PERIODIC TABLE 2
ions by losing electrons, just like the
- Elements in the last family, the noble
gases, have either two valence electrons
(helium) or eight valence electrons (neon,
argon, krypton, xenon, and radon).
-Atoms of elements in other groups are
more reactive than the noble gases because
in the process of chemical reaction they are
trying to achieve a more stable “noble gas”
configuration by gaining or losing electrons.
Ion Formation and the Octet Rule
-Metals and nonmetals differ in the way in
which they form ions.
Metallic elements (located at the left of the
periodic table)- tend to form positively
charged ions called cations.
Positive ions- are formed when an atom
loses one or more electrons.
Nonmetallic elements (located at the right
of the periodic table)- tend to gain electrons
to become isoelectronic with the nearest
noble gas element, forming negative ions
called anions.
The transition metals - tend to form positive
representative metals.
Trends in the Periodic Table
If our model of the atom is a tiny sphere
whose radius is determined by the distance
between the center of the nucleus and the
boundary of the region where the valence
electrons have a probability of being
located.
Atomic Size
1. The energy level (n level) in which the
outermost electron(s) is (are) found
increases as we go down a group.
2. As the magnitude of the positive charge
of the nucleus increases, its “pull” on all of
the electrons increases, and the electrons
are drawn closer to the nucleus. This results
in a contraction of the atomic radius and
therefore a decrease in atomic size. This
effect is apparent as we go across the
periodic table within a period. Atomic size
decreases from left to right in the periodic
table.
Ion Size
Positive ions(cations) - are smaller than the
parent atom. The cation has more protons
than electrons (an increased nuclear
charge).
Ionization Energy- The energy required to
remove an electron from an isolated atom
is the ionization energy.
-A correlation does indeed exist between
trends in atomic size and ionization energy.
Atomic size generally decreases from the
bottom to top of a group and from left to
right in a period. Ionization energies
generally increase in the same periodic way.
-Ionization energies are highest for the
noble gases. A high value for ionization
energy means that it is difficult to remove
electrons.
Electron Affinity - The energy released when
a single electron is added to an isolated
atom.
Electron affinity
Periodic trends for electron affinity are as
follows:
 Electron affinities generally decrease
down a group.
 Electron affinities generally increase
across a period.
Remember these trends are not absolute.
Exceptions exist.
THE COMPOUND STRUCTURE
-A chemical compound is formed when two
or more atoms of different elements are
joined by attractive forces called chemical
bonds.
-A chemical reaction must take place to
regenerate the individual elements.
Properties such as solubility, boiling point,
and melting point correlate well with the
shape and charge distribution in the
individual units of the compound.
Chemical Bonding
-When two or more atoms form a chemical
compound, the atoms are held together in a
characteristic arrangement by attractive
forces.
Chemical bond- is the force of attraction
between any two atoms in a compound.
Lewis Symbols or Lewis Structure
- developed by G. N. Lewis early in this
century, is a convenient way of
representing atoms singly or in
combination. Its principal advantage is that
only valence electrons (those that may
participate in bonding) are shown.
- Each unpaired dot (representing an
unpaired electron) is available to form a
chemical bond with another element,
producing a compound.
Principal Types of Chemical Bonds: Ionic
and Covalent
Ionic bonding- involves a transfer of one or
more electrons from one atom to another,
leading to the formation of an ionic bond.
Covalent bonding- involves a sharing of
electrons resulting in the covalent bond.
The Polar Covalent Bond
Covalent bonding is the sharing of an
electron pair by two atoms.
Polar covalent bond - is the preferred term
for a bond made up of unequally shared
electron pairs.
Electronegativity – is a measure of the
ability of an atom to attract electrons in a
chemical bond. Elements with high
electronegativity have a greater ability to
attract electrons than do elements with low
electronegativity.

Pauling developed a method to assign

values of electronegativity to many of the
elements in the periodic table. These values
range from a low of 0.7 to a high of 4.0, 4.0
being the most electronegative element.