4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR

5(62/8&,Ï1'(&8(67,21(6

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV

D5HFLEHHOQRPEUHGHJUXSRIXQFLRQDOXQiWRPRRJUXSRGHiWRPRVGLVWULEXLGRV
GHWDOIRUPDTXHODPROpFXODDGTXLHUHXQDVSURSLHGDGHVTXtPLFDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
E 'RV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH SRVHHQ HO PLVPR JUXSR IXQFLRQDO VLHPSUH VRQ
LVyPHURV
F 'RV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV FRQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU SHUR GLVWLQWD
IXQFLyQQXQFDVRQLVyPHURV

Solución

D&LHUWR(VODGHILQLFLyQGHJUXSRIXQFLRQDO

E)DOVD1RWLHQHSRUTXpWHQHUODPLVPDIyUPXODPROHFXODU

F)DOVD3XHGHQVHULVyPHURVGHIXQFLyQ


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

-XVWLILTXHODYHUDFLGDGRIDOVHGDGGHODVVLJXLHQWHVSURSRVLFLRQHV

D/RVKLGURFDUEXURVVDWXUDGRVVRQPXFKRPiVUHDFWLYRVTXHORVLQVDWXUDGRV
E *UXSR IXQFLRQDO HV XQ iWRPR R JUXSR GH iWRPRV TXH FRQILHUH D OD FDGHQD
KLGURFDUERQDGDXQDVSURSLHGDGHVTXtPLFDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
F(QHOPHWDQRHOiWRPRGHFDUERQRSUHVHQWDKLEULGDFLyQVS

Solución

D )DOVR /RV KLGURFDUEXURV VDWXUDGRV VRQ SRFR UHDFWLYRV SRUTXH QR WLHQHQ
JUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHV/RVKLGURFDUEXURVLQVDWXUDGRVVRQPiVUHDFWLYRVGHELGRDVXV
GREOHVRWULSOHVHQODFHVVLHQGRODUHDFFLyQPiVIUHFXHQWHODGHDGLFLyQ

E&LHUWR(VODGHILQLFLyQGHJUXSRIXQFLRQDO

F&LHUWR (OFDUERQRGLVSRQHVXVHQODFHVVHQFLOORVWHWUDpGULFDPHQWHSRUORTXH
XWLOL]DKLEULGDFLyQVS
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D(OSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHOPHWDQRHVPHQRUTXHHOGHOEXWDQRO
E/DPROpFXOD&+&OSRVHHXQDJHRPHWUtDWHWUDpGULFDFRQHOiWRPRGHFDUERQR
RFXSDQGRODSRVLFLyQFHQWUDO
F(OHWDQRHVPiVVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHOHWDQRO

Solución

D &LHUWD (O EXWDQRO WLHQH FDUiFWHU SRODU \ IRUPD HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR D
WUDYpV GHO JUXSR 2+ SRU OR TXH VX SXQWR GH HEXOOLFLyQ HV PD\RU $GHPiV DO
WHQHUPD\RUWDPDxRTXHHOPHWDQRWDPELpQVRQPD\RUHVODVIXHU]DVGH9DQGHU
:DDOVHQWUHVXVPROpFXODV(OPHWDQRHVXQDPROpFXODDSRODU\QRIRUPDHQODFHV
GHKLGUyJHQR

E &LHUWD (O iWRPR GH FDUERQR DGRSWD KLEULGDFLyQ VS \ SRU OR WDQWR OD
JHRPHWUtDGHODPROpFXOD&+&OHVWHWUDpGULFD

F )DOVD (O HWDQRO HV VROXEOH HQ DJXD SRU VHU XQD PROpFXOD SRODU \ FDSD] GH
IRUPDU HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR D WUDYpV GHO JUXSR 2+ FRQ ODV PROpFXODV GH HVWH
GLVROYHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH HO HWDQR HV XQD PROpFXOD QR SRODU \ SRU WDQWR QR
VROXEOHHQDJXD


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

/DV IyUPXODV PROHFXODUHV GH WUHV KLGURFDUEXURV OLQHDOHV VRQ &+ &+ &+
5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV

D/RVWUHVSHUWHQHFHQDODPLVPDVHULHKRPyORJD
E/RVWUHVSUHVHQWDQUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQ
F/RVWUHVSRVHHQiWRPRVGHFDUERQRFRQKLEULGDFLyQVS

