I

Volume 8 Issue 90 t
Published by
Orbis Publishlng Ltd
@ Aerospace Publishing Ltd 1 985
Editorial Offices
War Machine
Aerospace Publishing Ltd
179 Dalling Road
London W6 OES

Managing Editor: Stan Morse

Editorial: Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
'lan Drury
Design: Rod Teasdale
ColourOrigination: lmago Publishing Ltd,
Thame, Oxon

Typesetting: SX Composing Ltd

Film work: Precise Litho Ltd
Artists: Consultant Editor: Major General Sir
Tony Gibbons Jeremy Moore KCB OBE MC, Comman-
John Ridyard der of British Land Forces during the
Falklands campaign.
Picture aclanowledgements
Covq D&otograDhi lrnpenal Wd MseM. lz8li lrnperial Wd MEB-'I:ckeE l?82; Imperial War
23855 Distribution and marketing offices: Mmeudlmpenal Wa Mwm 1?83: inlperial Wil Mru'lnend -i'a \4'em l?84: Robert Hunt
Orbis Publishing Ltd Llbnry. USIi; Inp€rEi Wd MNun8ob€n Hut Librdrt l?86: Ltrpea r'r'a M&un/Robert Hunt
Orbis House Library. l?8Z: Inpenel Wa Mwun4mpena.l Wd MEE l?!12: ;:F.a i;- M'Fm. l?93: Impeilal
Printed in Great Britain 20-22 Bedfotdbury Wil Mwury'Impenal w- MEmlaperid ws Mr-E l?gt:E.a'ri:. !{€m. 1795; Impeial
by The Artisan Press Ltd London WC2N 4BT Wd Mreu@{mpend W{ MEEtrgenal Wd MEB lzln:,'e.d 1','- Mrcm l?9?: Impeial
Telephone: 01-379 671 1
We Mww{mpena.l W{ lllFE I?!}8: lmperiai Wa ld-e-i=pe- -r'i* -'"!€w. l?99: Impeial
Subscription Manager: Christine Allen Circulation Director: David Breed War Mwm. lgr0: i.f,-DerEi V;a M'salmperial lV{ !|e: :E.a 1T- l,'-E}In. (iii): US Depert-
0488 72666 Marketing Director: Michael JoYce ment of Defense/RF. (iv)E J-S lew-:e:: 3: DeieF

HOWTO OBTAIN TSSUES AND BINDERS FOR WAR MACHINE

lssues can be obtained by placing an order with your newsagent or direct from ourSubscription AUSTRALIA please write to: Gc6. 3rc -:c::. .ALs -:3 ' " 4 r'.- e- S:'-: )C 3ox 767G, Melbourne,
Depanment. lf you have difiiculty obtaining any back issues from your newsgent, please write to us Victoria 3001 . MALTA. NEWZEA-A-hI S \3{-r3 =: & Sa
-re:':-.;r:, --- ::. }: 3a( .Jmbers are availableat
stating the issue(s) required and enclosing a cheque forthe cover price of the issue{s). coverpricefromyournewsage-:, r-:i:::€il:-=sf:{errcroinders.

UK,/EIRE EUROPE MIDDLEEAST AlsE{ctrs/AslvAffan AUSTRATASIA/FAF EAST

>a Ci: 30c
PRICE: 90p/lRf 1 .'15 PRICE:90p PRICE:90p -S5'.F9:E
PRICE:
SUBSCRIPTION: SUBSCRIPTION: SUBSCRIPTION: SUBSCA]- C\: s-3sc?irroN:
6 Months: f26.00 6 lvlonths air: f44.72 GMonths air: f50.18 6Moriis a'::32! € Vc-:rs ai . f64.22
'1
Year: f52.00 surface; 836.14 surface: €36.14 s--aE: surface: f36.14
BINDER: Please send f3.95 1 Year air: f89.44 '1
Year air: f100.36 lYear =€.-j
a-r:-'3.$ " Ya' at: f128.44
per binder, or take advantage surtace: t72.28 swface: f'12.28 .Jare -22a surtace: f72.28
of our special offer in early BINDER: (inc. Postage) BINDER: (inc. Postage) BlNDi3: l.c. ]cs-€gE
air: f5.50 ai: f825 :- :3.-: AUSTRAUA
surface: €5.00 ' surface: f5.50 sJ;:: i.-ac PRICE: AUS $2.1 5
Obtain BINDERS f rom
MALTA SOTJTHAfRCA First Posi Pty Ltd,
obtain BINDEBS from PRICE: SAP2,e5 23 Chandos Street
yournewsagentor Obiain Bl\DERS irc,- St Leonards.
Miller (Maita) Ltd. anybmnci. ci Ce-:E NSW2O65
MAVassalliStreet. NewsAge-b-- c.
Valetta, Malta lntemag. ?C 3ox NEWZEALAND
.
Price: f3.95 57394. Spnn-s,fied 2' 37 PRICE: NZ$2.65
Obtain BINDERS f rom
SINGAPORE your newsagent or
PRiCE: Sirg94 50 Gordon & Gotch (NZi
Obiain BINDERS from Ltd. PO Box'1 595.
MPH Distnbuto6 Wellington
601 Sims Dnve
0347-21
Sinqapore i43S

