istoria 9 istoriis saxelmZRvanelo mecxreklaselTaTvis

nodar asaTiani, mariam lorTqifaniZe, farnaoz lomaSvili,

9
roin metreveli, giorgi sanikiZe, giorgi oTxmezuri

saqarTvelos

istoria moswavlis wigni

grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012)
 sarCevi

qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba

I 1. saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi da

istoriul-geografiuli daxasiaTeba 8 13
2. pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi. qvis xana.
eneoliTi 13
3. Sua da gvian brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi 19
4. qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis sakiTxi 23
19
saqarTvelo ZvelaRmosavlur da antikur xanaSi

II 5.
6.
daiaeni – diaoxi
kolxa (kolxeTi) miTsa da sinamdvileSi
28
31 31
7. kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi 34
8. egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo
Zv. w. VI-I saukuneebSi 37
9. farnavaz mefe da misi epoqa 40 33
10. saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobebi antikur xanaSi 45
11. antikuri saqarTvelos religia da kultura 51

saqarTvelo adrefeodalur xanasa da

ganviTarebuli feodalizmis dasawyisSi (IV-XI ss) 60

III 12. feodaluri urTierTobis Casaxva da gavrceleba

saqarTveloSi 56
13. qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba 60 67
14. qarTveli xalxis brZola dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg
IV s-is bolos da V s-is pirvel naxevarSi 65
15. vaxtang gorgaslis gamefeba da moRvaweobis
pirveli periodi 69
16. qarTlis brZola iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg 69
vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiT 74
17. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi 78
18. iranelTa gandevna qarTlidan 84
19. saqarTvelo VII s-is pirvel naxevarSi 89
20. arabebis pirveli gamoCena qarTlSi, `dacvis 78
sigeli~. arabebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi 93
21. saqarTvelo arabTa batonobis xanaSi 97
22. saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba arabTa
batonobisagan 102
23. axali feodaluri samefo-samTavroebis 105 87
warmoqmna saqarTveloSi
 88
24.
25.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis wina periodi
qarTuli qveynebis erT saxelmwifod
110 III
gaerTianebis istoriuli pirobebi da
Taviseburebani 115
26. bagrat III – erTiani Suasaukunovani saqarTvelos
120 pirveli mefe 118
27. qarTuli kultura IV-X saukuneebSi 123
28. giorgi I. bagrat IV 136
29. saqarTvelo-selCukebis urTierToba XI
saukuneSi 141
134 30. ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanis kultura 146

saqarTvelos `oqros xana~

153 31.
32.
daviT IV-is gamefeba
daviT aRmaSeneblis RonisZiebebi
153 IV
amierkavkasiidan TurqTa gasadevnad 157
33. didgoris brZola da misi Sedegebi 161
34. saqarTvelo _ kavkasiis gamaerTianebeli
saxelmwifo 165
161 35. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis
dros 169
36. Tamaris gamefeba da saSinao politikuri krizisi 173
37. saqarTvelos sagareo politika XII-XIII ss. mijnaze 177
171 38. saqarTvelo _ wina aziis uZlieresi saxelmwifo 181
39. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba XII s. da
XIII saukunis dasawyisSi 185
40. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba XIII saukunis
dasawyisSi 191
41. qarTuli kultura XII saukunesa da XIII s.
182 dasawyisSi 193

qarTuli saxelmwifos degradacia da daSla

200 42. laSa-giorgis mefoba da jalal ad-dinis

Semosevebi. monRolTa batonobis damyareba 198
V
43. brZola monRolTa batonobis winaaRmdeg 204
44. giorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis
207 aRdgena 212
45. qveynis daSla samefo-samTavroebad 218
 saqarTvelo XVI-XVII ss.-Si. brZola yizilbaSebisa
da osmalebis winaaRmdeg

