba;
_ brZolis msvlelobisas uwyveti urTierTqmedeba.
zemoaRniSnuli dResac aqtualuria nebismieri saxelmwifos
jarisaTvis, miTumetes, iseTi saxelmwifosaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa.
brZolis Sedegi, niWieri mTavarsardlisa da qarTveli mebrZolebis
gonivruli moqmedebis magaliTia. yirbulaxSi gamarjveba dResac iwvevs
gaocebas da uaRresad sainteresoa. erekle II-m, samxedro TaTbirze
gamoTqmuli sxvadasxva mosazrebis miuxedavad, ukan ar daixia, aramed
moaxdina ZalTa gadajgufeba. ganalaga isini imdagvarad, rom SeZlo
eqvsjer Warbi Zalebis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan dapirispireba. man
gaiTvaliswina moralur-fsiqologiuri faqtoris mniSvneloba. alyaSi
moxvedris miuxedavad, mTavarsardali amxnevebda mebrZolebs. mgznebared
warmoTqmuli sityviT, moulodnelobis faqtoris gamoyenebiT da piradi
brZolis magaliTiT aamaRla mebrZolTa ganwyoba, gaarRvia alya,
sruliad daabnia mowinaaRmdege da ganaxorciela dadevneba saboloo
gamarjvebis mopovebamde. TiTqmis wagebuli brZolis kardinalurad
Semobrunebam da misma warmatebam erekle II-is, rogorc sardlis
avtoriteti didad aamaRla. aRniSnuli brZola arastandartuli formis
sabrZolo operacia iyo. mefes amis Semdeg sxva brZolebi rom ar moego,
esec sakmarisi iqneboda misi, rogorc niWieri sardlisa da brwyinvale
taqtikosis dasaxasiaTeblad. yirxbulaxis brZolam gaamdidra da axali
furceli Cawera mravalsaukunovani da mdidari tradiciebis mqone
qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi.

2.3. brZola mWadijvarTan

1751 wels azat-xanis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefo
umTavresad daRestnis mxridan lekTa mcire da zogjer sakmaod
mravalricxovani, organizebuli Tavdasxmebis winaaRmdeg brZolas
ganagrZobda (112, 627). amis mizezi iyo, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan
irkveva, osmaleTisa da saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT mdebare mahmadianuri
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saxanoebis mier xunZaxis batonis nursal-begis waqezeba qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoTa winaaRmdeg. dapirispirebuli mxare didad imedovnebda
osmaleTis mxardaWeras.
nursal-begma daRestneli begebis daxmarebiT avariel tomTa didi
nawili gaaerTiana da mezobeli provinciebis damorCilebas Seudga. sxvis
teritoriaze sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTva avarielTa Semosavlis
erT-erTi wyaro iyo. amitom 1754 wlis agvistoSi zemoaRniSnul mizezTa
gamo nursal-begi mravalricxovani laSqriT kaxeTs moadga. (58, 204).
kaxeTi da qarTli didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. Teimuraz II-m da
erekle II-m mSvidobiani mosaxleobis gafrTxileba da simagreebSi
gaxizvna moaswres.
avarielebma daarbies kaxeTis ramdenime sofeli (ruispiri, axmeta,
gagnakora) da Semdeg aragvis saerisTavoSi gaagrZeles mZarcveluri
moqmedebebi. aaoxres aragvis xeoba. DduSeTSi gadawves erisTavTa
sasaxle, wabilwes monasteri da mWadijvris cixes alya Semoartyes.
xunZaxis batoni cixis bolos WalaSi dabanakda, sadac Tavis mebrZolebs
gaakeTebina sangrebi.
alyaSi brZola dRedaRam grZeldeboda. mecixovneebma uamravi leki
daxoces.Mmuxran-batoni mWadijvris cixeSi gamagrebulebs tyvia-wamals
awvdida (43, 216). erekle II kaxeTis laSqriT da Teimuraz II qarTlis
laSqriT duSeTSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. Mmefe ereklem Sikrikebis
SetyobinebiT icoda, rom mowinaaRmdegis laSqari ricxobrivad bevrad
aRemateboda qarTvelTa laSqars, amitom saWiro gaxda CerqezeTidan
daqiravebul jars dalodebodnen. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mWadijvris cixe
mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. mematianis gadmocemiT: ` mosdioda kaci
muxranis batons: ,,Tu ar mogveSvelebiTo, amis meti Rone aRara gvaqvso~
(43, 217). meti lodinic aRar SeiZleboda, damxmare jari ar modioda da
sakuTari ZalebiT brZolaSi Cabma gadawyvites.
1754 wlis 19 agvistos (112, 627) mefeebi wamovidnen duSeTidan,
gadmovidnen sofel Wilurtis mxares da mWadijvris cixes zemo mxridan
miadgnen. gaiges ra mecixovneebma maSveli Zalis mosvlis Sesaxeb
brZola kidev ufro gaaaqtiures. Mmefeebma jari gahyves, cal-calke
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daayenes kaxelTa da qarTlelTa laSqari. win qveiTebi waimZRvares,
romlebic Tof-zarbazniT iyvnen gaZlierebulni da mowinaaRmdegesTan
udanakargod miaxloebis mizniT xis morebiT (jarjiT) datvirTuli
urmebi gamoiyenes, romlebic qveiTobas win miuZRvoda (43, 217). orive
mxare saomar velze erTmaneTs miuaxlovda. QqveiTebma qveiTebze
moitanes ieriSi, cxenosnebma cxenosnebs Seuties. BbrZolis msvlelobis
aRsawerad moviSveliebT mematianis gadmocemas: ` Seiqmna omi ficxeli.. ra
gaWirda brZola, brZana batonma daqveiTeba jarisa, gardaxda TviT mefe
erekle cxenisgan da ubrZana gardaxdoma yovelTa. `es aris dRe
vaJkacobisao da siyvaruli rjulisao~. DdaiqveiTes qarTlelTa da kaxTa.
Seiqmna srola TofTa. mefe erekle xan iqiT da xandaxan aqa aZlirebda
jarsa. Seutives qarTlelTa da kaxTa gulsrulad, dauSines zamburakni
(didi Tofi, falkoneti) da zarbazanni~ (43, 218). rTul viTarebaSi
lekebis laSqris erTma nawilma ukan daixia da meore nawilze ieriSis
mitanis Semdeg ukandaxeuli mtris laSqari erTmaneTSi airia. `
daesivnen Sig, rom viTa kata, egre xocavdnen lekTa, TiTon mefem ereklem
Camokafa leki xmaldaxmal, mihyvnen xocviT aragvamdis, rom maTis
mZovriT aRavses tye da veli~ (43, 218). qarTvelebs mravali cxeni, iaraRi
da 500-mde tyve xeliT CauvardaT. Nnursal-begi gadarCenili ZalebiT
daRestnisaken gaiqca (ix. sqema #4, 154).
brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCines: konstantine muxran-batonma, mowinave
sadroSos sardalma revaz orbelianma, qsnis erisTavma daviTma, aragvis
erisTavma jimSerma, amilaxvarma amirindom, aleqsandre ciciSvilma da
sxvebma. es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom erekle II-s hyavda iseTi sardlebi,
romlebic organizebulad xelmZRvanelobdnen TavianT razmebs da, ra
Tqma unda, piradi magaliTis safuZvelze gmirulad abrZolebdnen
xelqveiTebs, ramac mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia brZolis warmatebaze.
ismis kiTxva: ram ganapiroba qarTvelTa gamarjveba, Tu ki
mowinaaRmdege ricxobrivad did upiratesobas flobda?
jer, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom qarTvelebTan SedarebiT,
mowinaaRmdegis SeiraReba da brZolis taqtika dabal doneze idga,
radgan, rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, maT ufro metad axasiaTebda
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mZarcveluri moqmedebebi, vidre farTomasStabiani brZolebi.
mowinaaRmdeges cecxlsasroli iaraRi mcire raodenobiT hqonda,
romelmac efeqturi gavlena ver moaxdina qarTul laSqarze.
aRniSnul brZolaSi mowinaaRmdegis raodenobrivi upiratesoba
gaabaTila erekle II-is mier saartilerio cecxlis efeqturma gamoyenebam.
am faqtors garkveulwilad xels uwyobda is, rom sacecxle saSualebaTa
gamoyeneba ganxorcielda iq, sadac mtris ZiriTadi Zalebi iyo
Tavmoyrili.
mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom nursal-begma da misma momxreebma
icodnen 1751 wels azat-xanTan mefe erekles gamarjvebis ambavi. amitom
qarTvelTa ieriSebis mitanas mtris Zalebze erekle II-is
xelmZRvanelobiT didi fsiqologiuri zegavlena hqonda. SeSinebuli
mewinave razmebis ukan daxevam, maT ZiriTad ZalebSi panika Seitana.
artileriisa da Tofebis mier miyenebulma didma zaralma SiSis faqtori
kidev ufro gazarda da mowinaaRmdegis danarCeni Zalebis gaqceva
ganapiroba.
qarTuli laSqris sabrZolo wyoba evropuli jaris msgavsi iyo,
romlis upiratesoba adglimdebareobidan gamomdinare ereklem kargad
icoda. Aam faqts isic adasturebs, rom brZolis aRweraSi qveiTebs
qveiTebze miutaniaT ieriSi, xolo cxenosnebs cxenosnebze. yuradReba
unda mieqces qarTvelTa Tavganwirul brZolas. cixe-simagreSi
mecixovneebis garda mSvidobiani mosaxleobac iyo Sexiznuli da maTi
bedi qarTvelTa gamarjvebaze iyo damokidebuli. erekle II-is
xelCarTuli brZolis piradma magaliTma da zemoxsenebuli
TavadiSvilebis Tavganwirvam mebrZolebs kargi magaliTi misca.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis ZalTa
gaerTianebam, erekle mefis mier sworad miRebulma gadawyvetilebam,
urTierTqmedebam, dartymaTa mimarTulebebis sworad gansazRvram
mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba ganapiroba.
mWadijvris brZolis maTematikuri analizisTvis pirvelwyaroSi
ricxvobrivi monacemebi Cveni da mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis raodenobaze ar
mogvepoveba. amitom gadavwyviteT yvarlis cixesTan momxdari brZolis
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analizi gamogveyenebina, radgan mtris laSqris mxedarTmTavari da
brZolis organizatori erTi da igive pirovneba iyo. mematianis
gadmocemiT, nursal - begs yvarlis cixesTan brZolaSi 20 000-iani
koaliciuri laSqari hyolia. amitom savaraudoa, rom mters, mWadijvarSi
8 – 10 aTasamde mebrZoli eyoleboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ereklesa da
Teimurazis im droindel SesaZleblobebs, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maT
eyolebodaT 2 - 4 aTasamde mebrZoli. Cveni Zalebis simcires da mtris
simravles adasturebs papuna orbelianic, radgan mefeebi iZulebuli
gamxdaran Crdilo kavkasiidan moewviaT laSqari [43, 215].
gaTvlebisas gaviTvaliswineT mebrZolTa Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi
(aRWurviloba, gawvrTniloba, fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, fizikuri
SesaZleblobebi). Sedgenili iqna kompiuteruli programa, romelmac
Caatara saTanado gaTvlebi. Cven movaxdineT zemoaRniSnuli parametrebis
varireba. mowinaaRmdegis ZalebisTvis gasinjuli iqna variantebi: 8000,
9000, 10 000, 11 000, 12 000. Cveni ZalebisTvis: 2500, 3000, 3500. Sefasebuli
iqna dro, Tu ramden xans mimdinareobda uSualod xelCarTuli brZola
da ganxilul iqna variantebi: 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 saaTi. garda amisa, xelCarTuli
brZolis dawyebamde Tof-zarbazneniT ganadgurda mtris mebrZolTa
raRac raodenoba. Cven aviReT variantebi: 100, 200, 300. gaviTvaliswineT
cecxlsasroli iaraRis Tanafardoba da isic, rom brZolis dros Cveni
mecixovneebi (gaiges ra Cveni laSqris mosvla) gaaqtiurdnen da srola
gaaZlieres, ramac mtris brZolisunarianobaze imoqmeda.
kompiuteridan miRebuli variantebis analizis Sedegad, gakeTebuli
iqna Semdegi daskvnebi:
_ brZolaSi mowinaaRmdeges hyavda ≈ 8000, qarTvelebs ≈ 3500
mebrZoli;

_ uSualod generaluri brZola mimdinareobda ≈ 1 saaTi;

_ xelCarTul brZolamde ramdenime zarbazniTa da TofebiT

ganadgurda mtris ≈ 300 mebrZoli;

_ qarTvelebma daWril-daxocilTa saxiT brZolaSi dakarges ≈≈ 506

da mowinaaRmdegem ≈ 2715 mebrZoli.