Solución

D)DOVD3RUGHILQLFLyQGHVHULHKRPyORJDORVKRPyORJRVVRORVHGLIHUHQFLDQHQ
HO Q~PHUR GH JUXSRV –CH2 – (O &+ WLHQH XQD LQVWDXUDFLyQ SRU OR TXH QR
SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH KRPyORJD TXH ORV KLGURFDUEXURV VDWXUDGRV &+ \
&+TXHVtVRQPLHPEURVGHODPLVPDVHULH

E )DOVD /RV KLGURFDUEXURV VDWXUDGRV QR H[SHULPHQWDQ UHDFFLRQHV GH DGLFLyQ
PLHQWUDVTXHORVKLGURFDUEXURVDOLIiWLFRVLQVDWXUDGRVGDQUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQ
DOGREOHRWULSOHHQODFH

 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR

F&LHUWD 7RGRVORVFDUERQRVFRQHQODFHVVHQFLOORVSUHVHQWDQKLEULGDFLyQVS \
WRGDVODVPROpFXODVWLHQHQDOPHQRVXQR


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

/DV IyUPXODV PROHFXODUHV GH WUHV KLGURFDUEXURV OLQHDOHV VRQ &+ &+ &+
5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV

D/RVWUHVSHUWHQHFHQDODPLVPDVHULHKRPyORJD
E/RVWUHVH[SHULPHQWDQUHDFFLRQHVGHVXVWLWXFLyQ
F6yORXQRGHHOORVWLHQHiWRPRVGHFDUERQRFRQKLEULGDFLyQVS

Solución

D)DOVD 3RUGHILQLFLyQGHVHULHKRPyORJDORVKRPyORJRVVRORVHGLIHUHQFLDQHQ
HO Q~PHUR GH JUXSRV  PHWLOHQR –CH2– VLQ HPEDUJR HO &+ WLHQH XQD
LQVDWXUDFLyQ PLHQWUDV TXH HO &+ \ HO &+ Vt SHUWHQHFHQ D OD PLVPD VHULH
KRPyORJD\VRQKLGURFDUEXURVVDWXUDGRV
E)DOVD(O&+HVXQDOTXHQR\ODUHDFFLyQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOGREOHHQODFHHVOD
DGLFLyQ
F &LHUWD 6yOR HO &+  \D TXH ORV FDUERQRV FRQ GREOH HQODFH SUHVHQWDQ
KLEULGDFLyQVS

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

D,QGLTXHORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQODVVLJXLHQWHVPROpFXODV

L &+&+&+2+&+
LL &+&+2+&+2
LLL &+&+1+&22+

E(VFULEDXQLVyPHURGHIXQFLyQGHODPROpFXODGHODSDUWDGRL
F(VFULEDXQLVyPHURGHSRVLFLyQGHODPROpFXODGHODSDUWDGRLL

Solución

D L &+&+&+2+&+  JUXSR IXQFLRQDO DOFRKRO 52+ (O JUXSR ²2+

JUXSR KLGUR[LOR FRQILHUH D OD PROpFXOD XQDV SURSLHGDGHV TXtPLFDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
LL&+&+2+&+2JUXSRIXQFLRQDODOFRKRO52+\DOGHKtGR5&+2
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


LLL &+&+1+&22+ JUXSR IXQFLRQDO DPLQD 51+ \ iFLGR

FDUER[tOLFR5&22+
E&+&+2&+&+
F&+2+&+&+2


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

,QGLTXH VL OD HVWUXFWXUD GH FDGD SDUHMD UHSUHVHQWD HO PLVPR FRPSXHVWR R
FRPSXHVWRVGLIHUHQWHVLGHQWLILFDQGRORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHV

D&+&+2&+\&+2&+&+
E&+&+2&+\&+&+2+&+
F&+&+&+2+\&+&+2+&+

Solución

D(VHOPLVPRFRPSXHVWR6LJLUDPRVžODPROpFXODYHPRVTXHHVODPLVPD
HVWUXFWXUD(OJUXSRIXQFLRQDOHVpWHU525·
E&RPSXHVWRVGLIHUHQWHV&+&+2&+HVXQpWHU525·&+&+2+&+HVXQ
DOFRKRO52+
F &RPSXHVWRV GLIHUHQWHV 6RQ GRV LVyPHURV GH SRVLFLyQ DPERV VRQ DOFRKROHV
52+