233
VI 46. qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg XV saukunis bolos da XVI saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi 226
47. saqarTvelo XVI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVII
saukunis dasawyisSi 233
48. brZola yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg 237 237
49. muslimi mefeebis mmarTveloba qarTl-kaxeTSi 244
50. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi 249
51. qarTuli kultura 252
242

saqarTvelo XVIII saukuneSi

257
VII 52.
53.
vaxtang VI. qarTli XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi
samarTali da etiketi Sua saukuneebis
256

saqarTveloSi 262
54. Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is erToblivi mefoba 268
55. qarTl-kaxeTi XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi 272 268
56. qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba.
urTierToba ruseTTan 277
57. solomon I 281
58. saqarTvelo ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg.
georgievskis traqtatis momzadeba 287 281
59. georgievskis traqtati 292
60. qarTuli kultura XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi 299

saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi 287

VIII 61. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da misi

Sedegebi 306
62. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis 306
politikuri Sedegebi 310
63. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba 315
64. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba XIX s.-is 30-50-ian wlebSi 318
315
324
65.
66.
saqarTvelo XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi
qarTuli kultura XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
320
324
VIII
67. feodaluri wyobilebis krizisi ruseTsa da
saqarTveloSi 328
68. aWaris SemoerTeba da erovnuli moZraobis
336
328 xasiaTi XIX s-is II naxevarSi
69. glexTa moZraoba da xalxosnebi 340
70. qarTuli kultura XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi 345
71. saqarTvelo ruseTis pirveli (1905-1907)
revoluciis periodSi 351
345 72. saqarTvelo ruseTis pirvel da meore
revoluciebs Soris 356

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

356
73.
74.
saqarTvelo oqtombris gadatrialebis dros
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
362 IX
Camoyalibeba 368

368
saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi

75. sabWoTa ruseTis mier demokratiuli

saqarTvelos dapyroba 375
X
390 76. sabWoTa reJimis damyareba 380
77. qarTveli xalxis brZola sabWoTa ruseTis
winaaRmdeg 1921-30 wlebSi 386
78. saqarTvelo da meore msoflio omi 390
79. saqarTvelo ssrk-Si meore msoflio omis Semdeg 396
396 80. qarTuli kultura sabWoTa periodSi 403
81. saqarTvelo gardaqmnis (`perestroikis~)
periodSi 412

413 damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

82. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da

saomari konfliqtebi 417
XI
420 83. saqarTvelo damoukideblobis periodSi.
`vardebis~ revolucia. integracia
evrostruqturebSi 422
 I saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis
warmomavloba

1. saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli
pirobebi da istoriul-geografiuli
daxasiaTeba

winareistoriuli xana
rogorc yvela xalxis, ise qarTveli xa-
lxis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdenda is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo,
romelSic mas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
uxdeboda cxovreba. saqarTvelo ori didi
kontinentis – evropisa da aziis Sesayarze
mdebareobs. misi miwa atarebs im didi cvli-
lebebis kvals, rasac Cveni planeta milio-
nobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida.
erT dros kavkasiis mTeli teritoria
zRviT iyo dafaruli. sxvadasxva geolo-
giuri movlenis Sedegad xmeleTi ramden- guria
jerme amoizida, iyo mZlavri vulkanuri
amofrqvevebi. Semdeg miwis zedapiri kvlav qveviT iwevda da teritoriis did
Tavi pirveli

nawils isev zRva iWerda. daaxloebiT 25 milioni wlis win mTaTa warmomqmnelma
Zalebma kvlav amoswia xmeleTi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmna kavkasiis qedis mTaTa
sistema, xolo 10-15 milioni wlis win Camoyalibda aWara-TrialeTisa da sxva
qedebis sistema, romlebic dRes qmnian samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTs. aRniS-
nuli geologiuri movlenebis Sedegad kaspiis zRva mowyda Sav zRvas da maT
Soris kavkasiis yeli gaCnda. am droidan iwyeba saqarTvelos teritoriis Tana-
medrove reliefis Camoyalibeba. daaxloebiT 1 milioni wlis win saqarTvelos
bunebrivma pirobebma TiTqmis iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoric amJamad aris. adre
hava SedarebiT ufro Tbili iyo, magram drodadro adgili hqonda gamyinva-
rebas, romlis drosac maRalmTiani adgilebidan dablobisaken moemarTeboda
myinvarTa uzarmazari masebi, rasac mohyveboda acieba da bunebrivi pirobebis
Secvla. CvenSi gamyinvareba oTxjer ganmeorda. sabolood, ramdenime aTasi
wlis win Camoyalibda saqarTvelos is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, romel-
Sic amJamad uxdeba adamians cxovreba.