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 erTi SeniSvnac unda gavakeToT: 2715 ganadgurebuli mebrZoli
8000-is daaxloebiT 34%-s Seadgens, ris Semdegac mtris gaqceva brZolis
velidan gasagebi unda iyos.
qarTvelebma brZolaSi maqsimalurad gamoiyenes TavianTi
SesaZleblobebi, mowinaaRmdegisa ki SezRudes. maT safuZvlianad
Seasustes mtris meTofeTa moqmedeba xis morebiT datvirTuli urmebiT.
zarbaznebisa da Tofebis efeqturi gamoyenebiT ara mxolod gaanadgures
mowinaaRmdegis garkveuli nawili, aramed panikac daTeses maTSi.
Cvens mier gamoyenebuli programiT ara mxolod garkveul
daskvnebamde mivediT, aramed uaryaviT ramdenime aseuli sxva varianti.
kompiuteruli modeli ar aris erTjeradi gamoyenebisTvis da nebismier
msurvels SeuZlia misi gasinjva Tavisi parametrebiT.
rogorc wina brZolebSi aqac didi iyo sabrZolo suliskveTeba –
isini mSobliur miwa-wyals icavdnen. mefe zrunavda cixis
damcvelebisaTvis droulad miewodebina iaraRi, sabrZolo masala da
sursaTi. am gziT cixis garnizonis SenarCuneba moxerxda. ramac Tavis
mxriv mowinaaRmdege aiZula yuradReba mxolod cixeze gadaetana da
ZiriTadi Zalebi iqve ganelagebina. ereklem jaris sabrZolo wyoba
brZolis mosalodneli ganviTarebis mixedviT aago. jaris sardlebs
sabrZolo amocanebi dausaxa. artileriis efeqturad gamoyenebam,
sardlis sabrZolo SemarTebis piradma magaliTma, sinqronizebulma
moqmedebebma, maRlobebidan SedarebiT vake adgilebisaken
mizanswrafulma Setevam uzrunvelyo mravalricxovan mterze qarTvelTa
gamarjveba.

2.4. brZola yvarlis cixesTan

qarTvelTa brZola nursal-begis winaaRmdeg mxolod mWadijvarSi ar
damTavrebula. erTi wlis Semdeg mahmadiani xanebis waqezebiT
dainteresebulma nursal-begma avarielTa didi nawili gaaerTiana, maT
SeurTdnen War-belaqneli, daRestneli lekebi da 1755 wels 20 000-iani
laSqriT kaxeTSi SemoiWra (112, 627). mas 1754 wlis 19 agvistos
mWadijvarTan gancdili marcxis gamosworeba da qarTvelTa damarcxebis
86
survilebi amoZravebda. Ggarda amisa, mowinaaRmdegis koaliciuri
laSqris amocanas warmoadgenda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mooxreba da
dauZlureba.
qarTvelTaTvis nursal-begis gamolaSqreba moulodneli ar yofila.
mefe ereklem, Seityo ra mosalodneli Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, Cavida
TelavSi, Sekriba kaxeTis laSqari, mSvidobiani mosaxleoba cixe-
simagreebSi Sexizna. yovel cixeSi oTxi Tvis sakmari sursaT-sanovage
Seitana (43, 227). garda amisa, Teimuraz II-m qarTlis laSqari Sekriba da
ananuris teritoriaze dabanakda. mowinaaRmdegis ricxvobrivi simravlis
gamo, iase maCabeli da ramaz andronikaSvili CerqezeTSi gaagzavnes
damxmare laSqris gadmosayvanad. Cerqezebma mtris simravlis gamo
daxmarebaze uari ganacxades. qarTvelTa mxardasaWerad Tavadi girei oZi
wamvida mcire laSqriT. misi qaliSvili mefe erekles vaJze _ giorgize
iyo daniSnuli da mis sasimamrod iTvleboda. dasaxmareblad osTa da
yalmuxTa mebrZolebic gadmovidnen mcire razmiT(110, 9).
mowinaaRmdegis laSqars kakis sulTnisa da ganjis xanis razmebic
SeuerTdnen. nursal-begma mtris laSqris nawili qarTlisken gagzavna,
raTa qarTvelebs Zalebis koncentracia ar moxdinaT saWiro
mimarTulebiT. es taqtikuri xriki ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi marTlac
sasurvel Sedegs moitanda mtrisTvis. Teimuraz II-m, ise rogorc ereklem,
mosaxleoba cixe-simagreebSi daxizna. am droisaTvis erekle mefem
Teimuraz II-s Seatyobina gardauvali brZolis Sesaxeb da qarTlis mefe
Tavisi laSqriT kaxeTSi erekles SeuerTda. gaimarTa samxedro TaTbiri,
romelSic, mefeTa garda monawileobas Rebulobdnen: konstantine muxran-
batoni, revaz da amirindo amilaxvrebi, revaz baraTaSvili, Tamaz
andronikaSvili da papa beburiSvili-vaCnaZe. erekles winadadebiT
gadawyda:
_ gaemagrebinaT yvarlis cixe, yvela TvalsazrisiT, xangrZlivi
brZolis sawarmoeblad;
_ Teimuraz II TelavSi unda mdgariyo Tavisi laSqriT, mzadyofnaSi,
raTa mowinaaRmdege uecari Tavdasxmis SiSiT ar moesvenebinaT;
_ erekle II-s Telavidan Waris teritoriaze Tavisi laSqris
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nawiliT demonstraciuli moqmedebebi unda ganexorcielebina raTa
mowinaaRmdegis yuradReba yvarlis cixidan sakuTar miwa-wyalze
gadaetana.
_ ezrunaT laSqris dakompleqtebaze.
mowinaaRmdege imdenad mravalricxovani aRmoCnda, rom sagarejos,
martyofis, muxranisa da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebis mosaxleobas,
romelic mtris Tavdasxmas moeloda, ayra da cixe-simagreebSi Sesvla
mouwia. Amasve dasZens p. orbelianic: ` iyo yovelgan SiSi didi da cda
simagreTa cixeTa qveyanaTa qarTlisa da kaxeTisaTa~ (43, 228). es faqti
mowmobs imas, rom mowinaaRmdege didi upiratesobiT apirebda sabrZolo
moqmedebebis warmarTvas.
mTebidan daSvebulma mowinaaRmdegis laSqarma yvarlis cixes alya
Semoartya. BbrZola dRedaRam mimdinareobda. Mmecixovneni mamacurad
ibrZodnen. mowinaaRmdege brZolis dawyebis pirvel etapze cixesTan
ieriSis misatanad axlos ver midioda, mecixovneTa mier efeqturi
cecxlis warmoebis gamo. qarTvelebis sabrZolo masalebis xarji didi
iyo. vinaidan mterma cixis aReba ramdenime dReSi ver moaxerxa,
safiqrebelia, rom mefe erekle cixeSi myofT daxmarebas uwevda,
romelic mterma Tavidan ar icoda. am gzebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mematiane
arafers gveubneba, momarageebis sakiTxi ki metad mniSvnelovania
sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvisas. mowinaaRmdegem mecixovneebze
cecxlis efeqturad warmarTvisaTvis xis koSkebi gamoiyena. mematiane
gvamcnobs: ` magram aseTi maRali safrebi Seukres garedam, rom Sig
cixeSi Tofs Caisrodnen. Seawuxes, Torem sxva rigad ara uWirdaT ra.
Mmudam dRe ugzavnidnen mefeni kacsa, tyvia-wamalsa, anu romeli ram
akldaT cixeSi da aZlierebdnen imediT myofTa cixisaTa~ (43, 229). aseve
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rodesac mowinaaRmdeges gauWirda cixis aReba,
man gaigo cixeSi Sesasvleli da gamosasvleli faruli gzebis arseboba.
ra Tqma unda, alya gaaZliera da gadamWreli zomebi miiReo saidumlo
gzebis gadasaketad. Mmtkicebulebad moviSveliebT magaliTs: `Sewuxdnen
friad myofni mas Sina umetes misTvis, rameTu mouWres wyali,
SemoakldaT tyvia-wamalica, romlisTvisac miscnes Tavni Tvisni
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yuarelTa ganwirulebasa~ (47, 56). cixeSi am dros yofila vinme daviT
laraZe, romelic amxnevebda mecixovneebs, rac ki SeeZlo. Mman aRuTqva
cixeSi myof xalxs, mebrZolebs wylisa da tyvia-wamlis Sovna, Tundac
sicocxlis fasad. rodesac daRamda da wyvdiadma garemo moicva, igi
cixidan gamovida. farulad mivida wyalsacavTan, romelsac
mowinaaRmdegis Tormeti mcveli yaraulobda, daxoca xanjliT da cixeSi
wyali SeuSva. Semdeg daviT laraZe warsdga mefe erekles winaSe da
aRuwera cixeSi arsebuli mdgomareoba (47, 56). Cveni azriT, savaraudoa,
rom igi cixeSi myofi mebrZolebis erTi nawilis moqmedebebs
xelmZRvanelobda. radgan Seqmnilma situaciam meTauri iZulebuli gaxada
gmiruli nabiji gadaedga.
qarTvelebma mowinaRmdegesTan pirdapiri Sebma ver gabedes.Aamitom
moTaTbirebis Semdeg erekle II-m gonivruli taqtikuri xerxi gamoiyena,
rac mters iZulebuls gaxdida, alya moexsna. Mman didi saCuqari aRuTqva
maT, vinc garedan alyis garRvevasa da tyvia-wamlis SegzavnaSi
monawileobas miiRebda.Aam winadadebas daTanxmdnen aTamde aznauriSvili
da ramdenime glexi. eseni iyvnen: sabaraTaSvilodan _ revaz ioTamiSvili,
vaxtang gugunaSvili, tariel soloRaSvili, zemo qarTlidan _ ZaRlua
maCabeli, muxran batonis aznauriSvili, zedgeniZe, erasti namoraZe, erTi
xucesi, qsnis saerisTavodan ori kaci, kaxTa TavadiSvilebi _ papa
beburiSvili, solomon mdivniSvili, faremuz TayaSvili, beJan ratiSvili
(47, 239-230). mefem moxaliseTa razmSi mebrZolebis saWiro raodenoba ver
miiRo. Aamitom erekle II zemoTCamoTvlil mebrZolebTan da qarTl-
kaxeTis cxenosani laSqris garkveuli nawilis TanxlebiT qiziySi Cavida,
xolo TelavSi mamamisi, Teimuraz II darCa. Sekriba mefe ereklem
qiziyelebi da War-belaqnis teritoriaze moqmedebis sabrZolo amocana
dausaxa. aseve dapirda did wyalobas: KkerZod, Tavadsa da aznaurs
Sesaferis Tanamdebobas da mamulebs, xolo glexs-batonymobisagan
ganTavisuflebas, or sakomlo miwas da fulad jildos, vinc yvarlis
cixeSi sabrZolo masalebs Seitanda (43, 230). mefem bodbeSi Sekriba
xalxi da auxsna, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosTvis yvarlis cixis SenarCunebas, ra Sedegi mohyveboda mis
89
dakargvas, ra sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli misi Canafiqris
Sesruleba. Semdeg mebrZolebs mimarTa: ,,jer RvTis siyvarulisTvis da
sarwmunoebisTvis, mere Tavis mefeTa da Cvenis qveynis erTgulebisaTvis,
vinc garjasa da Tavs ar dazogavs, vinc vaJkacia da Tavisi nebiT,
gaWirvebuli yvarlis cixis gadarCenaSi dagvexmareba, . . .Seva cixesa
yvarlisasa _ azatobas da sxva uSurvel wyalobas mivcemo” (110, 16).
saerTo jamSi 208 mebrZolma moiyara Tavi. maTgan 8 warCinebuli da 200
glexi: 103 qiziyidan, 97 qarTl-kaxeTidan (112, 557). bodbeSi, wminda ninos
saflavTan mebrZolebma fici dades. ioane bodmelma (jorjaZem) _
monastris moZRvarma paraklisi gadaixada da mebrZolebs gza dauloca.
ereklem isini tyvia-wamliT moamaraga, moqmedebis gegma gaacno da
cixisaken gagzavna. maT xelmZRvanelobda papa beburiSvili-vaCnaZe,
brZolebSi gamobrZmedili da erekles mier gamocdili pirovneba. razms
Tan axlda moZRvari iase maWavariani. es kidev erTxel amtkicebs imas,
rom sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvisas, laSqars Tan axlda saeklesio
piri rwmenisa da sabrZolo suliskveTebis asamaRleblad. aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom qarTul laSqarSi myofi sasuliero pirebi (episkoposi,
mRvdeli da sxva) ara marto aziarebdnen meomrebs brZolis dawyebis win,
aramed TviTonac aqtiurad ibrZodnen.