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

,QGLTXHORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVPROpFXODV

D&+&+&2&+&+
E&+&+&+2+&22+
F&+&+&+1+&+2

Solución

D*UXSRIXQFLRQDOFHWRQD&RQWLHQHHOJUXSRFDUERQLOR5&25·
E *UXSR IXQFLRQDO iFLGR &RQWLHQH HO JUXSR FDUER[LOR 5&22+ *UXSR
IXQFLRQDODOFRKRO&RQWLHQHHOJUXSRKLGUR[LOR52+
F*UXSRIXQFLRQDODOGHKtGR&RQWLHQHHOJUXSRFDUERQLORHQFDUERQRWHUPLQDO
5&+2 *UXSRIXQFLRQDODPLQR&RQWLHQHHOJUXSR1+



 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'HILQDVHULHKRPyORJDHLQGLTXHFXiOHVGHORVVLJXLHQWHVFRPSXHVWRVSHUWHQHFHQ
DODPLVPDVHULHTXH&+2+

D&+&+&+&+2+
E&+&+2+
F&+&22+

Solución

(V XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH FRQWLHQH XQ PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO\GLILHUHQVRORHQODORQJLWXGGHODFDGHQDHVGHFLUHQHOQ~PHUR
GH–CH2 –
D 3HUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH &+2+ &XPSOH OD GHILQLFLyQ GH VHULH
KRPyORJD
E 3HUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH &+2+ &XPSOH OD GHILQLFLyQ GH VHULH
KRPyORJD
F 1R SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH &+2+ 1R FXPSOH OD GHILQLFLyQ HV XQ
iFLGRFDUER[tOLFRFRQWLHQHXQJUXSRIXQFLRQDOGLIHUHQWH


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
Q

'DGRV ORV FRPSXHVWRV EXWDQRO &+&+2+&+&+  \ PHWLOEXWDQRO
&+&+&+&+&+2+UHVSRQGDUD]RQDGDPHQWHDODVVLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV

D¢6RQLVyPHURVHQWUHVt"
E¢3UHVHQWDDOJXQRGHHOORVLVRPHUtDySWLFD"

Solución

D 1R 1R WLHQHQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU SDUD HO  EXWDQRO HV &+2  \
SDUDHOPHWLOEXWDQROHV&+2
E 6t (O EXWDQRO SUHVHQWD LVRPHUtD ySWLFD \D TXH HO FDUERQR Q~PHUR GRV HV
TXLUDOHVGHFLUHVXQiWRPRGHFDUERQRFRQFXDWURVXVWLWX\HQWHVGLVWLQWRV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
VWLyQ

D'HILQDVHULHKRPyORJD
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


E(VFULEDODIyUPXODGHXQFRPSXHVWRTXHSHUWHQH]FDDODPLVPDVHULHKRPyORJD
GH FDGD XQR GH ORV TXH DSDUHFHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ &+&+ &+&+&+2+
&+&+1+

Solución

D (V XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH FRQWLHQH XQ PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO\GLILHUHQVRORHQODORQJLWXGGHODFDGHQDHVGHFLUHQHOQ~PHURGH
JUXSRV–CH2 –
E (O &+&+&+ SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH KRPyORJD TXH HO &+&+ (O
&+&+2+ SHUWHQHFH D OD PLVPD VHULH TXH HO &+&+&+2+ (O &+&+1+
SHUWHQHFHDODPLVPDTXHHO&+&+&+1+


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'HILQDORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFHSWRV\SRQJDXQHMHPSORGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV
D6HULHKRPyORJD
E,VRPHUtDGHFDGHQD
F,VRPHUtDJHRPpWULFD

Solución

D (V XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV TXH FRQWLHQH XQ PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO\GLILHUHQVRORHQODORQJLWXGGHODFDGHQDHVGHFLUHQHOQ~PHURGH
JUXSRV–CH2 –3RUHMHPSOR&+&+\&+&+&+
E (VWRV LVyPHURV SRVHHQ HO PLVPR JUXSR IXQFLRQDO SHUR OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD
FDGHQDHVGLIHUHQWHSXHGHVHUOLQHDORUDPLILFDGD3RUHMHPSOR&+&+&+&+
\&+&+&+&+
F6HSUHVHQWDHQORVDOTXHQRVGHELGRDOLPSHGLPHQWRGHJLURGHOGREOHHQODFH
(O LVyPHUR FLV WLHQH ORV VXVWLWX\HQWHV HQ HO PLVPR ODGR GHO GREOH HQODFH \ HO
LVyPHURWUDQVORVWLHQHHQODGRVRSXHVWRV3RUHMHPSOR




 