ADDRESS FOR BINDERS AND BACKISSUES NOTE ADDRESS FOR SUBSCRIPNONS

Orbis Publishing Limited Binders and back issues are obtainable subject to Orbis Publishing Limited
Orbis House availability of stocks. Whilst every altempt is made to Hurst Farm
2G22 Bedfordbury keep the price of the issues and binders constant, the Baydon Road
London publishers reserye the right to increase the stated Lambourne Woodlands
WC2N 4BT prices at any time when circumstances dictate. Binders Newbury
Telephone: 01-379-5211 depicted in this publication are those produced forthe Berks
U K and Australia n markets only. Banders and ssues
I RG167TW
may be subject to import duty and/or local taxes, which Telephone:0488 72666
Cheques/Postal Oiders should be m;de payable to Orbis Publishing Limited. are not included in the above prices unless stated.
Binder prices include postage and packing and prices are in sterling. All cheques/Postal Orders should be made payable to Orbis
Publishing Limited. Postage and packaging is included in
Back lssues are sold at the cover price, and we do not charge carriage in the UK subscription rates, and prices are given in Sterling.
Armoured
Cruisers ol
Wbrld\fihrl
Six yearc before the outbreak of World War I the battle-
cntiser was introduced, Too slow to intercept their lighter
brethren but too weak to stand in the line of battle, armoured
ctlaisets nevertheless fought tluoughout the wan
As a type, ihe armoured cruiser was reckoned obsolete nV fgl+, its
development havrng been halted abruptly by the introduction of the
battle-cruiser in 1908 In fact, the latter was initially referred to as an
'armoured ciuiser' but this was a ploy to disguise its true nature. It
outclassed the older type so conclusively that its qualities put it in
another bracket entirely and it could be argued that, if used with
common sense, the more traditlonal armoured cruiser could still have
had a role complementar.y to that of the battle-crulser. Had this been the
case, evolution would probably have taken the better qualities of each
and fused them into a third, and probably more healthy, type, War,
however, has a habit of interruptrng normal evolutionary processes.
The origrns of the armoured cruiser go back to HMS Shann on ol lB77
and, therefore, almost to the introduction of the ironclad itself. Clearcut
categories such as 'battleship' and 'crulser' did not exist in modern terms
and, for long, an armoured cruiser was reckoned on a par wlth a thlrd-
(or even second-) class battleship, with protection and armament re-
duced in scale for the benefit of speed, The indifferent quality of contem-
porary armour plate st111, however, meant enougrh weight to offset any
effective gain in speed, To the Royal Navy they were a faiiure, banrshed
ffMSHampshirewas
one ofthe six-strong
'Devonshire'class ot
armoured cruisers
builtbetween 1902
and 1905.
as flagships to distant
imperiat stations and the type was dlscontinued
Only with improvements in armour could the ilass be resurrected wrth a
view to discharging its designed functions of reconnaissance in force
support for smaller friendly cruisers, frustrating the aims of the enemy s
cruisers and finishrng damaged ships of superror size,
Upon the advent of the battle-crurser these arms should have been
modified as, in a fleet context, they tended to throw the armoured cruiser
at the very ships that were designed to destroy it, That this was nc:
recogmized led directly to the disaster suffered by Arbuthnot at Jutlanc
Coupled with Coronel and the Falkiands battles and a very high loss ra:e
from a variety of other causes, this led to the armoured cruiser once
agarn being banished to trade protection. The UK had disposed of is
remaini.ng 19 hulls by 1922, but the type hngered in the fleets of France
Italy and the USA.
Aclassicarmoured cruiser, ffie.Russr'an Rurikwas builtbyVickers;her desigm
incorporated the /essons of ffieft ussoy'apanese war. She carried a heavy
armarnentof four 254-mm (10-in) andeight203.2-mm($-in) guns and her
defensive protection included a I52-mm (6-in) belt, armoured magazines and
torpedo detence.
%
ffi usA
'Brooklyn'class
Brooklyn was a'one-off vessel,
essentially an improved version of
Saratoga. Ifer u nitorm armament
of eight 203.2-mm (8 -in) guns
fores hadowe d I ater he avy
cruiser armament.
#
\
L.-,
Though a 'one-off , the single'Brooklyn'
class ship USS Brooklyn launched in
1895 had a profile so distinctive that
she rs probably the best-remembered
Amerrcan armoured cruiser, She was
an improved version of the USS iVew
York (later Sarafogra) of four years ear-
lier though, in truth, neither was more
than a protected cruiser with a very
shallow belt running only the lengrth of
the machinery spaces. This lack of
depth was possible largely because of
the low vertrcal heiqht of the small re-
ciprocating engines that were instal-
led, The two shafts each had ftvo prtme
movers, directly-coupled and
arranged in tandem. Most cruising
could be achreved on one engine to
each shaft, making for economy and
endurance, and foreshadowing the
COGAG and CODAG arrangements in
current practice.
Also prophetic was the armament
mtx, the eight 203.2-mm (B-in) and 12
I27-mm (S-in) suns berng typical of a
ship four decades later, The earlier
New York had had only srx 203,2-mm
weapons, twin h-rrrets forward and aft,
toqether with a singrle in a shieid-
protected barbette on each side
amidships. With an increase in length
of 6,1 m (20 ft) but none in the beam,
the Brooklyn's designers substrtuted a
hvin turret for each barbette mounting
and added a forecastle deck. With her
extremely high freeboard, exagger-
atedly curved ends, pronounced
tumblehome and tubular masts of
varyrnq section, the ship clearly owed
much to French influences, though the
three spindly funnels ofunusual height
were the desiqner's own.
Both the Brooklyn and New York
ffi fi"nr,rulvania'class
Six 'Pennsylvania' class armoured
crulsers Pennsflvanja, USS Wesf
(USS
Virginia, C alifornia, C olorado, M ary-
Iand and Souffi Dakota,Iater renamed
Pittsburgh, Huntingdon, San Diego,
Pueblo, Frederick and f/uron) were
launched in 1903-4 and represented
not only a great leap in sheer size but
also a transition to Ewopean style of
armament balance. They also typified
the American love for completely sym-
metrical armament layout, a trait that
continued right through to the various
standard desrgns of World War Ii, For
\782,
participated in the Battle of Santiago
de Cuba rn 1898, the former as Schley's
flagship, In the course ofthe Spantsh-
American War an inferior Spanish
squadron, blockaded in the port, was
forced out to avoid capture by land
operatrons, Ineptly handled, they were
destroyed by superior grunfire as they
emerged, all ending as grrounded, gnrt-
ted wrecks.
Specification
'Brooklyn'class
Displacement: 9,215 tons standard and
10, 100 tons frrll load
Dimensions:lengith 122,68 m (402.5 ft);
beam 19.71 m (64,67 ft); draught 8,00 m
(26,25 ft)
Propr:Ision: four sets of tnple-
expansion steam engnnes delivertng
13795 kW(lB 500 ihp)tohvoshafts
Speed:22 kts
Armament: eight 203,2-mm (B-in), 12
I27-mm (S-ur) and 12 6-pdr gnrns, and
five 457,2-mm (18-in) torpedo tubes
Armour: belt 203 2 mm (8 in) tapertng
to 76.2 mm (3 rr); protective deck 152,4
(6 in) taperinq to 76,2 mm (3 in);
barbettes 203.2 mm (B in); casemates Abore; Brooklyn was so lightly belt with no bulkheads at the ends.
10L6 mm(4 in) armoured as to almostwarrant The low height of her reciprocating
Complement: 7lB classification as a protected cruiser, engines allowed the belt to be
having only a76.2-mm (3-in) armour equallyshallow.
I
! Brooklyn as slre appeared before her
1909 reconstruction, the high
free bo ar d and pr onoun ce d
tumblehome imparting a distinctly
French look. However, the
incongruous ochre and white colour
scheme was wholly American.
their size, ther armament was on the
light side in a vain attempt to reduce
weight and improve speed to the Ewo-
pean norm of 23 kts. Thrs was because
they (together with the follow-on'Ten-
nessee' class ships) were meant, like
their British contemporaries, to be
used as a fast winQl of the main battle-
fleet. Though they were longer than
Displacing over 15,000 tons, the
'California'class were the first US
armoured cruisers built on a
European scale.
 'Pennsylvania' class (continued)
contemporary battleshrps, they had a
common problem of inadequate
speed margin,
In terms of protectron, the amidships
armout, 127 mm (5 in) thick, rose suf-
flciently high to protect the 152,4-mm
(6-in) casemates but was long enougth
only to cover the boiler and machinery
spaces. Thougrh BB,9-mm (3,S-in) belts
extended both to bow and stern, these
were very shallow and typically of the
tlpe that rernforced thb British rdeas
that, unless it could effectively keep
out 152,4-mm shell fire, its weigtht was
better incorporated in the protecttve
deck behind it,
War experience resulted in their
armaments berng considerably mod-
ified, 14-pdr AA guns being added
and, rn at least one case, an aircraft
catapult being temporarrly added.
Most had their pole foremasts re-
placed by the 'baskelwork' cage
'masts, which enabled their spotting
tops to be considerably elevated with-
out incurrinq a viblation penalty to up:
set the rnstruments, while also impro-
ving the visibility by being clear of the
shrp's smoke,
The Pittsburgh emerged from her
mid-life refit with only three funnels,
giving her the looks of a 'Connecticut'
class battleship. Only one, the ,San
Drego, was lost, running on a mine in
home waters. The port machinery
spaces flooded and, though steam was
available, there was reluctance to
counterflood the starboard spaces and
the ship capsized,
ffi fi"r,n.rsee'class
Four 'Tennessee' class armoured
cruisers (USS ?ennessee, USS
Washington, USSlVorlh C arolina and
USS Monlana, later renamed Mem-
phis, Seattle, Charlotte and Missoula)
were burlt, the last completed in 1908,
Except for the underarmed Charles-
tons of 1904-5, no more of the type
were built as a result of the introduc-
tron of the battle-cruiser. Like earlier
armoured cruisers, they eventually
yielded the 'state' names in favour of
battleships,
In size and in armament the 'Tennes-
sees' equated fairly to the contempor-
ary British 'Warriors' though they car-
ried also 22 l4-pdr 76,2-mm (3-in) gmns
for use in repelling torpedo craft, A
major difference as compared with the
British shrps was their bulk: like the
French, the ,{mericans believed tn
plenty of freeboard and, though six of
each ship's 152,4-mm (6-in) gmns were
casemated on each side, they were
sufficiently high to be fought satisfac-
torily, Above them, at upper deck
Ievel, four more 152,4-mm quns were
set in casemates, one at each corner of
the superstructwe,
A feature of the Tennessees was
their large expanse of armour plating,
il
tt
![
Specification
'Pennsylvania'class
Displacement: 13, 700 tons standard
Dimensions:lenqth i53,62 m (504,0 ft);
beann 21, lB m (69.5 ft); draught 7,39 m
(24>25 fi)
Propulsion: two sets of triple-
expansion steam engines delivering
17151 kW (23,000 ihp) to hvo shafts
Speed: 22 kts
Armament: four 203, 2-mm (B-in), 14
152,4-mm (6-in) and 1B 76,Z-mm (3-in)
guns, and two 457,Z-mm ( l8-in)
torpedo tubes
Armow:belts 152,4 mm (6 in) tapering
to BB,9 mm (3,5 in); transverse
bulkhead 101.6 mm (4 in); protective
deck38,l mm(1.5 in)with 101,6-mm
(4-in) slopes; barbettes 152.4 mm
(6 in); casemates 127 mm(5 in)
Complement:829
The main belt, 127 mm (5 in) thick, ex-
tended from before the forward turet
to abaft the after turret, betng con-
tinued in a shallower 76.2-mm (3-in)
belt to the extremities, this being
backed by a 0.91-m (3-ft) cofferdam
filled with a 'water-excluding matenal'.
The 127-mm (5-in) side armow was
taken high enough to enclose all ofthe
secondary gnrns, which were able, na
re-entrant pofis, to be stowed within its
protection, The protective deck had
101,6-mm (4-in) slopes.
The wartime camouflage of T ennessee makes a dramatic change trom the
pre-war panopilz of Brooklyn. The 'Tennessees' were the last armoured
cruisers to bebuiltby the USA.
Above: For their size, the
'Pennsylvannia' class were lightly
armed, partlyin an attempttogive
them a good margin of speed over
contempor ary b attle ships.
The marn battery consisted of a twin
254-mm (iO-in) turret at each end, the
largest calibre carried by any
armoured crrriser of this generation,
Unlike the tnple-screwed French
and Cermans, the Americans followed
the Britrsh twin-screw layout, with their
engines rn separate compartments
and their 16 boilers in no less than
eight sepaJate compartments.
Wartrme alteratrons saw the re-
placement of the foremast pole by the
cage-rype slructure then common in
B elow uring lhe war Pittsburgh
: D
acquired a basketwork cage
foremast allowing spotting tops to be
higher but without incurring a
weightpenalty.
American battleships, the landrrlg ::
much of the secondary armarnen: a:-l
the acquisition of arrcraft catapul-s :-.-
two ships, The Memphis was the s:-:
war loss of the class,
Specification
'Tennessee'class
Displacement: 14, 500 tons standard
Dimensions:lenqth i53.62 m (504.i -
beam22,25 m (73,0 ft); draught 7.92 :::
(26 0 ft)
Propulsion: two sets of trlple-
expansion steam engines dehver:::;:
17897 kW (24,000 ihp) to two sha-fts
Speed: 22 kts
Armament: fow 254-mm ( 10-in), 16
I 52. 4 mm (6-in) and 22 76.}mm (
3- :.
Qnrns, and four 533, 4-mm (2 I -in)
torpedo tubes
Armour: belt 127 mm (5 in) raper:.; -:
76.2 mm (3 1n); transverse bulkhea:
I52 4 mm (6 in): protective deck
25.4 mm (1 in) with BB,9-mm (3.5-::-.
slopes; barbettes 228.6 mm (9 r.
casemates 127 mm (5 in)
Complement:857
Sutland-Twilighf of fhe
Armoured Cruiser whrch he went about it was true to his charac-
ter
At thrs time, Beatty was exchanging fire with
the enemy main body, but when fubuthnot
turned his head and went away at a closer
Thebattleof theFalklands demonstrated thateven thebest armaured cruiserswere range and on a reciprocal course, the German
no match for battle-cruisers, yetMay 19i,6 found two cruiser squadrons scoutingfor gunlayers were presented with a far more
the Grand Fleet. Under the impetuous Rear-Admiral Arbuthnot four uesse.ls, attraciive target, From the bigger British ships,
Defence, Warrior, Dukeof EdinburghandBlackPrince, steamedaheadtoengagethe Arbuthnot's ships were virtually hidden by the
German Znd Scouting Group, but they were steering s traight for the German line. walls of water thrown up by salvoes from at
least four enemy capital shrps,
At 18,00 on 31 May 1916 the Battle ofJutlandwas mand of Rear-Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot, Visrbrlily was such thai even from r.he War-
at a critical juncture, The iong line of the Ger- His flag was in IJMSDefence, supported direct- rior, 40a m (440 yards) astern of the Defence,
man Hrgh Seas Fleet had been iured north- ly by HMS Warrior. Farther out was HMSDuke the source of the fire could not be made out but,
ward by Admlral Sir David Beaity's battle- of Edinburgh with HMS Black Pince on lhe at I8, 19. as he was lorced to alter shght.ly awa-r
cruisers and its head was only 2l km (13 miies) wing Immedrately before the Grand Fleet's under the sheer weight of fire, Arbuthnot was
frorn Admiral Sir John Jellicoe's nearest bat- deployment began, A:buthnot signalled to the struck by two heavy salvoes in successron, The
tleship, within Qunshot but hrdden in the haze. Wamor (timed 17 53) 'Open fire and engage Defence staggered but was still proceeding a,
But Britain's Grand Fleet was still steaming enemy It is not known whjch ol the enemy he high speed when she suddenly erupted in a
south east in crursing formation, six parallei had sighted; probably it was l1ght crursers of cataclysmic explosion, The Wamor, herseif
columns of four shrps, its commander-in-chief the German's 2nd Scoutrng Group ai a pcintjust under heavy ftre, was so close aslern that she
yet unable to deploy into battle line for want of before they were savaged by the guns cf Rear- steamed straight through the smoke and ialling
firm information, His immediate 'eyes'were the Admlral Sir Horace Hood's battle-crr;isers debris, Burning at each end, hydraulic power
lst and 2nd Cruiser Squadrons, each consisting Even as Jellicoe deployed, the Cerrnan lne lost and gruns in local controi, she finally took a
oi four armoured cruisers, deployed on each rernained invisible to him, wlth Beat:y s battle- smashing blow rn the port machinery space
fcrward wrng of the fleet, Their task was lo cruisers storming across his vjsi,,,. f31 hrs part, Both spaces were filled wrth live steam and
support the fleet and rts hght cruisers, to reccn- Beatty was aware of two Bri:rs;-r armcured evacuated by those slrll able to but with steam
noitre in force and to deal with enemy cruisers, cruisers (they were lhe Defence anc W''amoil still feeding to the engines she kept her way
Aware of the need to prevent premature closrng on his port bow and iirr:g a'r an un- and crept toward the prorection oI the Sth Bar-
contact of the two fleets, Beatty at some cost known target. Ftre was mcre :ha: surpnsed tle Squadron, Already hit by an estimated 15
barged across the head of the German line, n'hen the two held thetr cours+ -::-ri-:.-r c.)se ma;or- and six lesser-calibre projectiles, she
forcing it irom its near northerlv course to about uncier his bows, forcing him tc al:er c:urse and would probably have shared the fate of the
east, By thrs time the die was cast and the lcse sight of the enemy line Defence but for the;amming of HMS Warspite s
Grand Fieet was deploying correctly onto a .a,-rbuthnot was, at tiris stage, ar:er SlvlS t{zies- he1m, Describing two compiete circles out of
battle line roughly parallehng that of ihe bacen, an enemy light cruiser rha. rad been control, the battieship drew the fire of the
enemy. Between the two fleets the calm sea disabled just before by Hooo s :rlrnre but still enemy gunners,
had been cut up by the manouevnngs of boih aijcai and ln a good position .: ia;:ch iorpe-
battle-cruiSer forces and their attendant scoui- ices at Jelhcoe's line.
ing groups oflight cruisers. The already flck1e Had Arbuthnot been able .: iirsh her off, TheGrand Fleel assemb/ed alscapa. ?he
vlsibility had deteriorated with the smoke irorn ::3ether with the rest oiher grc:c and gather armoured cruisers were now ships without a role:
a hundred funnels, :c-ro-date information on the ::arn German their reconnaissance fask usu rped by lighter
On the nearer srde to the enemy was the lst Li,e n would have been in acc:riance with vesseis and ba ttlecruisers, they were rclegated to
Cruiser Squadron, under the spirited com- :=...e rnstructions The prel.[ .n.+ nanner in Iow- ris k operations aftet J utland.