razmma yvarlisken daiwyo gadaadgileba. veliscixe Cumad gaiares, md.
alazani foniT gadalaxes da sof. gavazSi SeCerdnen, sadac sabolood
razmSi gadanawilebul iqna amocanebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Seiqmna ori
jgufi:
a) pirvels evaleboda tyvia-wamliT da sursaT-sanovagiT gavsili
xurjinebis tareba da cixeSi Setana;
b) meores xurjinebis matarebeli jgufis usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofa.
im droisaTvis yvarlis cixes qvemo mxares sof. Ggavazis mxridan
idgnen Warelebi, kakis sulTani laSqriT, ganjis xani, zemo mxridan _
suxrai-xani da nursal-begi.
gvian RamiT razmma cixisken svla ganagrZo da Tavdasxma
gamTeniisas ganxorcielda. lekTa moyarauleebma gvian SeamCnies axlo
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manZilze alyis gamrRvevi jgufis misvla. mowinaaRmdegem qarTvelTa
Tavdasxma ver moigeria. operacia dawyebiT etapze cecxlsasroli
iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe warimarTa, raTa moalyeTa ZiriTad nawils ar
gaRviZeboda. Tavdasxmis meore etapze Tof-dambaCebis gamoyenebiT
moyarauleTa misaSveleblad mosuli lekTa jgufebis nawili
ganadgurda. SeSinebuli mteri, vinc sikvdils gadaurCa, visac SeeZlo,
daWrilebTan erTad brZolis velidan garboda. Sesabamisad
dasaxmareblad wamosuli mowinaaRmdege cecxlsasrol iaraRs efeqturad
ver iyenebda, raTa Tavisianebi ar gaenadgurebinaT. mebrZolebma
xmaldaxmal brZoliT alya gaarRvies, cixeSi Sevidnen da tyvia-wamali
miaSveles iq myofT. mecixovneni da cixeSi Sexiznuli mosaxleoba
sixaruliT Sexvda dasaxmareblad misul mebrZolebs. naSimSilebi
mecixovneebi sursaTis nacvlad sabrZolo masalebiT gavsil xurjinebs
miscvivdnen, galavnis sabrZolo bilikze avidnen da Zveleburad
ganagrZobdnen gamiznuli cecxlis warmarTvas. CiraRdnebi aanTes, zeimi
da sixarulis yiJina ismoda cixidan (110, 19), rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba
hqonda mowinaaRmdegeze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisaTvis. mterma ukan
daxeva daiwyo.
amave dros mefe ereklem qiziyelTagan Semdgari cxenosani laSqari
Seusia War-belaqans asaoxreblad. es ambavi yvarlis cixis alyaze
mdgomma Warelebma Seityves da xunZaxis batons usayvedures: ` Cven aq
ubralod erTs cixeze viRalebiTo da Cvens saxlebs kaxi batoni
aoxrebso~ (58, 205). nursal-begma didi dapirebebiT SeaCera koaliciis
laSqari. `ager am cixes aviReb da kaxeTic xelT damrCebao da Tqvens
garjas gardavixdio~ (43, 231). maSin mefe ereklem ufro mozrdili
laSqari gagzavna Warisaken. yvarels mdgomi Warelebi ficxliv wavidnen
qarTvelebTan sabrZolvelad e. i. TavianT samSobloSi. qarTvelebi mefis
brZanebis Tanaxmad brZolas moeridnen, ukan gamobrundnen da qiziySi
ganlagdnen. Warelebs saqme gaurTuldaT, qarTvelTa laSqari maT
aoxrebiT emuqreboda (58, 206). erekle mefis mier gamoyenebulma
taqtikurma xrikma Sedegi gamoiRo. sabolood Warelebi cixes
gascildnen da TavianT mxareSi wavidnen, maT Tan gahyva koaliciis
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laSqaric. DdaRestnelebs cixis aRebis imedi gadaewuraT. mowinaaRmdegem
igrZno ra moaxloebuli saSiSroeba, 28 seqtembers, didZali danakargis
fasad, iZulebuli gaxda cixisTvis alyis darCenili nawili moexsna da
Tavis samflobeloSi dabrunebuliyo (ix. sqema #5. 155).
aRniSnuli brZolis analiziT gamoikveTa iseTi taqtikuri
elementebi, romlebmac ganapirobes brZolaSi warmatebis mopoveba.
mematianis gadmocemiT, yvarlis cixe didi xnis ganmavlobaSi alyaSi
imyofeboda, Tumca sabrZolo moqmedebebi rodis daiwyo, konkretulad
wyaroebSi mocemuli ar aris. yvarlis cixe 23 dRe alyaSi yofila
moqceuli. sabrZolo moqmedebebi 28 seqtembers dasrulebula. maSasadame,
cixis alya 5 seqtembers unda dawyebuliyo. Tu am xnis manZilze
mowinaaRmdegem cixis aReba ver SeZlo, es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom
Tavdacva kargad yofila organizebuli. mas SeiZleba citadeli uwodoT.
cixe-simagre imgvarad iyo agebuli, rom iq myof xalxs SeZleboda mtris
Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi xangrZlivi winaaRmdegoba gaewia
mowinaaRmdegisaTvis. yvarlis cixeSi mecixovne laSqarTan erTad
gamagrebuli iyvnen Tavadebi - daviT vaCnaZe, bespaz da melqisadeq
WavWavaZeebi, TavianTi ojaxebiT, mxleblebiT da msaxurebiT. cixeSi
Sexiznuli iyo yvarlis, gavazis, eniselis, Wiauris da alaznis marcxena
napirze ganlagebuli sxva soflebis mosaxleobis didi nawili (110, 8).
Tavdacvis karg organizebas ganapirobebs rigi faqtorebisa,
romelzedac meTaurma unda gaamaxvilos gansakuTrebuli yuradReba.
mosaxleoba erekle II-is mier winaswar iqna cixe-simagreebSi daxiznuli
da sabrZolvelad momzadebuli. es faqti mowmobs im dros dazvervisa da
Setyobinebis sistemis karg funqcionirebas. tyvia-wamlis miwodeba
brZolis msvlelobisas adasturebs cixeSi Sesasvleli da gamosasvleli
faruli gzebis arsebobas, rac uzrunvelyofda cixis momaragebas.
mocemul brZolaSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes kidev erT sakiTxze.
mefem garedan alyis gamrRvevi razmi moxaliseebisagan Camoayaliba. ismis
kiTxva: ratom? Cveni azriT, albaT imitom, rom dasaxuli amocanis
Sesasruleblad, romelsac aucileblad warmateba unda mohyoloda, mas
mebrZolebSi jer unda aemaRlebina TviTSegnebis done, ris Semdegadac
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momavalSi gasawevi riskis faqtors ufro efeqturs gaxdida. aseve
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom orasi glexi, romelic momxvdurs
ebrZoda, batonymobisagan ganTavisuflebas swiravda Tavs. erekle II-m,
rogorc sarwmuno wyaroebidan irkveva, pirnaTlad Seasrula maTTvis
micemuli piroba. mefem gonivrulad gamoiyena manevri. igi Telavidan
pirdapir ieriSze ar gadasula. yvarlis cixes samxreT-aRmosavleTidan
mouara uecari dartyma ganaxorciela. moulodnelobis faqtori
gamoixata SemdegSi: Mman alyis garedan gamrRvevi razmi qveiTad gagzavna,
raTa mowinaaRmdeges axlo manZilze farulad miaxloebodnen, ramac
uecari ieriSis mitaniT dasaxuli amocanis mokle droSi Sesruleba
ganapiroba.
mowinaaRmdegis yuradRebis gadatanis mizniT, erekle II-m gamoiyena
demonstraciuli moqmedebebi. e.i. qvedanayofebis realuri saqmianoba
winaswar gansazRvruli cru moqmedebebiT. Ees ki taqtikuri SeniRbvis
erT-erT saxes warmoadgens, romelic War-belaqnis teritoriaze
qiziyidan wasuli cxenosani laSqris moqmedebebSi gamoixata. mefem
gamoiyena Mmanevris erT-erTi saxe _ Semovla, ris Sedegadac
ganxorcielda moulodneli dartyma, rogorc yvarlis cixeze, ise
mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze. aseTma moqmedebam didi fsiqologiuri
zegavlena iqonia mowinaaRmdegeze. alyis gamrRvevi razmisa da cxenosani
laSqris moulodnelma Tavdasxmebma mtris ganlagebaSi panika gamoiwvia,
ramac mefes gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvana gauadvila.
samxedro TeoriaSi, Tavdacvis erT-erTi mTavari principia, arasdros
gaCerde pasiur mdgomareobaSi. sangrebi da safortifikacio nagebobebi
ar gamoiyeneba mxolod imisaTvis, rom daimedebulad SegeZlos Tavdacva,
aramed imisaTvis, rom didi warmatebiT miitano ieriSi (cecxliT da
manevriT) mowinaaRmdegeze. zemoxsenebuli principi erekle mefis mier
sworad iqna gamoyenebuli, ramac yvarlis cixisaTvis brZolaSi
brwyinvale gamarjveba moutana mcire danakargis fasad. AaRniSnulma
faqtma erT-erTi strategiuli momarTulebis SenarCuneba ganapiroba.
SevecadoT maTematikuri modelirebis meTodiT vipovoT Semdegi:
1. uSualod alyis garRvevisas ramdenma mebrZolma miiRo
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monawileoba SetakebaSi;
2. ramden xans gagrZelda epizoduri brZola;
3. ramdeni iyo Cveni da mowinaaRmdegis danakargebi alyis garRvevis
seqtorSi;
zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebze Semdegma ZiriTadma faqtorebma imoqmedes:
_ qarTvelTa razmebis mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze 2-jer
ganxorcielebulma marbielma moqmedebebma, romelmac mtris koaliciis
daSla da TavianT samSobloSi wasvla ganapiroba;
_ SeCveva Seqmnil viTarebaze, romelic droSi gaiwela, ramac
saalyo brZolisas yuradRebis moduneeba gamoiwvia;
_ drois faqtori _ gariJraJi, rodesac mebrZolis fizikuri
SesaZleblobebi minimumamdea dasuli;
_ moqmedebaTa siswrafe;
_ moulodnelobis faqtori.
yvarlis cixis zomebi daaxloebiT 250 X 150 metria (p. zaqaraias,
Cvens mier gamoyenebul wignSi, romelic safortifikacio nagebobebs
exeba, mocemuli ar aqvs cixis zomebi). e.i. perimetri aris 800 metri. mas
garSemo ertya mtris laSqari. mebrZolebi uSualod kedels ar
ebjinebodnen, radganac isini mecixovneTa advili msxverplni
gaxdebodnen, arc Zalze Sors unda yofiliyvnen, radganac xis koSkebidan
cixis SigniT qarTvelebi unda gaenadgurebinaT. am mosazrebebidan
gamomdinare isini kedlidan daaxloebiT 65 metrze unda yofiliyvnen
daSorebuli, rac im droisTvis Tofebis efeqturi cecxlis manZils
warmoadgenda. amrigad, mowinaaRmdegis mebrZolTa ganlagebis perimetri
ara 800, aramed daaxloebiT 1100 metri iyo. sul moalye jari  16 000
mebrZoli iqneboda, radgan 4000-mde, moalyeTa zurgis dacvasa da
momaragebas daWirdeboda.
gaTvlebis Sedegad miviReT, rom aRniSnul perimetris erT metr
frontze 16 000 : 1100  15 mebrZols unda moexdina sabrZolo amocanis
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa. es proporcia aris is mdgomareoba sanam
moxdeba uSualo sabrZolo Setakeba. brZolis dro ki es monacemebi
cvalebadia Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare. amasTanave
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gaTvaliswinebuli gvaqvs Ramis pirobebSi xilvadobis SezRudva da cixis
faruli momaragebis aRkveTis mizniT sabrZolo Zalis perimetrze
Tanabari ganawileba.
garRvevis mimarTulebaze realuri mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis
aucilebelia cixis karibWis zomebis gaTvaliswineba (5 metri).