saqarTvelos teritoriis bunebriv-geografiuli daxasiaTeba

CrdiloeTis mxridan saqarTvelos maRalmwvervalebiani da mudmivi myinva-
rebiT dafaruli kavkasionis qedi esazRvreba, samxreTiT ki vrcladaa gaSlili
mcire kavkasionis mTaTa sistema, anu saqarTvelos samxreTi mTianeTi. TviTon
kavkasionidan samxreTisaken ramdenime SedarebiT mcire simaRlis qedi eSveba,
romelTagan lixis, anu suramis qedi saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da
aRmosavleT nawilebad hyofs. am mTebis maRlobebze SesaniSnavi sazafxulo
saZovrebia, ufro qvemoT mTis kalTebi xSiri tyiTaa dafaruli. mTagoriani ad-
gilebi TandaTan zegnebsa da dablobebSi gadadis. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis

8
mTaTa masivebs Soris moqceulia
saqarTvelos bari. dasavleTiT
kolxeTis bari samkuTxedis for-
misaa, romlis fuZe Savi zRviske-
naa miqceuli. misi yvelaze dabali

saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba

adgili – kolxeTis dablobi Zve-
lad gauvali WaobiT iyo dafaru-
li. kolxeTis dablobi mTebis mi-
marTulebiT TandaTan maRldeba
da zeganSi gadadis. es adgilebi
gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo
dasasaxleblad da meurneobis
warmoebisaTvis.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bari svaneTi
Sedgeba ramdenime nawilisagan:
Sida qarTlis, qvemo qarTlisa da kaxeTis bari. aqac es dablobi adgilebi zegne-
bsa da maRlobebSi gadadis. hava dasavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT mSralia,
amitom soflis meurneobisaTvis xelovnur morwyvas aq didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
saqarTvelos hava, iseve, rogorc misi reliefi, didi mravalferovnebiT
xasiaTdeba. maRalmTian adgilebSi hava mkacria, dablobSi ki igi TandaTan
rbildeba. zegnebsa da dablobebSi ZiriTadad zomieri hava batonobs, Tumca
adgil-adgil aqac didad gansxvavebuli klimaturi raionebia. magaliTad,
SavizRvispireTSi hava nestiani da subtropikulia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
barSi zogan rbili da zomierad mSralia, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi ki uda-
bnos cxeli sunTqvac aRwevs.
saqarTveloSi mravladaa didi da mcire mdinareebi. isini saTaves iReben
rogorc kavkasionis mTavar qedze da mis ganStoebebze, ise samxreT mTianeTSi.
mdinareebi aTeulobiT xevebs qmnian da Semdeg erTvian ufro did mdinareebs
– mtkvars, rions, Woroxs, alazans da sxv., an uSualod zRvas uerTdebian. es
didi mdinareebi (mtkvari, rioni) Zvel droSi sanaosnodac iyo gamoyenebuli.
saqarTvelo mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT: madneuliT, saTbobiT,
saSeni masaliT. madneulidan aRsaniSnavia spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebi,
romlebsac didi mniSvneloba hqondaT aq metalurgiis adreve warmoqmnisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas Cven SevxvdebiT istoriul-geografiul
saxelwodebebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos esa Tu is kuTxe an mxare atarebda
garkveul periodSi. istoriuli movlenebis swori da TvalnaTeli warmodgeni-
saTvis unda vicodeT am mxareebis (anu qarTuli `qveynebis~) adgilmdebareoba
da istoriuli sazRvrebi. drodadro maTi saxelwodebebi icvleboda, sazR-
vrebi ufro vrceli xdeboda, farTovdeboda, zogjer ki piriqiT, mcirdeboda
– `qveyana~ ufro patara kuTxeebad iyofoda.
saqarTvelos centraluri mxarea qarTli. misi saxelwodebidan momdinare-
obs `qarTveli~ da `saqarTvelo~. qarTli Sedgeba calkeuli nawilebisagan:
Sida, qvemo da zemo qarTlisagan. Sida qarTls dasavleTiT lixis qedi esazR-
vreboda, CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari qedi, aRmosavleTiT – md. aragvi,
9
 samxreTiT – TrialeTis qedi. qvemo qarTli ki TrialeTis qedis samxreTiT
mdebareobda da mdinareebis – algeTisa da xramis xeobebs moicavda. igi da-
savleTiT javaxeTis, xolo samxreTiT bambaki-erevnis qediT iyo SemosazRvru-
li. zemo qarTli anu mesxeTi, aerTianebda md. mtkvris Semogarens, mdinaris
saTavidan taSiskaramde da Woroxis auzs – saTavidan aWariswylis xeobamde.
qarTls aRmosavleTiT kaxeT-hereTi esazRvreboda. adre kaxeTi md. ivrisa
da alaznis zemo wels moicavda, hereTi ki – am mdinareebis Sua da qvemo wels.
XV saukunidan es ori qveyana erTianad kaxeTad iwodeba.
dasavleT saqarTvelo uZveles xanaSi egrisad moixseneba. XI-XIII saukuneebSi
saqarTvelos am mxares imereTi daerqva. TandaTanobiT imereTi dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos erT nawils ewoda, romelic lixis qedsa da md. cxeniswyals, raWis
qedsa da mesxeTis qeds Soris iyo moqceuli. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT anakofia-
mde odiSi anu samegrelo mdebareobda. nikofsiis (dRevandeli axali aTonis)
Crdilo-dasavleTi ki afxazeTs ekava. XVIII s. dasawyisSi afxazeTis samTavros
samxreT-aRmosavleTis sazRvarma md. enguramde gadmoiwia.
mdinare rionis samxreTiT, mesxeTis qedsa da Sav zRvas Soris, guria mdeba-
reobda. ukidures samxreT-dasavleTiT ki aWara da lazeTi, anu WaneTi mdeba-
reobda.
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi svaneTs, leCxumsa da raWas ekava (raWa-
leCxums Zvelad Takvers eZaxdnen). saqarTvelos sazRvari kavkasionis qedis
Tavi pirveli