Lt a.f
 Armoured Cruisers of Worlc +\ ar i

The battle moved away and Ihe Wamor,

with 68 dead, concentratedon survrvai. At 18 40
the seaplane carrier HMS Engadrae hove in
sighl and stood by, An hour later the cruiser
signalied that she was still trying to turn off
steam but, a.t 19,45, ordered 'Sland by to tow
me,' the Engadine, a lightly-bullt converted
cross-Channel packet, passed a iiqht line by
skrff andthen winched over a heavy towline, In
deterioratrng weather conditions, the tow slow-
ly got under way and, once the Warriolshard-
over rudder had been centred, burlt up to an
estimated 7 kts (wrth the Engadine doing re-
rrolutions for 19 kts). Despite all efforts at dam-
age conirol, lhe Wamor slowly settied by the
stern and, aithough 160 km (100 miles) had
been made good towards the Scottish coast,
daybreak found the cruiser in a parlous state, ln
a rrsing sea the bulkheads were yielding under
the strain and, at 07. I5,Ihe Wamor hoi.sted flag
'K', the pre-arranged srgnal for immediate eva-
cuation, It was loilowed by her last signal, by Crippled in the evening action, the unfartunate enemy that she had been in violen; c:---.,-.'
-,',-...
semaphore: 'Sirp wrre - Never mind buoying it,' Black Prince b/undered into the dreadnoughtSMS with the German battleship SMS.\hssar -
The Engadine ranged alongside and con- Thuringendurrng the night. The battleship put 15 engaged rn patching up her consrc::..-.-
ducied an orderly transfer; with no way oisink- 305-mm ( l2-in) shells into her before the blazing
hulk drifted into the night.
damaEe, the Spifi?re was nearly run dc.;: r ,,

rng the cruiser she left her, quarter deck
aiready awash, to founder. She had been about
320 km (200 miles) from the safety of Cromarty,
At the point in the battle where Arbuthnot
had started his impetuous dash, the neighbour-
ing Duke of Edtnburgh, having received his
signal, made to conform, Fortunately, the risky
dash under Beatty's bows could not be under-
taken and the cruiser lost touch with her lead-
minutes later the Black Pr:nc-. as requested,
reiayed to Jellicoe a sliuattc:t repori from the
Falmouth but, alrnosi t:rlneiiately, was
observed to make a malor chaiLge of course. It
was known ihat she was sliiiering irom an ear-
lier electrical breakcic-,r'il cu. io-,rr strangely,
she 'disappeared'; she ',r! as r.i seen again until
large ship on fire 'from loremast ro mir:..-. '
on deck and betvreen decks , , , ' so clos: ' -,,
she that the Spi/fre's crew could both hea.: -:. -:
feel the fire, The wreck had two wi::'
spaced funnels and was taken to be a c:. =-
cruiser, but was almost certainly the i-.=,.
Pnnce wrth her two centre stacks shot ar,---.. -:
massive explosion was observed soon a--::-
wards bur nerther trace nor survlvor Aai -: .

er, At 19, 17 she joined up with the 2nd Cruiser after midnight, At thls iisre :he German main lound.
Squadron and survived intact, body was breaking thrc:gh the irght forces The dlsaster to Arbuthnot's squarj. .

As wing ship oithe lst Cruiser Squadron, the massed at the tail of Jelhcce s cclumn The un- accelerated the flnal decline of the arm. *:= -l

Black Pnncewas some 2l km (13 miles) distant fortunate cruiser, rn wna: :li:st have been a cruiser. Coronel and the Falklands had r:-:.-
from Jellicoe and out of sight, At 17.33 she was semi-crippled condjtiorL bl:niered rnto a very lined the obvious, that older ships urer: ,.,
sighted by the liqht cruiser HMS Falmouthr as alert enemy rearguard. A: a rangte ol only match lor newer ones and that the nev-rer ::-.= -

the latter was attached to Beatty's force, this
was the flrst link between the hvo groups, Nine
A crur'ser js seen under ?arge-calibre shell ftre at
Jutland. A murlq day, visibility was further
reduced by thevastvolumes ofsmoke produced
by coal-fired ships.
]000 m (1,100 yards) she tas s;cieniy illumin-
ated by the searchhghrs ct .;re oid battleshtp
SMS Tfuinhgen whtch, sulsequeniiy, clarmed
to have put LS 305-mn {-2--:, shells into her
without reply, Blazing iercei-,' s:e passed lrom
siqht,
Also engaged in the despela:e encounters of
that night was the destrc'.'e: HlvlS Spllfre,
which had carrred the i:h: s: ,.;ell to the
themselves were easy prey for the i:a.-=
cruiser,
Jutland had shown in turn that arrni-.::-:
cruisers no longer had a role as the reconn: -::
nce wing of the fleet: too slow, they coi-ric :-- '
become vrctims of battleships as well Fcr :- =
remainder of the war they were useC in -:'.'.
risk operations and areas, and lor the mcsr p .-,-
survived the peace only by months.
 'Rurik' class
The Rrirrk that served during World
War I should not be confi:sed withthe
shlp of the same name completed in
1896. This latter vessel, a 10,950tonner
built like her near-sister Ros,3ia in
Petersburg, so outclassed contempor-
ary British protected cruisers that the
two 'Powerfuls' were hurriedly con-
structed as a counter, Though poten-
trally a challenqe she was lost, like so
much of the Russian fleet, in the war
with Japan, berng sunk in Augmst 1904
in the battle ol the Korea Strait,
Obvrously the Russians thought the
name to be worth continuing, for
another armoured crusier (more cor-
lectly renderedRjurlk, after the found-
er of a long dynasty of early tsars) was
ordered soon afterwards from Vickers
at Barrow, the first of huo projected,
Completed in 1907, she was of unique
appearance wrth three funnels of
equal height and a single, crossed
mast which was stepped abaft them, Of
a size with the contemporary British
'Minotaws', she was slower but more
heavlly armed, capable of putting four
254-mm (10-in) and four 203-mm (8-in)
guns on each broadside, comPared
with four 233,7-mm (9.2-in) and five
190,5-mm (7,5-in) enrns, or about 20 per
cent by weight, As the two major-
calibre batteries were all housed in
hvrn mountinqs, there was space also
for 20 120-mm (4,7-in) QFs mounted
srngly in protective casemates, for the
most part at upper-deck level. The
Rufl,?s protection was rmpressive in
the large area covered, the only 'soft'
zones being the extreme counter and
Her three stubby funnels garze Rwik
a unique silhouette. All her maior
batteries were housed in twin
mountings which allowed space for
St 20 1 1 9.3-mm (4.7 -in) quick-fire guns
to be fitted in single casemates along
the level of the upper deck.
the accommodation spaces on the two
upper decks right forward.
The Russian fleet of 1914-B was little
better used than its predecessor of a
decade before, The Rurj.k belonged to
the Baltic Fleet, numencally superior
to the Germans that opposed it, Both
sides were actively engaged in mine-
layrng, in the course of which the Rurrk
twice badly qrrounded. In July 1915 the
Russians encountered an inferior Ger-
man force east of Gotland and therRurlk
claimed to have hit the rRoon several
times in an indecisive action, TheRurlk
was broken up in a general 'thinning' of
the fleet in the later l92Os, after the Specification 203-mm (B-in) and 20 120-mm (4.7-in)
Revolutron, 'Rurik'class guns, and hvo 457-mm ( l8-in) torpedo
Displacement: 15,200 tons standard h-lbes
Dimensions: lenqth 149,35 m (490 ft Protection:vertical beit 152 mm (6 in)
0 in); beam 22.86 m (75 ft O in); draught tapering to 76.2 mm (3 in); topsides
7,92m(26ft0in) 76.2 mm (3 in); transverse buikheads
Propulsion: two sets of triple- 76.2 mm (3 rn); protective deck
expansion steam eng:ines deltvering 38, I mm (1,5 in); barbettes 203 mm
14690 kW (19, 700 ihp) to two shafts (B in); casemates 177,8 mm(7 in)
Speed:21 ks Complement:800
;Armament: fou-r 254-mm ( 10-in), eiqht
The Russ ian fleet w as hand Ie d with
much the same ineptitude and
lethargy in World W ar I as it had
been jn J 905. Rurik spen t the war in
the Baltic largely inactive, a sad
waste of her potential.

GEBMANY

'Bliicher' class
SMS Efticlrer (only'unit of the 'Bliicher'
class) affords a prime example of a
misfit warship produced rapidlY to
meet a mistakenly-perceived threat
from a rival power. The British butlt
therr first battle-cruisers in great
secrecy, referring to them (deliberate-
Iy misleadingiy) as 'armoured cruis-
ers', Of the latter, true current exam-
ples were displacing upwards of
13,500 tons, with a mix of 233.7- and
190,S-mm (9,2- and 7,5-in) gmns, and it
was easy to make the Germans accept
the idea of a 16,000-tonner with eight
233,7-mm gnrns when, in fact, the 'ln-
vrncibles' were to be 17,230{onners
with eisht 304.8-mm (12-in) guns.
Committed to 'reply', the uncertain
Germans prudentiy laid down a 'one-
off, the Bftjcier. By adoptrng a l2-gun
main battery, set in a six{urret hex:
agonal layout similar to that ofthe con-
temporary'Nassau' class battleships,
her designers expected a broadside
advantage: not only did their 210-mm

The design of the Bliicher sternmed

from a clever deception by the
British, who gave out that the new
'I nvincibles' were to be conventional
crukers mounting 2 33.7 -mm (9.Z-in)
gans. The Germans built Bliicher
with a much superior armament.