vRebulobT rom am ubanze daaxloebiT 75 mebrZoli iqneboda. am
viTarebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebi _ Ramis pirobebi;
garemo pirobebze SeguebiT gamowveuli moduneba, Rame sayaraulo
samsaxuris Sesrulebis specifika, rac iTvaliswinebs piradi
Semadgenlobis 1/3 dasvenebas (Zils). amrigad, zemoaRniSnulidan
gamomdinare unda davuSvaT, rom cixis karibWesTan mowinaaRmdeges
savaraudod hyavda 50 mebrZoli. anu qarTvelebs pirveli Setakeba
mouxdebodaT 50 mebrZolTan. rogorc viciT qarTvelebs amocanis
SesrulebisaTvis sul hyavdaT 20 kaci.
exla ganvsazRvroT im pirTa raodenoba, romlebic am 208
mebrZolidan uzrunvelyofda amocanis Sesrulebas. radgan pirvel
wyaroSi ar aris mocemuli Cveni Zalebis danakargebi, maSin Cven,
logikidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom es raodenoba
umniSvnelo iqneboda. cdomilebaTa TeoriaSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs
gazomvebTan, umniSvneloT iTvleba 0-dan 5%-mde. aq saSualod aviReT
2.5%. anu CavTvaleT, rom umniSvnelo danakargi niSnavs _ maCvenebeli aris
2.5%-is maxloblad. ganvixiloT konkretuli variantebi:
_ Cveni Zalebi 80 erTeuli _ danakargebi 3.55%;
_ Cveni Zalebi 90 erTeuli _ danakargebi 2.65%;
_ Cveni Zalebi 100 erTeuli _ danakargebi 2.5%;
_ Cveni Zalebi 110 erTeuli _ danakargebi 1.8%;
_ Cveni Zalebi 120 erTeuli _ danakargebi 1.6%.
maSasadame Cvens mier 2.5% danakargTan yvelaze axlos aris is
SemTxveva, rodesac amocanis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad gamoyofilia
100 mebrZoli (usafrTxoebis jgufi).
amrigad pirveli Setakebis dros (mas ufro Tavdasxma SeiZleba
ewodos), 100 kaci ebrZoda mowiaaRmdegis 50 mebrZols, romelTa
95
mdgomareoba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT modunebuli iyo. wina gaTvlebidan
miRebuli koeficientebidan gamomdinare 15-16 kacis ganadgurebas (50-is
mesamedi, ris Semdegac isisni arabrZolisunariani xdebian) Cveni 100
mebrZoli (usafrTxoebis jgufi) moaxerxebda daaxloebiT 10 wuTi
ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdegac tyvia-wamliT datvirTuli 100-ze meti
mebrZoli daiZra cixis karibWesaken, sadac gasavleli hqondaT 65 metri
(manZili alyidan cixis kedlamde) + mowinaamdegis ganlagebis siRrme am
seqtorSi (daaxloebiT 50 metri, sul 115 metri). logikidan gamomdinare
10 wuTi aris drois is monakveTi, rodesac mowinaaRmdeges eqneboda
resursi mosuliyo gons da moexdina Zalebis gadajgufeba. vinaidan
istoriuli wyaroebiT aRniSnuli faqti ar dasturdeba, amitom
qarTvelebma amocanis Sesrulebas moandomes naklebi dro. am etapze
drois simcire SesaZlebelia mxolod moulodnelobis faqtoris
xarisxis gazrdiT, rac eqspertuli Sefasebidan gamomdinareobs.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da gaTvlebze dayrdnobiT am manZilis
gavlas qarTvelebi moandomebdnen saSualoT 7 wuTs.
kidev erTi epizodi qarTvelTa brZolisa, romelic kvlav gveubneba,
rogor efeqturad iyenebdnen qarTvelebi moulodnelobis faqtors da
siswrafes. am brZolaSi yuradRebas erTi garemoeba ipyrobs. es SeiZleba
iTqvas taqtikur doneze azrovnebis brwyinvale nimuSia. brZolis am
etapze mizani ar iyo mtris sruli ganadgureba. saWiro iyo alyis
garRveva da isic, mxolod mcire xniT. operaciis msvlelobisas kargad
Cans, rom mefes kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli aseTi moqmedebis Sedegi,
swored aman ganapiroba Canafiqris esoden warmatebuli ganxorcieleba
da misi umniSvnelo danakargebiT Catareba.
mocemul brZolaSi gamoyenebuli iyo iseTi taqtikuri elementebi,
rogoricaa: 1. jarebis drouli gadajgufeba saWiro mimarTulebiT; 2.
taqtikuri marSi; 3. wylis dabrkolebis gadalaxva; 4. reidi da Casafreba;
5. Seteva RamiT;
aseve damxmare operaciebis saxeebi: 6. dazverva; 7. taqtikuri SeniRbva;
8. zurgis (logistikuri) uzrunvelyofa.
amrigad, Tu ki samxedro Teoretikosis, sun Zis azrs gaviziarebT,
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brZolis umaRlesi kanonebi daiyvaneba arsebiTad elementarul Zvel
WeSmaritebaze. sabrZolo operaciebsa da brZolebSi ar unda akeTo is,
rac mowinaaRmdegisTvisaa cnobili, rasac is Sengan elodeba da
risTvisac momzadebulia. Ee. i. dartyma miayeno iq saidanac Aar gelodeba.
,,omSi umTavresia siswrafe xelT igdo, . . . Tavs daesxa iq, sadac igi ar
frTxilobs (90, 61). ase iyo ganxorcielebuli yvarlis cixisaTvis
brZolaSi, romelic qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis nimuSad iTvleba da
iq gamoyenebuli taqtikuri elementebi dResac aqtualuria Tanamedrove
sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis.
sabolood, yvarlis brZolis gamarjvebiT damTavreba ramdenime
faqtorma ganapiroba: mefe ereklem kargad icoda mowinaaRmdegis
sabrZolo (sacecxle, samanevro) SesaZleblobebi. nursal-begis
mosalodnel Tavdasxmas momzadebuli daxvda, rac gamoixateboda
mosaxleobis drouli gaxizvnisa da swrafi samobilizacio RonisZiebebis
gatarebaSi aisaxa. mWadijvris brZolis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
erekle II-m gaiTvaliswina yvarlis cixis strategiuli mniSvneloba. man
samxedro xerxis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyo cixisa da misi garnizonis
brZolisunarianobis SenarCuneba. kerZod: cixis faruli momaragebiT,
alyis gamrRvevi jgufis kargi koordinaciiT, WarelTa mxareSi marbieli
razmebis gagzavniT, cxenosnebisagan Semdgari jgufebis SemovliTi
manevris CatarebiT, ori mimarTulebidan erTdrouli Setevis
ganxorcielebiT. aRniSnulma ganapiroba mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdegis
damarcxeba.
A2.5. aspinZis brZola
XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebis dasasruls feodaluri saqarTvelo erTian
saxelmwifos ar warmoadgenda. igi danawevrebuli iyo qarTl-kaxeTis,
imereTis samefod da ramdenime samTavrod. samxreT nawili ki osmaleTis
mier iyo dapyrobili, romelic axalcixis safaSos emorCileboda.
am droisaTvis ruseTi saerTaSoriso asparezze seriozul Zalad
gamoiyureboda da Tavisi sagareo politikis dRis wesrigSi amocanebi
dasaxa Savi zRvis sanapiroebis dapyrobasa da iq Tavisufali naosnobis
mopovebisa (112, 650).
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 ruseTs osmaleTTan omSi evropis saxelmwifoTa mxardaWeris imedi
ar hqonda da amitom, religiuri motiviT SeniRba Tavisi namdvili
miznebi da mowodebiT mimarTa kavkasiel da balkanel qristianebs, rom
igi ,,iZulebulia’’ ebrZolos TurqeTs ,,qristes sarwmunoebisaTvis’’ (112,
650). ruseTi kavkasiaSi axali frontis Seqmnas did mniSvnelobas
aniWebda, radgan osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxdeboda, jarebis mniSvnelovani
nawili moexsna saomar moqmedebaTa Teatridan yubani-yirimi-daRestnis
mimarTulebebze da kavkasiis frontze gadmoeyvana.
1769 wlis 21 maiss TbilisSiQqarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II da
imereTis mefe solomon I erTmaneTs Sexvdnen da erTobliv moqmedebaze
SeTaxmdnen (112, 651), romelic miznad isaxavda samcxe-javaxeTis
gaTavisuflebas. aseTi momenti ruseT-osmaleTis dapirispirebam moitana.
erekle II-s saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris mcire saeqspedicio razmi,
romelic 1769 wels generali totlebenis gankargulebaSi iyo, ar miaCnda
sakmarisad am amocanis gadasaWrelad da yoveli gziT cdilobda
ruseTidan 5 aTasiani korpusis miRebas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am
umTavres amocanas ruseTTan diplomatiuri molaparakebebisas mefe
erekle calke ar gamoyofda.
magaliTad, 1769 wlis 4 seqtembers erekle n. panins werda: ,,es xuTi
anilki jari amad gvnebavs zamTramdis da amisaTvis mogaxsenebT da
gTxovT, rom radgan osmalT Zali Cvenis sazRvramdis ar moweula, Cven im
jaris SewevniT, romelnic rom araratis mTis garSemo, anu axalcixisa
da anu yarsisa garSemo qristiani arian, da isini osmalTa monebasa queSe
imyofebian, da kvalad romelnic Savi zRvis garemo Cven kerZo adgili
uWiravs, SesaZlebel ars, rom yovelive ZalTa RvTisaTa miuRoTo”
(98, 54). aq naTlad Cans, Tu romeli mimarTulebaa ereklesaTvis ufro
saintereso. igi saqristiano qveynebis ganTavisuflebis saerTo lozungsa
da am mimarTulebiT mtrisaTvis daswrebis saerTo gegmas sTavazobda
ruseTis xelisuflebas.
amrigad, axalcixeze laSqrobis gegma erekles mier iqna
wamoyenebuli jer kidev 1769 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi, magram mefe mis
ganxorcielebaze Tavs ikavebda, sanam ruseTi damxmare jars ar
98
gamoagzavnida. mas gadawyvetili qonda esargebla ruseT-osmaleTis omiT,
rogorc xelsayreli viTarebiT, raTa ruseTis samxedro da
diplomatiuri daxmarebiT mtrisTvis xelidan gamoeglija ZvelisZveli
qarTuli miwa-wyali.
aqedan gamomdinare, aspinZis brZolis gamomwvevi mizezi 1768 wels
dawyebuli ruseT-osmaleTis omi iyo. erekle II da solomon I saerTo
mtris winaaRmdeg molaparakebis safuZvelze iwyebdnen sabrZolo
moqmedebebs ruseTis daxmarebiT (125, 49).
am amocanis wina planze wamoweva imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Cveni
samSoblos samxreTiT, uZveles kulturul mxareSi axalcixis Turquli
safaSo arsebobda, romelic osmalTa agresiis bazas warmoadgenda. vidre
es placdarmi qarTlsa da imereTSi Semosasvlel gzebze batonobda da
mtris xelSi iyo, cxadia, saqarTvelos danarCeni raionebis usafrTxoeba
uzrunvelyofili ver iqneboda. amitom, erekle mefis strategiuli
Canafiqris ganxorcielebisaTvis ruseTTan samxedro kavSiris dadeba, Tu
logikas daveyrdnobiT im droisaTvis yvelaze uaxloesi da realuri
nabiji iyo. mis mier SemuSavebul samxedro moqmedebebis gegmas Semdegi
upiratesoba gaaCnda:
1. osmaleTs xelidan aclida moxerxebul samxedro strategiul
placdarms, romelic ukeT uzrunvelyofda saomar moqmedebaTa
warmatebiT gaSlas, vidre sxva romelime mimarTuleba.
2. SemuSavebuli gegma ukeT uzrunvelyofda mokavSire mxareTa
erTobliv moqmedebas, radgan mas orive qarTuli samefosaTvis garkveuli
mniSvneloba hqonda:
a) qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis _ axalcixis dakavebiT qarTls osmaleTis
Kaqtiuri Semotevis safrTxe exsneboda, ispoboda baza, saidanac mteri
saqarTvelos dapyrobas cdilobda.
b) imereTisTvis _ axalcixeze laSqroba imereTze Tavdasxmis bazas
moSlida, radgan dasavleT saqarTvelos saqmeebs osmaleTi axalcixis
faSas meSveobiT akontrolebda. axalcixis dakaveba imereTis cixe-
simagreebSi myof Turq mecixovneebs daxmarebis wyaros gadauketavda,
rasac, bunebrivia, maTi danebeba mohyveboda.