iqiTac gadadioda, sadac mdebareobda xevi, dvaleTi, TuSeTi, nawilobriv xev-

sureTi, piraqeT – mTiuleTi, fSavi da xevsureTis didi nawili. fSav-xevsureTi
adre fxovis saxeliT iyo cnobili.

saqarTvelos pirobiTi aRniSvnebi

istoriul-geografiuli mxareebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove
sazRvari
dedaqalaqi
dasaxlebuli punqti

soxumi

zugdidi
quTaisi
foTi

gori

Telavi
baTumi axalcixe Tbilisi

kaxi
axalqalaqi

10

© M.Shekiladze, 2012
gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweni `saqarTvelos istoriis~ mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb:

wyaro 1

saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba

vaxuSti bagrationi, XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieri
– istorikosi da geografi:

`matiane ganarCevs keTilsa da borotsa, matiane aRamaRlebs

keTilis qmnulebasa da hgmobs ukeTurT qmnulebasa, matiane
metyvelebs WeSmaritsa da ara scbis da mowmobs sxvaTa da
sxvaTa, matiane ganamxnobs kacsa da erTgul hyofs qveynisad,
matiane acnobebs naTesavT Camomavlobasa da dasdebs Tavsa
sarwmunoebisaTvis da moyvarul hyofs moyvassa moyvasisa
mimarT~.

wyaro 2

ilia WavWavaZe:

`daviwyeba istoriisa momaswavebelia eris suliT da xorciT

moSlisa, darRvevisa da warwymedisac. warsuli mkvidri
safuZvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo – momavlisa. romelia
simagre Cveni cxovrebisa da romeli sifuye da sisuste,
amas axsnis xolme marto istoria. da Tu igi daviviwyeT,
maSin dagviviwynia Cveni cxovrebis saTave, Cveni cxovrebis
saZirkveli da Tu es asea, raRazed unda davamyaroT Cveni awmyo,
Cveni mermisi?~

wyaro 3

ivane javaxiSvili:

`saWiroa xalxma icodes Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis istoria... unda icodes, rasakvirvelia, utyuari,
WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi~.

leqsikoni

r matiane – vaxuSti
bagrationi aq `matianes~
istoriis mniSvnelobiT
xmarobs.
r ara scbis – ar ayalbebs.

11
 klasSi samuSao
1. romeli qedi yofs saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelod?
2. saqarTvelos romeli didi mdinareebi ekuTvnis Savi zRvis auzs?
3. sad iRebs saTaves da romel zRvas uerTdeba md. mtkvari?
4. wyaroebSi motanili mosazrebebis daxmarebiT gadmoeciT, ra mniSvneloba
aqvs saqarTvelos istoriis Sewavlas.

saSinao davaleba

1. saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze moxazeT istoriuli qveynebisa da

kuTxeebis sazRvrebi: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis, odiSis (samegrelos),
guriis, aWaris, afxazeTis, svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis, fSav-xevsureTis)
sazRvrebi.
2. daxazeT saqarTvelos sqematuri istoriuli ruka aRniSnuli mxareebis
saxelebiT. Semdeg gakveTilebze gamoiyeneT Tqven mier daxatuli ruka.
Tavi pirveli

kavkasionis erT-erTi ulamazesi mwvervali – uSba

12
2. pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi

paleoliTi, neoliTi, eneoliTi

saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba

ukanaskneli xanis gamokvlevebiT dad-
genilia, rom adamiani warmoiSva 2 milion-
ze meti xnis win afrikis kontinentze.
adamians danarCeni cocxali arsebebidan
ganasxvavebda mTavari – iaraRis damza-
debis unari. am uZvelesi adamianis mier
masalad ZiriTadad qva iyo gamoyenebuli.
qvis iaraRis gaumjobeseba da pirvelyo-
fili adamiani fizikurad Tavdapirvelad
Zalian nela viTardeboda. mecnierebi am dmanisSi aRmoCenili hominidis Tavis
xanas paleoliTs uwodeben. qala. Zv.w. 1.75 mln w.
uZvelesi adamianis universalur iaraRs
Tavdapirvelad uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis
xelnajaxi warmoadgenda. TandaTan, xangr-
Zlivi gamocdilebis Sedegad igi am iara-
Rebs aumjobesebda, ufro mravalferovans
xdida maT. qvis xelnajaxTan erTad igi ukve
amzadebda qvis danebs, safxekebs, wveta-
nebs. qvis iaraRebis ganviTareba TviT ada-
mianebsac cvlida, uviTarebda azrovnebas.
garegnuladac sul ufro uaxlovdeboda
Tanamedrove adamians.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze bevrga-
naa aRmoCenili pirvelyofili adamianis
cxovrebis nakvalevi. ukanasknel xans na-
qalaqar dmanisis teritoriaze aRmoCnda
uZvelesi adamianis winapris (`hominidis~) dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
sadgomi, sadac misi Zvlovani naSTebi (Ta-
vis qala, qveda yba kbilebiT da sxv.) da
qvis primitiuli iaraRebi iyo napovni.
dmaniseli `adamiani~ saqarTvelos miwa-
wyalze daaxl. 1,8-1,7 mln wlis winaT unda frangi mecnieri, elizabet dene aRadgens
gamoCeniliyo da rogorc Cans, Semdeg igi dmaniseli adamianis saxes
samxreT kavkasidan gansaxlda evropisa da
aziis kontinentebze.
kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze,
rodesac Sromis iaraRebi jer kidev me-
tad primitiuli iyo da sakvebis mopove-
ba – sakmaod rTuli, uZvelesi adamiane-
bi upiratesad calkeul jgufebad cxo-
13