 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'DGRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRPSXHVWRV &+&22&+&+  &+&21+  &+&+2+&+ \
&+&+2+&22+
D,GHQWLILTXHORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQFDGDXQRGHHOORV
E¢$OJXQRSRVHHiWRPRVGHFDUERQRDVLPpWULFR"5D]RQHVXUHVSXHVWD

Solución

D &+&22&+&+  JUXSR pVWHU 5&225· &+&21+  JUXSR  DPLGD  5

&21+&+&+2+&+DOFRKRO52+&+&+2+&22+iFLGRFDUER[tOLFR5
&22+\DOFRKRO52+
E 6t (O &+&+2+&22+ FRQWLHQH XQ FDUERQR DVLPpWULFR \D TXH HO FDUERQR
Q~PHURGRVWLHQHWRGRVORVVXVWLWX\HQWHVGLVWLQWRV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

([SOLTXH XQR GH ORV WLSRV GH LVRPHUtD TXH SXHGHQ SUHVHQWDU ORV VLJXLHQWHV
FRPSXHVWRV\UHSUHVHQWHORVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVLVyPHURV

D&+&2&+
E&+&+&+&+
F&+&+)&22+

Solución

D 3XHGH SUHVHQWDU LVRPHUtD GH IXQFLyQ 6RQ LVyPHURV FRQ GLVWLQWRV JUXSRV
IXQFLRQDOHV(OLVyPHURVHUi&+&+&+2
E 3XHGH SUHVHQWDU LVRPHUtD GH FDGHQD /RV LVyPHURV SRVHHQ HO PLVPR JUXSR
IXQFLRQDO SHUR OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD FDGHQD HV GLIHUHQWH SXHGH VHU OLQHDO R
UDPLILFDGD(OLVyPHURVHUi&+&+&+&+
F 3XHGHSUHVHQWDULVRPHUtDGHSRVLFLyQ/RVLVyPHURVWLHQHQHOPLVPRJUXSR
IXQFLRQDO HQ SRVLFLyQ GLIHUHQWH HQ XQD PLVPD FDGHQD (O LVyPHUR VHUi
&+)&+&22+
3XHGH SUHVHQWDU WDPELpQ LVRPHUtD ySWLFD (Q HVWH FRPSXHVWR HO FDUERQR
Q~PHURGRVHVTXLUDOORVHQDQWLyPHURVVHUHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ



 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'HILQDORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFHSWRV\SRQJDXQHMHPSORGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV
D,VRPHUtDGHIXQFLyQ
E,VRPHUtDGHSRVLFLyQ
F,VRPHUtDySWLFD

Solución

D,VyPHURVGHIXQFLyQVRQFRPSXHVWRVFRQODPLVPDIyUPXODPROHFXODUSHURFRQ
GLVWLQWRVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHV3RUHMHPSOR&+&+&+2+\&+2&+&+
E,VyPHURVGHSRVLFLyQVRQFRPSXHVWRVTXHWLHQHQHOPLVPRJUXSRIXQFLRQDOHQ
SRVLFLyQ GLIHUHQWH HQ XQD PLVPD FDGHQD 3RU HMHPSOR &+&+2+&+ \
&+&+&+2+
F ,VyPHURV ySWLFRV VRQ FRPSXHVWRV TXH WLHQHQ WRGDV VXV SURSLHGDGHV LJXDOHV \
TXHVRORVHGLIHUHQFLDQHQVXGLVWLQWRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRIUHQWHDODOX]SRODUL]DGD
\DTXHODGLVSRVLFLyQHVSDFLDOGHORVVXVWLWX\HQWHVHVGLIHUHQWH6HSUHVHQWDHVWD
LVRPHUtD FXDQGR H[LVWH HQ OD PROpFXOD XQ FDUERQR TXLUDO R DVLPpWULFR FDUERQR
XQLGRDFXDWURJUXSRVGLIHUHQWHV3RUHMHPSOR







&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

([SOLTXHSRUTXpHO&+&+&+2+HVPiVVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHO&+&+&+&+

Solución

(O &+&+&+2+ HV PiV VROXEOH HQ DJXD SRUTXH HV SRODU \ IRUPD FRQ IDFLOLGDG
HQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDGHELGRDODSUHVHQFLDGHOJUXSR
KLGUR[LOR

/RVDOFRKROHVVRQPROpFXODVSRODUHV\SRUWDQWRVROXEOHVHQGLVROYHQWHVSRODUHV
FRPRHODJXD/DVROXELOLGDGHQDJXDGLVPLQX\HDODXPHQWDUODPDVDPROHFXODU
GHODOFRKRO