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 zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, garkveuli molaparakebebis Semdeg,
ruseTis mTavrobam samxedro nawili gamogzavna saqarTveloSi 1200
kaciTa da 12 zarbazniT, general totlebenis meTaurobiT. vin iyo
totlebenis pirovneba? rogorc istoriuli masalebidan irkveva, igi
tomiT iyo saqsonieli germaneli, avantiuristi. is farulad Ralatobda
ruseTs evropaSi warmoebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros. Mmas faruli
mimowera hqonda prusiis mefe fridrix II-Tan da samxedro saidumloebebs
acnobda. RalatSi mxilebuli dapatimrebul iqna 1763 wels. 1769 wels
ekaterine II-is SewyalebiT igi gaanTavisufles da saqarTveloSi
gamogzavnili eqspediciis ufrosad daniSnes (112, 655). MmowinaaRmdege
mxareTa dapirispirebaSi erekle II Svidi aTasi mebrZoliTa da 3
zarbazniT gamodioda (112, 653).
erekle mefis mier SeTavazebuli samxedro moqmedebebis gegma 1769
wlis Semodgomaze totlebens miuRia da rus-qarTvelTa jars am gegmiT
unda daewyo moqmedeba. surda Tu ara totlebens, igi mainc unda
daZruliyo ereklesTan erTad axalcixisaken, radgan misi adrindeli
gancxadebebi axalcixeze laSqrobebSi monawileobaze aSkara uaris Tqmis
uflebas ar aZlevda. 1770 wlis 14 aprils erekle mefe da totlebeni
rus-qarTvelTa jariT sadgerSi idgnen. totlebens mefisTvis winadadeba
miucia, qarTuli jaris nawili sadgeris cixeSi daetovebina, TviTonac
survili gamouTqvams 1 zarbaznisa da 60 jariskacis datovebaze, magram
erekle mefe amis winaaRmdeg wasula. ,,sadgeris cixeSi jari mTxova
dasagdeblad, _ werda erekle ratievs, _ Tavisis jarisac miTxra 60 kacs
da erT zarbazans davagdebo. dauSale, magram Cemi rCeva ar miiRo"(98, 59).
erekle qarTvelTa jariT md. Savi wylis (,,borjomka~) gayolebiT
awyurisaken daiZra. totlebens Tavisi razmis naxevari da 6 zarbazani
sadgerSi dautovebia da meore dRes umoklesi gziT (md. mtkvris xeobiT)
awyurisken wasula (98, 59).
,,mokavSire Zalebi 1770 wlis 17 aprils borjomis xeobis gavliT
mimaval gzaze sakiresTan SeerTda da SuadRisas awyuris cixes alya
nawilobriv Semoartyes~ (98, 59). ,,awyura cixis Semodgoma Cemi neba ar iyo
_ werda erekle golicins 1770 wlis 10 maiss, - imisaTvis rom radgan
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mtris mamuls viyaviT, umjobesad es aRmoCnda: maTni qonebulni,
romelnic soflebiT sursaTi aqundaT, sul Cven mogvegrovebina da
Semdgomad misisa, ukueTu umjobes iqneboda, mivsuliyaviT axalcixezed~
(98, 60).
awyurisaTvis drois dakargva Secdoma iyo, radgan rus-qarTvelTa
jars saalyo qvemexebi ar hqondaT; xolo mcirekalibriani qvemexebis
daxmarebiT cixis ieriSiT aRebis cda, bunebrivia, uSedegod
damTavrdeboda. sanam garnizons sakvebi, wyali da garedan daxmarebis
imedi qonda, cixis aReba didi msxverplis gaRebasa da dros iTxovda.
awyuris cixis aRebis sxva saSualebac arsebobda _ mtris zurgSi Rrmad
SeWra, mecixovne jaris mowyveta mtris damxmare jarebisagan _ ai, ras
SeeZlo cixis garnizonis winaaRmdegobis gatexa. aseT pirobebSi cixis
alya mcire ZaliTac SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo da garedan
daxmarebas moklebuli mowinaaRmdege winaaRmdegobas veRar gawevda.
erekles gegma gabeduli da swori iyo. Mmas undoda es cixe ukan
moetovebina, mtrisTvis mofiqrebis saSualeba ar mieca da dauyonebliv
misi mTavari strategiuli punqtisTvis _ axalcixisTvis daertya,
raTqmaunda, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro taqtikuri
TvalsazrisiT, awyuris cixis aReba arasworad iqna Catarebuli. rusTa
moqmedebidan Cans, rom 1770 wlis 17-18 aprils awyuris cixisTvis brZola
samxreT-aRmosavleTis mxridan mimdinareobda. mtkvris gaRma ar iyo
arcerTi kaci rus-qarTvelTa jarisa da axalcixidan momavali gza
gadauketavi iyo. radganac sruli garemocva ar moxerxda, mters
saSualeba hqonda, cixeSi Seegzavna dammxmare jari saWurvliTa da
sursaTiT. Tu totlebens cixis aReba namdvilad surda da es mas
SesaZleblad miaCnda, maSin mas cixeze alya mTlianad unda Semoertya.
erekle awyuris garemocvis winaaRmdegi iyo. amitom totlebenis
jiuti saqcielis gamo xeli aiRo sakuTar iniciativaze da iZulebuli
gaxda, saqme rusi sardlisTvis miendo. rogorc mefis werilebidan Cans,
totlebens piroba daudvia, rom cixes dauyonebliv aiRebda.
SesaZlebelia, mefem jer kidev ar icoda ruseTidan Camotanili
zarbaznebis sacecxle SesaZleblobebi da miendo kidec totlebenis
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dapirebas. erekle wers, rom ,,totlebenma piroba dasdo jarSi, rom
mters dResve cixes wavarTmevo, da es ver SevityveT _ ver SeZlo Tu ar
inebao~. radganac cixeze misasvleli gza gadaketili ar iyo, axalcixis
faSas usargeblia da 18 aprils 2000 kaci Seugzavnia cixeSi (98, 62).
totlebeni ukan daxevis samzadiss Seudga, ramdenjerme awyuris cixes
zarbazani esrola da suramisaken gamobrunda (98, 59).
sami kviris Semdeg erekle II ruseTis vice-kancler golicins werda:
`me movel da Rrafs didad vevedre da Cemi Tavi viTa erTi misisa
komandis aficeri egreT kamandaSi vaZlive da mravals vevedre
gamobrunebas mterzed. . . im Cems vedrebazed ori zarbazani amoabruna da
erTs maRal gorazed aitanes, romelic didad Sorevda mterzed, muniTgan
4 - 5 zarbazani esrola da gabrunda, da aRmiTqva rom aqave axlo erTs
balaxian adgils Camovxdebio da am saxiT gamobrunda~ (98, 59).
totlebenis mier brZolis velis mitovebas qarTvelTa laSqarSi
uwesrigoba mohyolia, xolo mteri gamZvinvarebula. ,,es gamoparva
iaranalisa, _ werda erekle golicins, _ Cvenma jarma ra scna, didsa da
gamouTqmelsa drtvinvasa miecnes. da mterTa, ra ixiles da scnes, didad
ganixares simxne miiRes”. erekles mTeli simkacris gamoyenebiT
mouxerxebia qarTvelTa laSqarSi disciplinis aRdgena da cixidan ukan
dauxevia. gamxnevebuli mteri Setevaze gadmosula, magram qarTvelTa
kontrSeteviT damarcxebuli isev cixes Sefarebia (98, 62). amrigad,
samxedro taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT arasworad organizebulma alyam
marcxi ganicada.
saTanado literaturis gacnobiT irkveva, rom awyurTan totlebenis
Ralati sursaTis uqonlobiT ar SeiZleba aixsnas. saqarTvelos
centralur saistorio arqivSi daculi erekle mefis gankargulebebi
(1769-1770 wlebisa) naTlad adastureben, rom mefe did yuradRebas aqcevda
ruseTis jaris momaragebis saqmes da maTTvis sursaTis miyidva
organizebul xasiaTs atarebda. al. cagarelis mier gamoqveynebuli
dokumentebiT cnobilia, rom erekle usasyidlodac aZlevda ruseTis
jars sursaTs, amitom sursaTis naklebobis momizezeba totlebens
mxolod 19 aprils moagonda, raTa brZolis velis mitoveba
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gaemarTlebina. 13 maiss amasve imeorebda lvovic, raTa ruseTis
mTavrobis TvalSi awyuridan dabruneba gaemarTlebina (98, 65-66). Ralati
aSkarad Canda. Amis dasamtkiceblad, garda zemoxsenebulisa, moviyvanT
or magaliTs, sadac moTxrobilia erekle mefesa da totlebens Soris
ukmayofilebis gamomwvevi mizezi da xazgasmulia is, rom arsebuli
droisTvis ruseTis mTavroba ormag TamaSs eweoda: `xolo STaagdes Suri
borotTa kacTa da uzidavdnen Rraf totlebens avsa sityvasa~. aseve
ruseTis elCis lvovis winadadeba erekle mefisadmi: `vinaiTgan Tqvensa
da Rraf totlebens Soris SfoTi rame ars STamovardnili, Tu rom
osmalT ar aeSlebi da erTs rasme samsaxurs ar daanaxveb imperatrica
xelmwife ekaterinas, uTuod Rrafi Segasmens da ar vargao. amis rCeviT
ganigula mefeman aSla~ (64).
pativmoyvare generals surda rus-qarTvelTa mTeli jari da TviT
mefe ereklec usityvod damorCileboda mis mier dasaxul mcdar gegmas
da brZanebebs. erekle ar iyo iseTi sardali, rom totlebenis survilebi
bolomde gaeTavisebina. bolos mefis principulma gadawyvetilebam,
gaelaSqra mterze, totlebeni aiZula, ukan gamohyoloda. mefisTvis isic
gasagebi gamxdara, Tu ratom uRalata totlebenma awyurTan. frangi
kapitani de grai de fua amis Sesaxeb wers: ukan dabrunebulma
totlebenma ,,iqidan (suramidan) ereklesTan me gamgzavna da damabara:
,,puri gamomelia da qarTlSi davbrundi mis saSovnelado. ereklem civad
mimiRo~. man sTqva: ,,me kargad vxedav im mizezs, risTvisac miRalata da
mimatova grafma. mas imedi aqvs, rom am omSi osmalebi bolos momiReben
. . .Tu Tqven CemTan darCebiT, Tqveni TvaliT dainaxavT, rogor
gaucruvdeba imedi generals. Semdeg amis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT moaxsenoT
mas~ (39).
. . . man (ereklem) Turq tyveTa dakiTxviT da adgilobrivi
qarTvelebis saSualebiT Seityo, rom axalcixis faSas ganzraxuli
hqonda, general totlebens fexdafex ukan dasdevneboda da borjomis
viwro xeobaSi mTlad gaenadgurebina. es ambavi da axalcixis faSas
ZalTa raodenoba mefe ereklesTvis ucnobebia sof. udis (adigenis r-ni)
adgilobriv mcxovrebs, vinme iakob gziriSvils (79). erekles mTavari
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amocana iyo, axalcixeSi ganlagebuli faSas mTavari Zalebi Tavisken
miezida, raTa ruseTis jars borjomis xeoba daetovebina. ruseTis jaris
wasvliT imdenad gaTamamdnen awyuris mecixovneebi, rom osmaleTis
delibaSebTan (TavzexelaRebuli, kargad gawvrTnili vaJkacebi, meomrebi)
erTad qarTvelebs Tavs daesxnen. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gadmocemiT
mterma pirveli TavdasxmisTanave 70 qarTveli moitaca, cixeSi Seiyvana da
daxoca (79).
gaTamamebuli delibaSebi awyuris gzaze Sejaxebian qarTvelebs ,, . . .