r 786
'Bliicher' class (continued)
(8,27-in) qun outrange the British 233.7-
mm gmns, but the available eight-gun
broadside weighed nearly 1134k9
(2,500 lb) asainst the 862 ks (1,900 ]b)
of the flve 233.7-mm guns expected to
bear in a single-gnrn layout,
On their part the British, strmulated
by their own deviousness, credited the
Blicher with more than she had, As
late as 19OB the authoritative Brassey3
Naval Annual, though properly report-
ing sx turrets, listed them as beinq four
twrn and two single 280-mm (11,02-in)
mountrngs, tempering thls with the
observation that eight gmns of thrs size
'at most' should be expected on the
drsplacement.
Even when the true nature of the
'Ini,rncibles' was known, the Germans
had little choice but to complete the
ship, a super armoured cruiser with firll
lengrth belt, two protective decks and a
speed of 26 kts. Unfortunately, the
Bltchels srze found her tred to Hip-
per's battle-crutser force despite the
fact that her speed and armament
were inferior to those of her com-
panies. At the Dogger Bank in 1915 she
was placed at the tail of the fleeing
German line, slowinq it down. As Beat-
ty's ships came into range their 304.8-
mm shells, impacttng at steep angles,
drilled through both protective decks
to guarantee her destruction,
Bliicher's ?i 0-m m (8.2-in) guns not
only outranged the standard British
cruiser armament, but her eight-grun
broadside threw a far heavierweight
of shetl than the five-gun broadside
of typical British desr'gns.
H i#"tnt orst' class
Under the Naval Act of 1900, with later
additions, the German naw was set at
38 battleships, 20 armoured cruisers,
38 small cruisers and 144 torpedo
boats; but the programme was rather
spoiled by the advent of the Dread-
nought, It was perceived that there
was a need for 'at least one squadron of
efficient armoured cruisers' for use
outside home waters,
As rn light cruisers so tn larger cruis-
ers, the Germans evolved continuous-
ly, producing mainly 'one-offs' and
pairsofships. Thus, rn 1900, theylaun-
ched their first pair, SMS Ftjrsf Bjs-
marclr and SMS Prinz Heinricft of the
'Bismarck' class which, though of simt-
lar dimensions, varied in dsplacement
because of two separate standards of
protection, Each incorporated hvo of
the older battleships' gmns of 240-mm
(9,45-in) calibre. These were followed
closely by the two 'Prinz Adalbert'
class units SMS Prinz Adalbert and
SMS Frjedricft KarJ which, agarn of
similar size, adopted the lighter
scheme of protection, greater installed
horsepower and doubled the number
of main battery Suns bY changing to
the excellent 210-mm (8,27-in) gun
Despite thrs, thetr speed was barely
20 kts,
The two'Roon' class units SMSRoon
and SMS Yorck, launched in 1903-4,
Above:Bli.icher was undoubtedly the
finest armoured cruiser ever built,
but she had no place among battle-
cruisers. Attached to HiPPer's
squadron at Dogger Bank, she was
shot to pieces by Beatty's squadron'
Withflag still flying she capsizes,
crewmen scrambling for safetY.
stretched the design minimally to tm-
prove the power by about B Per cent
This, predictably, increased their
speed by iess than a knot. An im-
ploved layout of the secondary
mm (5 9}-in) qnrns (flve to a side, set on
two levels) enabled the protection to
be better distributed. The result of
more boilers was an rncrease in fun-
nels from three to four,
Although their armament was excel-
lent, the 'Roons' were inferior in speed
and protection (marginally) compared
with their Royal NaW yardsticks This
was rectified in the two 'Scharnhorst'
class units SMS Sc/rarnftorsf and SMS
Gneisenau of 1906, which achleved
22,5 kls wlth 30 per cent more power,
The Germans resisted the temptation
to increase the scale of armament (ex-
cept to substitute four 210-mm gmns for
casemated 150-mm guns) and im-
proved the protection, the belt armour
being thickened sliqrhtly at the ex-
pense of the protective deck. Their
application was sound, for the ships
bbih absorbed tremendous Punish-
ment before being sunk, as related
elsewhere, at the Falklands,
Specification
'Scharnhorst' class
Displacement: I 1,500 tons standard
Armoured Cnrisers of World War I
Specification
'Bliicher'class
Displacement: 15, 500 tons standard
Dimensions: lenqth 161.61 m
(530.22 ft); beam24.52 m(80.45 ft);
drausht 8,07 m (26.48 ft)
Propulsion: three sets oftriple-
expansion steam engdnes deliveringi
32Bi I kW (44,000 ihp) to three shafts
Speed:26 kts
Armament: 12 210-mm (8.27-in), eight
150-mm (5.91-in) and 16 BB-mm (3.46-
in) gn-rns, and three 450-mm (17.72-:-rr)
torpedo tubes
Armour: belt 185 mm (7,28 in) tapering
to 90 mm (3.54 rn); upperproteclive
deck 35 mm (1,38 in); Iower protecttve
deck 5O mm (1.97 in); barbettes
150 mm (5,91 rn)
Complement:850
150-
Dimensions: lengith 144, 55 m SMS Gneisenau toge ther with he r
(47 4.25 fI); beam 2 L 63 m (70, 96 ft); srif er Scharnhorsl, form ed the
pr inciple s triking Pow et of von
draught 7.46 m (24,48 ft)
Propulsion: three sets oftriple- Speet EastAsiatic squadron. The
expansion steam engines delivering two cruisers represented a
consider able im prov e men t over the
19388 kW (26, 100 rhp) to three shafts
Speed: 22.5 kts earlier 'Roons' and gave GermanY
Armament: eight 210-mm (8,27-in), sx the victory in the firstmajor naval
150-mm (5,91-in) and 20 BB-mm (3,46- battle of thewar.
rn) gn-ins, and foui 450-mm (I7 ,72-tn)
torpedo tubes 50 mm (1.97 in); barbettes -- - :::::
(6.69 in)
Armour: belt 150 mm (5,91 in) tapering
to B0 mm (3. l5 in); protective deck Complement:770
The Schdrnhorsl
inAction
.A siatic squadron based af
Scharnhorst was the flagship of Graf vonSpee's Easf
TsingtaoinChina.Given theBritish dominance, the meteoriccareer of vonSpeeand
hjs vesse/s could only end oneway, butbefore he was cornered he administeredthe
RoyalNavy's firstmajor defeatfor twoand ahalf centuries.
In the early years of the 20th century, Ger-
many's imperial tradrng interests in China
rn'ere administered from an enclave at Tsing
tao, which acted also as a base for river gun-
boats and the powerful East Asiatic Squadron,
Commanded by Vizeadmiral Graf von Spee,
the latter was a highly effrclent force consisting
ol the 11,400-ton armoured cruisers SMS
Scharnhorst and Gnejsenau, and the light
cruisers SMS Emden, Letpzig and Ni)rnberEl,
averaging about 3,500 tons apiece, A11 had
been completed between 1906 and 1909.
Germany recognized the fact that, in the
case of general war with the colonial powers
and (probably) Japan, Tsrngtao would be inde-
fensible and it was not surprising, therefore,
that von Spee's ships were wrdely dispersed at
the outbreak of war in August 1914, His two
major shrps, unknown to the Allies, were at
Ponape in the Carolines, where they were
rapidiy joined by Ihe Nilrnberg from the US
west coast. Good-class mercaniile ships were
requisitroned and armed, and added as aux-
iliaries. Last out of Tsingtao was the Emden,
whlch left on 3 August ]914 with four colliers.
The Leipzig was recalled from the Mexican
coast.
Thouqh there was great Allied concern ab-
out his presence, threatening as it did a large
number of trooping convoys, therr activity kept
von Spee lying low, He proceeded to Pagan
Island, where he was jotned by lhe Emden.
Deciding that offensive actrvity in the Pacific
would ceriainly result in the disablement and
destruction of his squadron, which lacked any
base, von Spee detached the Emden for her
raid into the Bay of Bengal and embarked on a
leisurely and rambling trek eastwards across
the Pacific, With little hostile presence in the
theatre, his progress was not opposed and he
aimed to work down the Chilean coast, disrupt-
ing trade and breaking for home by way of the
Horn, He was off the South Amerlcan coast by
On I November 1914off thecoastof Chile,von
Spee was intercepted by Rear-Admiral Cradock's
scratch force led byHMS Good Hope.
27 October, his cruiser strength supplemented
by the arrival of SMSDresden, which had been
hustled out of the South Atiantrc by an ominous
increase rn Britrsh naval presence,
On 3l October von Spee had the Letpzig
detached in the neighbourhood of the small
port of Coronel, where she detected the pre-
sence of the British cruiser HMS GJasgow, As
there seemed a good chance of destroyrng the
latter the German admiral came south, and the
afternoon of the following day found hrm 80 km
(50 miles) north west of the port, His two
armoured ctuisers were in line ahead, closely
followed by Ihe Leipzig, Some distance astern
was the Dresden, with the Nfirnberg out of
sight to the north, The ragged line was pound-
rng at 14 kts rnto a lumpy sea caused by the
ii.
-*rq$,rl4i

residue of a southerly gale when, at about
16.30, the smoke of two warships was sighted to
the south west,
The approaching ships were identifled as
British and, not knowing their intentions, von
Spee steered rnshore to cut them offfrom any
sanctuary in neutral waters. Some degree of
concentratlon was desirable and neither side
pushed for an immediate conclusion, von Spee
particularly not knowing the British strenqth
backing lhe Glasgow.
By 18.00 the Germans were running roughly
parallel with a four-funnelled 'Drake' class
atmoured cruiser and a three-funnelled'Coun-
ty'. These were HMS Good Hope and Mon-
mouth, the former wearing the flag of Rear-
Admiral Slr Christopher Cradock, who had
come round from the Atlantic with a scratch-
crewed squadron with the ambrtious lntentron
of finding and stopprng von Spee, The German
gmnlayers were looking westward at targets
urdistinct against the dazzle of a lowering sun,
which broke through occasional wrack. Them-
selves well tllurninated, the Germans man-
Scharnhorst sustained only two hits in reply from
Good Hope but achieved nearly 40 hits, setting the
British cruiser on fire and disabling most ofher
gruns,
Armowed Cruisers of World WarI
oeuvred at this stage to keep well out ofrange,
and the Britrsh seemed unwilling to seize their
temporary advantage.
Sunset was about 19,00 and, anticipating the
reversal ofconditions, von Spee had closed to
about I 1000 m (12,030 yards), Once the sun had
dipped, the British were sharply silhouetted
against the afterglow while his own force rapid-
ly merged with the increasing gloom in the
east. The Schamhorst's opening three-gmn sal-
vo put a neat group into the sea 500 m (550
yards) short of Ihe Good Hope. Her third salvo
put out of actron, the Good Hope's forward
233.7-mm (9 2-in) gnrns, and 12 210-mm (8.27-in)
guns were now bearing against a solitary 233.7-
mm and a variety of i52-mm (6-in) gmns, many
of which were in wave-immers!{g.e-"ter.
lq$te,
'.-- t
i integrating in what von Spee descrlbed as a
I 'splendid firework display', The Glasgoraz dis-
From the outset, the unpractised Britrsh gnm-
nery was wretched and, with the advantage of
light, von Spee closed ln. By 19.30 the range
was down to 'sixty hectometres' (about 6,500
yards) and the rapid German fire was smolher-
ing the opposition. At the cost of four luts, the
Gneisenau forced the Monmouth out of line.
badly on fire, with her burnrng interior visrlcle
rn places through rents in her glowing plates.
The Gnersenau then shifted to the diffcr:lt and
fleeting target of lhe Glasgow, and the Nrirn-
berEr was detailed to find and sink the sticken
Monmouth.
GoodHopedestroyed
The Scfiarnhorsf, meanwhile, had sustained
oniy two hits in rnflicting an estimated 37 on the
Good Hope. The latter, badly on fire forward,
was stlll gamely replying when she was sud-
denly shattered by a magazine explosion, dis-
engaged to the west and the completeness of
victory became apparent iater when the Nrira-
berg reported having despatched t}ie Mon-
mouli which, by the time she was found rn
fleeting moonlight at 2 L 00, was listing too far to
work the majority of her remaining gmns.
,ffi.
{ $,
*.
 TheScha rnhorst in Action

Pan ter -Kreuzer Sl'1 S Schdrnhorst

Armed with eight 2 10-mm (8.27-in) 40-calibre and 1

six I 52-mm (6-in) 4)-calibre gntnt Scharnhorst uras
more than a match for her opponent at Coronel.
Powered by three sets ofvertical triple-inverted I
expansion steam engines, her designed I 9388 kW
(26,000 hp) gave her a maximum speed of 22-S kts,
although she was never able to steam as well as
her sistership after badly grounding in I 909.
Meeting avastly superior opponent at the
Fal/</ands, ScharnhorstfouErif to the last and went
downwith all hands.
The,Scfia rnhorst in Action

a+ Ni.irenbqrg
19.00 hours

Scharnho6t

19.OO hours [eipzig

Dresden

21.18 horirs
Monmouth sank

-2O_OOhours

Miles O

Leipzig locatedHMS Glasgow a lone at Coronel and Running into the whole British squadron, i'on Spee against the setting sun, theGermans hiddeninthe
von Spee brought his squadron south to attack heL closed in at dusk; the British were silhouetted murk by the Chilean coast.

Like ihe Good Hope lhe Monmouth IefI no
s'-rvivors, the seas being, in any case, too fierce
:: permit the lowerrng of boats,
i/on Spee seemed far from elated by his
:*ccess, Though he had suffered no slgnifrcant
rarnage, he had expended almost hall of his
:-.rcr-calibre ammunition, There was little
:r:spect of obtaining more, he was 16000 km
-, ICO miles) from home and he was all too
--,',-are that the world's qreatest seapower,
.::-; by its reverse, would be seekrng htm out
.: :e jress the score, The day after the action he
=:- ::ed Valparaiso for coal but refused to
=..:--d ihe general celebrations,
Falklands encounter
::-.s:i:ry a quick break round the Horn and
:-.: -..aslness of the South Atlantic would
-:-=
---='-= sp:--ed success at thts point, but again
: - :- S::: seemed to be afflicted by indecision,
erupted in the morning sun, It was lollowed by
a second, close enough to put fragments onto
the Gnersenau's upper deck Standrng farther
out, the two German ships eventually rounded
the bluff that screened the harbour, At 09 40
could be seen a great smoke cioud and tall,
tripod masts, These could mean only British
capital shrps, Von Spee had wasted too much
time,
After the disaster at Coronel the Bntish
Admrralty had moved raprdly despatching
three battle-cruisers from the Grand Fleet
strength. Two of them, HMS lnnncrble and 1n-
flexible, had just arrived wrth four cruisers and
were still coaling. Fortunately lor Vrce-Admiral
Sturdee, in command, the old battleship HMS
Canopus had been beached as a static harbour
defence and had bought time for the disadvan-
taged iorce by firing indirectly on the Gneise-
nau.
The Gnersenau andNilmberg closed on von
Spee and the whole squadron made all haste
away to the south-east in loose formation, None
couid make designed speed through foul hulls
and machinery problems, Even before they
Scharnhorst en tersvalparaiso the day after the
battle. Althoughelated by his victory,vonSpee
knew he was nearly I 6000 km ( I 0,000 miles) from
home and theRoyalNavywould be seeking revenge

-.::-I--=-l: =::':ad at the isolated island of Mas-a-

: -=:= --j::en an anchorage on the desolate
l -=-, ::as: north of the Magellan Strait,
t
II
'-- :-.'l. ::::.=.
--- -: I ,: .'enber, 25 days afler the action
:,e he sail at full strength for rhe
:. .----'-. .:.=:= he expected to deslroy its I
-:-:-i::: rai-: siatron, the survivors of Cra- I
r : ! !r-.:il::- :rd anv slocks LhaL were su-
::-:-----.s.:: :-s :-,"n needs,
s:::::ner in these latttudes, the
'j ----:=::-
:r-::: -,',-as
a:rcclor-rs and the squadron did
j
-:, :-e ..:m until the night of l/2 Decem-
-,: :- r-.'.
--=: -:- .l+ motntng of 2 December a
.-.'.:--- ..=-----; ',-:ssel. laden with coal, was
:.'.. :: =, :: :-:.aiiof hrs long runhome, von
jj== - : < :-a: jr:3 sheltered waters and spent
:-:=^=rr1
r1-.-s -ta:sierrrng her cargo,
. :=r ja.rned bright and clear, It
- l---=.s=.::u. supported by the,MLim-
-.--:
--.r ;oilowrng the coast
::--g of East Falkland to-
',-.'-iStanley; von Spee was hull-down to the
..,:-r:h, Main batteries were being trained on
::re radio statron when suddenly the great
splashes of a two-gun, major-caltbre salvo
 Armoured Cruisers of World War I