(O&+&+&+&+HVXQDOFDQRLQVROXEOHHQDJXDSRUVHUXQDPROpFXODDSRODU

 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'DGRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV &+&+&+ &+2+ &+ &+&+
,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWH
D¢&XiOHVVROXEOHHQDJXD"
E¢&XiOHVVRQKLGURFDUEXURV"
F¢&XiOSUHVHQWDUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQ"

Solución

D&+&+&+HVXQDOFDQRDSRODU\SRUWDQWRQRHVVROXEOHHQDJXD&+2+HV

XQDOFRKROSRODU\SRUWDQWRVROXEOHHQDJXDIRUPDHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQ
ODV PROpFXODV GH HVWH GLVROYHQWH &+ &+&+ QR HV VROXEOH HQ DJXD \D TXH QR
SRVHHJUXSRVSRODUHV

E +LGURFDUEXURV VRQ ORV FRPSXHVWRV TXH HVWiQ IRUPDGRV SRU FDUERQR H
KLGUyJHQRVRODPHQWHSRUWDQWRVyORORVRQ&+&+&+\&+ &+&+

F/RVDOTXHQRVWLHQHQGREOHHQODFH\H[SHULPHQWDQODVUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQD
HVWHHQODFH6yORH[SHULPHQWDUiDGLFLyQHO&+ &+&+


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

/RV FRPSXHVWRV &+&+2+ \ &+&+&+ WLHQHQ PDVDV PROHFXODUHV VLPLODUHV
,QGLTXHMXVWLILFDQGRODUHVSXHVWD
D&XiOWLHQHPD\RUSXQWRGHIXVLyQ
E&XiOGHHOORVSXHGHH[SHULPHQWDUXQDUHDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQ\HVFUtEDOD

Solución

D(O&+&+2+HVPiVSRODUTXHHO&+&+&+ \VXVPROpFXODVSXHGHQ IRUPDU

HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR D WUDYpV GH ORV JUXSRV KLGUR[LOR SRU WDQWR WLHQH PD\RU
SXQWRGHIXVLyQ
+2 624
E(O&+&+2+ + − &+2 − &+2 − 2+ ⎯⎯⎯→ FDORU
&+2 = &+2 + +2 2 
/D UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU OD SpUGLGD GH DOJXQRV iWRPRV GH
XQDFDGHQDFDUERQDGD(QODUHDFFLyQGHVFULWDVHHOLPLQDXQDPROpFXODGHDJXD
\VHJHQHUDXQGREOHHQODFHHQODFDGHQD



 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


&XHVWLyQ

&RPSOHWHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHVHLQGLTXHGHTXpWLSRVRQ

D &+3&+ = &+2 + +%U → 

Solución:

&+3&+ = &+2 + +%U → &+3&+%U&+3 


(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH DGLFLyQ GH +%U XQD KLGUREURPDFLyQ GH XQ DOTXHQR &XDQGR
XQ UHDFWLYR DVLPpWULFR VH DGLFLRQD D XQ DOTXHQR R  DOTXLQR DVLPpWULFR HO
IUDJPHQWRPiVSRVLWLYRJHQHUDOPHQWHHO+VHXQHDOiWRPRGHFDUERQRDOTXH
\D HVWiQ XQLGRV PD\RU Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH + (VWH UHVXOWDGR VH FRUUHVSRQGH
FRQODUHJODHPStULFDSURSXHVWDSRU0DUNRYQLNRY

E &+3&+2 &+2 2+ + +2 624 → 

Solución:

&+3&+2&+22+ + +2624 → &+3&+ = &+2 + +22 


(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH +2 XQD GHVKLGUDWDFLyQ GH XQ DOFRKRO TXH
UHTXLHUHXQFDWDOL]DGRUiFLGR
&RQ DOFRKROHV SULPDULRV PD\RUHV TXH HO SURStOLFR VH REWLHQHQ PH]FODV GH
DOTXHQRV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD LVRPHUL]DFLyQ ´FDPELR GH SRVLFLyQµ GHO
GREOH HQODFH (VWH WLSR GH LVRPHUL]DFLyQ HV FRP~Q EDMR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH OD
GHVKLGUDWDFLyQFDWDOL]DGD SRUiFLGRV SRUORTXHQR HVXQWLSRGHUHDFFLyQ PX\
DGHFXDGDSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHDOTXHQRVDSDUWLUGHDOFRKROHVSULPDULRV

F &6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + +123 ⎯⎯⎯→
+2 624


Solución:

&6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + +123 ⎯⎯⎯→

+2 624
&6+5122 + +22 

(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH VXVWLWXFLyQ DURPiWLFD HOHFWURItOLFD WtSLFD GH ORV DQLOORV
DURPiWLFRV (VWH FDVR FRQVLVWH HQ OD QLWUDFLyQ GHO EHQFHQR \ HO UHDFWLYR
HOHFWUyILORHVHOLRQQLWURQLR (12 +2 ) TXHSURFHGHGHODPH]FODGHiFLGRQtWULFR\
iFLGRVXOI~ULFRFRQFHQWUDGRV

 
 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR


+2 624
G &+2 = &+2 + +2 2 ⎯⎯⎯→ 

Solución:

+2 624
&+2 = &+2 + +22 ⎯⎯⎯→ &+3&+22+ 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+2XQDKLGUDWDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR


H &+2 = &+2 + +&O → 

Solución:

&+2 = &+2 + +&O → &+3&+2&O 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+&OXQDKLGURFORUDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR


I &6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯
$O&O3
→

Solución:

&6+6 ( EHQFHQR ) + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯

$O&O3
→ &6+5&O + +&O

(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH VXVWLWXFLyQ DURPiWLFD HOHFWURItOLFD WtSLFD GH ORV DQLOORV
DURPiWLFRVXQDFORUDFLyQGHEHQFHQR


J &+3&22+ + &+3&+2 2+ → 

Solución:

&+3&22+ + &+3&+22+ → &+3&22&+2&+3 + +22 


(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HVWHULILFDFLyQ /RV iFLGRV FDUER[tOLFRV UHDFFLRQDQ
UiSLGDPHQWHFRQORVDOFRKROHVHQSUHVHQFLDGHFDQWLGDGHVFDWDOtWLFDVGHiFLGRV
PLQHUDOHVSDUDSURGXFLUpVWHUHV


 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


K &+2 = &+2 + %U2 → 

Solución:

&+2 = &+2 + %U2 → %U&+2&+2%U 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH %U2 XQDEURPDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR


L &4+10 + 2 2 → 

Solución:

2 &4+10 + 13 22 → 8 &22 + 10 +2 2 

(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH FRPEXVWLyQ /RV KLGURFDUEXURV FXDQGR VH TXHPDQ HQ
SUHVHQFLD GH FDQWLGDG VXILFLHQWH GH R[tJHQR SURGXFHQ GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR \
DJXD
(QODFRPEXVWLyQGHXQPROGHEXWDQRVHUHTXLHUHQPROHVGHR[tJHQR3DUD
HOLPLQDUHVWHFRHILFLHQWHIUDFFLRQDULRVHKDQPXOWLSOLFDGRWRGRVORVFRHILFLHQWHV
SRU


OX]( Kν )
M &+4 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →

Solución:

OX]( Kν )
&+4 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → &+3&O + &+2&O 2 + &+&O3 + &&O 4 + +&O 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQODFORUDFLyQGHXQDOFDQR0HGLDQWHHVWDUHDFFLyQ
VHVXVWLWX\HXQiWRPRGHKLGUyJHQRGHOKLGURFDUEXURSRUXQiWRPRGHKDOyJHQR
(VWD VXVWLWXFLyQ TXH VH SURGXFH D DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ
SUHVHQFLDGHODOX]WLHQHOXJDUPHGLDQWHXQDUHDFFLyQHQ FDGHQDSRUUDGLFDOHV
OLEUHVTXHVXHOHSURSRUFLRQDUPH]FODGHSURGXFWRVPRQR\SROLKDORJHQDGRV
N &+2 = &+2 + 22 → 

Solución:

&+2 = &+2 + 3 22 → 2 &22 + 2 +2 2 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ

 
 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR


O &+2 = &+&+3 + +, → 

Solución:

&+2 = &+&+3 + +, → &+3&+,&+3 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+,DXQDOTXHQRTXHWUDQVFXUUHGHDFXHUGRFRQOD
UHJODGH0DUNRYQLNRY


+2624
P &+2 = &+&+3 + +22 ⎯⎯⎯→ 

Solución:

+2624
&+2 = &+&+3 + +22 ⎯⎯⎯→ &+3&+2+&+3 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+2XQDKLGUDWDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR7UDQVFXUUHGH
DFXHUGRFRQODUHJODGH0DUNRYQLNRY


Q &+3&+2 &+&O&+2 + .2+ → .&O + 

Solución:

&+3&+2 &+&O&+2 + .2+ → .&O + &+3&+2 &+2+&+3 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQGHOKDOyJHQRGHXQKDOXURGHDOTXLORSRUXQJUXSR
KLGUR[LOR(VWDUHDFFLyQVHOOHYDDFDERFDOHQWDQGRHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDEiVLFD\
SURGXFHDOFRKROHV

5HDOPHQWH HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH KDOXURV GH DOTXLOR FRQ EDVHV HQWUDQ HQ
FRPSHWHQFLDODUHDFFLyQ GHVXVWLWXFLyQ SDUDGDUDOFRKROHV\ODGHHOLPLQDFLyQ
SDUD GDU DOTXHQRV $XQTXH  HO SUHGRPLQLR GH XQD X RWUD GHSHQGH GH YDULRV
IDFWRUHV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV TXH VH HVSHFLILFDQ HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV HMHPSORV TXH
YHUHPRVFRQGXFHQDODREWHQFLyQPD\RULWDULDGHORVSURGXFWRVTXHVHGHVFULEHQ
HQFDGDFDVR


R &+3&+ = &+&+3 + +%U → 
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


Solución:

&+3&+ = &+&+3 + +%U → &+3&+%U&+2&+3 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+%UDXQDOTXHQR


S &+3&+2+&+2 &+3 + +2 62 4 → +2 2 +  

Solución:

&+3&+2+&+2 &+3 + +2 624 → +2 2 + &+3&+ = &+&+3 ( PD\RULWDULR ) + &+2 = &+&+2 &+3 


(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH +2 XQD GHVKLGUDWDFLyQ GH XQ DOFRKRO 6H
SURGXFHXQDPH]FODGHDOTXHQRVVLHQGRHOSURGXFWRPD\RULWDULRHOEXWHQR


.2+ ( WDQ RO
T &+3&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → +%U +  

Solución:

.2+ ( WDQ RO
&+3&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → +%U + &+3&+ = &+2 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQGH+%UXQDGHVKLGURKDORJHQDFLyQGHXQKDOXUR
GH DOTXLOR (VWD UHDFFLyQ VH OOHYD D FDER FDOHQWDQGR FRQ KLGUy[LGR SRWiVLFR
GLVXHOWR HQ DOFRKRO 6L HO PHGLR EiVLFR QR HV IXHUWH QL DOFRKyOLFR SXHGH
SURGXFLUVHODUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQYpDVHODUHDFFLyQµQµ


U &+3&+2 &22+ + &+3&+2 2+ → 

Solución:

&+3&+2 &22+ + &+3&+2 2+ → &+3&+2 &22&+2 &+3 + +2 2 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHHVWHULILFDFLyQ


FDWDOL]DGRU
V &+3&+ = &+2 + +2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →

Solución:

FDWDOL]DGRU
&+3&+ = &+2 + +2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → &+3&+2 &+3 
 
 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR


W &+ ≡ &+ + +&O → 

Solución:

+&O
&+ ≡ &+ + +&O → &+2 = &+&O ⎯⎯⎯ → &+2 &&O 2 

(V XQD UHDFFLyQ DGLFLyQ GH +&O XQD KLGURFORUDFLyQ GH XQ DOTXLQR /D VROXFLyQ
TXH VH RIUHFH FRUUHVSRQGH SULPHUR D  OD DGLFLyQ GH XQ PRO GH FORUXUR GH
KLGUyJHQRSRUPROGHDFHWLOHQRODDGLFLyQGHXQVHJXQGRPROGH+&ODODOTXHQR
REWHQLGRHQODSULPHUDHWDSDGDUtDHOGHULYDGRGLKDORJHQDGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHD
ODRULHQWDFLyQ0DUNRYQLNRY


.2+  H WDQ RO
X &+3&+%U&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 +%U +  

Solución:

.2+  H WDQ RO
&+3&+%U&+%U&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2+%U + &+3& ≡ &&+3 

(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH  GRV PROpFXODV GH  +%U  GHO GLEURPXUR GH
DOTXLOR /D GHVKLGURKDORJHQDFLyQ GH XQ GLKDOXUR YHFLQDO GD OXJDU D XQ KDOXUR
YLQtOLFR \ pVWH HQ FRQGLFLRQHV IXHUWHPHQWH EiVLFDV FRPR HV HVWH FDVR SXHGH
H[SHULPHQWDUXQDVHJXQGDGHVKLGURKDORJHQDFLyQSDUDGDUXQDOTXLQR


Kν
Y &+3&+2 &+3 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯ → +&O +  

Solución:

Kν
&+3&+2&+3 + &O 2 ⎯⎯⎯ → +&O + &+3&+2&+2&O + &+3&+&O&+3 +  

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQODKDORJHQDFLyQGHXQDOFDQR/DFORUDFLyQGHORV
DOFDQRVVXSHULRUHVHVVLPLODUDODGHOPHWDQRYpDVHUHDFFLyQ´MµREWHQLpQGRVH
PH]FODVGHSURGXFWRVPiVFRPSOHMDV3RUHVWRODFORUDFLyQGHDOFDQRVQRHVHQ
JHQHUDOXQDUHDFFLyQDGHFXDGDSDUDSUHSDUDUFORUXURVGHDOTXLOR


 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


3W  3G
Z &+ ≡ &+ + +2 ⎯⎯⎯→ 

Solución:

3W 3G
&+ ≡ &+ + 2+2 ⎯⎯⎯→ &+3&+3 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXLQR6HSUHVHQWDOD
HFXDFLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD KLGURJHQDFLyQ FRPSOHWD GHO DFHWLOHQR TXH
UHTXLHUHGRVPROHVGH+SRUPROGH &+ ≡ &+ 


[ CH2 = CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Catalizador
→

Solución:

CH2 = CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Catalizador
→ CH3CH3 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR


\ CH3 CH3 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯ Luz
→

Solución:

CH3CH3 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯ Luz

→ CH3CH2Cl + CH3CHCl2 + ClCH2CH2Cl + ..... + HCl 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQODKDORJHQDFLyQGHXQDOFDQR/DFORUDFLyQGHORV
DOFDQRV FRQGXFH D PH]FODV FRPSOHMDV GH SURGXFWRV KDORJHQDGRV YpDVH
UHDFFLRQHV´Mµ\´Zµ


] CH3 OH + O2 ⎯⎯ →

Solución:

2 CH3 OH + 3 O2 ⎯⎯→ 2 CO2 + 4 H2O


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ


DD CH3 CH 2 CH = CH 2 + HI ⎯⎯→ 
 
 4XtPLFDGHO&DUERQR

Solución:

&+3&+2&+ = &+2 + +, ⎯⎯→ &+3&+2&+,&+3 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+,DXQDOTXHQRTXHWUDQVFXUUHGHDFXHUGRFRQOD
UHJODGH0DUNRYQLNRY


EE &+3&+ = &+&+3 + +2 → 

Solución:

&+3&+ = &+&+3 + +2 → &+3&+2&+2&+3 


(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQGH+ODKLGURJHQDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR

FF &+3&+3 + 22 → 

Solución:

2 &+3&+3 + 7 22 → 4 &22 + 6 +2 2 

(VXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ


.2+ ( WDQ RO
GG &+3&+2&+2%U ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →

Solución:

.2+ ( WDQ RO
&+3&+2&+2%U ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → &+3&+ = &+2 + +%U 
(V XQD UHDFFLyQ GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH +%U HQ XQ KDOXUR GH DOTXLOR SDUD GDU XQ
DOTXHQR


&XHVWLyQ

,QGLTXHHOWLSRDTXHSHUWHQHFHFDGDXQDGHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV
D &+3&+2%U + 1D2+ → &+3&+2 2+ + 1D%U  
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD   


E &+3&+2 &+ = &+2 + +&O → &+3&+2 &+&O&+3  

F &+3&+%U&+ ( &+3 ) 2 + 1D2+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ &+3&+ = & ( &+3 ) 2 + 1D%U + +2 2 
H WDQ RO


Solución:

D5HDFFLyQGHVXVWLWXFLyQQXFOHyILOD
E5HDFFLyQGHDGLFLyQKLGURFORUDFLyQGHXQDOTXHQR
F5HDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQ

&XHVWLyQ

3RQJDXQHMHPSORGHFDGDXQDGHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV
D$GLFLyQDXQDOTXHQR
E6XVWLWXFLyQHQXQDOFDQR
F'HVKLGUDWDFLyQGHXQDOFRKRO
G5HDFFLyQGHHOLPLQDFLyQGH+&OHQXQFORUXURGHDOTXLOR

Solución:

FDWDOL]DGRU
a) &+3&+ = &+2 + +2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → &+3&+2 &+3 
OX]
b) &+4 + %U2 ⎯⎯⎯ → &+3%U + &+2%U2 + &+%U3 + &%U4 + +%U 
+2624
c) &+3&+22+ ⎯⎯⎯→ &+2 = &+2 + +22 
.2+  ( WDQ RO
d) &+3&+&O&+3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → &+3&+ = &+2 + +&O