gzasa zeda SeemTxva mefesa mxedroba delibaSebisa, romelsac sZlo
mefeman” (141, 81). mefe ereklem laSqari sam ZiriTad nawilad ganalaga
awyuris midamoebSi, soflebis sayuneTi – tyemlanas teritoriaze. pirvel
nawils aleqsandre ciciSvili usardla da xididan marcxniv axlo
mdebare tyeSi Caasafra. ciciSvilma miiRo davaleba, rodis unda
Cabmuliyo brZolaSi da ra unda gaekeTebina. meore nawils mefem Tavisi
vaJi - giorgi Cauyena saTaveSi da xididan marjvniv sami versis (3200
metri _ sof. sayuneTis mxares) manZilze ganalaga. mesames TviT erekle
sardlobda. mefe win wauZRva Tavis razms, xididan oTxi versiT (4264
metri) ukan daixia da mowinaaRmdegis pirveli dartymis misaRebad
gaemzada. axalcixis, namir faSas mier gamogzavnili TurqTa kargad
SeiaraRebuli mxedroba awyuris cixis mxridan erT dros erekles
brZanebiT agebul xids moadga. mcire yoymanis Semdeg (savaraudod,
dazverva Catarda – d. m.) mtris jarma xidi gadaiara da md. mtkvris
marjvena mxares gadavida. rodesac maT Cveni Zalebi ver dainaxes, gza
gaagrZeles sof. tyemlanas mimarTulebiT da pirdapir erekles razmis
ganlagebas miadgnen. gaimarTa ficxeli brZola. orive mxare TavganwirviT
ibrZoda. am dros giorgi batoniSvili Tavisi razmiT Tavzardamcemi
yiJiniT CaerTo brZolaSi. moulodnel dartymas veRar gauZlo osmalTa
jarma. rodesac ciciSvilma dainaxa, rom TurqTa jari Sedrka da
ereklem mowinaaRmdege xidisaken ukuaqcia, gamovida safridan da Turqebs
ukan dasaxevi gza mouWra. mteri xids moawyda. xidi rom dakavebuli
daxvda gadacurvis imediT mtkvarSi gadaeSvnen (141, 82). adidebuli
mdinare vercerTma maTganma ver gadalaxa. (ix. sqema #6, 156). ereklem
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dauZaxa de grai de fuas da uTxra: - ,,wadiT da moaxseneT Tqvens
generals, rac Tqveni TvaliT naxeT, uTxari mas, rom ar geRalata, erT
kviraSi aviRebdiT axalcixesTqo, me davbrundebi Tbiliss da Tqveni
generlis moqmedebis Sesaxeb yvelafers mis udidebulesobas imperators
Sevatyobinebo~ (137). ruseTis samefos warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi
anton mouravovi, am brZolis monawile, Semdeg wers: ,,gamxnevebuli 500
cxenosan. . .gadavida Setevaze Turqebisa da lekebis winaaRmdeg,
romlebmac im wuTSive daiwyes ukan gaqceva. am brZolaSi erekles erTi
meomari moukles da sami dauWres~. mterma ki awyuris midamoebSi didZali
msxverpli gaiRo. nawili adidebulma mtkvris talRebma daaxrCo, nawili
ki qarTvelTa xmliT moisra. . .~ (141, 83).
awyuris midamoebSi brZolisas gansakuTrebiT usaxelebia Tavi
xevsurTa razms, romelic mefe erekles mcvelTa banakSi imyofeboda.
mefis Semdeg am brZolis legendarul gmirad asaxeleben sof. kolagis
mkvidrs _ luarsab oTaris Ze vaCnaZes, romelsac mravali brZolis
gmirad icnobdnen. am gadmocemis sinamdviles istoriuli dokumentic
adasturebs, kerZod, mefe giorgi XII-is wyalobis sigeli luarsab
vaCnaZisadmi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: ,,Seni siyrmiTagan mraval omebSi
saxelovnad garja, mokvla da tyveTa morTmeva, agreTve aspinZas, didad
rom gagviWirda, batons mamaCvens da Cvens win saxsovrad xelis gamoReba
TviT Cvenis TvaliT uyurebdiT, delibaSma pirdapir SubiT piris saxezed
mZimed dagWra, magram rogorc mamacobas Svenoda, ar umtyune da TofiT
Camoagde~ (141, 84).
miuxedavaT qarTvelebis aseTi gmiruli gamarjvebisa, mefe ereklem
zogierT mizezTa gamo q. axalcixeze ieriSis ganxorcieleba ver gabeda.
amrigad axalcixis aRebis gegma CaiSala. borjomis xeobiT TbilisSi
dabruneba saSiSi iyo. lek-osmalTa laSqari jer kidev sabolood
ganadgurebuli ar iyo da SesaZloa ukan gabrunebuli qarTvelebi
borjomis xeobis viwro gasasvlelebSi gaenadgurebinaT.
mefe ereklem awyurSive Seityo adgilobrivi (qarTveli)
mosaxleobisagan, kerZod ki niko beriZisagan (nikoloz beriZe
warmoSobiT javaxeTidan _ sof. koTeliadan, romelic megzurobas uwevda
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qarTvelTa laSqars da TrialeTze gavliT qarTlisaken mihyavda isini),
rom axalcixis faSas brZanebiT awyuris cixis mosaSveleblad wamosulan
axalqalaqisa da xerTvisis mecixovne ianiCrebi (regularuli, kargad
gawvrTnili qveiTi jari (77, 308. 113, 163), romlebsac davalebuli hqondaT
aspinZis mimarTulebiT qarTvelebisaTvis gzebi SeekraT, nawili ki
awyuris mecixovneebs miSveleboda: ,,. . . cudi saqme moeloda qarTvel
jars. igi exla xafangSi momwyvdeuliviT iyo, amitom axalcixis faSa
gaTamamda da imedi hqonda erekle exla xelidan veRarsad wauvidoda da
ise Seananebda am Tavxed SemoWras osmaleTSi, rom mTel sicocxleSi ar
daiviwyebda. qarTvelTa mxedrobas mTlad ganadgurebas upirebda, xolo
TviT mefes tyved wayvanas~ (141, 89).
amrigad, lek-osmalTa jars ganzraxuli hqonda qarTvelebisTvis
aspinZis xeobaSi gzebi Seekra, erTi mxridan _ axalqalaq-xerTvisis
mecixovneebis daxvedriT, xolo meore mxridan _ awyur-axalcixis
jarebis SeteviT. mowinaaRmdege mefe erekles fexdafex dadevnebia. amis
Sesaxeb istorikosi oman xerxeuliZe wers: awyuris midamoebSi ,, . . .iqmna
brZola ficxeli, vidre sam saaTamde da lekni da osmalni ukudgnen
simagreTa da rusnic Semovidnen xeobaSi samSvidobos da amisa Semdgomad
mefe irakli aiyara masve dResa (19 aprili) da wamovida javaxeTis
mxrisaken mindorzed, gamovlo awyuridam 12 versi (12792 metri) da amas
Ramesa mun daivana gamoyvnen osmal-leknica~ (40, 491. 48, 80).
axalcixis faSas qarTvelTa moqmedeba mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia.
1770 wlis 19 aprilsAaxalqalaqisa da xerTvisis cixeebidan 1500 mebrZoli
gamoiyvana, raTa gza gadaeWra erekle mefis laSqrisaTvis aspinZasTan
(125, 106). adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gadmocemiT, axalcixisa da xerTvisis
mecixovneebs awyurisaken wamosvlis dros saSinlad daurbeviaT gzis
piras mdebare qarTvelebis sofeli nijgori (aspinZis r-ni). am soflis
mosaxleoba axlomaxlo gamoqvabulebsa da xevebSi Sexiznula. soflis
Tavkacis dimitri londariZis xelmZRvanelobiT mamakacebi Sekrebilan da
mterTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola gaumarTavT. axalqalaqisa da
xerTvisis mecixovneebs radgan nabrZanebi hqondaT qarTvelTa
laSqrisTvis aspinZasTan gzebi CaeketaT, sofel nijgors male
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gascilebian, riTac soflis mosaxleobas safrTxe ascilebia (141, 90).
mefe erekles brwyinvale samxedro niWi sof. idumalasTanac
gamovlinda. man mters cxenosani razmi Seageba. mowinaaRmdege Sedrka.
mefem brZolaSi axali razmebi Caaba. qarTvelebi moxerxebuli maRlobi
adgilebidan utevdnen osmalebs. isini TavganwirviT ibrZodnen da ar
surdaT, brZolis veli qarTvelebisTvis daeTmoT, magram qarTvel
mebrZolTa axali Zalebis brZolaSi Cabmam Sedegi gamoiRo. mteri
erTmaneTSi airia da Tavs gaqceviT uSvela. mowinaaRmdegem brZolis
velze 500 meomari datova, danarCeni adidebulma mtkvarma daaxrCo.
qarTvelebs moukles 4 Tavadi da 10 rigiTi meomari, rac maTi
xelCarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis maRal ostatobaze miuTiTebs.
ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb am Setakebis TviTmxilveli anton
mouravovi 1770 wlis 30 aprils general totlebens: ,, . . . sofel
aspinZas, maT (qarTvelebs) SexvdaT xuTiaTasi cxenosani delibaSis,
levandis . . . sadac marcxniv (sof. idumalasa da oSoris) maRali
gorebia, romlebzedac zeviT misvla verafriT ver moxerxda da marjvniv
ki mtkvari iyo. gorebidan ki md. mtkvramde manZili iyo mxolod ori
kilometri, sadac irakli arCeuli cxenosnebiT Seejaxa maT. Tumca,
Turqebi Zalian icavdnen Tavs, magram bolos iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan
daexiaT, imaT (osmalebs) miwaze 500 mkvdari meomari darCaT, TviTon
iraklis ki moukles 4 Tavadi da 10 rigiTi meomari~ (51, I, 107).
idumalasTan DbrZola mTlad damTavrebuli ar iyo, roca erekles
acnobes, rom axalcixis faSas mier gamogzavnili samxedro korpusi
aspinZis mimarTulebiT gamoCnda da xidis gagavliT mtkvris marjvena
napirze gadmosvlas apirebso. lek-osmalTa laSqari axalcixis
garnizonidan aspinZis midamoebSi movida. uravlis xeobiT, soflebis:
WobareTis, zvelis, orgora saxudabelis- gaswvriv gavliT da aspinZis
xidze gadasvliT.
am droisaTvis mefes Tan hyavda sul 3000-mde meomari. MmaTSi iyvnen
borCaloeli TaTrebi. gansacdelSi myofi, samefos mowyvetili,
mowinaaRmdegis did Zalas unda dapirispireboda. AaseT viTarebaSi Tavi
iCina sardlis niWma. erekle mefem kargad icoda, rom xelsayreli
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pozocia, moxerxebuli saomari adgili yvelaze metad iyo saWiro
ricxobrivad didi upiratesobis mqone mowinaaRmdegeze gamarjvebisaTvis.
amitom aseTi bunebrivi poziciis SerCevas Seudga dauyovnebliv. Mmefem
aspinZis maRlobebi amoirCia. ai, ras wers am adgilebis Sesaxeb XVIII-is
istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti bagrationi: ,,amas (svelis, anu
laSisxevis) zeiT erTvis mtkvars aspinZis xevi aRmosavleTidam, gamodis
kodianisas anu javaxeTis mTas. amis SesarTavTan aris xidi mtkvarsa
zeda. aspinZis Tavs da agaras bolos aris cixe kldesa zeda Seni, magari.
aspinZis zeiT, CrdiloeTiT ars mgelcixe. magari didSeni. amave xevzed
oTas, ars kldesa Sina gamokveTilni qvabni did-didni saxizrad” (33,
127).ESetakebis adgilebi mdebareobda dasaxlebul punqtebis idumalasa
da aspinZas Sua mtkvris marjvena napiras. Mmtkvarsa da simaRleebs
Soris 2 kilometramde sigrZis viwro vake-borcviani adgili iyo
darCenili. ,,ereklem es kldovani simaRleebi airCia saomari
moqmedebebisaTvis da iq Caasafra mebrZolebi~ (52, 18), romelnic sam
nawilad dahyo.EerT nawils TviTon xelmZRvanelobda, meores _ erekles
ufrosi vaJi giorgi, xolo mesames _ daviT orbeliani. qarTvelTa
sabrZolo ganlageba TavdacvaSi aseTi iyo: centralur dajgufebas
sardlobda TviT mefe, romelic Sua maRlobebze ganlagda, marjvena
frTas _ giorgi batoniSvili, romelsac mefisagan nabrZanebi hqonda,
Tavisi laSqriT Tavdapirvelad brZolaSi monawileoba ar mieRo, mas
Tavisi Zalebi gaWirvebis dros an ieriSis ganviTarebisaTvis unda
gamoeyenebina, rogorc rezervi, marcxena frTaze ki daviT orbeliani
imyofeboda zaal orbelianTan erTad.
qarTvel mebrZolebs poziciebi jer kidev bolomde ar hqondaT
dakavebuli aspinZis maRlobebze, rom TurqTa razmebma gadmosvla
daiwyes xidze, romelic mtkvarze iyo gadebuli. ereklem gangeb acala
mowinaaRmdeges xidze mebrZolTa gadmoyvana, raTa Tavisi taqtikuri
Canafiqri ganexorcielebina (viwrobebSi Zalebis manevrirebis SezRudva -
d. m.) mowinaaRmdegem mTlad aavso grZeli da viwro vake mtkvris marjvena
sanapiroze. daRamda,Mmcire nawili laSqrisa marcxena napirze dabanakda
da brZola Semdegi dRisaTvis gadaido.