-,';ere over the horizon the Germans could see Above:VonSpee's squadron asseen from lfte Below: Her turbines giving her a S-kt advantage
:e first British shrps leavrng Stanley, Visibilrty Falklands, 8 December I914. After a lucky shot over the German crur'sers, Invincible opened fre
.';as perfect, the day was young and Nemesis from H MS Canopus, Spee made off at speed, but with her forward 304.8-mm (12-in) guns shortly
'.'.':s but a matter oi time. before he was over the horizon the battlecruisers before I 3.00 hours. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau
were leaving PortStanley in pursuit. swung towards their mighty enemy to give their
The Leipzig began to ]ag, but urQrency was consorls a cftance to escape.
:-arntained by the constant sight of the pur-
.;:ers who, in no hurry, overhauled them rnex-
- :ably under a dense cloud of funnel smoke, At
-2 47 came the ranging 304.8-mm (12-in) salvo
::n the leading battle-cruiser, Ihe Invinctble.
:; 13 00 the Germans were surrounded by
.p-ashes yet strll unable to reply, At 13 20 stlll
-.','-:hout signiflcant damage, von Spee de-
:=:hed his hght cruisers to shift for themselves
::: could see their British counterparts peel off
:- oursuit while his own ships were still suffer-
:-; at the hands of the two battle-cruisers, He
:-=eded to close the range so turned abruptly
--c, at 13,30, got io wrthin his 12000-m (13 125-
;-d) maximum, Opening fire, the.Schamhorsl
:-apidly hit the lnnacibie, but the British reply
-.';as merely to sheer further off and continue
-:-: bombardment. The British were obviously
l:rtent to stay at long range and expend as
:-,ch ammunrtion as rt took, even though the
l::eisenau was having a light time with her big
-i ;ersary, lhe Inflexjble, bhnded by her lead-
=lS SmOke.

Thekill
periods elapsed with no flrrng on erther
-cng
.-je, as each manoeuvred for advantage, By
-: l0 the weather was deterioratinq and the
::::ish obviously went for a decision, The range
-=-- to 10975m (12000 yards) which, whrle
= c-wing von Spee's shrps to use their secon-
:=-ry 150-mm (5 9-rn) guns, began to prove de-
:'s:ve. The Schamhorst was burning heavily
:-:-,vard and had lost her thrrd funnel. As her
-:-ooiing began to fall off the Gnersenau also
-r-rted to list, Ignorrng a call to surrender, von
Spee's shrp suddenly ceased flre 'hke a hght
:-:,run out' and foundered at 16, 17. There were
:-: survtvors,
.Ee Gneisenau fought on though, through
:-4 mist ol drtzzhng rain now falling, she couid
.ee her two opponents had been jorned by a
-: *r-funnelled armoured cruiser, HMS Camar-
;-:-i. The murk offered no sanctuary from
_:':lshment. Reportedly hit by over 50 large-
,='rbre rounds, the cruiser had her foremost
--:-:.rel leaning drunkenly against the second,
.-:: foremast was missing and she was faltering
: 3 stop in a cloud of her own smoke, Ammuni-
--:r had run out and a Britrsh battle-cruiser
:--sed ihe range and put 15 deliberate rounds
;-,: the wreck. The survivors formed up on had been terribly avenged but, besides pro- Scharnhorst raren t down at I 6 . I 7 with all 770 of her
:::k. gave three cheers for the Kaiser and ving the obvious supremacy of the battle- crew and thegallantvonSpee. Gneisenau djdnot
suwive her sister for long;flags still flying and oul
=: =ndoned; only 200 were saved from the cruiser over the armoured crurser, the Falk-
of ammunition, shewas battered into submission
::ezinq water, lands battle demonstrated also the toughness
by 1 8.00. T he b attle - cruisers sfopped, an d s av ed
ii the light cruisers, only the Dresden was to of German ships, the surprising range of their 200 menfrom the freezingwater.
=slape for a further brief existence. Coronel armament and the fighting sptrit of their crews,
ffi iil"k"'ctass
Closely related to the 'Edgar' and
'Crescent' classes, the 'Blake' class
together with the 'Powerful' class ships
were protected crusers but are in-
cluded to show the stem from which
grew the later armoured cruiser, 'First-
qeneration' armoured cruisers had
ceased in the UK with the 'Orlando'
class of 1886-7 which, on a limited dis-
placement, had been unhandy to the
point where the ships were of nearly
similar performance to the battleships
for whrch they were supposed to be
scoutinq, Weight-saving by the sup-
pression ofvertical belts led to a dozen
years of ascendancy for the protected
CIUISEI.
The Royal Navy's cruiser force was
expanded rapidly through the Naval
Defence Act of 1889. Of first-class
cruisers, designed to act as flagships
and to hold therr own in the interests of
trade protection on distant stations the
two 'Blakes' of 1BB9-90, HMSBjake and
Blenheim were a sound design. Pro-
tection ofthe shrp proper was vested in
the arched armoured deck, with ver-
tical armouring introduced only
around vitals such as the conning tow-
er, casemates and ammunition hoists.
What was to become a standard arma-
ment layout of healry chase qn-rns for
and aft, backed by a casemated secon-
dary battery, was also incorporated, It
was, rn fact, in the 'Blakes' that the
maindeck casemate was introduced.
With their hvo lofty funnels and origtnal
rig they looked parttcularly Lmposing
in Victorian livery.
Between 1890 and lB92 was built a
flrst derivatrve in the form of the seven
slightly shorter'Edgar' class first-class
cruisers with an armament similar to
that of the 'Blakes' The 'Edgars' were
HMS Edgar, Endymion, Gibraltar,
Grafton, Hawke, St George and
Tfteseus. The two 'Crescent' class
units HMS Crescent andRoyal Arthur
were built in the same period, much
the same but, curiously, with the for-
ward 233.7-mm (9,2-in) qnrn replaced
by an extra pair of 152,4-mm (6-in)
guns, All were reliable ships, with
proven machinery and excellent for
colonial service.
By the outbreak ofwar all were con-
sidered old and outdated, and the two
onginal pairs, toqether wtth two
'Edgars', had been demoted to use as
various types of depot ship. The
Havrke was sunk by submarine in i914
(the same U 9 that sank three 'Cres-
sys'), The remaining four rendered
sterling sewice in the blockading 10th
Cruiser Squadron and, after being
bulged rn 1914-5, at the Dardanelles,
Specification
'Blake'class
Displacement: 9, i50 tons standard
Dimensions:lengrth 114.30 m (375,0 ft);
beam 19,81 m (65,0 ft); draught 7.85 m
(25 75 ft)
Propulsion: two sets of triple-
expansion steam engines deliveringt
9694 kW ( 13, 100 ihp) to two shafts
Speed: 21,5 kts
Armament: two 233, Tlmm (9.2-in), 10
I52.4-mm (6-in) and 16 3-pdr guns, and
four 355,6-mm (i4-in) torpedo tubes
Armour: protective deck 152.4 mm
(6 in) tapering to 76.2 mm (3 in);
casemates 152,4 mm (6 in); barbettes The Naval Defence Actof 1889 led to armoured cruiser designs of the turn
177,8 mm (7 rn) a considerable expansion ofthe of the century, introducing maindeck
Complement: 570 Royal Navy's cruiser force. HMS casemafesand whatwas to be
Blake r,vas ffre p recursor of the stand ar d B ritis h armame nt -
Designed primarily as flagships for
squadrons on dlstant stations and
trade protection, the' B lakes' were
armed with 2 33.7 -mm (9.2-in)
chasers fore and aft and a main
battery of 1 0 1 5 2.4- mm (6- in) guns.
Obsolete by I I I 4, they were
destined never to see action.

t'!
, t

ffi ibr"rry'class
With the sx'Cressy' class ships (HMS
Aboukir, Bacchante, Cressy,
Euryalus, Hogue and Suf/e/), the
armoured cruiser proper re-entered
the Royal Narry list, though the type
had continued to be built abroad dur-
ing the l3-year British hiahrs. These
were belted and rmproved'Diadems',
therr Ionger hulls allowing more
efficient drivrng, They also continued
the fashion of the 'Powerfuls tn a major-
calibre chase grum forward and aft, and
an entirely casemated secondary bat-
tery which, while protected, had tts
lower casemates so low as to be unus-
able in any sea, This basic design fault
was common through many classes.
Extra armour amounted to about
1,200 tons, absorbed mostly by a 152,4-
mm (6-in) belt, stretching from a point
36.6 m (120 ft) from the bows to another
some 27.4 m (90 ft) from the stern, tied
athwartships by 127-mm (S-in) bulk-
heads, The 'soft' ends, of no more than
50,8-mm (2-in) plate, were widely crrti-
cized. The main protective deck was
lighter than in the 'Diadems' as it was
no Ionger consrdered the prrmary
shield. Armour was made by the
Krupp cemented process and,
strength-for-strength, was lighter than
earlier plate, the ships were launched
between 1899 and 1901,
On some of the class, windscoops
replaced the ranks of familiar cowl
ventilators; the idea was to reduce the
profile offered to high-explosive
shells. Another innovaton was the use
of fire-proofed wood whrch, reported-
ly, was unpopular on the grrounds that,
if
uniforms were stored rn furniture
made of it, their qrold braid deterio-
rated!
It is the tragic record ofthts class that
it is remembered most often for having
lost three of its number within 90 mr
nutes, Frve of them were attached to
the 7th Cruiser Squadron at the Nore,
with the primary duties of supporting
the Harwich Force and covering the
northern approaches to the English
Channel, On 22 September 1914, with
a disdainful disregard of the already
well-appreciated threat from sub-
marine attack, Ihe A.boukir, Cressy and
HoErue were patrolhng a narrow corrl-

1794
Oriqinsof the
Arrfroured
Cruiser
Cruisers were not only the'eyes of the fleet' butwere designed
toexercise, or indeed challenge, control of the oceantrade
routes. Their design was a delicate balance between speed,
protection and armament, with varying emphasis leading to a
bewildering variety of cruiser categories.
:s battlef leets of the 19th century were built to decide both wars at sea and the
of the states whose flags they wore, it was here that the money was
:esliny'and
s:ent here that the great revolutions in warship development had most
:-ect.
Less glamorous were the considerable fleets of cruising ships maintained by
- Der,alpowers to police tneir overseas possessions and guarantee f ree naviga-
: :n on iheir vital trade routes. For these 'cruisers' the principal assets were
-.:lisufficiency, flexibility and endurance. Heavy armament was not deemed
-.cessary as iheir main defence lay tn their flag and the power it represented.
,', th maihinery still inefficlent and coal stocks uncertaln, sail was still retained
=:'both utilitV ahd smartness. Wooden hulls were undeniably more comfortable
:- an ron under the hot sun of the tropics. Thus had developed a heterogeneous
i I/MS Powerful was builtinresponseto aperceivedRussr'an cruiset threat. Fast
:: lection of powered and unpowered frigates, corvettes and sloops. and long-ranged,she was under-armed, and the imbalance of her desigm Id
\4ainstream evolution, meanwhile, had produced the steam-powered slng- to the'Diadem' class and lfi ence to a generation of armoured crur'sersproper.
::ecker of metal construction which, though technically a f rigate, completely
:-:classed any line-olbattle ship of the traditlonal navy. The cost and effort
-,clved in the rapid increase in ihe numbers of these was another reason for protected cruiser held sway. Typical of these were the two 'Blenheirr^s :'
.-: Royal Navy's cruising fleet to remain little changed. 1889-90, comparable in length with a'Royal Sovereign'class battlesh's:-:
-ne Americdn Civil War saw effective use of the large cruiser that could be lacking her heavy main battery, the hull being slimmer and packing in a 50 ca'
-sed not only against commerce but also to hunt down other cruisers, Always cent increase in power.
.:3n on the ideas o{ war against seaborne trade, the French also built the type, No Ionger able to engage a modern battleship, the large cruiserwas beginn.:o
-- :Jqh it took the powerlul Russian 'General Admiral'design of 'l 870 to prompt to bear the same relationship to it as had a sailing frigate to a ship of the Irne
, :-,iish reply. Tnis was HMS Shannon of 1877 which, in contrast with earlier With the introduction of improved armour at the turn of the century, it u,:s
::=am f rigaies, was heavily protected, having not only a substantial vertical belt again possible to think in terms of adding a vertical belt in addition to proteci 'l:
: -: also a protective deck. She began the vogue for ships as large as second- decks. Thus the 'Cressy' class adopted the basic 'Diadem' design of protecie:
: battleships and capable oi dispute with one. On paper their ultimate cruiser of 1 896-8 but with redistributed armour which added considerabiy tc :^e
'ss
::'ence lay in their speed but. practically, the margin was negligible, the scale of displacement. Further weight was added in shipping centreline guns of a cair:':
and armament makinq them extremely sluggish. This lack of perform- larger than those mounted in casemates. This fashion for two major cai'c':s
''-ourprecluded their practical use with the main battlefleet and guaranteed their was justified on the grounds that the ships would need to work witn:-:
'-:e battlef leet, and the fashion persisted until the armoured cruiser was su perse :=:
=-cloyment as flagships on distant stations. protection in 1 908 by the battle-cruiser.
Speed could be bbught only at the expense of and, for a period, the

it'itft tlre Cressy and her five skters, the armoured cruiser reappeared in the
?oyalNavy. The armament of the'Powerfuls'was retained -two large chase
;.ins and a casema led second ary b at tery - but the lower casemates were s o
.c;v as to be unusable in any sea. The fate of Cressy was a terrible portent for the Iuture. Steaming slow$ r a
straightlineoff theDutchcoastwithtwoof hersisfers, HogrueardAbo',:ktr. sre
: -: between minefields and the Dutch German rdeas on the possrbtlities of was attacked by the German submarineU-9. All three cruisers were su-n-k cre
:--r. unescofied, at low speed and submarine warfare, after the other, with the loss of I ,500 men.
:' :cut zigzagging. At 06.30 the
.:-::ukjr was torpedoed, Assumtng expansion steam engines delivering Armour: belt 152.4(6 rnj :i:::--. : ':-'
:--. she had been mined the others Specification shafts 50.8 mm (2 in); trarsverse i --,:==
i5660 kW (21,000 ihp) to two
::cced to render assistance, Allwere 'Cressy'class Speed: 21kts 127 mm (5 in); protectrve re:-<
'::doed, all were sunk. and nearlY Displacement: I l, 700 tons standard 12 76,2 mm (3 in) tapering ic :! - :::
Armament: two 233.7-mm (9.2-in),
- : -, men died, Weddigen's old sub- Dimensions:length 143.87 m (472.0 ft); 152.4-mm(6-in)and13 12-pdrgnrns, (1,5in);barbettes152.4ni::-
:.--re U-9 had done for them all, beam2l IBm(695ft) andtwo 457,2-mm (18-in) torpedo casemates 127 mm (5 tn)
.::aly influencing both British and Propulsion: two sets of triple- tubes Complement: 755
ffi !br"ke'class
Where the 'Cressys' had managred to
stow the armament of the 'Powerfuls'
on a corsiderably shorter and cheapel
hull, they were too short to be capable
of more than 2i kts. Battleships were
getting faster, so armoured cruisers
were still experiencrnet a speed prob-
lem and, to accommodate power for
the desired 23 kts (HMS King Alfred
averaged 24.8 k1s for eight hours in
1907) the four 'Dra.ke' class that fol-
lowed were again of a size with the
'Powerfuls'. Together with the King
,4lfred these were HMS Drake, Good
f/ope and treria!&an. They iacked the
great freeboard and general bulky
appearance of the 'Powerfuls', helped
by being cut-down by one deck aft and
adopting the new all-grey paint
scheme, The four ta11 funnels were
well-proportioned and uninterrupted
by ventilator cowls, givrng the profile a
feeling of grrace and power, yet emph-
asizing the almost complete lack of su-
pentructure. As with all of their type,
when completed rn 1902-3 the masts
were of enormous height and of three
sections to give elevation to radio ae-
rials, semaphore and gaffs and yards
for flag signals, Though double-
decked casemated armament was,
from exercises, already well under-
stood to be of little irse, they were still
included to house the 16 152,4-mm (6-
in) grr-rns deemed necessary. Another
carry-over from mistaken thinking of
the past was the ram bow; its existence
>lK Black Prince', 'Warrior' and 'Minotaru' classes
Between 1906 and 1908 (when its first
battle-cruiser was commissioned), the
Royai Navy received its last nine
armoured cruisers, These were of
three closely-related groups: two
'Black Prince' class units (HMS Black
Prince and Edinburgh), four'Warrior'
class units (HMS Acfiilles, Cochrane,
iVafal and Warrior) and three 'Mino-
taur' class units (HMS Defence, Mino'
taur andSiannon). Though the design
was based on that of the 'Drakes', the
hulls were beamier yet appreciably
D espite the poor showing of her
gsfer Good Hope aa Coronel, Drake
was a worthy successor to the
'C ressys'. But her desigm was s till
bedevilled by outdated ideas; the
ramsewedno serious purpose, and
the ineffective lower casemates were
retained regardless of their proven
failure.
had never and was never to be ius-
tified, and its only real use was to in-
crease the waterline lenqth of the ship.
The poor showing of the GoodHoPe
at Coronel has been described else-
where. Outclassed as she was, she
could have done better with a fully
worked-up regnrlar crew and a better
tactical sense on the part of Craddock,
The only other loss in the class was the
Drake herself, With the grreater major-
ity of the now-obsolete atmoured
cruisers, she was involved in the Atlan-
tic convoy business, On 2 October
1917, having just dispersed an inward
convoy, she was torpedoed by a sub-
marine near Rathlin Island, A substan-
tial escort materialized for her and she
actualiy reached a secure anchorage,
only to capsize and become a total loss,
Specification Propulsion: two sets of triple- hvo 457,2-mm (18-in) torpedo tubes
'Drake'class expansion steam engines delivering Armour:belt 152.4 mm (6 in) tapering
Displacement: 14 100 tons standard 231 17 kW (31,000 rhp) to two shafts to 76,2 mm (3 in); transverse bulkhead
Dimensions: Iength 161,39 m (529.5 ft); Speed: 23 kts 127 mm(5 in); protectivedeckT6,2-
beam21.64 m (71,0 m); drauetht8,23 m Armament: two 233.7-mm (9.2-in), ]6 50.8 mm (3-2 in)
(27 0 ft) 152,4 (6-in) and 14 12-pdr gmns, and Complement:900
I
 ibounty'class
ffi
The only three-funnelled armowed
crursers in the Royal Navy, the high
sided'County' class were second-
class ships aimed pnmarily at com-
merce protection, As such they had
152.4-mm (6-in) armament, a total of i4
gnrns being carried, Of these, howev-
er, four were in two experimental and
trouble-prone twin turrets and six
were in uselessly low casemates, fac-
tors whrch contributed to the poor
showrng of the Monmoutl at Coronel,
Dwing the war, several had ther low-
er casemated gmns resited on the up-
per deck.
As trade-protection cruisers, the
armour'of the 'Counties' was also on a
hght scale. The belt was a maximum
101,6 mm (4 in) in thickness, tapering
to half that forward and terminating
beyond the after casemates. Speed
was a major consrderation, and most
could manage 24 kts when pressed. As
their length was [mited, the produc-
tion of lines capable of being driven at
this speed did credit to the still-
developing science ofshrp hull design,
The class comprrsed HMS Bedfprd,
Berwick, Cornwall, Cumberland,
Donegal, Essex, Kent, Lancastet,
Monmouth andSuffolJ<, Of the 10 built
cne, the Bedford, was wrecked in 19 10;
ihe Monmoutft, disabied by SMS
Gnersenau at Coronel, was flnished off
by the light cruiser SMS Ndmberg. It
fell to her sister, the Keat, to avenge
her at the Falklands in December
Armoured Cnrisers of World War I
Lying peacefully in Vladivostok, HMS
Suffolk (Jeft) js seen herewith USS
Brooklyn T he' C ou nty' class lad a
clpquered historF.' Monmouth was
lost at Coronel, but Kent took part in.
the batUe of the Falklands, where by
ex ceeding her designed speed sft e
caught and sank tfie Niirnberg.
1914, Wrth Sturdee's battle-cruisers
devoted to the pursuit and destruction
of von Spee's two armoured cruisers,
the smaller British units were sent on a
general chase al'ter the enemy light
cruisers, detached to shift for them-
selves. The Kent, a poor steamer,
found herse.lf.chasing the Ndrnberg,
norninally faster but long out of dock,
The Kent forced her fires with wood,
reputedly the wardroom furmture, and
managed a previously unheard-of
25 kts, slowly overhauling her quarry'
For a whrle there was discomfiture
when it was found that the forward
152.4-mm guns, superior in both
calibre and elevation, were being out- Specification
ranged by the ly'rirnberg's after 105- 'County'class Armament:14 152,4-mm(6n, --: -,
mm (4. l-in) armament, For some time Displacement: 9,800 tons standard l2-pdrgnrns, andtwo457 2-r.::- -:- -
the Kent was unable to reply to rn- Dimensions: IenglhI4L2T m (463.5 ft); torpedo tubes
creasinqly accurate fire but the Ger- beam 20, 12 m (66,0 ft); draught 7,47 m Armour: belt I0 L 6 mm (4 j:' :a;€:-:::
man's arling machinery finally failed (24 s ft) to 50.8 mm (2 in); transverse
under.the strain and she was over- Propr:lsion: two sets of triple- bulkheads 127 mm (5 Lr:) p::::--.-=
whelmed and sunk, The Cornwall, expansion steam engines delivering deck50.B mm(2 in); barbe*r. .i-
meanwhile, had assisted Ihe Glasgow 16405 kW (22, iOO ihp) to two shafts (5 in); casematds 101.6 rru:- .{ - --
in despatching Sft4S lel,pzrg Speed: 23 kts Complement: 687

shorter, with the belt continued on a slightly improved horizontal protec-

irghter scale dght to the stem,
Like the'Drakes', the'Black Princes'
completed in 1906 had a mixed 233.7-
mm and 152,4-mm (9,2-in and 6-tn)
armament, but took six of the former
arranged in single turrets in a hexagron
layout. Ten 152.4-mm gn-ms were set
rnpossibiy low in single casemates at
maindeck level but, as long as this
number of single mountings was re-
qurled, there was little altemative to
this defective layout. Later in the war,
the casemate were plated-in and some
cf their weapons resited on the upper
Ceck,
In the 'Warriors' that followed a year
later, the hulls were simrlar but with
tion. The grreat difference was in the
reduction of the number of gnrns, Sx
233.7-mm gmns were carried in a simi-
lar arrangement to that of the prevrous
class, but with tvvo 190.5-mm (7,5-in)
guns on each beam in single turrets.
These could be sited at upper deck
level, worked in any weather and stlll
throw B0 per cent of the broadside
weight of the earlier five 152,4-mm
weapons. Il however, it is accepted
Black Princeand her sisterwere the
last British armoured cruisers to
carry a secondary battery of I 52.4-
mm (6-in) gans thatcould not be
worked in any seaway; neither were
very good sea boats. With the
'Warrior' and'Minotaur' classes that
followed, a sensible grun layout was
adoptedatlast.