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 mefe ereklem, gaiTvaliswina rom mters axali maSveli Zalebi
Seemateboda, amitom 19 aprils md. mtkvarze xidi ayara. mtkvris marcxena
mxares mtris laSqris nawili da mahmadiani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli
mravali sofeli (didi da patara varneTi, bnela, oskeria, awyvita, qunca,
rokeTi, orgora, saxudabeli, axaSeni da sxva) Seecdeboda, daxmareba
aRmoeCinaT axalcixis faSasaTvis qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
,,movida mefe irakli aspinZas da aspinZis xidis isrebi aayrevina da
mtkvarSi gadaayrevina~ (48, 80) brZolis wina Rames erekle II-m
mcirericxovani razmi gaagzavna xidis mwyobridan gamosayvanad,
romelSic aRabab erisTavi, svimon muxran-batonis Svili da xudia
borCaloeli monawileobdnen. jgufma moulodneli TavdasxmiT mcvelebi
gaanadgura da Seasrula mefis mier micemuli davaleba ise, rom
mowinaaRmdeges meore dRemde araferi Seutyvia (141, 102).
1770 wlis 20 aprils, . . . mowinaaRmdege ar aqtiurobda,
qarTvelebisgan moeloda Setevis dawyebas. mefe ereklem mtris
mosatyueblad samxedro xerxs mimarTa: daaxloebiT 100-mde mebrZoli
gagzavna mtris mmarTulebiT cxenebze xurjingadakidebuli, viTomda
,,sursaT-sanovagis~ mosatanad, raTa mteri SecdomaSi Seeyvana da
Casafrebis adgilidan wamoeSala. rogorc irkveva, qarTvelebma mefis
darigebisamebr, xmlebis qneviT, ukan-ukan daixies (141, 102). faqtia, rom
TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari aRniSnuli brZolisa, osmalebis mier Setevis
dawyebas amtkicebs, amitom s. xositaSvilis gadmocema marTebulia.
osmalebisa da lekebisagan Semdgarma jarma win waweva da dadevneba
daiwyo. TofiT srolis manZilze miaxloebisas erTbaSad srola daiwyo,
magram Camwkrivebul da safrebs amofarebul qarTvelebs mteri verafers
aklebda. ereklem axlo manZilze mouSva mowinaaRmdege, misi niSnis
Semdeg qarTvelTa Tofebma erTdroulad iquxes da moaxloebuli mtris
pirveli rigi mocelili balaxiviT daeca. aseTive bedi ewia meore da
mesame rigebsac. iarusebad ganlagebuli qarTvelebi setyvasaviT
esrodnen tyvias osmalebs, rogorc amas istoriuli literatura
gadmogvces. qarTvelebi sabrZolo upiratesobas flobdnen. maRlobebidan
gasrolili iaraRi mowinaaRmdeges meti sizustiT anadgurebda, rasac
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xels uwyobda viwro adgilmdebareobiT gamowveuli mtris Zalebis
simWidrove da Tavisufali manevrirebis SezRuda.
mowinaaRmdegis ricxobrivma siWarbem Tavisi gaitana da qarTvelTa
centralur dajgufebas axali razmebiT Seutia. DdaviT orbelianma
gaaZliera marjvena frTidan cecxlis daSena. Eerekle II-m mebrZolebs
sityviT mimarTa: ` ... mxneno qarTvelno, es amisTana gaWirvebuli omi Cven
Tavzed pirveli ar aris. Kkargad gaarCieT, dainaxeT, ra sikvdilis lxini
aris dRes! viomoT sikvdilamdis, rom Cveni zurgi mterma ar naxos ...
mec aq TqvenSi vimyofebi, erekle ~ (63, 5). am grZnobiT warmoTqmulma
sityvebma mebrZolTa moraluri mdgomareoba gaaaTkeca im donemde, roca
Tavdadeba da samSoblosaTvis sikvdili, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, netarebad
miaCnia adamians, miT umetes, umravlesobam icoda erekle mefis brZolis
ambavi. Q
qarTvelebma maRlobebidan ieriSi miitanes. mefis saocari mamacobiTa
da simarjviT aRtacebaSi mosuli cxenosani jari umowyalod Cexda
mowinaaRmdeges. mematianis gadmocemiT, ` ereklem gaswira Tavi Tvisi da
ekveTa ficxlad vidre sikvdilamde da iyvnen mefisa Tanamyofni qarTvel-
kaxni mxned da umetes Svidni igi xevsurnio~. brZolis kulminaciur
momentSi mefe ereklem mowinaaRmdegis winamZRoli lekTa aTasisTavi
koxta beladi (malaCila) mokla. XIX s-Si sofel xizabavraSi mcxovrebi
dele pavliaSvili , romelsac i. alxaziSvilma gamokiTxa aspinZis
brZolis Sesaxeb, saidanac vgebulobT, rom ` mefe erekle erT serze,
sadac TaTrebis sasaflao yofila koxta belads Setakebia. wamsve koxtas
moqneuli xmali ascda mefes, radgan cxens mucelzed moeqca. xmalma su
waiRo unagiris aiar-yaSi (Tavi) ... moajda mefe cxens…... ereklem mouqnia
xmali da ise gauara xmalma ro lekma verc-ki gaigo ... gadasWra kaci ...
giauro ver momartyio, magram cota ro SeinZra tani Zirs Camovarda da
fexebi ki uzangSi darCa . . . ~ (52, 3).
raoden gadaWarbebuladac ar unda mogveCvenos dele pavliaSvilis
monaTxrobi (mxatvruli gaformeba), erekle mefis mier koxta beladis
mokvlas mravali istoriuli masala adasturebs. ra gasakviria, rom am
orTabrZolis mxilveli mowinaaRmdege SeSinda da maTi damarcxeba
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SedarebiT gaadvilda. mefis msgavsad, mamacurad ibrZodnen qarTveli
mebrZolebic. osmal-lekTa laSqarma ukan daxeva daiwyo. AmaT mxolod
imis imedi amxnevebda, rom xidze gadavidodnen da Tavs gaqceviT mainc
uSvelidnen.
im garemoebam, rom ukuqceul mowinaaRmdeges xidi ayrili dauxvda da
erTaderTi ukandasaxevi gza moWrili iyo, maT rigebSi panika gamoiwvia.
igi moralurad daeca da brZolis unari dakarga. mtkvris marcxena
napirze darCenilma mcirericxovanma mowinaaRmdegem, xidis ganadgurebis
gamo, mdinaris marjvena mxares gadmosvla da mebrZolebze miSveleba ver
SeZlo. sabolood mowinaaRmdege qarTvelebisa da azvirTebuli mtkvris
msxverpli gaxda. (ix. sqema #7. 157). adgilmdebareobis rekognoscirebaSi
dagvexmra aspinZis mkvidri, istorikosi roberti beriZe.
qarTvelebma daatyveves 56 Turqi da 1 leki. xelT igdes mravali
droSa, cxeni da didZali iaraRi. Cveni mxridan danakargi ramdenime
aTeul daWril-daxocils Seadgenda. daWrilTa Soris moxseniebulia
aleqsandre ciciSvili da iase erisTavi.
mowinaaRmdegis ricxobrivi raodenoba istoriul masalebSi
sxvadasxvanairadaa mocemuli. n. berZeniSvilis gadmocemiT ≈ 4000,
o.xerxeuliZis ≈ 6000, g. qiqoZisa da v. maWaraZis ≈ 8000. miuxedavad imisa,
rom o. xerxeuliZე aRwerili periodis mematianea, sandoobis
TvalsazrisiT, v. maWaraZis mier moZiebuli dokumentebi ufro sarwmunoa.
tyved Cavardnili ramdenime meTauris CvenebiT, rvaaTasiani
korpusidan 4000-ze meti mebrZolis velze daRupula (98, 68), asobiT
mebrZoli wyaldidobiT azvirTebulma mtkvarma daaxrCo. DdaRupula
mowinaaRmdegis korpusis sardali; 12 sanjayis mflobeli; yulianis,
karcxlisa da olTisis faSebi. erekle II paninisadmi gagzavnil werilSi
moklulTa Soris asaxelebs _ TurqTagan: artanbegs, beqirbegs, gola
faSas, SavSeTis begs da sxva. lekTagan: aTasisTavs - malaCilas (koxta
beladi), usuf belads, haji mamed belads da sxva. daRupulad Tvlida
mefe yumuxis mTavris Svils, sulTnis mier winaswar Tbilisis faSad
daniSnuls, radgan am ukanasknelis cxeni mefes mihgvares (141, 115).

111
 erekle II-sa da mis mebrZolebis gmirobis Sesaxeb mravali leqsia
dawerili solomon caiSvilis wignSi ,,erekle mefis gmiruli saxe
xalxur SemoqmedebaSi~ (134).
erekle mefem tyveTagan axalcixeli izmail-aRa, erzerumeli reJeb-
aRa da leki saxelad ata, ruseTis samefo karze gaagzavna (52, 3).
aRniSnuliT ruseTs daumtkica, rom Turme SesaZlebeli yofila erekle
II-is mier SeTavazebuli gegmis ganxorcieleba. totlebenis Ralatisa da
samefoSi Seqmnili viTarebis gamo brZola axalcixis aRebisTvis aRar
gagrZelebula.
aspinZis brZolaSi qarTvelebma mefe erekle II-is sardlobiT
daamarcxes mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdege. es brZola, samxedro
xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, TavdacviTi sabrZolo operaciaa. rodesac
ereklem gaigo, rom mtris jari awyurisaken miemarTeboda, daaswro maT
gadmosvlas da TviTon gadavida aspinZaSi dasaxvedrad. am SemTxvevaSi
moqmedebis gegma aseTi iyo, daeswro mowinaaRmdegisTvis da sruliad
moulodnelad Tavs dasxmoda mas. Seafasa ra arsebuli viTareba,
osmalebs daaswro da aspinZis maRlobebi daikava. AaseTi moqmedeba misi
taqtikuri Canafiqria. sun Zi aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ambobda: ,,vinc pirveli
midis brZolaSi da mters elodeba, igi savsea ZalebiT, vinc Semdeg
daRlilia. vinc kargad ibrZvis, is marTavs mowinaaRmdeges da
saSualebas ar aZlevs, rom marTos Tavisi Tavi~ (101, 47), ase moxda am
brZolaSic. es imiTac aixsneba, rom mowinaaRmdegem ramdenejerme miitana
ieriSi maRlobebze, magram warmatebas ver miaRwia, radgan sainJinro
TvalsazrisiT gamagrebul qarTvel mebrZolebs sammagi upiratesoba
gaaCndaT:
I _ winaswar SerCeuli adgili Tavdacvis karg saSualebas iZleoda,
rac mcire danakargs gamoiwvevda;
II _ mowinaaRmdegis efeqturi dazianeba simaRlidan axlo manZilze.
III _ swrafi kontrieriSis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac
warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli.
rogorc viciT, aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mebrZolTa sabrZolo
SemarTebas, rac damokidebulia ideologiasa da rwmenaze. erekle mefem
112
ieriSis win sityviT mimarTa mebrZolebs da maTi ganwyoba aamaRla,
aspinZis xidis gafuWebiT gamarjvebis rwmena ganumtkica.
raki mowinaaRmdegem pirdapiri ieriSebiT veraferi gaawyo da
danakargs uSedegod ganicdida, savaraudoa, gadawyvita qarTvelTa
sabrZolo wyobisTvis zurgidan moevlo. Aam Canafiqris sisruleSi
mosayvanad xidis mimarTulebiT ukan daixia da reliefidan gamomdinare
viwro dablobze moaxdina Zalebis koncentracia. am dros gamomJRavnda
sardlis niWi, man mebrZolebi kontrieriSze gadaiyvana. osmal-lekni
daibnen, vinaidan aseT moqmedebas ar elodnen. koxta beladis sikvdilma
da xidis mwyobridan gamoyvanam mteri sasowarkveTilebaSi Caagdo da
moralurad daaZabuna, ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda moulodnelobis
faqtori da qarTvelebs gamarjveba moutana.
aspinZis brZolis arsis srulad aRwerisaTvis saWiroa ganvixiloT
generalur brZolamde momxdari ori Setakeba, romlebic masTan kavSirSi
moiazrebian. sanam aspinZaSi mividoda erekle II, mas, awyuris midamoebSi,
sofel tyemlanasTan mouwia brZolebis Catareba.
axalcixis faSasTvis cnobili gaxda erekles gegmebi, (is axalqalaqi
_ walkis gziT TbilisSi dabrunebas cdilobda) amitom man axalcixis
garnizonidan gamoagzavna jari erekles Sesaxvedrad. mefem droze Seityo
am mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb da moxerxebulad ganalaga Tavisi
jari sof. tyemlanas midamoebSi. am dros erekles 3 000-mde mebrZoli
hyavda, magram rogor ganawilda es Zalebi cnobili ar aris.