HMS Achilles cutaway drawing key

(vessel shown as compieted, with short funnels and original tall masts)
Enslgn mast 7 Storesetc 33 Fourcyllndertrlple 57 Navigatioruroom
Sternlorpedo tube (1 904 8 Steerlngengine expansron engrne 58 Wireless room
model) I Winch engine 34 Feedwatertank 59 Charlroom
Balanced rudder 10 Gig 35 Barbette 60 Armoured conning to'{e-
Twin screws 1 1
Capstan 36 Twin 234-mm i9.2-ln)gun 6l Accessto conningtowe'
Captain's cabin 1 2
Middle awning ridge turret 62 Lowerarmoured
Captain's pantry 13 234-mm (9.2-in) lVkXlS0- 37 Steam launch command centre
calibre gun batrel 38 Lifeboat 63 ,Auxiliary machine shc.
14 Turret 39 Searchlightplatform 64 Dynamo
Tb Saddle 40 Searchlight 65 Fuelpump
16 Breech 41 Boathandlingderrick 66 Sailors'mess
T7 Turntable 42 l\,4alnmast 67 Upperarmourbelt
18 Turretmachlnery 43 Spottingtop 68 Lowerarmourbelt
19 Wardroom 44 Wireless aerials 69 Coal bunkers
20 3-pdrsemi-automaticoun 45 Machineshop 70 Ammunition hoist
21 Ammunition hoist 46 Funnel machinery
22 Magazine 47 Twln 190-mm (7.5-in) Mkll 71 Sailors'quaners
23 Hoistmachlnery 50{alibre guns 72 Canteen
24 Officers'quarters 48 Boilerroom 73 Main deck
25 Engineers'quaners 49 Cylindricalboilers 74 Cablestore
26 Armouredaccesstube 50 Yarrow large tube boilers 75 Anchorwells
27 Auxlliaryengine 51 Upperarmoureddeck 76 Anchors
28 lnspectionpit 52 Lowerarmoureddeck 77 Paintstore
29 Doublebottom 53 Funnel uptakes 78 Waterline
30 Turbine reduction gear 54 Steampipes 79 Slopinq armoured cjec<
31 Dynamo 55 Upperbridge 80 Rambow
32 Starboardengine room 56 Compassplatform 8'1 Foremast
'Black Prince','Warrior' and'Minotaur' classes (continued)

that the main function of the secondary
battery was to flght off torpedo attacks
then five well-sited i52,4-mm QF had
to be superior to two 190.5-mm gnrns.
The final reflnement came with the
'Minotaurs', whrch carried four 233,7-
mm guns in two twinned centreline
h.:rrets, allowrng four gn:ns in broad-
side fire, the same as that possible for
sx singles. This arrangement left the
waist along each side free for the
mounting of five single 190.5-mm gnrns,
$omewhat longer and beamier than
their predecessors, the'Minotaurs'
had a per cent tncrease in power for
13
the same speed.
Though all rendered good wartrme
service, their record is forever over-
shadowed by the disaster of Arbuth-
not's rmpetuosity at Jutland, where the
Black Prince, Warrior and Defence
were sunk, and the loss of thely'ala/ to a
magazine explosion in 1915, The
Cochrane was wrecked in 1918.
Specification Armament: fow 233, 7-mm (9,2-in), l0
'Minotaur'class 190,S-mm (7,S-in) and 14 12-pdr qms,
Displacement: 14, 600 tons standard and five 457.2-mm (18-in) torpedo
Dimensions:lenqth 158.19 m (519,0 ft); tubes
beam22.7\ m (74.5 ft); draughtB.23 m Armow: belt 152,4 mm (6 in) tapering
(27.0 ft) to 76,2 mm (3 in); protective deck 38. 1-
$-
b Propulsion: nro sets oftiple- 19,1 mm (1,5-0.75 in); barbettes
;t expansion steam engines delivering 203,2 mm (8 in)
20134 kW (27,000 ihp) to two shafts Complement:755
i
Speed: 23 kts
I
The'Minotaurs' were the last class of
British armoured cruisers, but were
nol as successful as the'Wa.rriors'.
Tlrrs is Sharuron in her late war colour
scieme.As desr'gned, theclass had
shortfunnels but the uptakes were
heightened by 4.5 m ( 15 ft) in 1909.

FRANCE

'Amiral Charner' class

Most elderly of the armoured crutsers
to wear the French tricolore flag in
World War I were the three'Amiral
Charne/ class ships Amiral Charner,
Brurx and Latouche-Tr6ville, com-
pleted rn 1895-6, A fourth, Chanzy, had
been lost in 1907. Therr design was
derived directly from that of the
pioneerinq Dupuy de -L6me of 1893,
The UK was havtng a 'holiday' from
armoured cruiser construction at this
time and, despite the fact that these
ships were openly constructed with
guerres.de course (commerce-raiding
campaigns) in mind, it was consldered
that the Bntlsh protected cruisers of
the day could match them. This was
hardly true for though their contem-
poraries, the'Hermiones', had a knot or
so speed advantaqe they also had far
liqhter armament and, to tackle a
Frenchman, would have needed to
approach close enough to rue the lack
of a vertical belt: was higher-powered and slightly lar- 65 mm (2.56 in)wrth 55-mm (2. l7-in) Above.' tatouche-Treville was one of
French ideas included a vertical ger, and eguipped with a further Pair ends; barbette and casemates 90 mm thr ee commerce- r aiding cruiser s
belt over the complete length, em- of secondary-calibre gnrns on each (3 54 rn) built in the 1890s which were still in
ploying exaggeratedlumblehome' to side. Four were casemated and two Complement:380 sewice during W or ld W ar I.
gnve gnrns the maximum fields of fire, were set in shields on Pronounced
and protruding bows and sterns ofhys- sponsons.
terical aspect to increase the waterline
length. Specification
Where theDupuydel6me had con- 'AmiralCharne/ class
srderable armoured freeboard and Displacement: 4,700 tons standard
was powered for a useful 20 kts, the Dimensions:lengrth I10,0 m (360.89 ft);
'Charners' were more modest and beam 14.0 m (45,93 ft); draught 6.0 m
used a low-freeboard protected hull (19,69 ft)
a full- Propulsion: two setsof triple-
"tritFwide side decks flankingt Along expansion steam engines delivering
length unarmoured deckhouse,
the lenqrth of the side decks were deep 6189 kW (8,300 ihp) to two shafts
armoured casemates for guns of some Speed: 1B,5kts
i38-mm (5,43-in) calibre. In the Armament: hvo 194-mm (7.64-in) and
accepted style, lwo large guns (194- sx I3B-mm (5,43-in) gmns, and fow 450-
mm/7.64-in calibre) were sitedone for- mm (17.72-rn) torpedo tubes
ward and one aft, so shorl was the fore- Armour: belts 90 mm (3,54 in) tapering
castle that the muzzle ofthe gnrn prot- to 70 mm (2,76 in)i protective deck
ruded almost to the stemhead. A slmi-
lar armament layout was adopted later
by the British, though the 'Charners'
did not follow the example of the Seen lrere offSalonika inDecember
Dupuy de l6me whlch had its two / 9J 5, Bruix drsp lays the exaggerated
large gnrns sited amidships and the sx tumblehome that was the hallmark of
smaller weapons in Qlroups of three on F rench w ar sh ip design. W hen
both foredeck and quarterdeck, completed,Brurxwas more than a
The design was taken one staQle m atch for contem por ary B ritish
further rn the one-off Pofhuau, which crursers ftke tfte Hermiones.

1798
 Amira] Charner' class (continued)
t€
[
-*
'Kl6ber', 'Gueydon' and'Aube' classes
:899 the French launched the,fean-
:.e d'Arc, an equivalent to the Britnh
l:',verfuls', Though smaller she was,
--<: the latter, a prodignous eater of
:::1, and she exerted a strong influ-
::-:e
-
on later ships,
aunched in 1900-2, the three 'KI6-
:el class,armoured cruisers (Duplerx,
3esarx and Kl6ber) were intermeili-
= :
between this monster and the
::tuau and, by the standards of the
--,'. were qurte lightly armed, their
=-;ht main-battery guns being dis-
!,:sed in fow twin turrets, one forward,
::: aft and one on each beam, Thrs
:rlption of the twrn mounting was ex-
-:Jy contemporary wrth that in the
:.:'ra-l Navy's 'Counties', By Gallic stan-
r=rds quite pleasinq in appearance,
:= 'K16bers' had four funnels in two
--.--1ely-spaced pairs. each pair ex-
a space containing 10 boilers.
=-:sting
-:.e Kbber was a war loss,
Sontemporary with the 'Kl6bers'
T=re the three larger'Gueydon' class
::-iisers. With a length of 138 m
l:2.76 ft), these 9,500-ton ships had a
-:-:k belt of gneater depth than that of
:: 'Kl6bers' and running nearly the
:=--grtholthe ship, Indeed, the 'K16bers'
: contrary to normal French practice
=
r-r their meagre area of belt, The
3:eydons', too, had eight 164,4-mm
: {7-in) gn:ns, but all were casemated
='ectively at upper deck level on a
FRANCE
'L6on Gambetta' class
-,'i-t paired
the 164.4-mm (6.47-in) gmn
.::cessfully into hvin turrets in the
:-:ber'
class, the French were en-
::-:-raged to go on to produce the twin
-:--mm (7.64-in) mounting, thus doubl-
:-; firepower with mimmum penalty
::- Cisplacement and dimensions. The
::srlt was successful, and was to be
'---: primary armament of French
=:::oured cruisers untrl the end ofthetr
r:relopment.
tVith the'Gambetta' clais the
F rench mounted I 94-mm (7.6-
::) gruns in twin turrets, an
.sninently sensible
=evelopment.
I€ ,.
:"
T he' funiral Charner' class was
developed trom the pioneering
Dupuy de L6me . Protected by a
vertical belt along the fulllength of
the hull, the six 138-mm (5.5-in) guns
were sited in deep armoured
casemates which had impressive
fields offire, thanks to the
tumblehome.
high-freeboard hull. In addition they
had a single centreline 194-mm (7.64-
in) piece at each end, Though the
Dupetit-Thouars was torpedoed and
sunk rn l9 l8 her two sisters. surprising-
ly, suwived in auxiliary capacities until
World War II.
The flve'Aube'class ships of l90O-2
were derivatives of the 'Gueydons',
The MarserJlaise, Gloire, Sully, Con-
d6 andAmiral Aube were slightly lon-
ger, beamier and better protected.
These carried four of therr secondary
guns at a level one deck higher, Like
their predecessors they were tnple-
screwed, an aranqement that made
them handle unpredicatably at low
speeds, The Su11y was wrecked in
1905, and the others were deleted in
the 1920s.
Specification
'Kl6ber'class
Displacement: 7,650 tons standard
Dimensions:length 130.0 m (426,51 ft);
beam 17.75 m(58.23 ft); draught7.40 m
(24.28 ft)
Propulsion: three set oftriple- Gloire was one of the'Aube'class, of fhe c/ass, Sully , was wrecked in
expansion steam engnnes deliveringt good steamers thatwere derived February 1905 but the other tour
13050 kW ( 17,500 ihp) to three shafts from the' G ueydons'. A fifth member sewed throughout the war.
Speed:2l kts
Armament: eight I 64. 4-mm (6. 47-in), rn) torpedo iubes 65 mm (2,56 in); barbettes 90 mn
four 100-mm (3.94-in) and 10 47-mm Armow:beit iOC mm (3.94 in) tapering (3,54 in)
(1,85-in) euns, and two 450-mm to 75 mrn (2.95 ln): protective deck
(17, 72- Complement:570
First recrp.enls of the new mounting ched in 1902-5, Wlth a twtn -3{-:::-
were the icw L6on Gambetta'class mountinq at each end, three t!\E -41 l-
cruisers/u/es Ferry, Leon Gambetta,
Victor Hugo a::dJules MicheJef, laun-
ships was considerable; -: ,';-
{eed, superror to that oi *le :::,
'L6on Gambetta' class (continued)
porary Btitish 'Devonshires', with the
further advantage of being set much
higher, Speed, however, was one pa-
rameter against which the French set
much store and, in this, they were de-
flcient compared with the smaller
Royal Navy ships. Supposedly, there-
fore, to improve speed, the fourth and
last unit, the Jules Michelef, sacrificed
four secondary barrels but, as this was
done by substihrting eight srngle tur-
rets for srx hvins, there was a net in-
crease of drsplacement, One can only
conclude, therefore, that the measure
was aimed primarily at dispensing
with the twin tullet, an oprnion rein-
forced by the delay in the completion
of the /u1es Michelet until 1908, the
same year as the one-off follow-on
Ernest Renan, which carried a pre-
cisely similar armament. As a measure
to increase the speed of the latter,
however, she had about 28 per cent
greater installed power. requiring
9-m (29,5-ft) increase rn lengrth and hvo
Qrroups ofthree funnels. A feature ofall
II lW"ra""k Rousseau' class
As a result of the introduction by the
British ofthe dreadnought in 1906, fol-
lowed by the battle-crurser in 1907, the
established armoured cruiser $,'1th its
dual-calibre armament and compara-
tively low speed found itself a dated
concept, The French had been very
keen on the type and had developed it
in a sound manner, T[e Ernesl Renan
was to have been the first of a trio of
rmproved 'Gambettas', but events in
the UK ensured that only the one shlp
was completed as planned, the other
two being delayed pendinq develop-
ments, ln the event there was little that
the designers could do to revamp the
hulls except install a single-caltble
main battery. This they did by retain-
ing the twin 194-mm (7,64-in) twrets at
each end, by siting three single 194-
mm twrets along each side, and by
adding single casemated 194-mm
gnrns at each corner, The resultant
barrels of thrs 'Waldeck Rousseau'
class (Edgar Qujnet and Waldeck
Rousseau, launched ln 1907-8).were
not insigniflcant. with nine bearing on
eaeh broadside, but its weight of
777k9 (I,7I3lb) was inferior to that of
the contemporary'Minotaurs'
lb) or even'Warriors'
(1143 kg/2,520
lb), The Britrsh ships
(871 kq/1,920
were also credited with a similar
speed on considerably less power.
Externally, the'Waldeck Rousseaus'
were immedrately distinguishable
from the Renan andJeanne d'Arc by
the fully-cased funnels of equal height
and unequal section. Agarn sx were
set in tvvo groups of three, exhausting
40 Niclausse large-tube boilers which
had been reintroduced following ,j;
Although the'Waldeck
r ffi-
Rousseaus'couldbring
ninerynstobearon ' &
eitherbeam,their :
broadsidewas inferior
to that of the British
'Minotaurs'.
t1
\
L
tr ual f
the French armoured cruisers was
their large bunker capacity for colonial
service. Above the long armour belt
the sides were pierced with numerous
Iarge, rectangmlar scuttles to improve
habitability. Their war semce was ac-
tive but none was ever grven the
chance to prove its merits in a grumnery
duel with an equrvalent surface target,
The sole loss was the class nameshtp,
Leon Gambetta.
Specification
'L6on Gambefta'class
Displacement: 12,350 tons standard
Dimensions: lenqth 148,0 m (485.56 ft);
beam21,40 m(70.21 ft); draushtB,20 m
(26 I ft)
Propulsion: three sets oftriple-
expansion steam engines delivering Armour: belt 170 mm (6.69 in) taperrng The'Gambetta' class were excellent
20505 kW (27,500 rhp) to three shafts to 90 mm (3.54 in); upper protective steamers, able to make over I 7 kts
Speed: 22 kts deck35 mm (1.38 in); lower protective on half boilers and to maintain I I kts
Armament: four 194-mm (7,64-in), 16 deck 65 mm (2.56 in); main barbettes for 72 hours continuously. Noted tor
a 164.4-rnm (6,47-in), two 65-mm (2,56-in) 200 mm (7,82 in); secondary barbettes their very clear gun decks, the
and 22 47-mm ( LBS-in) enrns, and four l40mm(5,51in) 'Gambettas'were better armed than
450-mm (17,72-in) torpedo tubes Complement: 730 their B ritish contempor arie s.
many problems with the small-bore du
Temple Guyots, of which only half the
number needed to be carried,
The wide separation of the boiler
spaces was due to the englne room
being set between them, Above this,
all French armoured cruisers had a
prominent rectangnrlar 'pillbox' for the
forced ventilating system, an alterna-
tive to the many cowls or windscoops
on British ships,
Obsolete or not, the ships were still
far from old at the Armistice and were
kept on until the I930s, the Edgar
Qurnet being wrecked off Algeria in Above; Wald6ck Rousseau fies 8eJor,rr.' Wddeck Rousseau broke wifft
1930 while sewing as a training ship, peacefully at anchor off Algiers. French tradition by adopting a
Although fine cruisers, the class was uniform armament of I 4 I 94-mm
Specification rendered obsolete by the new battle- (7.6-in) guns instead of the usual
'Waldeck Rousseau' class cruisers. combination.
Displacement: 13, 750 tons standard
Dimensions:length 159.0 m (521,65 ft);
beam 2I.40 m (70,21 ft); draught 8.40 m
14 (27.56 fr)
Propulsion: three sets of tripie-
expansion steam engrnes delivertng
272i8 kW (36,500 ihp) to three shafts
Speed:23 kts
Armament: i4 194-mm (7,64-in) and 14
6S-mm (2,56-in) En:ns, andtwo 450-mm
( 17,72-in) torpedo tubes
Armour:belt 170 mm (6,69 in) tapering
to90 mm (3,54 rn); upperprotective
deck 35 mm ( 1.38 in); lower protective
deck 130 mm (5. 12 in); transverse
bulkhead i30 mm (5. 12 in); barbettes
I50 mm (5.91 in); casemates 120 mm
(4.72 in)
gomplement:840
i
l''
i.
t
.t
i
Armed Forces of the World

Sovigf
The Soviet army has 208 divisions, but in peace not
ArmgPar,4
all of these are maintained at full personnel strength
as to do so would put an undue burden on the Soviet
economy. The divisions are thus classified as being
at one of three readiness categories (Category 1,
Category 2 and Category 3). Category 1 divisions
have a strength of between 75 and 100 per cent in
both men and equiprnent, those divisions in key
areas such as East Germany being up to full strength
at all times. Those divisions within the Soviet Union
and not earmarked for early deployment probably
have most of their equipment but need reservists to
bring them up to full strength for military operations.
Category 2 divisions have a personnel strength of
between 50 and 75 per cent and most of their equip-
ment (much of it in storage), and it is estimated that
these divisions could not be ready for deployment
until after 30 days of mobilization. Category 3 divi-
sions have a personnel strength of between 1 0 and
33 per cent and an equipment strength of between
35 and 50 per cent, the majority of this latter in
storage. lt is estimated that these divisions would
not be ready for eff ective military operations until B0 79th Guards Tank Division Jena TheT-72 is fittedwith anew type of composite
to 120 days after mobilization, although if two 20th Guards Motorized Rif le protection, apparently similar to the Chobham
Category 3 divisions were merged into one this Division Grimma armour of the BritishChallenger and the US M j
could be reduced to perhaps 60 days. 39th Guards Motorized Rlf le Abrams, but without its characteristic flat surtaces.
Its I 25-mm gun can penetrate 475 mm of armour
Division Ohrdruf
firingHEAT and300 mmof armour at I km(0.6
57th Guards Motorized Rlf le
Deployment of Soviet Ground Forces Divlsion Naumberg-Saale
miles)withAPFSDS.

Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG) 20th Guards Army Eberswalde

(all Category 1) 6th Guards Motorized Rif le 1Oth Tank Division Milovice
Headquarters Zossen-WUnstorf Division Bernau 31 st TankDivision Bruntal
'14th Guards Motorized Rif le 66th Guards Motorized
34tffiun Artillery Division Dazu, Potsdam Rif le
1 st Guards Tank Army Dresden Division J uterbog Division Zvolen
6th G uards Tan k Division Lutherstadt- 3sth lVotorized Rifle 55th Guards Motorized R f le
Wittenberg Division Doberitz Division Vysoke Myto
/th Guards lanK lJrvrsron Dessau-Rosslau 16th Guards Motorized Rifle
9th Tank Division Riesa, Sachsen- Soviet Northern Group of Forces (Poland) Division Mlada Boleslav
Zeithain (all Category 1)
1
'1th
Guards Tank Division Dresden-Klotzsche Headquarters Legnica Baltic Military District (committed to Central
27th Guards Motorized Rifle 2Oth Tank Division Borne Europe,Category2&3)
Division Halle 3Bth Tank Division Swietoszow HO th Guards Army at Kaliningrad
1 1

2nd Guards Tank Army Furstenberg 3 tank divisions

16th Guards Tank Division Neustrelitz Soviet Southern Group ol Forces (Hungary) 6 motorized rifle divisions
21st Motorized Rif le Division Perleberg/Prignitz (all Category 1) 2 airborne divisions
2Sth Tank Division Vogelsang-Berlin Headquarters Budapest- 2 artillery divisions
94th Guards Motorized Matyasfold
Rifle Divlsion Schwerin 2nd Tank Division Esztergom Belorussian Military District (committed to
3rd ShockArmv Magdeburgh sth Tank Division Veszprem Central Europe, Category 1,2 &3)
1 Oth Guards Tank Division Krampnnitz, I02nd Guards Motorized HO Sth Guards Tank Army at Bobruysk, HO 7th
Potsdam Rif le Division Szekesfehervar Guards Tank Army at Borisov, and HO 28th Army
12th Guards Tank Division Neuruppin 35th Guards Motorized R f le at Grodno
47th Guards Tank Division Hillersleben, Division Kecskemet 9 tank divisions
Altmark 3 motorized r;fle divisions
207th Guards Motorized Soviet Central Group of Forces (Czechoslovakial 1 airborne division
Rlf le Division Stendal, Altmark (all Category 1) 1 artillery division
Bth Guards Army Weimar-Noha Headquarters Milovice, Prague
Carpathian Military District (committed to Central
Europe, Category 1,2 &3)
HO Bth Guards Tank Army at Zhitomir, HO'1 3th
Army at Rovno, and HO 38th Army at
lvano-Frankovsk
3 tank divisions
9 motorized rifle divisions
1 artillery division

AbIe to haul loads of 75 tonnes, these MAZ 537

tractors can easily cope with 40 tonnes of T-62 .
Tanksusually travellong dktances thisway, or by
rail, as to do so on their own tracks causes
maintenance problems for both vehicles and road
surfaces.
Armed Forces of the World ltz- l4ts> SovietArmy il
Kiev Military District (committed to Central 7 motorized rif le division . all arms (land, sea and air), of which some 5 million
i-':le,Category2&3) 1 artillery division have undertaken military service in the last two
- I -
s: Guards Tank Army at Chernigov, and HO years.
-:- < Army at Dnepropetrovsk Far Eastern Military District (committed against Twice a year the local district m,ilitary commis-
3 --a- < divisions China, Category 1,2 &3) sariat calls up its quota of recruits who eventually
-' -:iorized rif le divisions HO at Chabarsoyil end up at specific units designated by the military
:': ,rery division 3 army HOs plus Corps HO district milltary headquarters. They then undergo a
21 motorized rif le c-rrvisions four-week intensive initial milltary training period,
'1
Leningrad Military District (committed to tank division after which each recruit takes the soldier's oath of
\.lrineTn Europe, Category 1, 2 & 3) 2 artillery divisions allegiance. Once this four-week training has been
completed recruits are posted to their operational
:,": :crps HO Mongolia Military Division (com mitted against unit where training is completed. The yearly training
3 rifle divisions China, Category 1,2 &3) programme includes a winter period starting on 1
' -otorized
a :borne division HO at Ulan Bator December and a summer period commencing on 2
- :t llerydivision 2 tank divisions May,
2 motorized rif le dlvisions It should be noted that all Soviet airborne/air
Moseow Military District (committed to Central assault divisions are Category '1 formations. These
--'cpe, Category 1, 2 &3) Soviet Army units overseas come under direct control of the high command in
l:an< divisions Soviet army training teams and advisers can be Moscow as distinct f rom the command structure of
:- ctorlzed rif le divisions {ornd ,n rnany countries :ncluding, Algeria, Angola, the military districts in whlch they are located.
- : -corne division Cuba, Ethiopla, lraq. Kampuchea, Laos, Libya, Mali, Actual numbers of divisions statloned in European
Mozambique, Syria and Vietnam to name but a few. military districts are fairly accurate, but those in
Odessa Military District (committed to Southern ln Afghanistap are three motorized rif le and one air others are provisional.
:-:coe.category2&3) assault divisions plus many smaller units.
- i - gtn Army at Kishinev
Despite steadily narrowing the technological gap
6 -ctorized rif le divisions Manpower
- a.rborne division between Soviet and Western combat vehicles, the
It is estimated that the Sovlet army has a peace- USSRsfi/Jstrives to maintain its colossal numerical
" art!llerydivision time strength of about 1,800,000 offrcers and men, superiority. I t is estimated that the Red Army will
of whom 1,400,000 are conscripts. Some 25 million have at least 30,000 T-64/72 tanks in service by
Ural Military District (Strategic Reserve, oJficers and men are available on f ull mobilization for 1987.
Category 2 & 3)
-C at Sverdlovsk
2 n'otorized rifle divisions
1 tank division

Volga Military District (Strategic Reserve,

Category 3)
- 3 at Kuybyshev
3 r otorized rif le divisions

North Caucasus Military District (committed to

So.;thern Front, Category 2 & 3)
- fat Rostov
. Ccrps HOs
' ::r< division
: -:torized rif le divisions
-
:-::erydivision

Trans-Caucasus Military District (com mitted to

Sc-thern Front, Category 2 & 3)
-O ai Tbllisi, HO 76th Guards Army at Yerevan,
:O 4th Army at Baku, and HO 45th Army at
(.taisi
-
i motorized rifledivisions
" a rborne division
- arcillerydivision

Turkestan Military District (committed to

Scuthern Front, Category 2 & 3)
- I at Tash kent
c 'rotorized rifle divisions
-
artillery division

Central Asian Military District (committed against

Cnina, Category 1,2 &3)
- I at Alma Ata
' rank div'sion
6 rnotorlzed rif le divisions

Siberian Military District (committed against

Cnina,Category2&3)
- I at Novosibirsk
3.notorized rif le divisions

Transbaykal Military District (com mitted against

Cnina, Category 1,2 &3)
-O at Chita
2 tank divisions