Cvens mier Catarebulma rekognoscirebam saSualeba mogvca
miaxloebiT dagvedgina, rom erekles razmSi iyo 1500, giorgis razmSi
1000, xolo ciciSvilis razmSi 500 mebrZoli. Tu ramdeni iyo osmalTa
jari cnobebi ar gagvaCnia. aseve ucnobia osmalTa danakargebi.
SevecadoT am suraTis raodenobriv aRdgenas. am brZolaSi erekles
daeRupa 1 da daeWra 3 mebrZoli. praqtikulad SeiZleba iTqvas rom man es
brZola udanakargod Caatara.
aseTi ram Teoriulad SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi rodesac
erT-erTi mxare sargeblobs moulodnelobiT da brZolis procesi
praqtikulad manamde wydeba, sanam mxare, romlisTvisac Setakeba
113
moulodneli aRmoCnda gons moegeboda. am SemTxvevaSi brZola zustad
aseTi scenariT warimarTa.
osmalebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini qarTvelebTan saomrad
midiodnen, konkretulad im adgilze Sexvedra moulodneli aRmoCnda da
am faqtorma Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo. garkveuli drois Semdeg, gons
mosuli mteri ukuiqca.
sainteresoa ramden xans SeiZleboda gagrZelebuliyo mowinaaRmdegis
gaurkvevel situaciaSi yofna? anu ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda
meTaurobas gons mogebuliyo da miecaT miTiTebebi qveSevrdomTaTvis?
miuxedavad imasa, Tu informaciis gadacemis ra saSualebebi iyo im dros
da Tanamedrove Teoriuli gaTvlebiTa da eqspertuli SefasebiT es
daaxloebiT aris 10 wuTamde, anu es is droa, ra droSic imuSava
moulodnelobis faqtorma sawyis etapze mTlianobaSi. aq Cven
vgulisxmobT erekle mefisa da giorgi batoniSvilis razmebis
moulodneli qmedebebis erTobliobas.
sainteresoa ramdeni SeeZlo qarTvelebs gaenadgurebinaT saSualod
brZolis procesSi?
sxvadasxva brZolebis analizidan mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom im
drois qarTvelTa mebrZolebisTvis Sesabamisi koeficienti lanCesteris
gantolebebSi, Tu drois erTeulad miviRebT wuTs, aris 0,015
koeficienti. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac dapirispirebuli mxare
winaaRmdegobas uwevs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mowinaaRmdege pasiuria,
es koeficienti izrdeba da is SeiZleba iyos saSualod orjer meti.
moulodnelobis faqtoriT ganpirobebuli procesis garda,
mimdinareobda devnac. aq mowinaaRmdege isev pasiur mdgomareobaSia da
amitom procesi midis igive kanonzomierebiT, rogorc moulodnelobisas,
magram erTi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT _ is droSi welvadia.
gavixsenoT, rom am SetakebaSi monawileobda ereklesa da giorgis
razmebi e.i. 2500 mebrZoli isini 10 wuTSi gaanadgurebdnen
2500  10  2  0,015=750 mebrZols, sadac 2500 aris erekle-giorgis mebrZolTa
raodenoba, 10 _ Setakebis xangrZlivoba, 2  0,015 _ mebrZolis koeficienti.
dadevnebisas gveqneba 2500  15  0,015=562, sadac 15 devnis droa, danarCeni
114
analogiurad. sul mters daeRupa 750+562=1312 mebrZoli. magram mTeli
jaris ra nawili unda yofiliyo es raodenoba? dReisaTvis samxedro
xelovnebaSi miRebulia rom qvedanayofi kargavs brZolisunarianobas
Tavisi Zalebis 35 %-is danakargis Semdeg. Tu CavTvliT, rom es 1312 iyo
osmalTa jaris 35%, maSin maT hyoliaT daaxloebiT 3750 mebrZoli.
aq SegviZlia angariSi gavuwioT rig garemoebebs. pirveli es arsi is,
rom icodnen ra visTan hqondaT saqme (erekles am dros ukve avtoriteti
hqonda moxveWili) maT SeeZloT gaqceuliyvnen ufro adre. aseT
SemTxvevaSi daRupulTa zemoTmoyvanili ricxvi (1312) yofiliyo mTeli
jaris 30%. meore faqtori isaa, rom osmalebi modiodnen swored erekles
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad da Sexvdnen swored mas. aqedan gamomdinare
maT SeeZloT male ar Semdrkaliyvnen da winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT didxans.
am SemxvevaSi ricxvi 1312 SeiZleba yofiliyo 40%.
zemoaRniSnuli procentuli maCveneblebi (30% da 40%) aris pirobiTi
zRvari, romlis CarCoSic movaxdineT gaTvlebi. am daSvebebidan
gamomdinare osmalTa jari yofila 3200-dan 4500-mde. Tu maT saSualos
aviRebT (3850), vuaxlovdebiT isev im ricxvs romelic pirvelad miviReT
3750.
es ricxvi sruliad misaRebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ori
dRiT adre axalcixis faSam awyuris cixis gasamagreblad gamogzavna
2000 kaci. cxadia erekles sruli ganadgurebis mizniT mas SeeZlo
daaxloebiT orjer meti jari gamoegzavna.
mematianis gadmocemiT danarCeni (1312 daRupulis garda) mtkvarSi
daixrCo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT rom es brZola moxda 19 aprils rodesac
mtkvari savaraudod, weliwadis droidan gamomdinare, maqsimalurad
iqneboda adidebuli, mematianis gadmocema damajereblad JRers.
am SesaniSnavad organizebuli brZolis dros ereklem Tavisi gza
TrialeTisaken ganagrZo. amis gamo mis Sesaxvedrad, axalcixis faSas
brZanebiT, axalqalaqis da xerTvisis cixeebidan gamoemarTa 1500 kaciani
osmalTa laSqari.
erekle maT Sexvda sofel idumalasTan. qarTvelebi ganlagdnen
Zalze moxerxebulad _ daikaves mniSvnelovani maRlobebi. ereklem mters
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jer mewinave cxenosani jari daaxvedra da rodesac mterma mTeli
yuradReba maTken gadaitana, man, SetakebaSi Tanmimdevrulad CarTo sxva
razmebi, rac mtrisTvis moulodneli aRmoCnda. igi Sedrka da gaiqca,
ereklem maT gza mouWra da gadarCenilebi mtkvarSi gadacvivdnen. mterma
brZolis velze dakarga 500 mebrZoli (Zalebis 1/3), ereklem es brZolac
praqtikulad, udanakargod Caatara (dakarga 14 mebrZoli).
mocemul 2 SetakebaSi mowinaaRmdegem moklulTa saxiT 1312+500=1812
mebrZoli da mtkvarSi damxvrCvalTa saxiT 2438+1000=3438 mebrZoli
dakarga. sul: 1812+3438=5250 kaci.
erekles Seusvenia. am dros aspinZis mxridan gamoCnda osmalTa
laSqari, romelic axalcixis garnizonidan iqna gamogzavnili. 20 aprils
gaimarTa generaluri brZola. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom erekles am
brZolaSi 3000 mebrZoli yavda. aspinZaSi dakarga ,,ramdenime aTeuli~. ra
Zalebi yavda mters? cnobebi sxvadasxvaa: 4, 6, 8 aTasi, an ramdeni dakarga
man, ucnobia. SevecadoT am monacemebis aRdgenas.
Cven bevri sxvadasxva brZolis analizisas, eqspertul monacemebze
dayrdnobiT vRebulobT rom qarTvelTa sabrZolo Tvisobrivi
maCvenebeli a (mebrZolis TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic zegavlenas
axdens brZolis procesis mimdinareobaze da gamoisaxeba koeficientiT)
3.5-jer metia, vidre mtris _ b. e.i. c= a/ b= 3.5 imis gamo, rom am brZolaSi
qarTvelebs uaRresad moxerxebuli poziciebi ekavaT da mteri Zalze
mWidrod idga, anu dapirispirebul mxareTa urTierTganlagebis sawyisma
mdgomareobam es koeficienti _ a sul mcire orjer gazarda, mtris _ b
orjer Seamcira. amrigad maCvenebeli c, 4-jer unda gavzardoT. rac
Seexeba erekles danakargebs _ `ramdenime aTeuli~, miviRoT rogorc
sakontrolo maCvenebeli, mowinaaRmdegis ZalebSi, ganvixileT sxvadasxva
varianti. miviReT, iseve rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi da CavTvaloT, rom
mteri ukuiqca mas Semdeg, rac man dakarga Tavisi Zalebis 30%. aviRoT
magaliTad, rom mters yavda 10 000 mebrZoli. rogorc kompiuteruli
gaTvlebi gviCvenebs, imisaTvis rom mters daekarga 3000 (anu 10 000-is 30%),
erekles unda daekarga ara ramdenime aTeuli, aramed 693 erTeuli. am

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Sedegs gvaZlevs lanCesteris gantolebebis amoxsna, im koeficientiT,
romelic zemoT miviReT. amrigad, es varianti (rom, mters hyavda 10 000
mebrZoli) miuRebelia. ase iqna ukugdebuli uamravi sxva variantebic,
bolos am kriteriumebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda 3500 erTeuli. am SemTxvevaSi
erekle dakargavda 78 erTeuls (ramdenime aTeuli), mteri - 1078, rac
3500-is daaxloebiT 30%-ia. Tu CavTvliT rom xids gaRma darCa mTeli
Zalebis erTi meoTxedi, gamodis rom osmalebs hyoliaT daaxloebiT 5000
mebrZoli.
3500 is ricxvia, romelic sxva gaTvlebiTac miiReba. magaliTad
ramdeni kaci (cxenosani) daeteoda im farTobze, sadac mowinaaRmdege

(1500  200
2
ganlagda mtkvris marjvena mxares? m ). ramden cxenosans
SeeZlo im xidze gavla im droSi, romelic maT qondaT amisaTvis?
amrigad aspinZis brZolis raodenobrivi mxare SeiZleba ase
warmovidginoT: erekles 3000 mebrZolis winaaRmdeg gamoemarTa osmalTa
5000-ani laSqari. aqedan xidze gadmovida 3500, danarCeni darCa mtkvris
marcxena napirze (`mcire nawili~, rogorc mematiane ambobs). am 3500-dan
ereklem brZolaSi gaanadgura daaxloebiT 1100, ris Semdegac mterma
daiwyo gaqceva. mas Semdeg rac mters xidi ayrili dauxvda, isini
mtkvarSi gadacvivdnen.
sami brZolis Sedegad osmalebma saerTo jamSi dakarges
5250+3500=8750 mebrZoli. erekles danakargi am dros 100-s ar aRemateba.
marTlac brwyinvale gamarjvebaa.
ereklem am warmatebas riT miaRwia?
Tu brZolis dinamikis aRweris Teorias mivmarTavT (154, 172-207),
ZalTa Tanafardobas ganapirobebs ori faqtori ricxovnoba
(raodenobiTi mxare) da Tvisobrivi mxare. Tvisobriv mxares Tavis mxriv
ganapirobeben bevri faqtorebi, moulodneloba, reliefi da sxva. pirvel
brZolaSi ereklem brwyinvaled gamoiyena moulodnelobis faqtori.
meore brZolaSi man aseve SesaniSnavad gamoiyena reliefi, xolo
kulminaciuri brZola iyo mxedarTmTavruli niWis ubadlo gamovlineba.
erTis mxriv man SesaniSnavad ganalaga Tavisi Zalebi, xolo

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mowinaaRmdege Seityua iseT pirobebSi, sadac mas moqmedebis aRaraviTari
Sansi ar dautova. amiT man Tavisi jaris Tvisobrivi mxare gaaumjobesa,
xolo mowinaaRmdegis ukiduresad dabal niSnulze daiyvana. rac Seexeba
mowinaaRmdegis raodenobriv mxares (rogorc cnobilia mis winaaRmdeg
erTi saSualeba arsebobs _ mowinaaRmdege rogorme unda daanawevro) aq
man brwyinvale xerxi moifiqra, xidis dangreviT mters mouspo saSualeba
mtkvris marcxena mxares darCenili Zalebi saWiro dros CaerTo
brZolaSi.
qarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis istoriSi aris amgvari magaliTebiT
da Tuki vinme odesme am magaliTebis klasifikacias Seecdeba, maTSi
erekles mier aspinZaSi gadaxdili brZolebi uaRresad Tval